SWETABHUJA Œù´Ó¬ˆ¬≈Ê√± ‘Rangoni-Beltola’ Women Cell Journal

Editors Eli Kumari Das Rashmirekha Hazarika

1 SWETABHUJA Bilingual (English-Assamese) Multidisciplinary Annual Research Journal of ‘Rangoni-Beltola’ Women Cell

Editorial Editors : Eli Kumari Das Rashmirekha Hazarika A great saying by Swami Vivekananda is- Arise, Awake, and stop not until the goal is reached; so with determination and holistic effort, we started Members : the literary journey to embolden the women segment of our society. With this Bharati Devi purpose, 'SWETABHUJA' came into being. 'SWETABHUJA', is the name Sadhana Kalita of the multi-disciplinary journal of 'Rengoni-Beltola', the women cell of Beltola Mofida Begum College. The present volume is a collection of selected articles of various scholars and writers from diverse fields. This is the first endeavour of the women cell of Beltola College in the literary arena and in compiling this volume we have © ‘Rangoni-Beltola’ Women Cell received very warm co-operation from dignified scholars and other contributors. ISBN : 978-93-83588-09-1 Dr. P C Bhattacharyya, a nonagenarian and one of the most erudite scholar drew a panoramic picture on Assamese culture. Dr. Deepali Ojah First Issue : December, 2015 wrote an article on linguistics. Dr. Hemendra Nath Dutta highlighted on Price : ` 250/- Guwahati city - from prehistoric age to twenty-first century. It is a laudable attempt on the part of Dr. Dutta to trace the antiquity of human habitation Cover : Manoj Agasti and regional concept of ancient Guwahati region including its socio-political development etc. Mrs. Eli Kumari Das has taken an ideal effort about the importance in women engineers in the present era in science and technology. Printed at Mrs Rashmirekha Hazarika and Mrs. Bharati Devi focused on two varied Bhabani Graphics, Rajgarh Road, Guwahati-7 cultural aspects - festival and folk song of two ethnic groups of Assam - and published by Artico Design, Pub Sarania, Guwahati-3 Tiwa and Karbi respectively. Smt Priyanka Basumatary compares the role of Phone : +91 94355 59306, e-mail : [email protected] English literature towards women empowerment. Md. Kamaruj Jaman, Dr. Dixita Devi, Mr. Prakash Mech, Mr. Mrigendra Nath Sarma and Smti Jyotirekha Hazarika has taken good attempt in studying eminent scholars of English and Assamese literature. Mrs Bornali Mohan and Mrs. Priti Rekha

2 3 Bora threw light on value of education as a key factor of women empow- erment for the development of the society. Mrs Lina Deka has taken a critical attempt in drawing a picture of crime against women a universal phenomenon that also includes the issue of child trafficking in Assam. Mrs Mofida Begum highlighted on need of education for children in Barpeta district in Assam with special reference to Sarba Siksha Abhiyan Mission. Mrs. Nashmin Ara Begum put a study on 'feminism'. Mrs. Kabita Das focused on political status of women in Assam in post independent period. Contents Mrs. Sadhana Kalita has taken a novel attempt to show the importance of horticulture in economic field of Assam. She put forward a view that the prospect of horticulture sector in Assam is very bright and hopeful. Miss Liky English Section : Deka highlighted on an interesting feature on river island Majuli's 'Historical Tanks and Ramparts'. Mr. Himangshu Das makes an attempt to throw light Guwahati : From Pre-History to History and its Regional Planning on Historical on present day curse of Assamese society - Witch Hunting and wraps up Background for the 21st century A.D. Dr. Hemendra Nath Dutta 9 with a suggestion that Police administration should play active role and must Immediate constituent Analysis in take the issue sensibly. Mrs. Sampurna Sarmah has written about healing of Assamese Language Dr. Deepali Ojah 17 human body and mind through meditation Miss Labanita Deka discussed Women in Engineering: A global about 'How India become an economic superpower and some problems in perspective with reference to Assam Eli Kumari Das this regards.' Dr. Mrinalini Das 21 We are deeply indebted to all our colleagues and the publishers house WANSUWA - A festival of the artico design that have helped us in every step of this literary effort. Tiwas - A case study Rashmirekha Hazarika 27 Horticulture in Assam : An Analysis Sadhana Kalita 34 Eli Kumari Das Rashmirekha Hazarika A study of residential bridge course centers in mainstreaming the out of school children of Barpeta District of Assam under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Mofida Begum 39 Crime Against Women and A Study on Child Trafficking in Assam Lina Deka 47 Education: A Key Factor of Women Empowerment Bornali Mohan Priti Rekha Bora 57 Contribution of English Literature to Women Empowerment Priyanka Basumatary 61 A Study on the Historical Tanks and Ramparts of River Island Majuli Liky Deka 69 Scenario of witch hunting in Assam and Concept of Gender Justice Review of the Book : Witch Hunting in Assam edited by P.C. Dash and Tarali Nayak Himangshu Das 75 Feminism Nashmin Ara Begum 80

4 5 Political Status of Women In Assam In Post Independent Period Kabita Das 83 Charles Dickens: His Philosophy of Life and the Reflection of Contemporary Victorian English Society with Special Reference to Some of His Eminent Novels Md. Kamaruj Jaman 93 How Meditation Heals Body and Mind Sampurna Sharma 99 How India can become an economic superpower and some problems in this regards Labanita Deka 104 "The domestic violence in Victorian era reflected in William Morris' 'The Haystack in the Floods' Prakash Mech 115

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6 7 Guwahati: From Pre-History to History and its Regional Planning on Historical Background for the 21st century A.D.

Dr. Hemendra Nath Dutta

Abstract: The entire landscape in and around the Guwahati city, comprising of both rural and urban habitation is a vast historical document.1 Every bit of land of this region treasures hundreds and thousands of small and large scale acts of change-both natural and human. Many of these activities have changed the historical character of this region. Consequent to this, balance of nature and ecology is lost which is equally imposing a great bearing upon the past history, culture and tradition of the people of the Greater Guwahati region. The ancient glory and the antiquity of this region referred to in historical literature and in the inscriptions as Pragjyotisa- Kamrupa, Kamrupa nagara or as Kamrupa-Kamakhya, have gradually gone into oblivion. Following the purpose of archaeological vision of illustrating and discovering the course of the human civilization of the past, on the basis of archaeological evidence, archaeologist and anthropologists, epigraphists and historians have been trying to review the pre-history and history of ancient Guwahati region and of ancient Assam, for that matter at least from the year 1912, if not earlier.2 But keeping in view of such ancient historical geography or archaeological character, the region of guwahati has not been duly planned in modern days. As a result the city has its lost ancient look and traditional gaiety. Vast archaeological remains that would have eloquently spoken the past history and culture of this region still remain buried underground owing to over population. Many scholars - being Prof. H.D. Sankalia3 one of those, try to identify Guwahati as ancient Pragjyotishpura - Ambari archaeological site in the heart of the Guwahati city being a part of it. In this paper, an attempt has been made to trace the antiquity of human habitation and regional concept of ancient Guwahati region, its socio-political development and regional planning for 21st century A.D. on the basis of archaeo-historical background of the greater Guwahati cultural zone as proposed below.

8 Swetabhuja „ 9 Introduction: Noonmati and Sonapur. These tools are made of shale and mud stone - The geography of Assam is such that, it promotes regional geo-ethnical occasionally phyllite. The tool kit consisted of mainly tanged or shouldered variations. Such regional geo-ethnical factors seem to have definite contribution celt, flat celt, quadrangular axe, rounded axe, adze and chise.12 to the emergence of six distinct Neolithic cultural zones of Assam.3 During In the period 1967-73 under the auspices of the Anthropology Department historical period the divisions of the Brahmaputra Valley in to prayanta desa of the Dibrugarh University Prof. S.N.Rao explored a Neolithic site at a like Kamrupa and Davaka as mentioned in Allahabad Stone Pillar Inscription4 village called Saruturu at a distance of 25km to the south-east of Guwahati. of the Gupta emperor Samudra Gupta, reference of Uttarkula and The lithic industry recovered from Sarutaru consists of nine ground stone Dakshinakula5 Uparipattana and Pragjyotishapura6, Haddapesvara or celts. These tools are made of slate of grey to black colour and sandstone Harupeswara7 and reference of four ancient portions of Assam viz. of cream to buff colour. These are made by chipping and then grinding. Kamapitha, Ratnapitha, Suvarnapitha and Saumarpitha as mentioned in the Numerous potsherds were also found. These are cord impressed handmade Yogini Tantra8 signify to the development of such regional societies based on potteries13 and could be placed in between a period 5000 B.C.E to 2000B.C.E. regional geo-ethnic features of ancient Assam. if not in between 2000 B.C.E. to 1000 B.C.E. a new stone age sequence in Like many other ancient Indian cities flourished on river bank, the Assam comparing with the rest of India as proposed by Prof. H.D. Sankalia.14 Guwahati city located on the Brahmaputra or Sri Lauhitya is an ancient city The pre-historical sequence in Assam is very long and scholars like J.H. found with evidence of ancient human habitation. Geographically, the region Hutton, J.P. Mills and S.K. Chatterjee opine the arrival of the Negretos from of Guwahati is surrounded by the hilly spurs of Meghalaya in the south and Africa and J.P. Mills opines that the Negretos made the little stone celts south-east and those of Bhutan in the north. Geologically, the southern part found frequently in the hills of Assam.15 The Negretos were followed by of the district is a part of the Shillong plateau which gradually merges with the Austroloids who were hunters and gatherers, had the knowledge of the Brahmaputra Valley in the north. As such, it is found that Guwahati is primitive agriculture and preferred to live in the hilly slopes and forests.16 fortified by steep hill ranges and protected from erosion and inundation by a Certain ethnic traits of Austroloids are found among various Bodo tribes of solid granite rock base along the course of the Brahmaputra. Numerous Assam.17 During subsequent period Mongoloid population who are the speakers racial elements during Neolithic period migrated to this region following a of Tibeto- Burman languages entered Assam. These tribes inter-mixed with process of food gathering economy, who seem to have gradually contributed Austroloids were established in different regions and came to be known as to the formation of a regional society following settled agricultural economy the Rabha, Kachari, Bodo, Tiwa, Karbi and Dimasa.18 These Mongoloid and other means of livelihood such as trade.9 The Kalika Purana records that groups arrived Assam probably long before 1000 B.C.E.19 However, one of the temple of Kamakhya near Guwahati was the centre of Kamarupa and the most significant development in socio-cultural history in India and that of in the Vishnu Purana it is added that the country extended around this temple Pragjyotishpura for that matter is the arrival of the Aryan tribes. Eminent in about 450miles in all directions.10 Leaving the exaggerated apart, this area Prof. Sankalia believes that the Aryans arrived in India prior to 3000 B.C.E. may include the modern Assam, Bhutan and part of eastern Bengal. Guwahati which some scholars put comparatively to a late date of 1200 B.C.E.20 The seems to have been fed by a very ancient trade route of river Navigation and Aryans were agriculturalists, had developed settled agriculture, some trade scholars try to identify modern Sualkuchi, the centre of silk manufacture as and a class structure within the tribe.21 Aitareya Brahmana is supposed to the Suvarna kundya referred to in the Arthasarta.11 indicate Aryan settlement in ancient Assam. It provides for information that Considering the above historical background, the zonal planning of modern "by barter and by purchase" the Brahmins, who had already settled in soil of Guwahati region has been found to be inadequate in area and other Assam get some soma for sacrifices from the tribes lived in the hill tracts infrastructural facilities and do not seem to cover the contour of the greater of Kamrupa.22 The Aryans were pastoral groups and they early learned and cultural zone of the ancient city of Pragjyotishpur. It Perhaps has a geographical spread the use of iron.23 N.R. Banerjee suggests the use of iron in the factor being surrounded by hills and divided by the Brahmaputra in between Ganga Valley by 800 B.C.E.24 If we go by this, we may propose a that has been working the minds of the dwellers for which the concept of contemporary period of 800 B.C.E.or a few centuries later period of 800- a greater Guwahati region is yet to emerge. 500B.C.E.25 for use of iron in the Brahmaputra Valley. N.R. Banerjee Discussion: records certain early methods of iron workings in Assam26 and emergence The region of Guwahati was inhabited by racial elements since pre- of certain use patterns seems to have been evolved in the process since long historic period. But acutely humid climate and the acidic soil of this region distant past. It would be of absorbing interests for scholars to co-relate the is not conducive for preservation of copper, iron and stone artefacts, the events of offering settlements to Aryans by Naraka in Kamakhya27 and picture of prehistoric people of the Guwahati region is hazy. However, Neolithic other events of the Mahabharata war in which the Kamrupa king Bhagadutta sites in the region are located in the southern fringe of the Shillong plateau said to have taken part with his soldiers constituted of the Kiratas and the bordering the alluvial plains of the Assam Valley. Discovery of Neolithic tools Chinas meaning invariably the native ethnic groups dwelling the region of are reported from Rani, Loharghat, Tetelia, Kamakhya hills, Saraniya Hills, Kamarupa were gradually converted into members of an organised class

10 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 11 society which gradually led to the emergence of a regional kingdom cantering Peshawar and Hastinapur.28 If the lower layers of Ambari archaeological present Guwahati and Naraka Bhagadatta were early rulers of this kingdom. site could be excavated the picture would become perfectly clear.29 It is In the epics, Assam is known as Pragjyotishpura, Discovery of evidence interesting to note that, pottery designs and types of stamped: ribbed and of a brick built tank datable to the Shunga-Kushana period and an inscribed combed, as found in Ambari are also reported from South East Asian terracotta sealing (BCE 200 - CE 300) of ancient Indian history at Ambari archaeological sites.30 For the historical period the Allahabad Stone Pillar Archaeological Site at Guwahati, during archaeological excavation conducted Inscription (3.50 C.E.) of the Imperial Gupta Emperor Samudra Gupta provide jointly by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Directorate of existence of regional kingdoms of Samatata, Davaka, Kamarupa, Nepala Archaeology Assam during 2009-10 indicate expansion of trade activity of and others as the frontier kingdoms of ancient Gupta Empire. Of these ancient India in the Brahmaputra valley and beyond. Existence of a fortified Kamarupa, Davaka are the kingdoms existed in the Brahmaputra valley. commercial harbour pattana laid as per the principle of ancient Indian silpasastra The Nidhanpur Copper Plate inscription of Kamrupa raja and discovery of the terracotta seal of Sri Vasundhravarman and Alichiga Bhaskaravarman records the genealogy of Pusyavarman (400 C.E.) as three Tengani Stone Slab Inscription at Alichiga Tengani, at Barpathar in Golaghat thousand years old.31 If we go by this record, Pragjyotishpur, the modern District which was duly connected to the river Dhansiri by a system of Guwahati city has completed 5000 years of its history today. This region channel indicate development of ancient trade conducted through rivers. during its long eventful period has witnessed remarkable event of the visit Evidence of the brick built tank (puskarini) and the terracotta sealing found of the Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsang during 600 C.E. and formation of a at Ambari Archaeological Site of Shunga Kushana period and the fortified friendly alliance of the northern emperor Harshavardhana of Kanauj, with pattana existing at Alichiga Tengani in Barpathar links up the history of the Kamrupa king Bhaskarvarmana, the lord of Eastern India,32 and the ancient Assam with Shunga Kushana period and for that with the Mauryan participation of the later in the religious assembly held at Prayag as a friend period of ancient Indian history. Archaeological excavation which led to the and equal ally of emperor Harshavardhana. Banabhatta in his Harshacharita discovery of the brick built tank (puskarini) and the terracotta sealing at narrated the friendly relation between these two monarchs.33 Political might Ambari Archaeological Site located on a channel of the Brahmaputra of Kamrupa; is believed at times, to have been expanded far and wide. This confirmed that this site was one of the core zone of the ancient city of is testified by the epigraphical record of Nepal as it records Sri Harshadeva- Pragjyotishpur. the Salastambha king of Kamrupa as the master of Gauda, Udra, Kalinga This excavation conducted at Ambari Archaeological Site, by Dr S.K. and Kosala.34 Manjul, Dr H. N. Dutta, Dr Arvin Manjul, Ranjana Sharma during 2009 We have two epigraphs datable to C.E.400-500 that record verses from exposed archaeological evidence which confirms existence of similar cultural the epic Mahabharata. Of these, the Nagajari Khanikargaon fragmentary activities between Brahmaputra valley with the advanced socio-cultural forums stone inscription records a verse from the Adiparva of Mahabharata, 202 of the Gangetic valley. Sizes of bricks 45 × 31.5 × 6 cm, 47 × 33 × 6 - 9 Adhyay.35 The Alichinga Tengani Stone inscription from Borpathar records cm, 40 × 24 × 6 - 9 cm, 39 - 40 × 24 - 27 × 5 - 7 cm, 29 - 27 × 24 × 5.5 a verse from the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata which is very significant - 6.5 cm of the tank exposed during 2009 at the Ambari Archaeological Site, in Indian history for dating of these verses to their historicity. Guwahati, bear marked similarities with those bricks measuring 49 × 26 × 5.6 Conclusion: - 9 cm, 47 × 24 × 5 cm, 40 × 26 × 5 cm, 53 × 25 × 5 cm, 35 × 19 × 4 - The city of Guwahati is ancient but it gradually losing the traditional or 5 cm, 40 × 23 × 4 - 5 cm, 39 x 26 x 5 cm of the Sunga - Kushana Period ancient look as the monumental art heritage of the region have not been exposed at Bangarh, in West Bengal and with those bricks of the Sunga given due importance while implementing the developmental schemes. We - Kushana Period measuring 51.5 × 33.5 × 7.5 cm as exposed at Kaushambi, allow widening of roads and lanes passing through sensitive historical areas in Uttar Pradesh and with those bricks measuring 48 × 33 × 7 cm exposed and raise modern high buildings upon archaeological sites, in and around at Sravasti at Uttar Pradesh belonging to Period-I ( Pre-Mauryan & Mauryan temples and in its premises, construct shopping complex, over head electricity, period ). Among others mention may be made of the terracotta plaque of water tanks, telephone lines etc. in the places of traditional or historical Shunga Kushana period exposed at Ambari (plate) which is typically Kushana interests. In the name of religion the various temple committees of the city in style. The partly weathered plaque represents the deity of Siva in a round allow or finance to introduce marbles, tiles, modern pigments upon the historical facial form elegantly designed. The contour line of the plaque has a beaded monuments even raised modern gateways in old temple sites. We ignore the design and the plaque is tapering upward. Miniature form of Siva linga, and fact that such changes in the method and scale of industrial and commercial other terracotta objects which bear the antiquity of Shunga Kushana period operations affect the economic and traditional functions of a historical area. have been also found during excavation. We have vast archaeo-historical strength in form of temples, old buildings, Earlier Scholars like Prof. Sankalia observed the similarities of the cut ponds, moats, riverside areas, temples, sculptures, but we are yet to utilise impressions and mat decoration of the bases of terracotta bowls and dishes these resources to enhance the aesthetic beauty of the city as well as the with the decorative motifs from the Gangetic sites of Kausambi, Rajghat, tourist inflow from abroad.

