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Tufto's ENGLISH-SINHALESE DICTIONARY

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Tufto's ENGLISH-SINHALESE DICTIONARY Tufto’s ENGLISH-SINHALESE Dr DICTIONARY aft 뗔ෆ්තොතොගෙතොගෙ ඉග්‍රීස- සහල ශ�ද තොගෙෂය ©1982 Asbjørn Tufto 2012 : 2nd edition (version updated 27 March 2013) “I still believe the most beautiful alphabet was created by the Sinhalese. The insect of ink curves into a shape that is almost sickle, spoon, eyelid. The letters are washed blunt glass which betray no jaggedness … and so a curling alphabet was derived from its Indian cousin. Moon coconut. The bones of a lover’s spine.” Michael Ondaatje in “Running” “Language is a ford (뗓ථ) through the river of time, it leads us to the dwelling of those gone before; but he cannot arrive there, who fears deep water.” Vladislav Illich-Svitych 엒ස්සු ස 觓වත තොගෙවන ǒ뷒ය ද#න엊න ඕන නම 엒ස්සු ස엊තොගෙ භාෂාවල් දැනගන්ෂ(වල ද#න엊න ඕන. Fairbanks, Gair & deSilva Index A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, Æ Transliteration: This glossary is written in a romanized transcription throughout, but since Unicode standards now also provide for Sinhala characters (තොගෙහꗒය), I have included the non-transcribed representation (සහල වචන) in speech form, as well as a number of sentences (ව(槊ක) since they represent the gate to colloquial Sinhala. The Sinhala writing system is largely phonetic in that one can understand how words are pronounced simply by looking at their spelling; it is a segmental system in which consonant- vowel sequences are written as single units. There is however no commonly agreed convention for phonetic transcription of Sinhala – or Tamil. My orthography is a mix of Fairbanks et al (1973) and Reynolds (1980), who both follow familiar conventions used for South Asian languages and is largely self-explanatory. Reynold’s “Sinhalese–an English-Sinhala dictionary: ඉගස-සහල ශ�ද තොගෙෂය page 2 introductory course” pursues a romanised transcription very faithful to the original Sinhalese syllables. Vowel length is generally indicated by doubling the vowel symbol. Other scholars, however, use a macron, e.g. ‘hāl’ replacing ‘haal’ (Sinhalese word for ‘uncooked rice’). Similarly, retroflex consonants may be represented by either capitalization or underdot, e.g. ‘maTǝ’ or ‘maṭǝ’ (Sinhalese for ‘mouth’). Pronunciation: sound අ槔ර english IPA Comments example equivalent: a අ but [a] Short a (full) aa ආ father, fast [aː] Long a (full) ə again, sofa, [ə] Reduced [a], a neutral vowel, much as in cf ‘schwa’ ago, about, unaccented syllables in English; is taken considered a positional variant of ‘a’ əə occurs only in loan-words səər, i.e. ‘sir’ i ඉ pit [i] Short i ii ඊ keen, bean [iː] Long i u උ put [u] Short u uu ඌ moon [uː] Long u e එ yet [e] Short e ee ඒ french thé [eː] Long e o ඔ domain [o] Short o oo ඕ french rôle [oː] Long o æ ඇ cat, hat [æ] Short ä ææ ඈ jam, bad [æː] Long ä ai ඓ my au ඖ out k kid [ka] Voiceless, velar stop Tikak g good [ɡa] Voiced counterpart of ‘k’ b බ bread [ba] Voiced counterpart of ‘p’ p ප apple [pa] Voiceless bilabial stop c ච church [tY ʃa] Voiceless palatal affricate j ජ judge, joy [dY ʒa] Voiced counterpart of ‘c’ T ට tool, tank, but [ʈa] Voiceless retroflex stop; tongue end tongue slightly touches the palate above the alveolar further back ridge D ඩ duck, dog, but [ɖa] Voiced counterpart of ‘T’, retroflex stop, tongue slightly tongue end touches the palate above the further back alveolar ridge t approx. equal [ta] Voiceless dental stop to [th] in thin d ද approx. equal [da] Voiced counterpart of ‘t’, true dental stop to [th] in this m ම mat [ma] When final in a word, often replaced by ‘ŋ’ n න not [na] Nasal; when final in a word, often replaced by ‘ŋ’; not distinguishable from ණ in pronunciation English-Sinhala dictionary: ඉගස-සහල ශ�ද තොගෙෂය page 3 n ණ [na] Retrolex, tongue end touches the palate above the alveolar ridge ŋ o sing Nasal, velar ñ ඤ French cognac [ɲa] Palatal nasal sound, i.e. Spanish España l ල letter [la] Dental lateral, not distinguishable from ළ in pronunciation l ළ [ḷa] Retroflex, tongue end touches the palate above the alveolar ridge r ර ring, run [ra] When initial, fairly strong aspirated, i.e. rææ sounds like hrææ s ස්සු sit, sun [sa] sh ශ wish Fricative (palatal) sound ş ෂ approx. equal Retroflex sound of sh to shut h හ hit [ha] y ය yet [ja] In intervocalic positions, very lightly pronounced; iyi -> ii; aya [əyə]-> ee v ව wine [ʋa] Something between v and w; ňga ඟ singer [ⁿɡa] Half-nasal …or prenasalized stops, a ඟ gaňga ňja ඦ [ndY ʒa] Half-nasal distinctive Sinhala sound ňDa ඬ and [ⁿɖa] Half-nasal setting it off from Dravidian and Indo-Aryan ňda ඳ ‘in the’… [ⁿda] Half-nasal languages (Gair 1998) ml ba ඹ humble [ᵐba] Half-nasal f ෆ්තො [fa, ɸa] Thematic focuses The glossaries included reflects my personal interests, ranging from natural sciences and farming to anthropology, politics and religion. Hamar, December 2011 Asbjørn Tufto අස්සු �තොගෙය엊 뗔ෆ්තොතොගෙ Bibliography: A S. Anawaratne (1912): Easy steps to Sinhalese. Wesleyan Mission Press BH B. Herath (2011): Beginning readings in colloquial Sinhala. Cornell Univ. C Clough’s Sinhala-English Dictionary, number referring to page CA Carol S. Anderson et al (ed) 2012: Embedded languages: Studies of Sri Lankan and Buddhist cultures. Essays in honor of W.S. Karunatillake. 