12 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 13 Modern buildings of alien nature have been allowed to grow at the maintain the tourists inflow in collaboration with the Archaeological Survey premises of the Kamakhya, Sukreswar, Basistha and such other temple sites of India and the Directorate of Archaeology, Assam. in such a way that the cultural significance of these rare historical monuments The North East Frontier Railway may consider a plan of declaring are lost. As a whole the Guwahati city is over grown with massive buildings Pandu as a heritage zone of the North-East Frontier Railway as it was the unsuitable to the alluvial soil and roads are overloaded with traffic. Most of principal railway station of this part of the country connecting part of Chittagong the swampy areas are filled up and hilly slopes are mechanically eroded to through Tripura, Sylhet and Cachar which was opened for traffic in 1905. make way for habitation. Such factors have brought immense ecological This site, found with the remains of a 9th-10th century stone temple ruins and imbalance causing human tragedy. A smart shower lasting half an hour is rock cut sculptures are extra charm to the site. A railway museum of old now sufficient to flood the city roads disrupting the normal life. The Guwahati records and objects may come up in the site. This would bring life to the city of today bounded by the hills all around and again divided by the desolate state of this region in Pandu. Brahmaputra, its further expansion, it seems for the coming years has not A master plan for restoring faster rail, road and water communication been duly thought of or planned. Even the North Guwahati region, one of the within the Greater Guwahati Cultural Zone is to be drawn up for best part of the city found with temple and shrines has not still been favoured implementation. Places found with historical monuments and evidence need to live upon owing to a feeling of being an isolated tract from the main city to be retained with the Government for preserving its historical elements. in face of the Brahmaputra. The Ambari Archaeological site which embedded the earliest cultural layers In order to do away with all these the cultural zone of the present of Pragjyotishpur need to be excavated fully. It is although difficult to excavate Guwahati city is to be widened at least upto Baihata Chariali in the north, the deeper layers of early historical period due to high subsoil water as the Sualkuchi in the north-west, Chaygaon in the west, Sonapur in the east and site located on an ancient arm of the Lohitya sagara or Brahmaputra so on by means of restoring faster rail and road communication and other connecting Deeporbil, Barchalabil and other such water masses of ancient infrastructures for educational, health and cultural development of these sub times, its upper layers yielding cultural relics of stone and terracotta sculptures, urban areas. The region of north Guwahati needs to be bridged with south bricks, structural remains and other varied terracotta pots belong to cultural at Panbazar, From Dirgheswari hill to Kharghuli hill to take full advantage phase of c.7th -11th century A.D and beyond the Shunga- Kushana period of the scenic beauty and water resources of the Brahmaputra in the same to reach the Mauryan period to be attempted. The Municipal Corporation and time to increase the value and economic use of the region of North Guwahati. the Guwahati Municipal Development Authority and the public need to promote This would greatly decrease human pressure in the city proper and would and conserve such natural water bodies of Guwahati as the deepar bil, provide extra charm and gaiety to the old glory of the region. barchala bil, old historical tanks such as Silpukhuri, Dighali pukhuri, water The tourism department needs to consider the implementation of a short streams like Bharalu, Mora Bharalu, need to be maintained scientifically to circuit of package tour to monuments like Kamakhya, Umananda, Urvasi, enhance the historical and cultural beauty of the Guwahati City. This would Pandu nath and another wide circuit package tour covering Basistha Temple, eloquently speak volume of the glory of ancient Pragjyotishpura forever in Madan Kamdev, Hajo, Sualkuchi, Navagraha, Aswaklanta, Pingaleswara temple modern context of today's life. Attention of our modern electronic and print and so on. A package tour to monuments located on the river bank of the media need to be drawn to such issues which may turn Guwahati into a Brahmaputra such as Aswakranta, Umananda, Pandunath, Urvasi, Sukreswar culturally rich city of historical glory. temple to be visited via Brahmaputra by means of tourist motor boats may be of interests for the visitors to these sites. The revenue income of the temples of Giwahati region, as has been ideally utilized by many of the temple Notes and Reference : trusts in southern India, may be also utilised for public welfare and schemes like tourism, education, health and development of museums, art and culture 1 Archaeological remains found in the form of stone temple relics, brick evidence, temple of this region could be adopted by the temple committees. sculptures, rockcut sculptures, monolithic structures within the greater Guwahati region, Developmental authorities like the Guwahati Municipal Developmental ruins at Hazo, Sualkuchi, Madan-Kamdev, Chaygoan, Chandrapur, Kajolichoki are a Authority, Gauhati Municipal Corporation, PWD Road and Buildings and few sites to note. regional planners need to co-ordinate with each other and give emphasis on 2 In the year 2012 Kamrupa Anusandhan Samiti was formed in Assam for indological identification, listing of monuments, their documentation, mapping of old sites studies in Assam. typological classification of buildings, old trees, tanks, ramparts, survey of the 3 A.H.Dani : Pre-history and Proto-history of Eastern India,1981,pp.43 physical condition of the historical properties for contributing to total and 4 M.M.Sarma, Inscriptions of Ancient Assam, 1978,p.15 integrated conservation of the historic nature of the Greater Guwahati Cultural 5 ibid.p.149 Zone. Since the monuments are the best resorts for promoting tourism, the 6 ibid.p.121 Department of Tourism needs to implement the developmental schemes to 7 H.K.Barpujari, A Comprehensive History of Assam Vol-I, 1990

14 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 15 8 E.A.Gait, A History of Assam,1967,p.11 9 The Hazaraverma rock inscription dated c. A.D 900. records about a boat, Ramayana refers to existence of a country of cocoon rearers which is believed to be in Assam, Kautilya's Arthasastra refers to a place called subarna kundya which is believed to be Sualkuchi, in north bank of Brahmaputra 10 E.A.Gait,op.cit,p.11 11 B.K.Barua, A Cultural History of Assam, 1969, p.104 Immediate constituent 12 Dr.Reba Ray, Ancient Settlement Patterns of Eastern India, 1987, pp.294-96 13 ibid. p.295 Analysis in Assamese Language 14 V.S.Srivastava(ed), Cultural Contours of India, 1981,p.5 15 H.K.Barpujari,op.cit.,p.12 Dr. Deepali Ojah 16 ibid p.13 17 ibid p.15 18 ibid. p.116 19 S.K.Chatterjee, Kirata Jana Krti,1951,p.16 20 H.D.Sankalia, Prehistory of India, 1977,p,186 Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC in short) is one of the largest 21 D.D.Kosambi, An Introduction to the study of Indian History,1990,p.111 functioning units in a construction of a sentence. They are constituent in the 22 M.M.Sarma,op.cit,p.03 sense that they constitute the sentence. They are immediate in the sense that 23 D.D.Kosambi, op.cit.,p.82 they act immediately on one another. The whole meaning of the one applies 24 V.K.Thakur, Social Dimension of Technology Iron in Early India c.1300-200B.C.,1993,p.8, to the whole meaning of the other.1 The constituents of the sentence are N.R.Banerjee, The Iron Age in India,1965,p.39 organised in a particular order. 25 H.K.Barpujari,op.cit,p.37 26 N.R.Banerjee,op.cit,pp.51,53,183,189. "The Naga contain element which migrated from The IC postulated for Assamese language discovers the grammatical South-India to the north-east through the Bay of Bengal",p.54 group in favourite sentences. The analysis begins with larger units and with 27 E.A.Gait,op.cit,p.13 the discovery of morphemes, the smallest unit. The IC’s of a sentence are 28 V.S.Srivastava(ed),op.cit,p.23 a noun phrase and a verb phrase. These are the two parts of a sentence that 29 The lower layers of Ambari may reveal the much known Northern Black Polished(NBP) apply their meaning directly to each other. The noun phrase of a sentence and perhaps the still earlier Painted Grey Ware(PGW),ibid. p.54 may consist of a demonstrative plus a noun. In this case the construction may 30 S.K.Roy, "Religious Institutions and Pottery of Assam-An Ethno-Archaeological study", Bull.Dept.Anth.G.U.87-98,1992,p.88 be cut between the demonstrative and the noun. Such as–

31 M.M.Sarma.op.cit,p.50

a a 32 Ibid.P.56 / xsi2a n mànuh k le thàke / ‘that man lives alone’ 33 Maheswar Neog (ed) Studies in Early History of Assam(1973)p.16:B.K.Baruah, A Cultural History of Assam, 1969,p.104, Dimbeswar Sharma(ed)Kamrupasasanavali, NP VP 1981,p.53

D → demonstrative

34 M.M.Sarma,op.cit,p.15 a → 35 T.P.Verma has identified this verse from the fragmentary stone inscription from Khani xei2 n / mànuh N Noun kar gaon as follows D N "Yavat kirttir manushyasya na pranashyyati kaurava Tavajjvati Gandhare nasta kirtistu nasyati." The IC’s of this noun phrase are ‘xei2 .. n’ and ‘manuh’. The verbphrase 36 The full verse as has been identified with help of Prof. Bisheswar Hazarika is as follows of the sentence may be a verb plus and adverb. This phrase can be cut into "mata gurutara bhumah khatpitoccatarasthata

Manah srighataram vata ccinta bahutari trnat" ’s as follows–

a akle/thàke adv v adv → Adverb v → verb

16 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 17 According to Bloomfield a sentence is not a sequence or a string of Here we can establish that ‘Eta dustà làrai’ is a expansion of ‘làrai’. elements; it is made up of layers of constituents. ‘The best method of display Similarly, we can establish ‘tak bàrkoi pitise’ is an expansion of ‘pitise’. Then is the use of a tree’, rather like that of a family tree where the ‘branching’ we may compare all of these with làrai pitise’. Here the obrious IC’s are shows the divisions.2 The tree diagram for the sentence mentioned above is– ‘làrai’ and ‘pitise’. ‘The diargam brings out very clearly the hierarchical S nature of IC analysis : the smallest elements combine to from larger ones and S → sentence soon upwards.’3 NP → Noun phrase

NP VP VP → Verb phrase Limitations of IC analysis a a xei2 an mànuh k le thàke Some of the limitations found in the Assamese language are illustrated by the following examples– (1) In IC we dont get the difference between deep structure and surface

Dem N Adv V structure. But what we get in surface structure may be different in deep

a h M nuh a xe2 n à a t àke k le structure as far as meaning is concerned. Hence IC analysis does not give We have seen how nouns can be expanded into noun phrase and verbs us much information about the internal structure of a sentence; e.g.– into verb phrase. If the subject and Predicate of a basic pattern are so expanded, we might get something like this– / manuh2àn xuise / N V Età dust l rài tàk b rkoi pitise ‘A noughty boy has

h

Head beaten him severly c / goruto k edise /

a c a c N V NP VP S In surface structure these two sentences are syntacticaly identical, but in deep structure they are quite different. IC analysis would assign identical The phrase contains several internal relationships building together in

P-markers to the pair of sentences above. Such an analysis could fail to

Complicated ways to the total meaning. We have seen these relationships by c c make it explicit that in the first sentence ‘manihz..n’ in the logical subject breaking phrase into its immediate constituents layer by layer. The tree diagram

whereas in the second sentence ‘go out’ is the logical object.

for the above sentance is– c c (2) IC analysis fails to show the different meanings of ambiguous sentence.

For example we may take the following sentence–

S c c / k là kot pindhà l ràto àhisil / But we get two meanings in this sentence–

(a) I ràto àhisil 2itoe k là kot pindhisil ‘The boy came who

a c a wore black coat

NP VP

(b) Kot pindhà k là l ràto àhisil ‘The black boy came who wearing

a a a Et dust I r i t k b rkoi pitise à à à a coat (3) IC analysis believe too much in the mechanism construction of a Età dust l rài tàk b tkoi pitise sentence. It has got to accept any sentence which is grammonatically correct.

Such as–

a dust alorài b rkoi pitise (1) / teug l / (2) / teu g l /

18 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 19 In the sentences above the same structures give us two different meaning. In the first sentence the verb ‘gol’ means ‘died’, whereas in the second sentence the verb ‘gol’ means in the sense of ‘go’. They have same grammatical elements. So, they are grammatically correct. But IC analysis fails to show it.

References: Women in Engineering: A global (1) Roberts, paul : Wnglish sentnces. (2) Plamer, Frank : Grammar. perspective with reference to Assam (3) ibid : ibid Eli Kumari Das Dr. Mrinalini Das

Once the first Prime minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was said that, 'You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women'. 'Women empowerment' is- a term that has gained currency in the human development and government discourse. So promoting women empowerment may be the most crucial one of the 8th millennium development goals. Empowerment means free movement of women in their society without fear and can express their views within their family and society. She is empowered when she is valued as a normal being of society who has the space to participate in public discourse. The educated Indian women are empowered because she knows her rights. But women section in our society face social problems like domestic violence, dowry harassment, sexual harassment, etc. Education is the main component for women empowerment which is out of reach in many Indian women. Women empowerment is still a cry in India. So until and unless women are educated in the true sense, women empowerment will remain distant dreams. According to reports women constitute 48 % of the total population in India. And they perform almost two thirds of the works and produce 50% of our food commodities. Women earn one third of the remuneration and own only 10 % of the property of the country. According to world development report, 2012, one fifth of married women are not involved in decision making process in their society. It is true that science and technology constructs the building blocks of the economic growth as well as development of a society. In the 21st century, tremendous development has been seen not only in science and technology but also in every field like politics, social and economic well being etc. Scientists and

20 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 21 engineers take the challenges to solve many problems of the nation through Polytechnic Institutions under this Directorate. In the Technical Education their acquired skills in the society. They apply their skills to technological, front, there has been phenomenal growth in the recent past. The first industrial and scientific fields. But a major portion of work force in engineering Engineering College - Assam Engineering College was established in 1956 at field comprise of men only. Shortage of women force in this field is a great Guwahati and the first Diploma Institution- Assam Textile Institution was concern not only in India but all over the world also. There is a baseless established in at Guwahati. opinion of our society that engineering profession is male dominated. In the The numbers of institution under Directorate of Technical Education global world, it is proved that women are also equally capable in engineering are as follows: profession along with the male counterpart. At the same time they also play TABLE- 1 the multiple role of being homemaker, teacher, working professional, scientists, Institutions under Technical Education Department of Assam: doctors and others. Today most of the engineering industry and educational institutions and public and private organisations have started to recognize Colleges Year of establishment Courses offered Intake women engineer which shows a positive trend towards women empowerment. Assam Engineering The modern society recognises education and career as a basic right of all College, Guwahati 1956 UG,PG,MCA,PhD 420+72+30 section of a society. It also recognises that women in our society should Jorhat Engineering participate in social and economic development. But in spite of their continuous College, Jorhat 1960 UG, PG,MCA 315+51+30 effort the contribution and participation of women in many professions is Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology 1971/2008 UG 120 insignificant. In comparison to the other countries of the world, in India, the participation of women in engineering sector was pitiable till the early 1980's. Bineswar Brahma Engineering A recent survey conducted in united state of America has shown that 20% College, Kokrajhar 2010 UG 120 of women earned bachelor degree in engineering, 22% master degree and 17% in doctoral degree in engineering during the year 2003. For further There are also institutes under PPP (Public Private Partnership) mode. economic development diverse scientific and engineering workforce is GIMT, Tezpur is one of such engineering college where Government intake necessary. Therefore Gender discrepancy in engineering sector should be capacity is 32 (18%). abolished. It is unfortunate to mention here that most of the member engaged In the year 1957 as per recommendation of Ghose Chandrakant, in engineering workforce is men. Shortage of women in this sector is a major commissioner of National policy, the college renamed as Assam engineering concern not only in India but also for the other countries of the world. Since college and it started different branches of engineering like Electrical independence, there were a very few numbers of engineering colleges in engineering, Mechanical Engineering besides Civil Engineering Branch. In India. For economic development technical education play a major role with the year 1958, the then Prime minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru a projected requirement of degree level engineers, technicians and diploma declared the permanent campus of Assam engineering college at Jalukbari. holders for the benefit of the people of the country. But the admission was restricted to male students only. In 1964, under the In 1951 the first Indian institute of technology was established at guidance of the then education minister Debakanta Barua the Assam Kharagpur, which tried to fulfil the needs of the young Indians in the field of engineering college started to take admission of girls students which showed technology. At that time absence of engineering colleges was felt in Assam a visionary and forward looking path for women empowerment in Assam. and in 1955 Assam Civil Engineering College was started. Technical Education The first women who took admission in the college in electrical department in Assam started with the establishment of Prince of Wales Institute of was Rita Dutta in the year 1964. In 1965 four girls students were admitted Engineering & Technology at Jorhat before independence in 1927. in the engineering college and it raised to five numbers in 1966. But getting Establishment of Assam Engineering Institute and later establishment of Assam admission in the pioneer institute was not a piece of cake for those women Engineering College was the beginning of Technical Education in the State at that time when girls' education was not encouraged at all. In a recent of Assam. It has been a long journey of evolution of State technical Education survey it has been found that ten years ago the girls enrolment percentage in the State of Assam. Directorate of Technical Education, Assam was in engineering colleges of Assam was about 10-15% of boys. Now the established at 1960. Now there are four Govt. Engineering Colleges and 10 participation rate of women in engineering college has raised and the

22 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 23 percentage is almost 30 i.e. the ratio is 30:70. This shows that women awareness in their society. The contribution of women engineers are increasing empowerment in the society can be achieved by incorporating more women day by day although they face odds from their society, family and work into the technical fields. places. In the study it is found that the first girl who graduated from Assam It has been observed that in Assam along with the other states in North engineering college in chemical engineering turn an entrepreneur and established Eastern regions women has started entering technical educational field by a quick lime factory around Chandrapur, Guwahati. It is true that the pursuing technical education all over the country. It is a challenging career dominance of women engineers increases in every fields. After graduation for women as the work field in technical branches demand a lot of field and they are engaged in works all over the country. They are engaged in technical factory works. The number of women in engineering sector is still pitiable colleges as college teacher, engineers in government offices or private due to social, economic and family commitments and gender biased prevalent organisations and multinational companies. The growth of IT industry and in the organisations. Most of the women in this field do not opt for field significant employment of women engineers as software professionals in works as it demands more time and mental effort to fulfil the duties and these industries is also equally increased. For improvement the status of responsibilities. On the other hand women engineers as engineering practitioner women engineers in our society some suggestions are mentioned in this and consultants are also very limited not because of intelligence but they are study. The Government of India and the organisations should take some not allowed to spend enough time in their profession. Gender discrepancy at provisions in the work place for women engineers like: all levels and its undesirable impact on women has become a fact of life. A „ Flexible time slots and long leave. recent study conducted by the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee (UWM) „ Options of working from home. stated that out of 20% women engineers only 11% of them were practitioner „ Availability of crèche. in engineering fields. Other reasons of deficiency of women engineers in the „ Special policy for encouraging women engineers. state are work place environment and culture of their society which does not „ Career guidance from the family and professional help should be support them. There are also a lot of female engineers who do not opt available for girls' students, etc. engineering professions as their career only because of rigid nature of work The government ushered in the new millennium by declaring 2001 as the culture. From the study it has been found that women have lesser time and 'women empowerment year'. Recently Central Board of Secondary Education commitment to invest in their professional career as compared to male. The (CBSE) has launched a special programme for girls called 'Udaan' to address innovative talent of women is not recognised through their involvement in the concern of declining girl students ratio in Engineering colleges which was research and development. At jobs and promotion interviews many asked if stated in the Assam Tribune dated 14th October, 2014. The primary objective they would get married or have children in the near future, if their answer behind this special initiative is to bridge the gap of low enrolment ratio of girls is yes, they are most likely to be denied the opportunities they deserved. It in engineering colleges. This project will provide free online resources, free is an unwritten code that women are unsuitable for jobs that require physical tutorials, and study materials to girls' students of class XI and XII to prepare efforts and hectic travel and late hours. Some personnel and family factors for admission tests for premier engineering colleges in the country. This type are also restrict job opportunities for women engineers. These include hesitation of project will definitely help and improve the socio-economic status of females of parents in letting the girls' travel long distance for interviews and a job. through increased participation in professional and higher education. In this Married women in this field necessarily look for jobs in the nearest area of regard not only government organisation but NGOs, social organisation should their stay. Women engineers do not get what they deserve in terms of jobs, come forward and provide the necessary guidance and help for awareness of opportunities, promotions and salaries as well as professional recognition. science and engineering education and also to prepare for all types of engineering For true sense of women empowerment it is an utmost need for utilising the entrance examinations. One of such organisation is the 'Women Engineers' creative and innovative talents of women engineers in the practical field. Forum of Assam' (WEFA) working with the vision of participation of girls in There is no difference in experience, knowledge and skill development Science and Technology and to encourage them for specific leadership roles between men and women engineers in the country. It is seen that there is in the society in near future. With economic independence women are making a gradual increase in proportion of women engineers in masters' degree level their mark in many fields like sports, business, politics, literature and social and they equally earn doctoral and post doctoral degrees. The enrolment of movements and in science also. Above all they are participating in decision girls in engineering College and institutions can be increased by increasing making process in their society and family. Economic independence has added

24 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 25 to her confidence to march ahead and conquer the world. The expansion of the Internet and the frenetic growth in sunrise sectors has thrown up more opportunities for women. It is the right time to change the conventional mindsets of our society. There is a great need to do something to make scientific research gender friendly so that women engineers can fulfil their desire contributing towards the benefit of the society. WANSUWA - A festival of the Tiwas - A case study References: (1) Souvenir- released by Women Engineers' Forum of Assam, November, 2011. Editors: Dr.Bibha Das Saikia, Dr. Mrinalini Das, Guwahati, Assam. Rashmirekha Hazarika (2) Prof. Padmapati, A.K: 'AEC turns Co-educational' , an Article published in Souvenir; Women engineers' forum of Assam, November, 2011. Page No. 5- 8. (3) Dr. Das Mrinalini: 'Women in Engineering': an article published in The Assam Tribune, Dated: October, 2011 (4) Srinivas, Alam: 'Women of vision': ISBN: 978-81-7436-934-5 Introduction : (5) Parikh P P , Sukhtme S P : "Women Engineers in India", Economic and Political Weekly Both anthropometry and ethnography indicate that most of the early January 10, 2004 inhabitants of Assam had an admixture of different racial strains. Assam has (6) www.dteassam.in a significant cultural history since the earliest period. As various ethnic racial groups entered Assam bearing their respective cultures, dialects, food habits, festivals, dress codes and attires, ornaments which ultimately formed a strong conglomerated Assamese culture. Such ethnic groups inhabited both in the hills and the plains. Among the ethnic groups, the Bodo group is considered to be the major group that includes the most number of tribes, occupying not only the hills but are also found spread over parts of the valley from Dhubri to Sadiya. This group in its fold include the Lalungs, the Rabhas, the Koch, the Mech, the Hajongs, the Hojais, the Dimasas etc. Among them, the Tiwas, originally known as the Lalungs are one of the major ethnic groups in the North-East. It is notable that the topography and ecology of the plains and hills have influenced the Tiwas so much so that certain aspects of socio-cultural life of the hill Tiwas become distinctly different from that of their brethrens living on the plains. The Tiwas of the hilly regions have different festivals which constitute a major part of Assamese culture. But in course of time, modern lifestyle gradually swept the cultural heritage of the Tiwas residing in the plains. It is high time that an all out effort is made to protect such lost festivals of this ethnic group of people living in the North East India, mainly in Assam. Methodology: Both primary and secondary data are compiled to bring the 'Wansuwa' dance festival of the Tiwas to the proper light that is being threatened to extinction. Origin of the Tiwas: When these members of the Bodo group entered North-East India they were called Lalungs by the others. But the Lalungs

26 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 27 prefer to call themselves as Tiwa. The word Tiwa differs in their dialect that take the lead role in the ritual. Exactly seven days before the festival, the Ti means water, we means superior. As the Tiwas landed on the plains from youths of this race invites the youths of other villages situated both in plains the Khasi-Jaintiya hilly region following the course of the mighty Brahmaputra, and the hills with five areca-nuts and equal number betel-leaves wrapped in a they introduced themselves as Tiwa; probably Tiwa derives its origin to the tender banana leaf. After a week, the panthai (boys) and khorala(girls) arrive term 'Tibbatia' meaning people hailing from Tibbet. With the passage of time, from villages and participate with pomp and vigour. The basic rule of this this Tibbatia might have transformed into Tiwa. It is believed that in ancient festival is that the girls are not allowed to take part in the dance, but are times the Tiwas lived in Tibbet and in course of time they entered Assam allowed to watch - only the boys can join. Though it is a religious ceremony through the North-East passes, but their migration to the plains is shrouded in related to agriculture where people worship Goddess Lakshmi, Fa-guru Mahadeo mystery. Yet it can be surmised that they had migrated to the plains sometime and Charibhai Charikora (Tiwa God) but a major part in the ritual is choosing in the middle of the seventeenth century A.D. one's bride and bridegroom. Interestingly it is considered part of the ritual and The Tiwas are mainly found in the district of Nagaon in Central Assam. welcomed in their society. But it is not accepted among the same race. But, They are spread in Kapili, Mayang, Kathiatoli, Bhurbandha and Kampur Wansuwa festival is not observed all the Tiwa villages. For example, the Development Block in Morigaon District of Assam. Besides, there are a few villages like Ambada, Kengabat, Mugaguri, Makhaguri, Mecha kungri, Chilang Tiwa or Lalung villages in Dhemaji District, Titabor areas of Jorhat District, Kunchi, Uthangkuchi, Khauragaon, Hadangaon, Chableng, Nedralbar hilly villages Sonapur area of Kamrup Metropolitan District. in Karbi Anglong District celebrate the festival. Wansuwa festival: 'Festivals are part of traditional culture; their nature is Besides these Marzanggaon (Amchai), Dabarghat and Rangkhaisa (Nellie), determined by both the seasons and religion or religions followed by the people'- Deosal in Nagaon district formerly observed this festival but has been found (Festivals of Assam, P D Goswami, Page 2). But tradition is never static; it is discontinued. changing with the lifestyle of people. Same has happened among the Tiwas. Preparation: The Tiwas of the hilly areas preserved their ancestral traditions though they are a) Formation of Samadi (youth brigade): It is the first and foremost comparatively less educated than the plain Tiwas. necessity of the Wansuwa. It is formation of the youth brigade with six major Wansuwa means husked paddy. It is a dance festival related to cultivation portfolios i.e. - Changdoloi, Changmaji, Huruma(Suruma), Khuramul, Khuracha and is observed on a certain Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday between the and Re-pahari. The members of this executive body are selected by ex- months of June, July & August. The festival symbolizes fertility. In these days members of the Samadi and the elderly persons of the village. Their special the Tiw?s worship Lakshmi (the goddess of wealth), Fa-guru Mahadev, Tiwa place of stay is called samadi (youth dormitory) - in other words, the members God Charibhai-charikora for the prosperity of the cultivators. The Tiwas of the of samadi stay in samadi. The procedure of selection of the members is that plains are permanent cultivators. But the Tiwas residing in the hills still resort when a Panthai is selected for Changdoloi then the outgoing members of the of Jhum system of cultivation. Pujas and dances are performed in connection Samadi carry zulao (Zu-home brewed wine) and offer it to the mother of the with agricultural operations. As it is a traditionally extravagant festival, it is Panthai and ask 'Tao turid ne sag nem rakhena, needi rakhena, chang rakhena celebrated every five years. Economic backwardness is perhaps the root cause misin Changdoloi fatebane honga' means 'Your son is selected to maintain rules, of the loss of most of the traditional characteristics of the Tiwas. As a result regulations and prestige of the samadi'. Likewise, Changmaji and Huruma are their socio-cultural fabric has undergone a transformation. Presently, the plain also selected by offering zulao, Tngasena(dried fish) and salt. Khurasa and Re- Tiwas have lost most of the traditional traits of their cultural heritage while their pahari are selected with packet of salt and a dried piece of fish. The term of hill counterpart have kept it largely intact in spite of the fact that they are the youth brigade is 10 years. Since that day the members of the brigade are economically poorer. to devote themselves towards hosting of the Wansuwa festival. Wansuwa dance festival is an ancient festival of the Tiwa society. It is The necessary paddy and fund is collected over a long period - practically hosted by any hilly village, but participated by more than twenty villages from starts immediately after hosting the festival for the next one. The panthai the hills and the plains as well that is a hallmark of integration of the tribe. cultivates paddy. Half of the produce is sold and the amount so generated is Youths are mainly invited to participate in this festival. Being an expensive kept for the festival and the remaining stored for preparation of 'Zu' - the most ritual, the youths of Samadi (Youth- dormitory) are involved in collecting fund essential ingredient for the festival. Other indispensable things like bamboo for the next one right after one festival is over. The Amkha race of the Tiwas pipe, dongsunga (a bamboo pipe five-six feet long), firewood, pestles are made

28 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 29 out a couple of months ahead. Besides, the panthais are required to collect but rather invigorating; the dancers do not feel tired even after long bouts of vegetables like 'chamsuri', fern etc. dancing. Some panthais go the samadi and continue dancing throughout the b) Custom: According to the tradition of this festival on a certain night. It is said that the extent of song and dance is much more than any other Monday, June-July between 9-10 a.m. three pigs are sacrificed at the posts of tribal festival. The revelry of unremitting singing and dancing continues for Samadi (this house is built on stilts). Changdoloi-guru (ex-changdoloi) kills the seventy hours. pigs with a 'Flor' (sacred arrow made for the purpose) each. The three pigs Another notable feature in the Wansuwa festival is that on Tuesday the are tethered to the three posts of the Samadi named after Changdoloi, Changmaji senior womenfolk of the host village also take part in the entertainment at the and Huruma respectively. Prior to slaughter, the three posts are sanctified by residence of the Changmiji. They also enjoy a drink of zu and smear mud on pouring water and the pigs are dedicated to the Tiwa deity Lompha. Lompha each other to celebrate the success of hosting the festival by their sons. In is also known as Chang-giri and Fade-giri which means owner of the Samadi. Tiwa parlance it is called 'Margi rawe noma lawa'. A small part of flesh from the sacrificed pigs are distributed among the members c) Main Festival : The actual Wansuwa dance commences on of the Samadi and the lion's share is stored to be offered to the guests invited Wednesday. On that day rice powder is prepared amidst dancing. In syadali, that arrive to take part in the Wansuwa festival, the spacious courtyard of the changdoloi, the rice is ground into powder in 22- Certain rules are followed in distributing the pork. One of the buttocks is 23 sams (wooden mortars) by the participating panthais. The sams, arranged cooked and fed to the Samadi guards and the other to the panthais that in an oval or circular formation are partly buried into the ground. At the centre arranges for the posts for the Samadi. These panthais are called 'Thundor- a rectangular spot is cleaned and wiped with cowdung paste to worship Fa-guru group'. Every work is distributed to a definite group. The head and the teeth Mahadev and 'Charibhai charikora' - the four brothers. The lamphars (pestle), of the slaughtered pigs are arranged in the shape of a garland and is hung from water and short bamboo pipes containing zu are kept ready. 10-12 thopa (semi- the main post of the Samadi. spherical bamboo baskets) is filled with soaked rice for grinding. Outside the On the evening of the certain Monday, the panthais of Samadi invite their circle, split bamboo is laid for the non participating people to seat. The outgoing aunts (mother's sister, father's sister etc) and offers arecanuts and betel leaves, changdoloi inaugurates the ceremony by sacrificing a pair of red roosters in the pork, cooked rice and 'Zu' this is called 'ani asi chanduwani tin' - the day of name of fa-guru (shiva) and charibhai charikora - the four brothers with a prayer. entertaining aunts. Once the prayer is over, the panthais get ready for the dance. The specific The Tiwas accept Tuesday as the auspicious day. On that certain day the costume for the Wansuwa dance is thangla(shirt), dhoti, thenas (upper body guests invited from different villages come to participate in the festival with wrapper), faguri (turban), siling (long silver beads). At the sound of thorang(long great mirth and merriment. They whistle to announce their arrival. They are flute), the panthais pick up the lamphars and step forward dancing around the then welcomed by the organizers of the festival with arecanuts, betel leaves, partially buried sams. A festive mood is created as the atmosphere become zu. Welcome session over, the panthai from other villages enter Samadi and join vibrant with the sound of khrambar (large drum), khram panthai(small drum) and in the dance. This is the heart of the ritual. After this, the invitee panthais visit pangsi(flute). each household and sing and dance. The panthais visiting from other villages The kharalas pour the soaked rice from the thopa into each sam (wooden collect the names of the Kharalas(nubile girls), compose and sing paeans on mortar). The kharalas wear Kasung (mekhela), phasphai (riha), nara(cloth their beauty and youthful appeal. They sing these songs at the households and waist band), khanjurai (earring), kharu (banglas) and jhapal (beads). The panthais express their desire to accept these damsels as their life-partners. beat once in the mortars with matching steps and move forward. As the sound On Tuesday, the panthais are entertained with 'zu' and cooked rice and are of khram and thorang becomes louder, the steppings of the dancing panthais invited to dance seven rounds in the samadi. Thereafter, they come down to reach a crescendo. But as they beat the lamphars into the sams keeping in the courtyard of the samadi and there they again dance moving seven rounds with the beat of khram, there is no chance of mishaps. The ritual continues in in a circular arena. Next, they visit Changdoloi's house and the continues to six to seven different steps. After a certain amount is ground it is sprinkled with dance from Tuesday night till wednesday midnight. Here zu is considered a sacred water and the powder mixed water is sprinkled on the congregation sacred and divine ale and is offered to everyone taking part in the festival. with leaves of Banamala amidst loud cheering from the crowd. The popular After finishing the dance, the panthai dancers seat in the same circular formation belief is that the body and the mind become cleansed by this holy water. This as they danced and drink zu offered by the changdoloi. This zu is non-intoxicating rice powder is also sprinkled and smeared on each other by the crowd like one