408 pp. CS Czech Sarana (2012): Sinhálsko-Anglicko-Český, Anglicko-Sinhálsko-Český, Česko-Sinhálsko-Anglický <1> DC Dileep Chandralal (2010): Sinhala. London Oriental and African Language Library 15 DG Dayaratne Garusinghe (1962): Sinhalese. The spoken idiom. Max Hueber Verlag DRW D.R. Wijegoonewardane (1951): Colloquial Sinhalese through easy way. DS D.D.De Saram (1979): An introduction to spoken Sinhala. The External Services Agency, Univ. of Sri Lanka F Fosen lectures 1983-84 English-Sinhala dictionary: ඉගස-සහල ශ�ද තොගෙෂය page 4 FGdS Fairbanks, Gair & de Silva (1973): Colloquial Sinhalese (Sinhala) FSI Foreign Service Institute 1979: Basic course series in Sinhala. Ithaca, New York. <1> G J. W. Gair (1998): Studies in South Asian linguistics. Sinhala and other South Asian Languages. Oxford; number referring to page. GK J.W. Gair & W.S. Karunatilaka (1976):Samples of Contemporary Sinhala Prose with Glossary and Brief Grammatical Notes. Number referring to chapter. GP J.W. Gair & J. Paolillo (1997): Sinhala. 72 pp. JBD J. B. Disanayaka (undat.): National languages of Sri Lanka I – Sinhala. Dep. of Cultural Affairs. <1> JBD2 J. B. Disanayaka (2007): Say it in Sinhala. JBD3 J. B. Disanayaka (1998): Understanding the Sinhalese JBD4 J. B. Disanayaka (2012): Encyclopaedia of Sinhala language and culture. 774 pp. JP Jonathan Spencer (1999): A Sinhala village in a time of trouble. Politics and change in rural Sri Lanka. JWG James W. Gair: Subjects, cases and INFL in Sinhala <1> JWG2 James W. Gair (1970): Colloquial Sinhalese Clause Structures. JWG3 James W. Gair (2005): Some aspects of finiteness and control in Sinhala. In: The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2005 H Henadeerage, D.K. (2002): Topics in Sinhala Syntax; number referring to page <1> K W.S. Karunatillake, An introduction to spoken Sinhala; number referring to page K2 W.S. Karunatillake (1988): Noun-stem in colloquial Sinhala LP Lonely Planet Phrasebook, Sinhala M මලලතොගෙස්සු `රඉග්‍රීස- සහල ශ�ද තොගෙෂය MAs Theresa McGarry & Liyanage Amarakeerthi (2011): Beginning Colloquial Sinhala: An Introductory Sinhala Curriculum. Student edition. Cornell University <1>, MAt Theresa McGarry & Liyanage Amarakeerthi (2011): Beginning Colloquial Sinhala: An Introductory Sinhala Curriculum. Teacher’s guide. Cornell University MAD Madura Online Dictionary – Unicode Version <1> MB Menike Bandhusena (1989): Norsk-singalesisk ordliste. Voksenopplæringens forlag MM Michael Meyler, A dictionary of Sri Lankan English MO Michael Ondaatje (Anil’s Ghost) NeLC National e-learning Centre, http://www.e-learning.lk/ <1> R Reynolds; number referring to chapter RW Sinhala-English Dictionary. Compiled by Ranjith Wickramasinghe S A.W.L. Silva (2008): Teach yourself Sinhalese. A complete course for beginners with minidictionary. 586 pp. SdS M.W.Sugathapala de Silva (1971): A colloquial Sinhalese reader; numbers referring to chapter. SG Siripala Gamage’s personal contribution (1984) SP Shirley Perera (2009): Sinhala Katha Karamu. Let us speak Sinhala. Vol 1, Vol 2, Vol 3 T Asbjørn Tufto’s personal notes (1984) TLD Department of Offical Lanuages (2012): Tri Lingual Dictionary: Sinhala, Tamil, English W Wikipedia WG Wilhelm Geiger (1941): An etymological glossary of the Sinhalese language. WIS W. I. Siriweera (2009): Tradition and livelihood. A study of traditional practices and technologies in agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation and fisheries. Nat. Sc. Foundation Abbreviations: Glossing abbreviations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations English-Sinhala dictionary: ඉගස-සහල ශ�ද තොගෙෂය page 5 Refe- Norw. rence: * mostly used in spoken language ** mostly used in written S:viii litterært ord, Sinhalese uttrykk 1, 2, 3 1st person, 2nd p, 3rd p. H Ø zero anaphora A declarative marker on verbs -a ABL ablative case, අව쇒 ǒභාෂාවල් දැනගන්槊뗒ය of anim. nouns: -gen, SP2:9 ablativ, i.e. -of inanim. nouns: -en, frasteds-kasus -in ACC accusative case ම -va (is restricted to H, kasus for direkte ǒභාෂාවල්; දැනගන්槊뗒ය denotes the object ANIM n. and pron.); SP2:10 objekt not in South dialects (Ambalangoda-Matara) ACT.DEP Action dependent form; when …-ma x …. ACT.INDE action independent form; even …-at S143 P if x ….
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