30 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 31 does during holi. The dancing panthais take out a tiny janthar (spinning wheel) traditionally prohibited from doing so. Being a religious festival, naturally the each and makes sound while singing teasing songs and spraying the rice converts do not feel at home to participate. Other factors like globalization, powder on the kharalas. The significance of using the spinning wheel is to extensive urbanization, effect of western civilisation, vanishing forests and express that the panthais are only going to accept the kharalas if they learn the farmlands has contributed immensely in destroying the cultural heritage of the use of the wheel. The song is called 'Kharala rojowakit' (song of enticing small tribal groups. In turn, in the broader perspective, the cultural heritage of damsels). As it is all in the custom and everything remain within limits of fun the Assamese society is threatened as the vibrant and colourful culture of its it is enjoyable. constituent groups are in peril. So some concrete and viable steps unanimously A funny character named sikala(joker) also an integral part of the festival from all the quarters must be found out to preserve this unique culture that who makes all the people in good humour. He is invited with high honour. A carries good cultural value. custom-built dress for the occasion is made out of jute thread, dry leaves of plantain tree and cork. A headgear made of feathers adorns his head and he wears a mask of an animal. The sikala brandishes a stick and make people Bibliography break into peals of laughter with his antics. 1. Festivals of Assam - Goswami, Prafulla Dutta, First Edition, June 1995, Published by ABILAC. As the grinding part of the ritual is over, the panthais throws the lamphars 2. The History of Civilisation of the people of Assam to the twelfth century A.D., to the spot it was originally stacked in one motion. The womenfolk then gathers Choudhury P.C.,First edition 1959, published by the Govt. of Assam in Department of the ground powder from the sams to make rice cakes. Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati-1. All the members of the crowd are entertained with a feast of cooked rice, 3. The Lalungs (Tiwas), Sarma Thakur Dr. G.C., First Edition, 1985, Saraighat Printers, pork meat samsuri and fern fries. The panthais sing and dance again at night Guwahati - 3 "Interview with at the samadi. The womenfolk sends steamed cakes made out of rice powder Sri Maheswar Pator, Ex President, Tiwa Sahitya Sabha. to samadi. These are offered to Fa-Mahadeo (Lord Shiva) and Laksmidevi Sri Manoj Agasti, Journalist, Guwahati (the goddess of wealth) and their divine intervention is sought for a good Sri Chandan Goswami, littérateur and, Co-ordinator, Zonal Resource Centre, Chabukdhora, harvest and to thwart all evil forces. Then everyone takes these cakes with zu. Marigaon District This ritual is called Tunga Wansuwa (eating hot cake). On the following morning on Thursday each of the invited changdoloi is handed over a gift of pork meat cut out from the sacrificed pigs on the occasion alongwith arecanut and betel- leaf. After the farewell of the invitees a meeting is held between the former members and freshly inducted members like changdoloi, changmaji, huruma, karaimaji, khorasa and khoramuls to take oath to maintain the prestige of the samadi and keep the cultural heritage of the Tiwas intact. The outgoing changdoloi requests the incumbent changdoloi to preserve with utmost care the public property kept in samadi like khramluwa, khram, thurang, khisik, sarenda, spears, shield, swords, hunting nets etc. And thus the Wansuwa festival comes to an end amidst merriment. Conclusion: Sri Maheswar Pator, former president of Tiwa Sahitya Sabha was approached in this regard to learn his assessment about the gradual degeneration of Wansuwa Dance Festival and diminishing participation. He said that the poor economic condition and social backwardness has provided opportunity for Christian Missionaries to get them converted. They played the role of good Samaritans and came forward to save many lives with modern medical treatment which they otherwise did not have access to or were

32 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 33 bay leaf, vanilla and others. 8.Flowers: - marigold, tuberose, gerbera, mussaenda, dahlia, orchids, cal- endula, carnation etc. 9. Tuber crops: - potato, sweet potato, tapioca, yam, kath alu etc The Area, production and productivity of some Horticultural crops have Horticulture in been shown in the following table- Crops 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2010-11 Assam : An Analysis Fruits Area(lakh hectors) 1.13 1.16 1.27 1.32 Production(lakh MT) 13.52 14.08 15.65 16.45 Sadhana Kalita Productivity(kg/hectors) 12005 12142 12370 12480 Spices Area(lakh hectors) 0.86 0.88 0.94 0.98 Production(lakh/MT) 2.12 2.18 2.35 2.47 Productivity(kg/hectors) 2475 2478 2505 2530 Vegetables Area(lakh hectors) 2.32 2.38 2.51 2.60 Horticulture is an important component of agriculture and occupied a Production(lakh/MT) 38.18 39.18 42.55 44.70 very significant role in Assam's economy as Assam is an agricultural domi- Productivity(kg/hectors) 16485 16462 16952 17192 nated state where about 75% of people directly or indirectly earn their livelihood through agriculture and its allied activities. Assam is traditionally Sources: Director of Agriculture, Assam. wealthy and fortunate in horticultural production due to its unique and di- Horticultural crops occupies about 15% of the grass cultivated area of Assam verse soil, topography, rainfall and climate. Agricultural experts and re- and annually produces more than 15.0 lakh MT 0f vegetables and 2.0 lakh MT searchers have proved that rainfall ratio and land fertility in Assam is highly of spices besides medicinal and aromatic plants (Economic Survey, Assam). suitable for production of horticultural crops. At the same time this crops From the above table the importance of Horticulture crops in Assam's economy have high value addition in agriculture and vast scope for commercial and can be easily understood and cultivation of Horticultural crops with appropriate market generation. Because of the intense demand in horticultural produce way can be a strong tools and message for solving our gigantic problems of rural both in national and international markets, today it has been seen that most poverty unempayment and economic stagnation. of farmers have diversified their attention from production of food crops to Horticulture sector has the highest potential to contribute in the growth of agriculture sector in Assam. Today Horticulture is the best option for proper Horticultural crops. As a result there has been continuously increasing the diversification of agriculture. The continuous increase in area and production of area, production and productivity of variety of Horticulture crops. Various various Horticultural crops has raised the income of the farmers is a good horticultural crops that have grown in wide range can be divided into nine symptom of rural economic development. Crops failure is a regular event due to heads- flood or drought, so the cultivation of Horticulture provides economic security 1.Nut crops: - areca nut, coconut, cashew nut etc. and save the marginal farmers from starvation. By practicing of Horticultural 2.Plantation crops: - betel vine, tea, rubber, coffee etc. production in wide range, a large number of rural unemployed people have able 3.Medicinal plants: - amlakhi, silikha, bhumura, nefafu, brahmi sak, to obtain gainful employment opportunities and also demand of agricultural la- sarpagandha, kalmegh, neem, tulsi etc. borer is significantly increasing in farm activities. Cultivation of Horticulture is 4.Vegetable: - brinjal, cabbage capsicum, cucumber, ladies finger, pump- one of the faithful options for the improvement of livelihood of rural masses due kin, radish, tomato, water melon, cauliflower various gourd, pea, bean, carrot, to its unique opportunities of earning more income. Today it is widely accepted beet etc. that human food security and nutrition security highly depended on Horticultural 5.Fruits: - banana, jackfruits, pineapple, papaya, lemon, litchi, guava, crops. There is a positive relationship between the growth of Horticulture sector mango leteku, thekera, citrus, etc. and agro industry development. At present entrepreneun or industrialist are in- 6.Aromatic: - Citronela, lemongrass, vetiver, patchouli etc. creasing in the line of Horticulture crops though the rate of entrepreneurship is 7.Spices: - coriander, ginger, chillies, turmeric, onion, garlic, black paper, very negligible. Horticulture is a best alternative for transferring the agriculture

34 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 35 sector from sustainable to commercial farming. In Assam, women particularly so that farmers income can be raised and for this purposes utmost priority has tribal women's main livelihood is Horticultural farming like vegetables, fruits and been given to high value crops, quality best planting materials, modern technol- tuber crops. Therefore there is an ample scope for women empowerment through ogy, post harvest management, processing and marketing and other horticulture Horticultural crops. Crop plantation in hilly areas is a perfect option for preventing development activities. Another significant scheme is "Integrated Programmes for jhum cultivation (shifting cultivation). Horticulture sector has the bright future for development of horticulture in tribal/ hilly areas". Recently the cabinet approved promoting both internal and external trade thereby earning foreign money and the setting of an online national agricultural market, which is expected to boost employment generation. Till today Assam have huge number of unexploited natu- farmer's incomes and improved availability and moderate price rise. ral resources. So, there is a good possibility and opportunity for the educated In spite of Govt.'s continuous efforts towards development of Horticulture youth to engage in research work and develop their carrier in the field of Hor- sector, it is facing a lot of problems. Lack of interest and non adoption of modern ticultural sector. and scientific technology in horticultural sector is the main hindrance for low Realizing the significance of Horticulture sector, State and Central Govern- return from horticultural sector. Lack of HYV seeds and planting materials leads ment have taken many appreciable efforts and policy measures. State Agricultural to average yield in horticultural crops is just half compare of healthy materials and Department has given more thrust on use of modern technology, quality seeds, seeds. Due to lack of suitable marketing environment farmers are failed to obtain irrigation, fertilizer, pest management etc. in Horticulture sector. Horticulture In- reasonable prices from their marketable surplus and force them to sale products formation Service Scheme" with the aim of transmission of latest development immediately after harvesting at a very low prices which demoralize them. Another technique in Horticulture crops. For the production of quality potato, "Multipli- factor which frequently forced the farmers to dispose off their products at a very cation of Foundation Seed at Regional Potato Farm, Mai" was launched. Other minimum price to the clutches of middle men is an inadequate transport and scheme like Coconut Development Scheme, Cashew nut Development Scheme, communication facilities. As most of horticultural crops need long time to income Development of progeny orchards are some of popular schemes for development generation, have required long term credit to the farmers. Therefore without easy of Horticultural sector. Under the 11th five year plan Government has taken many and adequate credit support it is very difficult to practice horticultural crops. The infrastructural development steps to augment the productivity of Horticultural resource utilization probability of the state is comparatively very poor in spite of crops. Micro Irrigation Programme, National Bamboo Mission etc are imple- having endowment in many natural resources. Cold Storage facilities, food pro- mented in various planning period in Assam. For production of squash/ juice/ jam/ cessing unit, pre and post harvest management facilities etc. are not sufficient. jelly/pickle and other finished product, Department of Fruit Preservation Factory Absence of trained personal is the most concern issue which prevents the farmer is working regularly. to obtain value addition and commercialization. Crop insurance is almost nil in "Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture" in Assam horticultural sectors due to high rate of premium and hard formalities. Research was implemented on 2001- 2002 in order to boost up the production and pro- and investment is also very poor. Lack of knowledge of the farmers in general ductivity of Horticulture crops. Under this mission Horticultural sector gain sig- and technical fields, Lack of necessary awareness programmes of the govt. nificant achievement in crops production particularly fruits, spices and vegetables scheme and policies are also another cause of poor development of horticultural and improved infrastructure resulting enhancement of per capita income of farm- sector in Assam. Now a days it is becoming burning problem in some areas ers. National Horticultural Board was set up by the Govt. of India in 1984 as an where wild animal destroying plants, fruits and vegetable etc. but the forest autonomous society with a multi dimensional activities like supporting the farmers department is almost sleeping and do not pay any attention in this regard. and entrepreneurs to face the challenges of globalised market, improved post Therefore effective steps have to be taken in right earnest by the Govt. and harvest management infrastructure, strong the market information service, tech- the concern authority for the improvement of Horticultural sector. The basic nology development, training to youth and farmers. Govt. of India has started the priority should be parting education and training to farmers and farmer's family "National Mission on Medicinal Plants" a very significant scheme from the year about the importance of horticultural crops and its practices. Govt. should en- 2009 - 10 with a view to promote and protect the valuable species by giving courage the farmers to practice horticultural crops by providing necessary sup- financial support , good infrastructure, marketing facilities etc. in a fresh manner. port. Sufficient cold storage, food processing unit, modern technology etc. are The main motive behind the centrally sponsored scheme "Human Resource De- most urgent for value addition and commercialization of horticultural sector. velopment in Horticulture (1999-2000)" is to encourage the entrepreneurship or Govt. should take required initiative to improve the resource utilization capacity. create self employed opportunities among the farmers and youth by providing Suitable marketing atmosphere along with govt. regulated market should be available training in various field of Horticultural sector. "National Horticultural Mission all over the state. Adequate credit arrangement must be available to the farmers "(2005) was launched by the Govt. of India to enhance Horticultural production at low rate of interest and in easy process. Research should be intensified by the

36 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 37 Govt. authorized department and benefit obtains from research activities should transparent to the farmers. Govt. should give more importance to cover compre- hensive crop insurance policy and provide financial support to the farmers im- mediately in time of crop failure. Govt. awareness and publicity programmes in Horticultural sector should be so strong that the farmers easily understand and availed the Govt. policies. In today's Globalization regime, motivation of our farmers to use advance science and technology in their farms is very urgent to A study of residential bridge course get fruitful result from their hard working. Measure should be adopted to protect horticulture crops from wild animals. Govt. should take initiative to encourage the centers in mainstreaming the out of young generation and enthusiasm farmers to be hortipreneurs. The prospect of Horticultural sector in Assam is very bright and hopeful. At school children of Barpeta District of present Assam is in top places in terms of increased area, production and pro- ductivity of various horticultural crops, mainly fruits, medicinal plants, floricul- Assam under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan ture, aromatic plant, vegetable and spices. Production of Potato and vegetables are increasing in last 10 years. Mango, orange, banana, papaya, litchi, guava are growing at rapid rate. Assam lemon is very famous and it has attractive market Mofida Begum value. So there is a vast potentiality of augmenting farmer's income by cultivating of Assam lemon. Nowadays floriculture is fast expanding commercial crops. Assam has varieties of tropical orchids. At present Rabi vegetables in Assam is Abstract: shifted homestead to large scale commercial plantation. Assam's bhut jalakia is A nation is deprived of potential human resources for its all round world famous chilli and an ample scope for commercialization and large value development if the children are deprived of their proper childhood in the addition. Export earnings from ginger and orange are gradually rising. As Assam society. There are many factors that lead to deprivation of proper education being the gate way of north east India the prospect of commercialization of to the children and they remain out of school. The study is related to out Horticulture sector can boost up the avenues for export. So it is a humble duty and responsibility of Govt., NGO and other related organization to promote of school children. It is important to open new schools in those habitants Horticultural sector and introduce it in world market for socio- economic devel- which do not have required schooling facilities. The study is related to the opment of the State. mainstreaming of out of school children admitted into six residential bridge course centers (RBCC) of Barpeta district of Assam under Sarba Siksha Abhiyan. These RBCCs are situated at Chenga, Barpeta, Alopati, References: Bhaktardaba, Bhabanipur & Barbhitha. The study covers work is used to 1. Desai Vasant 2010, "Rural Development in India" Kalyani Publisher, New Delhi, Guwahati. observe the academic atmosphere of campuses of RBC schools which 2. Director of Economics, Govt. of Assam, "Economic Survey of Assam- 2013 - 14" include the classroom facilities for teaching learning process, availability of 3. Director of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Assam, "Statistical Handbook of Assam - 2014". teaching & non teaching staffs, extracurricular activities, health & hygiene, 4. Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, "Hand BooK on Horticulture Statistics - 2014". food & accommodation facilities. The study observes the classroom design, 5. Dhar P.K. - 2009, "The Economy of Assam" Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. seating arrangement & cleanliness of the campuses. 6. Sadhu & Singh - 2005, "Fundamental of Agricultural Economics" Himalaya Publishing Introduction : House, New Delhi. Education is one of the most powerful instruments in shaping the human race. Education is the only answer to all our socio-economic problems. Several global organizations and nations have been emphasizing the need for universalisation of primary education. Alternative school interventions in Assam are targeted both towards the out-of-school children as well as the children in schools at risk of dropping out. With respect to out-of school

38 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 39 children, the challenge is mainly in the urban slums and in some remote and riverine (char) areas. Some densely populated urban areas of Assam also tribal areas where the number of children is too low to open a formal lack schools due to scarcity of land for establishing schools. A majority of school. The pupil-teacher ratio is approaching a manageable 40: 1 in all out of schools children belong to backward communities such as ST, SC, alternative schools of Assam. Schools have become more child-friendly. OBC, Muslim minorities etc. The children from urban slum areas and Primary education plays an important role in laying the proper founda- children from displaced families affected by natural calamities need special tion of children's academic, cultural, emotional, moral, physical, social & attention for proper education. These children require not only the day spiritual development. We know that primary education is the foundation of schooling facilities, but also the lodging and boarding facilities. The residential the system of secondary & higher education. Human Resource Development bridge course centres (RBCC) under SSA scheme are the prime require- deals with all aspects of life. Elementary education should be given the ments to serve the needs of out of school children. The out of schools highest priority because this is the stepping-stone of children to pursue children are mainly covered by some special schools known as RSTC higher education. If they are able to undergo their elementary education (residential special training center) and NRSTC (non residential special well, then there is probability that they will be able to continue their education training center).Under RSTC, the RBCC and Kasturba Gandhi Balika up to high school or even for a higher degree. The Indian constitution has Vidyalaya (KGBV) are included. The centers under the NRSTC are committed to provide free and compulsory education to the children up to Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS), Jyoti Kendra, Sanjogi Siksha Kendra the age group of 6-14 years. The Government of India has taken various (SSK), Madrasas and Makhtabs, National Programme for Education of steps to provide free & compulsory education to the children by introducing Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL), Community coaching programme various schemes like DPEP, Sarba Siksha Abhiyan (SSA), Right to education (CCP), Work Site Siksha Kendra (WSSK) etc. The EGS centres have (RTE) Act & others. been presently upgraded to regular primary schools. The Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (S. S. A.) is a government of India's flagship Objectives : programme for the achievement of universalisation of elementary education The main objectives of these studies are given below - in a time bound manner, as mandated by 86th amendment to the constitution i) To investigate the academic atmosphere of RBCC in Barpeta Dis- of India making free and compulsory education to the children of 6-14years trict. age group.S.S.A.is being implemented in partnership with state government ii)To know the status of children in formal schools after finishing the to cover the entire country and address the needs of 192 million children course in RBCCs. in 1.1 million habitations. The 86th amendment to the constitution of India iii) To investigates the campus environment of six RBCCs. made free to compulsory education to 6-14 years of age group. The SSA iv) To investigate the numbers of children & teaching staffs of covers the entire country with special focus on the educational needs of the RBCCs. girls, schedule caste & schedule tribes & children in different circum- Scope and Geographical coverage : stances. Alternative education centers (RBC/NRBC) were established as Barpeta district is an administrative district in the state of Assam in a part of the strategy to provide education facility in small un-served habi- India. The district headquarter is located at Barpeta town. The Barpeta tations, mainstreaming of children through bridge courses of different district occupies an area of 2,679 Sq. Km with a population of 1,693,190 durations & education for special groups like child labour, street children, as per census report of 2011. Barpeta district was created in 1983, when adolescent girls, child belonging to certain backward families, children of it was split from the original undivided Kamrup district. The district has a migrating families. population density of 632 inhabitants per Sq. Km (1,640 /sq mi). Its population The elementary education department of Assam has been implement- growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.4 %. The district has a sex ing the various schemes as mentioned above. It is being observed that there ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 65.03 are certain areas in Assam where the number of primary schools are not %.The study covered 6 (six) numbers of RBCCs of Barpeta District of sufficient to serve the needs of the children. These areas include sparsely Assam. The Barpeta town is renowned in the historical map of Assam as populated hilly areas, densely forest areas with difficult geographical terrains, the 'land of Satras'. These Satras bear the testimony of the great Assamese

40 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 41 reformer, saint, scholar and cultural exponent Srimanta Sankardeva and his dropout children would be mainstreamed by bridging education at the centres. able disciple Sri Sri Madhabdeb. Initiatives are also being taken for the bridging of class 5 to 7 students Sample Area and Sample Size : deprived of education. At the proposal of district collectors, residential and Home Based Education Strategies have obtained wide publicity. non-residential bridge course and human development centres have been Ashadeep the resident Sample area & sample size ial bridge schools are sanctioned under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan in 2011-12. Special training is being regarded as the best shelter for the school drop-outs by all sections of imparted to the children above the age of seven at the request of parents. people. Sarva Siksha Abhijan (SSA) Barpeta is committed to root out the Since the objective of the present study in mainstreaming the out of menace of child labour in the district and with this aim in view it has school children of Barpeta District of Assam under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan established six Ashadeeps, the Residential Bridge Course (RBC) centre, Assam with respect to quality improvement at elementary education by the Preliminary visit & conversation with students & teachers of RBCC of centers of RSTC the investigator is worth mentioning that the purpose of Barpeta District, Interaction with representatives of local communities etc. the study. On the other hand, the aim of the study is to observe whether The study covers all the 6 RBCC centres in the district of Barpeta, Assam. the students of selected class have been able to achieve minimum levels Table I shows the mainstreamed children of RBCC of Barpeta district of education in those centers. since the establishment of residential bridge course centers at Barpeta which is an educationally backward block of Assam. Table-1 Table 2 depicted the present status of student's enrollment in all six Mainstreamed Children from RBCC centers of the district. Year Wise status of Mainstreamed Children from RBCC Observations: SSA has been enrolling working children in its Residential Bridge Course (RBC) Centre's since 2005 in Barpeta district. It is evident that a residential facility is sine qua non for a child labour rehabilitation programme. It has Total Name of RBCC 2005-2008 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Mainstreamed been observed that most of the child labour comes from far areas from a Children large distance from their homes to work somewhere. Hence they need a Chenga RBCC 366 83 122 117 110 798 shelter and free foods and other facilities for their immediate survival and Alopati RBCC 150 46 80 80 80 436 joining in the residential schools under SSA. SSA has successfully con- Bhaktardaba Girls RBCC 12 84 82 83 261 ducted child labour release operation in all the districts having RBC centres Barbhitha RBCC 8 44 40 38 130 during July to October. A group was formed to visit the work places and Barpeta RBCC 0 0 83 80 163 release the children under the leadership of an executive magistrate in each Bhawanipur RBCC 0 0 82 80 162 district. Officials from SSA, Education, Labour, Transport and Social wel- Total 516 149 330 484 471 1950 fare department along with the Police and NGO volunteers raided the work places and released the children from work. The children are brought to the Source: Sarva Siksha Abhijan Barpeta Residential Bridge Course Centers .Ashadeep Chenga has been adjudged best RBC amongst such centres in the State. The Ashadeep in Bhaktardaba, a backward minority dominated area was only centre for girls. It is located in the Deshbhakta Rural Development Association (DRDA) buildings. DRDA is an NGO committed for the upliftment of the rural people as well as their habitats who will look after the success of the centre. The special training centre for adolescent children at residential and non-residential level is an important strategy of the government. The school

42 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 43 Table-2 „ Every centre has one caretaker-cum-remedial teacher who takes Present status of enrollment of RSTC in Barpeta district: care of educational, health and hygiene issues. „ A daily routine from 6.30 in the morning to 8.30 at night has Sl No Name of RSTC Enrolment stabilized. 1 Alopati RSTC 100 „ At the RBCCs the children get to participate in co-curricular ac- 2 Barpeta RSTC 100 tivities. 3 Bhawanipur RSTC 100 „ Each RBCC also has one cook-cum helper. 4 Bhaktardaba RSTC (Girls) 100 „ The daily menu is put on display for everyone to see, so that 5 Barbhitha RSTC 55 monitoring is possible in a transparent manner. 6 Chenga RSTC 175 „ Six-month Residential Bridge Courses have been organized for those who have never been enrolled and for those children who were Total 630 unable to cope with school. Source: Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Barpeta. „ The children enrolled in the targeted schools are listed in a child profile where the children are assigned a unique ID. In order to provide better and quality education, the Sarva Shiksha „ The salary of each Education Volunteer should be paid Rs.5000/ Abhiyan has established Residential Special Technical Centre (RSTC) for - per month for a centre having minimum 50 children.Rs.2000/-, Rs.1500/ children between the age group of 6-14 years who are not admitted in the - and Rs.1500/- should be paid for the cook, helper and Watchman re- schools, irregular and left the schools due to certain reasons. The main spectively. thrust of these centres is to make ensure that they get proper class as „ BRTE / CRTE who will be in charge of the concerned RBC will per their capability. monitor boarding and lodging facilities and the distribution support mate- „ It is observed that the effort has been made to provide the re- rials to the enrolled children (Uniform 2 sets, bag, mat, towel, bed sheet, quired physical infrastructure for quality teaching & learning process. soap, oil, plate, tumbler, study materials, note books, pencil, crayon, foot- „ The teacher pupil ratio is as per norms i.e. 1:40. wear, geometry box etc) and providing academic support. „ The teacher appointed by the authority is based on merit. „ Periodical Medical checkup is mandatory. „ SSA provided with study and stationary materials like Uniform, „ After coaching for a period 10 - 12 months, the achievement level bag ,Foot wear, note books, pencil, geometry box etc. as per breakup of of these children will be evaluated through the BRC personnel and expenditure is provided. mainstreamed /inducted in the formal school already enrolled. „ The students are provided quality food & suitable accommodation, At present SSA Barpeta has been providing free education with free text books, copies, dress materials, learning tools, health checkup and food and lodging to 175 boys in Chenga, 100 in Alopati, Barpeta RBC coaching facilities etc. are at free of cost. 100, Bhawanipur RSTC 100 and Barbhitha RSTC 55.But the Ashadeep „ Daily routine of students include time for prayer, meditation, sports established in Bhaktardaba would be reserved specially for girls. Alto- & other extracurricular activities in addition to normal class time table. gether 100 girls of six to fourteen years of age mainly school dropouts or „ All the RBCC are well maintained for creating a good academic engaged as laborers deprived from the light of education would be prepared and residential environment. for formal education during the coming eleven months and after that they „ Curriculum in RBCCs is quite enriched. would be admitted in the formal education system. Already many children „ Finances and other management issues are controlled by the Gov- of Ashadeep Chenga admitted in the mainstream of education have passed ernment of Assam under Sarba Siksha Abhiyan. the HSLC examination .Gradually they will become a part of the mainstream „ The teachers are familiar with techniques of modern teaching. and be admitted along with regular students. „ Most of the teachers are young & energetic. It is worth mentioning here that a number of children in Assam have „ The SSA makes an expenditure plan for each item and communi- been working as labourers due to one or the other reasons. They are cates this to RBCCs. being deprived of the desideratum of their age the primary education. The

44 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 45 numbers of such deprived child are increasing day by they as more and more are joining the team either due to their reluctance to study or due to the ignorance of their parents. But in most cases the economic condition is vital - the child has to work on compulsion of supporting the family or the family has not been able to support him in adequate manner so as to continue his study. It is hoped that the deprived poor child will be ben- efited as has been done by Chenga by setting an example. Crime Against Women and Conclusion: This work is carried out to investigate the academic atmosphere of A Study on Child Trafficking in Assam six RBCCs situated in Barpeta District of Assam. It is reported that RBC scheme under Sarba Siksha Abhiyan of Assam is becoming successful as Lina Deka most of the student have been joining the mainstreamed school. It is also found that the academic & residential requirements of RBC are being fulfilled as per norms. The enrolment at the primary and upper primary levels of education over time improved significantly but still more girls are "It is a matter of bitter shame and sorrow and deep humiliation that a out-of-school than their boys counterpart. The enrolment ratio at the number of women have to sell their chastity for men's lust. Man, the law upper primary level is much lower than at the primary level. The effi- giver, will have to pay a dreadful penalty for the degradation he has imposed ciency of primary education system has direct implications on upper primary upon the so-called weaker sex. When woman freed from man's snares rises system to expand. R B CC is contributing substantially to the enrollment to the full height and rebels against man's legislation and institution designed and retention of girls of deprived sections of the society i.e., SC, ST and by him, her rebellion, no doubt, non-violent, will be nevertheless effective" - Mahatma Gandhi Muslims. Crime against woman is an universal phenomenon. Various crimes such References as domestic violence, rape, kidnapping and abduction, dowry death, torture, 1. Sarba Siksha Abhiyan : Ministry of Human Resource Development molestation, eve teasing, witch hunting, human trafficking are taken place 2. Sarba Siksha Abhiyan : An official web site. against the women. More vulnerable groups of the society against which 3. Arohan : A journal published by SSA, Barpeta District. Vol-March 2008, March 2009, crimes have been taken place are women and children. Now a days, the data March 2010, March2011 of crime against women and children has become alarming. Recent study 4. B. Das : A study of learner's academic achievement in primary school of Char area under selected district, primary education programme, Barpeta. shows that nearly 3,312 missing cases of child have been taken place in 5. Assam Tribune, Guwahati, Friday, August 22, 2008. Assam during the year 2012. Recently the issue also rocks the parliament when "Bachpan Bachao Andolan" reports are tabulated in Rajya Sabha. Acknowledgment Therefore when I go through the review of literature it shows that there is The author is grateful to Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Barpeta District Misson Office Assam and Educational Volunteers of Chenga RBCC, Chenga, for providing data for this study and also research gap in studying the primary datas relating to child trafficking and Mr. Nazrul Islam for technical support. human rights violation. This article is an attempt to study about the rights relating to women and children and a picture of child trafficking cases which has been registered in various police stations in Assam. INTRODUCTION Human rights are those fundamental and essential rights without which people cannot leave their life with dignity. These rights are possessed by every individual irrespective of his or her creed, culture, caste, race, religion, language or nationality. By virtue of being an individual everybody should have those rights. The UNO declared universal human rights on 10 December,

46 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 47 1948. Afterwards in various conferences like Tehran conference, Vienna books, unpublished reports/ records of police stations and CID, Assam, published conference, 4th world women conferences etc taken some resolutions to reports (research studies/ Case studies and so on), newspaper articles, other develop and safeguard in world. In America, slavery was legally abolished media coverage, Information accessed through the Internet; personal memoirs from the year 1864,even in our constitution Article 51(A)(e) stands To if any, any other authentic available sources of information that are documented promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the and official Records of police department, Assam. people of India and renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women. CRIME AGAINST WOMEN But even though our constitution has safeguarded rights to life and liberty Though the topic of paper is not directly related with the crime against and dignity as well, but the universal practice of human trafficking has submerged women, but ultimate victims has come under the arena of Crime Against or violates the fundamental human rights- right to life and liberty and dignity. Women. There are so many crimes are taken place such as:- Domestic violence, The alarming phase of violation of human rights and extension of human Wife battering, Rape, Kidnapping and abduction, Dowry deaths, Female Genital trafficking in Assam is there when a daily newspaper published that 400 girls Mutilation, Honour killing, Prostitution and trafficking, Eve teasing, Pornography, of Lakhimpur district goes missing and this issue rocked Rajya Sabha. The Sexual abuse of female inmates in prison, Missing women, Women in are report has been given by Bachpan Bachao Andolan, an NGO found that 100 conflict, Refugees, Mail order bride, Child Prostitution, Domestic maids, Sex of girls missing but till now no report or FIR has been registered. Therefore Tourism, Witch Hunting etc. this article is going to deal with the issue of child trafficking which has been When I have searched for primary data by asking some police personal registered in the record of Assam Police. , I have come to know that lots of child trafficking cases are initially lodge OBJECTIVE as missing cases. Missing Women are the victims of foeticide, infantcie, Human rights violation through human trafficking and exploitation has selective malnourishment, denial of health care and various forms of gender become a vulnerable problem in Assam. The 2 days seminar on "High violence. In several parts of the world, a mix of economic pressures and Prevalence of exploitation and trafficking of women in Assam and their traditional beliefs gives preference to male children. In countries where most rescue and rehabilitation" reflected that 3312 women and girls were kidnapped people have adequate health care and food, there and average sex ratio is and trafficked during 2012 by the sex racketeers out of which less than 1000 of 105 females to each 100 males. But in some of the world's poorer nations, were rescued from different brothels by the police. the sex ratio is dramatically lower 95 females to each 100 males. It is It has been said that if a dog of an IAS or IPS officer goes missing, estimated that 80 percent of the world's 23 million of refugees are women police authority swing into action and trace out the dog within 24 hours, but and children- most exposed to poor nutrition or illness and many of the more than thousands of girl child goes missing and even FIR does not lodge women and girls to violence, including rape. and the number of rescued child is very less. When I go through the review As the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reported: of literature I have come to know that there is a gap in the study of primary "Rape, abduction, sexual harassment, physical violence and the not data relating to the trafficking of child. My study concern with infrequent obligation to provide "sexual favours" in return for documentation 1) The destinations for which child trafficking taken place. and or relief goods remain a distressing reality for many women refugees. 2) Victim's age group and religion. There are few available data to quantity the plight of women refugees, 3) Numbers of recovered child though the horror stories of attacks by soldiers, rebels Border guards and 4) Purpose of trafficking others with whom, they come into contract have grown." 5) Male / female ratio of traffickers Slavery and Trafficking: Trafficking in women is a global "industry" that METHODOLOGY transcends borders and cultures and is based on the sexual exploitation of women. It is difficult to estimate the number of women and trafficked Area of study is the different cases registered in the case record of worldwide every year, there seem to be some clear patterns of movement- different police stations in Assam related to child trafficking from the year usually it is women from South East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, Africa 2005-2010. and Eastern Europe who are trafficked domestically and transitionally. Data sources: Both primary and secondary data will be collected for the Mail Order brides are also a mean of trafficking. It is a flourishing trade study. Secondary data will be collected from various sources like journals,

48 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 49 in which there are increasing numbers of brokering agencies that arrange Table 1.1 "marriages", primarily between women from developing world and men from Child trafficking related cases registered in different police station industrialized countries. Although these women may voluntarily apply as main of Assam during 2005 to 2010 order brides with marriage agencies they often believe they will be able to choose their marriage partners. When they arrive in the country of their Sl No Victims Age Group Nos of cases % husbands to be, they often find limited choice and abuse. Lost in their new 1 0=<11 yrs 9 13.04 country with limited languages skills, no knowledge of local laws and culture, most often without their passports, which are usually taken away by their 2 11-14 yrs 16 23.19 new husbands- these brides, find it difficult to get away. Domestic Maids 3 14-18 yrs 31 44.93 Women who are recruited as domestic servants often face a fate similar 4 Age not mentioned 13 18.8 to that of mail order brides. 69 100.00

INCIDENCE OF CRIME COMMITTED AGAINST WOMEN AND Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam CHILDREN IN ASSAM In the above table 1.2, it is reflecting that among the child trafficked and CRIME AGAINST WOMEN whose FIR has been lodge in different police station of Assam during the SL. HEADS YEAR YEAR period of 2005 to2010, 13.04 percent are belong to the age group of 0<11 yrs, NO. 23.19percent are belong to the age group of 11-14 yrs, 44.93 percent are 2011 2012 belong to the age group of 14-18 yrs, 18.8 percentage are not known but they 1 RAPE 1700 1716 of minor age group. 2 KIDNAPPING AND ABDUCTION 3192 3812 Table 1.2 3 DOWRY DEATH 121 140 Victims Religion 4 CRUELTY BY HUSBAND 5246 6407 Sl No. Religion Nos of cases % 5 MOLESTATION 1193 1840 1 Hindu 32 46.38 6 SEXUAL HARASSMENT 8 5 7 IMPORTATION OF GIRLS 2 2 2 Muslim 36 52.17 8 IMMORAL TRAFFIC PREVENTION ACT 21 30 3 Others 1 1.45 9 INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN 1 3 69 100.00 10 DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 19 41 Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam CRIME AGAINST CHILDREN 1 MURDER 8 15 In the above table 1.2, it is reflecting that among the child trafficked and 2 RAPE 40 156 FIR has been lodge in different police station of Assam during the period of 3 KIDNAPPING 2005 to2010 , 46.38 percent are Hindu and 52.17 percent are Muslim and AND ABDUCTION 29 68 1.45 percent are belong to other religion. Therefore Muslim child are facing 4 PROCURATION OF MINOR GIRLS 142 122 the vulnerable problem of child trafficking. 5 SELLING OF GIRLS FORPROSTITUTION - - 6 OTHERS 17 31 SOURCE: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Assam

50 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 51 Table 1.3 In the above table 1.4, it is reflecting that among the child trafficked and Child Trafficking Destinations FIR has been lodge in different police station of Assam during the period of 2005 to2010, 91.30 percent are trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and Sl No. Places Nos of cases % 8.7 percent are trafficking for the purpose of Selling for different reason such as making them servant, selling their organs etc. this table clear cut picture 1 States of India other than of violation of human rights. North East i.e U.P., Haryana, 29 42.03 Rajasthan, Maharastra,W.B. Table 1.5 2 States of North East India 5 7.25 Sex Ratio of Accused person or Traffickers 3 Metros i.e. Delhi, Mumbai 22 31.88 Sl No. Nos of Traffickers % 4 Within Assam such as Silchar 3 4.35 1 Male 105 68.63 5 Not Available 10 14.49 69 100.00 2 female 48 31.37 Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam 153 100.00 Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam In the above table 1.3, it is reflecting that among the child trafficked and FIR has been lodge in different police station of Assam during the period of 2005 to2010 The table 1.5 is relating to the male female ratio of child traffickers , 42.03 percent trafficked for the states like Uttar Pradesh., Haryana, Rajasthan, involving in child trafficking cases. Total nos. of accused person in this matter Maharastra, West Bengal, after that 31.88 percent trafficked for the Metros such as Delhi, Mumbai etc, after that 14.49 percent trafficked for unknown destination, was 153 and among them 105 are male and 48 are female. The percentage again7.25 percent trafficked for States of North East India other than Assam and of male, involving in child trafficking cases are 68.63 percent and female 4.35 percent are remain in different places of Assam. involvement is 31.37 percent. Therefore percentage male in human flesh In this connection we can visualize that those states where the female ratio market is more but to pursue the child and women are not easy suspicion of is less in total population those are ease destination for child traffickers. Again in any crime therefore to play safe women involvement in the trafficking field the metros where the sex tourism has taken place with mushroom growth also come into fornt. Ofcourse some of female are professionally involve in child a heaven for child traffickers. Various other factors also lead to make the metros trafficking business. safe heaven for traffickers. Demand for chinky girls and girls from North East in sex market or flesh trade has create a monster picture of child trafficking. 1500 Table 1.6 Assam kids missing in a year reported in The Telegraph a daily News Paper Ratio of Religion of Accused person or Traffickers published on Wednesday, March 28 , 2012. Therefore child trafficking has become a vulnerable problem in Assam. Sl No. Religion Nos of Traffickers % Table 1.4 1 Hindu 52 33.99 Purpose of Trafficking 2 Muslim 99 64.71 3 others 2 1.31 Sl No. Purpose Nos of cases % 153 100.00 1 Prostitution 63 91.30 Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam 2 Selling 6 8.70 100.00 The table 1.6 is relating to the ratio of religion form which child traffickers Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam are belonging. Total nos. of accused person in this matter was 153 and

52 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 53 among them. 33.99 percent are Hindu, 64.71 percent are Muslim and 1.31 Here the lust of stronger sex of the society is behind the exploitation and percent belong to other religion. Therefore the table itself depicted that the human rights violation against women and children. Study shows that the involvement of Muslims in Child Trafficking in Assam is very high. A high clientele of sex racket are asking for minor child. Therefore the child trafficking percentage of people who are Muslims are involving in Human trade and has become stronger and stronger. Here the apathy of the police, unawareness flesh business and ultimately related to violation of human rights. about the rights, poverty and illiteracy are responsible for such cases. Therefore I would like to recommend the following recommendations for preventing Table 1.7 child trafficking and preserving human rights: Ratio of recovered and unrecovered child 1) A strong database of all missing cases should be in the hands of the Government and these must be followed by area wise. Sl No. Status Nos of cases % 2) A strong legal action should be taken against the traffickers 1 recovered 41 59.42 without giving them bail. 3) Big fishes of this pond must be caught and put them behind the 2 unrecovered 28 40.58 bars. 69 100.00 4) Parliament should enact new bills and added new rights against Source: Central Bureau of Investigation, Ulubari, Assam this kind of modern slavery. 5) Civil society must become aware about the problem which has In the above table 1.7, it is reflecting that among the child trafficked and been taken place in our society. They can make people aware about their FIR has been lodge in different police station of Assam during the period of rights and make a movement against all kinds of illegal sexual activities. 2005 to2010, 59.42 percent are recovered and 40.58 percent are unrecovered. 6) In our education system from Top to Bottom some value based Although the recovered cases registered in different police station in Assam education should be introduced to prevent immoral activities and it will eliminate is more here, but the studies conducted by various NGOs and reports of the age old profession like prostitution. various agencies shows another picture. When I interviewing the personal of 7) The demand is the cause of supply, if Government makes strong Assam police (CID) replied that actually the cases of Child Trafficking are law against all kinds of illegal sexual activities and takes steps to put the not registered as trafficking case but as missing case there has less number culprit behind the bars, then only these inhuman actions could be stopped. of child trafficking cases registered in different police station in Assam. 8) Government should keep track records of poor child through Again in some cases people are so innocent and ignorant that they are grass root level politicians. unaware about that they are going to victim of child trafficking. Poverty is 9) Poverty is the main root cause of all evils. Therefore Government the root cause of all this nuisance, another problem is natural calamity such should take steps and projects to Garibi Hatao not to Garibo Ko Hatao and as flood drought etc, another cause is unemployment in this region, again development should be sustainable. another cause is ethnic clashes etc. 10) The use of technology in tracing child trafficking cases would CONCLUSION give better result to the police. By doing the above study, it can resolve that 14 to 18 years of age are 11) Participation of women in economic activity and inheriting rights more vulnerable in child trafficking cases. We also found that among the of property will lessen the poverty and will reduce the problem like child traffickers and victims the nos. of Muslim people are more than Hindus. Here trafficking. again the truth has come out that which states have less female ratio in total population is more vulnerable and easy destination for child trafficking. Again the demand of brothels of metros and sex tourism also leads crime like child REFERENCE Ahuja, Ram (1992) Rights of Women, New Delhi, , Rawat Publication trafficking. In this business a worldwide nexus of some powerful persons are Agarwal B. (1995). Gender, Property, and Land Rights. Bridging a Critical Gap in Economic involved. The traffickers have a strong hand in political and administrative Analysis and Policy in Out of the Margin. In Susan Feiner, Notburga Ott and Zafiris fields. Therefore the big fishes of child trafficking are never caught in net, but Tzannatos (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Economics. London: Routledge the small fishes are arrested and some of them are succeeded to fly away. Bhanduria Mridula,(1997) Women in India , New Delhi, Sage Publication

54 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 55 Das, S. (2014). Witch Hunting in Assam - Capital of Black Magic to National Shame Retrieved October 25, 2014 from http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/witch-hunting-in- assam-capital-of-black-magic-to-national-shame/ Dash,P.C, & Nayak,Tarali (2015) Witch Hunting in Assam, Guwahati Assam, Binapani Publishing House International Labour Organization, (2007), Forced Labour Statistics Factsheet, 2007. Gogoi,Purandar, 2009, ManabAdhikar, Guwahati, Banalata, p.1-48. Gender Statistics Assam 2008-09,Guwahati, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, p.15-137. Education: A Key Factor Kapoor,S.K., 1990, International Law, Allahabad, Central Law Agency, p.360-388. Nair,P.M., 2004, A Report on Trafficking in Women and Children in India 2002-2003, New of Women Empowerment Delhi, NHRC-UNIFEM-ISS Project Mahapatre Subhanshini (2001) "Women and Politics, New Delhi, " Rajat publication Saikia, P.K. (2007), "Trafficking in Human Being: A Journey to Darkness", www.india.gov.in/ Bornali Mohan allimpfrms/alldocs/12261.pdf visited on 13-10-2012 Ganesamurthy, V. S. (2008) Empowerment of Women in India Social, Economic and Political Priti Rekha Bora , New Century Publications New Delhi Statistical Hand Book Assam 2013 , Directorate of Economics and Statistics Assam News Papers and Web Links 1. The Telegraph, October 22, 2014, p. 4 2. Amar Axom, October 22, 2014, p. 7 Introduction : 3. Axomia Khabor, October 23, 2014, p. 5 Women are the backbone of Human Society. They play a significant role 4. www.timesofassam.com, 1st October 2014 in developing human resources and in shaping the character of the country's 5. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-assembly-passes-bill-to-end- future generation. Even since civilization came with existence women have been witchhunting/article7538350.ece, 28th October 2015 given a lower socio-economic and political status in society and this continues 6. www.allahabadhighcourt.in/.../Gender_Justice_-_A_Legal_Panorama.odt, 20th October 2015 7. www.jesp.org/PDF/gender_justice_finalized.pdf, 1st October 2015 in modern society. Women constitute half of the total population of the society 8. femnet.co › Home › Introduction - Gender and Climate Justice, 1st October 2015 and no society can make progress without the improvement of the status of women. Hence the very concept of 'women empowerment' has come into being. It is associated with the question of national building. Empowerment means the strength, courage and the sense of independentness, a person gets or acquires over a period of time by making himself on herself exposed to education and training. It means recognition of the abilities, Capabilities and strength that are already there within every individual. The concept of women empowerment: Women empowerment generally means an awareness among the women. By empowerment women face challenges boldly and overcome barriers in their lives and environment. The modern women is considered to be an 'empowered' woman. We even dedicate one day of the year i.e. 8th of March as Women's Day in her name. The Idea of women empowerment was introduced at the International Women Conference at Nairobi in 1985. A glance around us reveal that our social system obstructs the women to make full use of their capacities. They have been deprived of their rights to equality in almost every field including education, the most vital elements of human development. Education can play an important role in empowering the women. Without education women cannot go ahead. A society cannot progress without the equal progress of men and women. So, it is necessary of women empowerment for the benefit of the human society.

56 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 57 Objectives : when women have the basic education to understand the value of these The objectives of this paper are - provisions. Major thrusts have therefore been given to the formulation of „ Education can create an environment where women realize their full progress and policies, councils and communities for developing women's potentialities. education. These polices and committees are „ The steps taken by the Govt. to uplift the status of women. „ National committees on Women Education 1959 (re-constituted again „ To find out the drawbacks for which women are deprived of education. in 1964) „ The benefits that we get from educating girls and women. „ Hansa Mehta Committee (1962) „ Some suggestions are also given. „ Bhaktavatsalam committee (1963) Methodology: „ Kothari Commission's Recommendation a Women's Education (1964-66) The Methodology i.e. applied in this paper is completely theoretical. The „ National Policy on Education (1968) information required for this study is collected from various books, journals, „ National Education Policy (1986) articles, papers etc. „ Sakshear Bharat. Mission for Female Literacy (2001) Empowering women through education : Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had „ Kasturba Gandhi Ballika Vidyalaya scheme (2014) stated "Education of boys is the education of one person, but the education „ Importance is given on Women Education in the Five Years Plans. of a girl is the education of the entire family." Women education plays a key Besides these the National Policy of Education in 1992 has been regarded role in the social and economic development of the country. Educating a as a landmark in the approach to women's education and their basic rights. woman uplifts her life and her entire family. It also helps women to claim Inspite of the various efforts made by Govt. and different non-governmental their rights. Illiteracy is one of the main obstacles in women empowerment. organisation to improve the status and condition of women in India. Yet Education contributes towards creating better self-image which in turn helps problems of women have been a never ending affair. There are some major in liberating women from the psychological and sociological constraints. drawbacks in achieving equal educational status amongst boys and girls. Education is the first step towards empowerment and the most crucial factor These drawbacks are - in our all development of the individual as well as nation. Educating women (i) Conservatism of parents and guardians. is closely associated with better health, lower fertility and higher economic (ii) Traditional social customs. growth. Education will give opportunities to women such as being policy (iii) Shortage of women teachers. maker and having a voice on their rights having awareness on gender quality (iv) Lack of school building and hostels for girls. and their social rights. The champions of women's education i.e. the social (v) Inadequate transport facilities. reformers now look upon education as the serving instrumental need for her (vi) Early marriage in rural areas. role as a wife and a mother to prepare her to appreciate the changes which (vii) The feeling that higher education is not necessary to run a home. are necessary for bringing about social changes, and for achieving economic These are some of the barriers which obstruct the development of women and political transformation. According to the census report of 2011, the in the field of education Restricted education life is bringing inter connected literacy rate of male is 82.14% while it is only 64.46% in case of women. disadvantages to women's life such as gendered based violence, sexual This gap between male and female regarding the literacy limits the women's diseases, social and psychological damages. access to employment, health, facilities and exercise of legal and constitutional Benefits of educating girls and women: Women must be fully benefited rights. Education is an essential means of empowering women with the from educational opportunities. Education of women or girls is the single most knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to full participate in the effective strategy to ensure the well-being and health of children and the long development process. term success of developing economics. There are countless benefits associated Steps taken by Govt. for the education of women : with women and girl education. Before and after independence, India has been taking active steps towards „ Reducing in child and maternal mortality. women's status and education. Providing constitutional and statutory provisions „ Lower Birth rate. to women for equal rights, treatments and opportunities are not enough for „ Improvement of child nutrition and health. improving the status of women. This will carry meaning and purpose only „ Enhancement of self-esteem and self confidence of women.

58 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 59 „ Development of ability to think critically. „ Improvement of the economic productivity and growth. „ Ensuring equal participation in development process. „ Protection of girls from HIV/AIDS, abuse and exploitation. „ Enabling them to fight for their rights. Educated women are more likely to be a part of labour force and seek health care for themselves and their children. They will be in a better position Contribution of English to understand their rights, enabling them to avoid exploitation and discrimination. This would definitely increase their investment. Literature to Women Empowerment Suggestions to be taken: For making women education popular and for removing the evident disparities, the following suggestions can be Priyanka Basumatary taken into consideration. „ School going should be made socially acceptable and convenient for girls. „ Family education should be made an integral part of women's education. By the term women empowerment, we refer to the increasing of the „ The mindset of parents need to be changed for reducing gender classification. spiritual, social, political or economic strength of all women. Empowerment „ Central and state government should co-ordinate educational plans. implies that women in the different fields of life develop their inner self and „ Create consciousness among parents especially the women. gain confidence. Empowered women have the power to take their own „ Appoint more women teachers in rural areas and special incentives decisions and they are able to show their assertiveness while making decisions should be provided to women teachers. collectively. They are also able to overcome stigma and further focus on „ Post-elementary education should be made job-oriented. increasing positive self image. They possess the ability of using democratic „ Help women to form associations and social organizations for the means to change perceptions of others. Today, in modern society, we find development of women that women share equal status as men. However, the need of the hour is Conclusions : to lay more stress on empowering rural women and their development. Education helps women to develop skills that allow them to make their What is required at the moment is a united approach which must be followed decisions. We have to focus our attention on all the issues regarding women while empowering women. Women empowerment is a social cause that with the major thrust being given to the promotion of education facilities requires stewardship and continuous attention from every individual. Thus, without the development of general awareness in the society as a whole. it is society's constitutional, moral and social responsibility to confirm women's However the formulation of policies cannot achieve signification progress. progress giving them equal opportunities and rights in the society. In almost Although education is often neglected in societies for women but it is the every country of the world, women today have been able to make their rights to every individual. mark in various fields with their dedication and hard work. In academic literature, the word empowerment first came into the scene with regards to civil rights. The term really took off with literature Reference : discussing empowerment of marginalized peoples, such as women and the (i) Bhandari PK-Educational Development of women in India, The Ministry of Education and Culture. The Govt. of India, 1983. poor, and especially with regards to community development. Way back in (ii) Desai, Neera : Women in Indian Society, National Book Trust, India. 1983, the Women's Studies International Forum discussed empowerment of (iii) Dr. (Mas) Giri : Emancipation and Development of women, Gyan Publishing House, New women in "Power and Empowerment." The critic in literature supplanted Delhi, 1998 (iv) Dr. Akhtra Syeda : Women in National Building Perspective, 2005. the traditional definition of feminism especially in literature by a new paradigm (v) Agarwala, S.P. : Women Education in India. for manifesting the evolutionary aspect of woman's consciousness as (vi) Mukherjee, Debashree : Women Education and Empowerment. reflected in literature specifically in the British novel through three stages

60 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 61 of progression- the feminine, the feminist, and the female. While the post- aims to honour Queen Elizabeth, he therefore endows his heroines, such as colonial enigma gradually changed into a neo-colonial consciousness in India, Rosalind in As You Like It, with qualities and attributes widely known to the creative writers specially the woman factionalists resorted to examining belong to the Queen. The characteristics of Rosalind show her with both the role of modern Indian women. The second generation of Indian women expected female virtues and weaknesses and with characteristics that novelists likes Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande, Bharati Mukherjee and Shobha transcend gender expectations. Some of Rosalind's characteristics that De specially exhibits a steady progression in context of the three stages transcend gender are the qualities she begins to show after Celia has advocated by Elaine Showalter. In their respective works, we find that their shown the way and led them in taking disguises. One of Rosalind's main female protagonists displays a psychic transformation traversing and evolving traits is her wit. She is outspoken, forward and clever. She is certainly gradually, but firmly through the respective stages of imitation of tradition, independent as well. She leaves the safety of the court and goes out into protest and advocacy of rights, and eventually introspection leading to self the forest to find her father, choosing to dress as a boy to make her way - discovery which metamorphisezes them into strong, independent, expeditions more easily. Shakespeare's heroine Rosalind dominates As You Like It. No women willing to encounter the onslaughts of life not merely as a minority one else in the play matches up to her. group, but with the cognizance of being powerful sustaining force for society Shakespeare's leading female character Lady Macbeth is a powerful as a whole. The study aims to examine the role of English literature in the presence in the play Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most field of women empowerment. Basically, the term 'women empowerment' infamous female characters because she exerts a great deal of influence is understood as improving the social and economic status of a woman in over the events of the play and is the main instigator in the plot to kill the family and society. English literature throughout the ages has significantly king. She is more ambitious and power hungry than Macbeth, her husband, presented the status of women in society and the various roles she plays. and when he tries to back out of the murder she has plotted, Lady Macbeth Women in different times have been represented in literary texts in calls his manhood into question. different ways. Some female characters appear as "commodities" of men's There are several female characters throughout Shakespeare's plays urges and desires, victims of marginalized oppression, and even as the that represent strong, intelligent and free willed beings. Through their "uneducated and regressive members of society." Through the progress and discourse, these women often show a mental capacity that is not only equal modernization of literature, women characters break away from these to that of a man's, but at times it can also be shown as superior. stereotypical representations as they become the powerful and resonating Shakespeare's idea of women was very much in contrary to that of forces in different novels, stories and plays. One of the earliest Elizabethan society in that they (Elizabethan society) believed women representations of an individualistic, passionate and complex female character were not only inferior to men, but also property of men. It is for this reason is Charlotte Bronte's heroine Jane Eyre. Though she suffers greatly, she that Shakespeare used disguises and humour in order to allow his female always relies on herself to get back on her feet. characters their freedom of speech and their right to refuse the constraints Way back in 14th Century, Chaucer's creation 'The Wife of Bath' is imposed upon them by men in such a society. The most aggressive of his lewd and lascivious, but behind all the dirty jokes, she is making an argument female characters that had the strongest sense of self are found in his for female dominance and a woman's right to control her body, using her comedies. Four examples of these characters are Rosalind of As You Like considerable rhetorical skill to simultaneously underscore and attack the It, Viola of Twelfth Night, Beatrice of Much Ado About Nothing and antifeminist traditions of the time. Katherine of Taming of the Shrew. Critical opinion holds that in his comedies, one thing Shakespeare aimed Coming back to the present century, GB Shaw's women characters for was to honor the qualities of Queen Elizabeth. Other Elizabethan were ahead of their times. The female protagonists in Shaw's plays serve Renaissance writers similarly honored Queen Elizabeth in their writings, as spirited mouthpieces for Shaw's critical analysis of British capitalism, most notably Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queen. marriage, motherhood and his advocacy of women's rights. The title of Shakespeare is said to not have heroes in his comedies because of the Shaw's play Candida places a central focus on the role and the character significant role the lead female characters play in them. Since Shakespeare of the protagonist. Though her role in the action is practically restricted

62 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 63 only to the scene of choice- making, the title indicates that she is the is given a second chance to find happiness, a very different kind of motivating factor behind the entire action. The subtitle, A Mystery suggests happiness from other Austenian heroines, since she marries neither a land that despite Candida's amiable nature and approachable personality, she is owner nor a clergyman, but a ship's captain. beyond the reach of men. Her real thoughts and motives cannot be In Indian English novels, we have seen that self-discovery or search conjectured. In the play, Candida is presented as a very independent woman for identity was the main aim of the writers. While the post-colonial enigma and this has been encouraged by her husband. She uses her intelligence to gradually changed into a neo-colonial consciousness in India, the creative get people to do her bidding. Through the character of Candida, Shaw writers specially the woman factionalists resorted to examining the role of proves that women are not vulnerable; they have their own existence upon modern Indian women in family and society. The second generation of the planet. By all means, she is equal to Nora, who .is supposed to be the Indian women novelists likes Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande, Bharati leading female protagonist of Ibsen's Dolls House. No doubt, it is Candida Mukharjee and Shobha De specially exhibits a steady progression of today's who has paved the way for the women of the society to be bold and candid Indian women - her role and position in the society. Their female protagonists like her. display a psychic transformation which eventually leads to introspection Barbara is another strong and independent female protagonist from leading to self discovery. It has been observed that the position of women Shaw's play Major Barbara. She is presented as a jolly, robust and energetic in India has been subjected to varieties of changes over the past few years. lady and Barbara begins the play as a major for the Salvation Army. She The promotion of women's rights had been taken up by many reformers in is peacefully convinced of her mission to redeem mankind. The daughter India in order to emancipate their position. of a foundling, Barbara ostensibly locks social class and comes "straight In the Indian society of the ancient times, many scriptures had written from the heart of the whole people." She considers herself universal, a about the situation of the women where she enjoyed equal status as that woman who can serve as savior to everyone. of men. Not only in the sphere of rights, but also in the field of education, In the genre of fiction, Jane Austen is certainly one of the most influential women enjoyed equal rights and given equal opportunities. Vedas like Rig- figures. The earliest readers of Pride And Prejudice were surprised that Veda and Upanishads wrote about women sages and seers, Gargi and such a brilliant book could have been written by a woman. It is, of course, Matreyi. But the end of the medieval period, the position of women in the book from which Austen's most famous line comes: society deteriorated and evil practices like Sati, Child marriage, ban on "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession widow remarriage became part of social life in India. The conquest of India of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."Austen's feminism is more by the Muslims brought in practice like purdah and Jauhar. However, we subtle, but she was still one of the first authors to suggest that women have instances of some brave women who excelled in different field, for should marry for love, and not increased social standing or money. She e.g., Razia Sultan who ruled over Delhi, Durgavati, the Gond Queen, Chand gave her female characters the right to be happy too - a right we now take Bibi fought against Mughal forces of Akbar and defended Ahmednagar, for granted, but certainly was not a given in Regency England. Persuasion, and Nur Jahan established imperial power and was a real force behind the her last finished novel, is so bold as to suggest that happiness lies in a Mughal Throne. Mirabai, a female saint poet was one of the important woman's courage to act upon her passion. Bhakti movement figures. Many reformers during the British rule also Jane Austen has portrayed sharp, witty and strong female characters worked for the upliftment of the women, and some of the freedom fighters in her novels. Emma is the richest of Austen's heroines. She is an included women in forefront like Bhikaji Cama, Dr. Annie Basant, independently wealthy woman who lives with her father. Emma professes Vijaylakshmi Pandit, Kasturba Gandhi and Rani Laxmibai. that she does not ever wish to marry, as she has no financial need to, Today, when we analyze empowering women it emphasizes on inspiring having a large inheritance and she quite likes her father. Anne Elliot is the women with the courage to break free from the barriers of patterns of protagonist of Jane Austen's sixth and last completed novel Persuasion. She society or religious norms that kept the women under suppression. Many is presented as an independent, spirited, intelligent and melancholic woman, institutions have come up presently with the aim of giving power to women sensitive and attentive to others, who regains her self-confidence when she to make their own decisions in their lives. It includes social, economic,

64 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 65 legal, and political and health empowerment. It is a cultural issue which is writers have explored the female subjectivity in order to establish the female growing at a slower pace. The rise of the novel in India was not purely a identity in the patriarchal society. The theme of growing up i.e. from literary phenomenon. It was a social phenomenon as much, rather the childhood to womanhood is a recurrent strategy adopted by the writers. For fulfillment of a social need. The character of Indian novel is bound to vary instance writers like Nayantara Sahgal explores the quest of female identity from language to language and is bound to be conditioned by the regional, in her novels and tries to untie the complicated notions about the society, linguistic and cultural peculiarities characteristic of the writer and his thus bringing out root cause of the female subjugation in the Indian society. environment. As has been observed in many Indian English novels, women Writers like Arundhati Roy, Anita Nair, Suan Viswanathan had written writings have presented typical Indian feminine sensibility and of certain about the urban middle class, thus portraying the struggle of modern women emotional aesthetic propensities and predilections which are shared by all to cope up with the rules of the male chauvinistic society at different levels. Indian women writers writing in English. Feminism has grown from Kamala After the Independence, the writings in the domain of women writings Markandaya, Anita Desai, R.P. Jhabvala and Nayantara Sahgal to pave gained momentum. Many Indian women writers like Jhumpa Lahiri and away for second generation writers like Shobha De, Shashi Deshpande, Bharati Mukherjee too shared the common concern for bringing out the Nina Sibal, Anees Jung, Bharati Mukherjee and others. These newer female problem of female subjugation and gave a new identity to the women of voices have highlighted the interior landscape of the emancipated woman's modern times. Anita Desai, in her novels particularly presented the image sensibility and her psychological pragmatism. This changing scenario in of a suffering woman preoccupied with her inner world, her sulking Indian fiction in English has witnessed change in tone and temperament. frustration and the storm within: the existential predicament of a woman in Modern women have now acquired conviction and maturity. They have a male dominated society. now acquired substance and an unconventional character and has paved Women Empowerment can only be possible if the women come together away for a new dimension of the Indian novel in English. When we talk and decide to self-empower themselves. Simone de Beauvoir has given a about Indian women novelists, a substantial contribution to Indian fiction in full length commentary on the plight of women today. It is worthwhile to English has come from women. Women are born storytellers. Their fiction quote the author on this subject: can be the expression of a different way of looking at the world with a "The women of today are in a fair way to dethrone the myth of female pair of eyes. The work of novelists like Kamala Markandya, Anita feminity, they are beginning to affirm their independence in concrete ways; Desai, Nayantara Sahgal and Shashi Deshpande has been widely noticed but they do not easily succeed in living completely to lift of a human being. and acclaimed. In Indian literature, the women writings specifically focused Reared by women, which still means practically subordination to man, for on the problems and issues related to the women. When we look at different masculine prestige is far from extinction resting still, economic and social genres in Indian English literature, the portrayal of women has been written foundation." with emphasis. The purpose behind portraying women was to empower the To conclude, it is important to change the perception of the society, and situation of women, particularly women in India. Torn Dutt was the first then only the emancipation of women can be a success at different levels. Indian women poet who wrote in English. Her poems depicted archetypes The people in the society need to accept the truth that there is a discrepancy of Indian womanhood, such as Sita and Savitri, exhibiting suffering of the in the ideology and the practical implication of the same. English literature women, self sacrificing roles and reinforcing conventional myths in a patriotic has played a tremendous role in highlighting the status of women in society manner. Another famous poet, Kamala Das, wrote a vigorous and a poignant and we hope that it will continue to do so in the future time also which will feminine confessional poetry, in which the major theme was to explore the in turn pave the golden path towards women empowerment. man-woman relationship. All of Das' poems were based on women's subjugation by the men in the society, through the string of relationship. Life of 'Single Women' was portrayed in such a manner that brought out a References: sympathetic attitude in the reader, and thus generated pathos in her poems. 1. Agosin, Marjorie (2003): "Women Gender and Human Rights." Rawat Publishers, Jaipur. 2. Das, Sjta Puspalata (1995): "Women and Development." G.U. Press. Today when we talk about novels and short stories, many Indian women

66 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 67 3. Desai, Neera and Krishnaraj, Maithreyi (1987): "Women and Society in India." Ajanta Publishers, Delhi. 4. Medhi, Kunja (1996): "Status of Women and Social Change." Woman's Studies Research Centre, Gauhati University. 5. Maharao, N.J. (1983): "Women In a Developing Society." Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 6. A History of English Literature: From the Age of Chaucer to the Twentieth Century; Satish Kumar, Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, Agra. A Study on the Historical Tanks 7. Google search and other internet sources. and Ramparts of River Island Majuli

Liky Deka

Introduction: Majuli island(26'-25' and 27'-12'N and 93'-39' and 94'-35'E) of the river Brahmaputra located in the Jorhat district of Assam covers an area of about (800km2)1. The island is bounded by the Kherkatia and Luit Suti in north and the main Brahmaputra river on the south. The island came into existence as a result of the southward migration and bifurcation of the river Brahmaputra due to a massive flood that might have occurred in 1735CE, or more than half a century earlier.2 Thus, the river island Majuli was the same contiguous land mass of southern Brahmaputra valley and similar socio-political and cultural situations of the Brahmaputra valley also emerged in Majuli, as found reflected in the archaeological evidence of the island.3 For example, few stone temple relics belonging to the 9th-10th century A.D. found lying at the outskirts of Garmur sattra coincides with the stone temple relics of the same period discovered in the Sivasagar district located at the Southern Brahmaputra valley of Assam. This evidence clearly shows that since Majuli was once a contagious unit of the southern Brahmaputra valley, same cultural traditions surely flourished in Majuli when it was physically attached with the southern part of the Brahmaputra valley and is still continued till today. Evidence of tanks and ramparts are thus found also in Majuli. In this paper an attempt has been taken up to study the historical tanks and ramparts found to exist in the island. Evidence of tanks and ramparts indicate existence of human settlement and activity. The tradition of excavating tanks and erection of rampart is very ancient in Assam. In the ancient period tanks were mostly excavated near religious settlements such as temple, or sometimes temples was itself constructed near water bodies since water plays an important part in our rituals.4 For example, the existence of a historic tank located close to

68 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 69 Panikhati-Silaguri than in the Moamari area of Majuli indicates it. Further, and as subject to human settlements and activities are found exists in tanks were often excavated by the kings or the wealthy people of any Majuli, as Majuli island was once a part of the Ahom kingdom. particular area as a measure of social service, which was no doubt another Discussion way of displaying his power and prosperity. The structural features of the The historical tanks exists in Majuli are very few and these are evidence tanks and ramparts provide valuable data for tracing the patterns of human of human settlements. The ramparts exists in Majuli could be divided in to settlements. the following categories under typological considerations: Ramparts were considered as one of the seven elements of a state in (i) Defensive ramparts. ancient India. Kaultilya defined the the saptanga theory of formation of a (ii) Ramparts constructed for Utilitarian purposes. state wherein he narrated the 'sapta' and 'anga' as the seven limbs of the (iii) Ramparts as fortification of religious settlements. state, which are svami (king), amatya (minister), janapada (territory), durga (i) Defensive ramparts: (fort), kosa (treasury), danda (army) and mitra (ally).5 Of these seven The main purpose of constructing defensive ramparts was to safeguard elements, durga means fort or fortifications, which were mainly constructed this part of the kingdom from the aggression of the enemies. With this to defend the existence of the state. The Arthasastra mentions about six objective, the Ahoms, erected a number of garhs in Majuli. The Ahoms had types of such forts which includes jal durga (fort surrounded by water), giri war conflicts with the Kacharis, Chutiyas, Koch, Moamoriyas, Mughals. durga (hill or mountain fortress), vana durga ( fort sourrounded by dense Hence they constructed a number of ramparts as a defensive measures impassable forests), dhanu durga (desert fortress), mahi durga (earth- during these conflicts. They constructed ramparts mostly of earth by dugging fortress) and nara durga (fortress with men).The formation of state is a long ditches called khawoi along with the rampart. They also constructed recognized historical process which marks a distinct stage in the development ramparts or garhs with mud and bamboo. As these were of perishable of human societies and its security which is accessed as the beginning material a very few could withstand the test of time and thus not available. of recorded history. During ancient period in three different types forts or However, evidence of the earthen ramparts are still exist in situ in Majuli. ramparts were constructed e.g. The most notable among them are Mera Garh, Hati Garh, Garmaur Garh, (i) earthern ramparts constructed of the sand dug out of the ditch Dhowachola Garh, Gosaibari Garh, Nao-Gosaibari Garh, Bapubarua Garh surrounding the fort. and Rowana Garh and tank. (ii) ramparts constructed of rubble with earth on the outside which The historical rampart, Mera garh bounding the Ahom kingdom in was more sturdy. the north-south direction was constructed by Ahom king Pratap Singha (iii) ramparts constructed with stone and masonry work. during his reign.This garh has three sections, where the southern section The Kalika Purana has provided valuable information about the of the garh is known as Lahdoi or Kotohaha garh, the middle section is fortification of important cities in ancient Assam. It also mentions six types known as Mera garh and the northern section is known as Sowatal garh.8 of forts which included jala durga (water fort), bhumi durga (earthen fort), The southern sector of the garh begins from the Gabharu Parbat to a vriksha durga (fort encircled by forcibly knit thorny trees), aranya durga point near Kokilamukh in Jorhat, the middle sector ran from a point (fort sourrounded by dense forest), bala durga (fort manned by properly opposite Kokilamukh to Garmaur in Majuli and the northern sector ran equipped army) and sailaja durga or giri durga (mountain or hill fort). Stone from a point opposite Garmaur to the northern hills of the Daflas. was the common material used during this period.6 A rampart or garh was constructed by Ahom king Pratap Singha(1603- During medieval period the Ahoms constructed numerous ramparts 1641) during his reign which was known as Hati garh.9 It is found that the for defensive purposes. Ramparts known as garh in Assam were Ahom monarch constructed this garh from the Naga hills, crossing the river constructed by the Ahoms to strengthen their military position usually at Dihing upto Majuli. The historical Hati garh starts from the Naga hills and strategic places. These ramparts were constructed with mud, bamboo ends at Garmaur at Majuli. It was at the end of this garh, the Ahom king etc. These ramparts were mainly of two types. One constructed on land Jayadhavaj Singha(1648-1663) later established the Garmaur Sattra in and the other constructed on river called panigarh.7 The Ahom monarchs around 1657-1658A.D. The part of the garh which ends at Garmaur in constructed numerous ramparts or garh in different parts of Assam for Majuli is known as Garmaur garh.10 defensive purposes. Such ramparts constructed under defensive strategies The Rowana garh was constructed by one of the officials of the

70 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 71 Ahoms by the name Rowana. The garh could not stand the test of time and king Siva Singha.15 today only a few scattered remains of the garh can be found in that Historical tanks in Majuli: place.11 There were two historic tanks in this area located close to the Gosaibari (ii) Ramparts constructed for Utilitarian purposes: rampart site. The measurements of the two tanks were 300×150m and Apart from defensive ramparts, there exists a rampart at Majuli which 40×40m respectively.16 seem to have been used for some other purposes than defensive. This The Pahumara Na-Gosaibari site also has two historic tanks measuring rampart exists at Bongaon, at a distance of about 25km in the southern 44×44m and 46×60m respectively. Close to these tanks were found earthen direction from Garamur, the Sub Divisional Head quarters of Majuli. This mound 36m in height and the plinth of this mound is 60×20m.17 rampart is known as Dhowachala garh and is still preserved in its original Ruwanapar pukhuri is a huge tank constructed along with the Rowana state. Tradition has it that this garh was used during the medieval period garh by the same official, named Rowana during that period. The tank is for the purpose of gold dusting.12 The Dhowachola garh is semi- circular still present in its original state. This historic tank measures about 400×400m in ground plan and most probably the works of gold dusting were done in in length.18 the centrel part under certain royal supervision for which the ramparts was A tanks located between the Panikheti-Silaguri than and the Foot- raised. Chang goan is believed to be historically associated with this site. The (iii)Ramparts as fortification of religious settlements : measurement of the tank is 230×120m.19 During the medieval period Majuli became one of the most important Conclusion: cultural centres of Assam after the introduction of the Neo-Vaishnavite Although fortification in strict sense of the term not found in Majuli movement by Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th-16th century. However, the ,existence of ramparts erected as defensive rampart have been found here layout and planning of ramparts found in the island Majuli indicate their in this island. Existence of the Dhowachala garh indicate expansion of the construction for some economic activities and defensive purposes. With technique and plan of erecting rampart in others areas of life and settlement. the passage of time the Ahom monarchs got attracted to the Vaishnavite Further erection of rampart was adopted to provide social security and religion and started patronizing the sattra institution, which was one of the status as reflected in case of the Dakshinpat sattra and Bapupuria sattra. important product of this religion. This patronization of the Vaishnavite The tradition of excavation of tanks flourished in Majuli since stone temple sattras brought the Ahom monarchs to Majuli and soon Majuli developed relics and evidence of tanks are found at Panikheti-Silaguri than in Majuli. as a political as well as cultural centre of the Ahoms. The Gosaibari garh was constructed to mark the establishment of Sri Sri Dakhinpat sattra in Majuli. The garh is found surrounding the habitation 1. M.Taher,Geography of North-East India,1998,p.43 site. The southern extension of the garh has been used as the Bhakatiduar- 2. E.Gait, A History of Assam, 2008(4th reprint), p.202 3. "A Study on the Geographical History of River Island Majuli with reference to Gosaibari Road. It covers about 1km in length and then turns eastward Archaeological evidence", by Liky Deka and continues 1.5km. turning southward it merges with the southern rampart 4. H.N.Dutta, " History, Art and Archaeology of Doiyang Dhansiri Valley",p.65 laid in east-west direction.13 5. Ram Saran Sarma, "Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India",pp.31 Pahumara Na-Gosaibari site is located in Nikinikhowa village about 6. H.K.Barpujari: "The Comprehinsive History of Assam Volume-I",p.424 7km to the west of Phulani. It was found that the pontiff of 7. "A Study into the Ahom Military Systems in Medieval Assam" by Nilim Hazarika 8. H.Barbarua, Ahomr Din, 1981,p.116 Pahumara,Ramananda Acharya has laid the foundation of this garh 9. Ibid, surrounding the whole sattra. Although the garh does not exist today in its 10. A.K.Dutta(ed),"Jorhatr Itihas",p.21 original state however parts of it is still present in this area.14 11. P.Mahanta(ed),"Majuli",p.78 In 1714AD, Ahom monarch Siva Singha, presented numerous wealths 12. D.K.Phukan(ed), "Juge Juge Majuli", p.33 13. "Directorate of Archaeology Since Inseption-A Report", by Dr.H.N.Dutta to one of the learned scholar of that time, Bidyabinod Bapubarua. This 14. Ibid grant of wealth and property was even recorded in the copper plate inscription 15. P.Mahanta(ed),op.cit,p.78 of the respective king. The Bapubarua garh was therefore constructed 16. "Directorate of Archaeology Since Inseption-A Report", by Dr.H.N.Dutta during that time surrounding the landed property given to Bidyabinod by 17. Ibid

72 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 73 18. P.Mahanta(ed)op.cit, p.78 19. "Directorate of Archaeology Since Inseption-A Report", by Dr.H.N.Dutta

References 1. Barbarua, H: "Ahomr Din":1981: Assam Prakashan Parishad 2. Barpujari.H.K: "The Comprehinsive History of Assam Volume-I": 3rd edition 2007: Publication Board Assam 3. Dutta.A.K(ed): "Jorhatr Itihas": 2015: Grantha Sanskriti Jorhat Scenario of witch hunting in 4. Dutta.H.N.: " History, Art and Archaeology of Doiyang Dhansiri Valley", Assam: 2012: Assam and Concept of Gender Justice L.S.B.Publications, Guwahati 3. Gait.E: "A History of Assam": Fourth reprint 2008:Surjeet Publications, 7-K, Kolhapur Road, Kamala Nagar, Delhi Review of the Book 4. Mahanta.P(ed): "Majuli" : 2001: Grantha Sanskriti, A.T. Road, Torajan, Jorhat 5. Nath.D : "The Majuli Island Society, Economy and Culture": 2009: Anshah Publishing Witch Hunting in Assam House, Delhi 6. Neog.M: "Pabitra Assam":1971: Assam Sahitya Sabha Edited by P.C. Dash and Tarali Nayak 7. Phukan.Dilip Kumar, "Juge Juge Majuli": 2014: Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Samiti 8. Sarma. Ram Saran: "Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India": 1959: Motilal Bansidas, Delhi Himangshu Das 9. Taher.M and Ahmed; " Geography of North-East India": 1998: Panbazar, Guwahati

Articles 1. "A Study into the Ahom Military Systems in Medieval Assam" by Nilim Hazarika, Introduction: Naharkatia College Dibrugarh University, 2015,ISSN(online).2319-7722 and ISSN(print) "Gender justice means equal treatment and equitable value of the sexes. 2319-7714 Therefore, gender equality is a fundamental human right that is guaranteed in 2. "A Study on the Geographical History of River Island Majuli with reference to Archaeological international and regional treaties, conventions and national legislation."No one evidence", by Liky Deka, Gauhati University,2015, ISBN.81-929759-3-1 is denied justice on the basis of sex only gender justice usually stands for Report women's rights through legal change or promote women's interest in social and 1. "Directorate of Archaeology Since Inseption-A Report", by Dr.H.N.Dutta, 2002 economic policy. Gender justice simply identifies the relationship between men Glossary Garh : Rampart and women. It takes steps for transforming society and social mentality in Kahawoi : Ditch corrective way and transforming society towards equality of both sexes men Pukhuri : Pond and women. Sattra : Vaishnavite monastry Than : A place of worship On the other hand witch hunting is a type of social practice where a woman is identified as evil and can harm anybody. This belief leads to the death of numerous women and child in our society. Witch is known as daine or daiyan in our society, where a woman has to face barbaric practice. The daine is belief to have super natural or magical powers by which they harm the others in the society. This problem witch hunting of leads to death of hundreds of helpless innocent person basically women in India including Assam This evil practice of branding of woman as witch on the basis of suspicion as witch or 'daine' still exist in our society. This is a heinous crime against humanity and violation of gender justice. This crime is causes due to several causes superstition, personal jealousy, refusal of sexual advantage, land grabbing, illiteracy, lack of health care services, dirty politics social stigma, lack of scientific approach to deal with different problems etc.

74 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 75 Therefore this book is one step towards giving gender justice to the role of the government and criticised that projects announced by government innocent women who is the victim of this evil practice and a strong step is also not properly implemented. towards eradicating this evil practice from our society. Aparna Talukdar in her paper "Witch Hunting: A Superstitious Practice upon In this book Kula Saikia, IGP (Border) who worked extensively on the Women in the Name of Safeguarding the Society" has discussed the problem of issues of withch hunting during his service in Kokrajhar district said that if a witch hunting from feministic point of view. She has tried to focus on the point women is alleged to be a witch, she is killed by cutting into pieces.Though in why women are always targeted in the name of safeguarding the society. She most cases women are branded as witches, men are also not spared. Sometimes, has given stress on the spread of education to prevent witch hunting from the whole family is wiped out. the society. In Assam witch hunting is still very common in districts like Goalpara, Sangita Nath, Purabi Singha and Daisy Deka in their article "Role of Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baska, Sonitpur, Udalguri, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Education in Preventing Witch Hunting in Assam" have explained the extent of Silchar, Jorhat, Nalbari, Bongaigaon, Sivasagar etc. According to data in the witch hunting in Assam and thereafter discussed different causes of increasing book there were 81 cases of witch hunting reported in the State. Low level of witch hunting in Assam. They have given importance on the spread of education literacy and low level of health care facilities are responisible for it. at different levels in eradicating witch hunting. Shyamal Prasad Saikia, IPS said in his Article "Witch Hunting Perspectives In the article "Witch Hunting : Superstition Leading to Gender Subjugation" with Special Reference to the Rabha Community of Goalpara District, Assam: Debojit Roy has also discussed the problem of witch hunting from feminist A Draft Eradication Strategy" several social, cultural and economic factors lies perspective. He also emphasised on the spread of Education as a remedy of behind these incidents therefore a holistic approach must be adopted to uproot witch hunting in Assam. this problem. He focussed on Rabha community in Goalpara District where this Dr. Munin Saikia in his paper entitled "Basic Factors of Witch Hunting and evil practice created a gloomy picture amongst the society. its Remedies" has discussed various causes of witch hunting in Assam in the Dulumoni Nath on the other hand discussed the problem in her paper context o Social Accusations Theory, illness theory, etc. Lastly, he has given named "Witch -Hunting -A War on Women". She identified this problem from some suggestions like spreading of education, development of infrastructure, Gender Perspective. She said constitutional rights are violated therefore here setting up of health centres, awareness programme, etc. to eradicate witch violation of gender justice are taken place and also get crushed. She explained hunting. various reasons of rising cases of witch hunting in Assam and also the Dr. Ajoy Kumar Das in his article "Witch Hunting -A Malaise in Assam "has consequences of it. analysed in details the draft " Prevention of and Protection from Witch Hunting In the paper "Witch Hunting in Rabha Community in Assam and Its , Bill, 2015".He has pointed out the merits and demerits of the Bill in preventing Preventive measures," Mayuree Das has focused the Rabha Community and eradicating witch hunting form Assam. considering some case studies, she has found out some reasons behind witch Moumita Das and Amit Jain in their paper entitled "Witch Hunting -A Curse hunting and also found out some methods to eradicate it from society. On the "have given few cases of witch hunting and tried to find out the causes of this basis of some case studies she suggested some measures to prevent it like menace. They have discussed about the role of Assam Mahila Samata Society, empowerment of women is necessary through education, awareness camps, Birubala Rabha, Junali Rabha etc. in eradicating witch hunting from Assam. active role of women organisations, active role of educated youth must play An interesting paper from Lina Deka on "An Analysis of the Problem of active role to develop scientific temper among the people. Witch Hunting in Assam" depicted the picture of witch hunting in Assam and Shovana Borah and Anamika Mahanta in their paper " Role of Women discussed the major causes of these social Evil. Here in this paper the Nature in Eradicating Witch Hunting from Assam" have given stress on the role of of the problem was also well depicted. She had also suggested several measures women in eradicating witch hunting from Assam on the basis of secondary to end this problem in our society. She stressed on socio, economic and data. They have also studied about the various programmes and projects political development, better infrastructural and communication development, undertaken to remove witch hunting from the society. They have also studied strong law, value based and scientific education to eradicate superstition, the steps taken by organisation like Assam State Commission for Women in awareness programme, better health facilities in rural areas, better intelligent preventing witch hunting. machinery, active role of government and NGOs and special protection of Similarly, Bandita Sarma in her paper " The Practice of Witch Hunting in single and helpless women especially are very essential. Assam its Consequences" mentioned about ignorant and irrational mentality of Lastly, Faria Ahmed in her paper, "Witch hunting :A Superstitious practice the people. She was mentioned about denial of gender justice by the inactive in India" has cited some cases of witch hunting in Assam She has also discussed

76 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 77 the legislation approach to which hunting in different states in India. required. Strong legislation to prevent this type of social evil is needed. Moreover, Such type of crime not only found in Assam but in other states of India. several assistance and support and security system should be there to protect Cases of witch hunting also reported in various states of India like Rajasthan single women and deserted women in the society. Village Panchayat must play , Gujarat , West Bengal , Bihar , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra active role to create awareness against such myths. In primary education and Pradesh ,Jharkhand and Odisha. Media sources revealed that 2556 women were in secondary education level, there should have some lessons to create awareness branded as witches and killed in India during 1987-2003. In Bihar alone 522 against such type of superstitious belief Lack of primary health facilities and cases registered from 1991-2000. For combating with this problem several quality health services are considered as a crime in the part of government due legislative measures are taken. These are as follows: to which several evil practices are blooming in our society. Rather than having 1.To establish gender justice and to prevent such type of crime Bihar pass strong laws, the implementation of existing laws to prevent such problem is a law in the year 1999, namely "Prevention of witch (Dayan) Practices Act." required. Government and NGOs should work in collaboration to prevent such 2. Next in Jharkhand " Dayan Pratha (Prevention of witch practices)Act" practices. An intelligent machinery system is required to prevent politically 3.Chhattisgarh pass an Act namely "Tohini Prarthana Nivaran Act 2005. motivated culprits and land mafias. 4. Rajasthan Govt. Has passed a bill in 2006 named "Rajasthan Women Police administration should play active role and must take issue sensitively. (prevention and protection from Atrocities) , Bill They should take help of Intelligent Machinery, and take some firm steps before 5.Karnataka Government introduced legislation to prevent this problem happening such types of incidents. 6.Maharastra be come the first state in India to have law to prosecute those who beliefs and superstition or physically harm others. 7.Recently Assam Assembly pass a bill unanimously namely Assam Witch References: Hunting(Prohibition, Prevention and Protection )Bill, 2015 making any offence 1. Partners for Law in Development (2013). Targeting of women as witches Trends, Prevalence under the Act as non bailable, cognizable and non- compoundable to eliminate and Law in Northern, Western, Eastern and North-eastern Regions of India. Retrieved from the superstition from society. http://www.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/WH-Report-.pdf These Acts and Bills are adopted to establish gender justice but unfortunately 2. Chatterjee, S. S. (2013). Witch-Hunting in Northeast. Retrieved October 25, 2014 from http://www.udayindia.in/english/content_15june2013/special-report.html this social evil is still practicing in our society we are witnessing such type of 3. Das, S. (2014). Witch Hunting in Assam - Capital of Black Magic to National Shame incidents still now. It is great matter of concern. This book is one step to create Retrieved October 25, 2014 from http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/witch-hunting- awareness and creating sensitizing the issue of gender justice. in-assam-capital-of-black-magic-to-national-shame/ CONCLUSION: 4. Agarwal B. (1995). Gender, Property, and Land Rights. Bridging a Critical Gap in Witchcraft thus emerges as a multifaceted issue which gets entwined with Economic Analysis and Policy in Out of the Margin. In Susan Feiner, Notburga Ott and both the concerns for superstition and social disempowerment of women. Zafiris Tzannatos (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Economics. London: Routledge 5. The Telegraph, October 22, 2014, p. 4 Hence, the promotion of scientific temper becomes as important as ensuring the 6. Amar Axom, October 22, 2014, p. 7 empowerment of fringe communities. The overall institutional approach by the 7. Axomia Khabor, October 23, 2014, p. 5 Government places witchcraft within the general category of crime against 8. www.timesofassam.com, 1st October 2014 women. But the emotional stress and social boycott of the victims rarely gets 9. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-assembly-passes-bill-to-end- captured in this dehumanizing framework. The stigma and social apathy faced witchhunting/article7538350.ece, 28th October 2015 by the victims puts them at a perpetual state of pain, agony and oppression. 10. www.allahabadhighcourt.in/.../Gender_Justice_-_A_Legal_Panorama.odt, 20th October 2015 Empowerment, in this context can be achieved by a process which enhances 11. www.jesp.org/PDF/gender_justice_finalized.pdf, 1st October 2015 the ability of disadvantaged individuals or groups to challenge and change 12. femnet.co › Home › Introduction - Gender and Climate Justice, 1st October 2015 existing power relationships that place them in subordinate economic, social and 13. Dash,P.C, & Nayak,Tarali (2015) Witch Hunting in Assam, Guwahati Assam, Binapani political positions (Agarwal, 1995). Publishing House Socio Economic and political development can redress these types of problems. Moreover, the infrastructural development is must to eliminate such evil in the society. Better communication is always needed to stop such practices in remote areas. Education and scientific approaches must be popularized among the people through educational system and through mass media is very much

78 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 79 colony in New Zealand in 1893 and South Africa in 1995 granting the womenfolk the Right to Vote and participate in Election Contest for Parliamentary office. In 1918, the Representation of the People Act was passed by the British Government granting the Right to Vote to women over the age of 30 years with own houses. Only later, in 1928, it was extended to cover all women above 21 years of age. Feminism Although many countries extended their support on women's participation, the Egyptian Policy and society moved away from women's equality with the Islamic fundamentalism raising its ugly head and growing conservationism. Nashmin Ara Begum Still, some activist proposed a new feminist movement as Islamic Feminism that advocated women's equality within an Islamic framework. Philosopher and notable leaders like Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony have long before emphasised abolition of slavery and Introduction: asserted for voting right for women and were influenced by the Quaker the- The word feminism is an outcome of certain revolution and ideologies ology of spiritual equality which asserts that men and women are not separate which induce strength and support to attain equal status of both men and in any way, rather all are equal in the age of Sod - his children. women in the field of economic, cultural and also personal achievements to Status of women in divine origin: In Islam, education for all alike is equal assert social right including the broad field of politics. This is an august means and it is compulsory though some are either deprived of or remain aloof. to snatch power and authority for their engagement in the government estab- Likewise, in Hindu religion also, education and respect for women in the society lishment, government undertaking bodies and corporations, and such other is sublime. Where there is no respect for women in the family, the saying goes establishments after acquiring proper education without facing any barrier - far that there can be no prosperity or peace. from any humiliation causing loss or hindrance to others. As all are aware of the capability, personality and dignity of women - their The word 'Feminism' first appeared for the first time in the Oxford English ideals, thoughts, endurance, power to decide etc. etc. they are allowed by the Dictionary in the year 1852 as 'Feminist' and subsequently in the year 1895 as government to compete and work in an even competitive field. Almost all over 'Feminism'. the world, feminism is accepted, capability to serve in each and every field have Now lets' try to trace out its origin and how the word 'Feminism' and already been proved. Womenfolk are even elected to shoulder the responsibility 'Feminist' has become popular in the society as a whole. These words first of the State. Even reluctant States like Nepal has been taken over by the appeared in France followed by The Netherlands in 1872. Subsequently in 1890 onslaught and woman has been honoured by the Post of President lately. in Great Britain and in the United States only in 1910. Some branches of Feminism like liberalism and conservation seeks indi- Objective of the Study: vidualistic equality of men and women through political and legal reforms The main objective of the study is how Feminism helped in elevating the keeping the structure of the society intact. status of womenfolk in the existing society towards equalization of status or From various books written by scholars from both the sexes, it can easily what role it played in the international level to safeguard the interest and status be summed up that women are also in no way less important than men and of womenfolk, to assert women's rights etc. there is enough value in feminism at the present state of affairs. Methodology: In 1956, the then President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser took active role The main methodology applied in this paper is completely theoretical. The for 'State Feminism' by granting voting rights to women and removing the information for this study has been collected from published materials like discrimination between men and women, which was, however, subsequently books, journals etc. and also internet. outlawed. Again, during the term of President Anowar Sadat, his wife Jehan Discussion: Sadat strongly advocated for uplifting the status of women's right in spite of There have been several movements to deal with various feminist issues. strong anti-wave that triggered a new feminist movement of Islamic Feminism Initially, the women were debarred from exercising their voting rights. Later on, and argued for women's equality within a religious boundary. Prior to this, in it was accorded in a few countries like Great Britain and its former colonies 1952, Feminist author and social activist Bell Hoole, Gloria Anzaldna, Maxine like Australia towards the end of nineteenth century followed by another British Hong Kingston and many other non-white feminist put forward their ideas,

80 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 81 views or thought for consideration of race related subjectivities. Apart from the above, in our Hindu laws and holy books, though there was no such specification on Feminism, high value was always given to women to 'APASTHAMBHA' marriage was good and sublime indeed. It is solemnised once and for all which certainly speaks for status of women. There is still firm belief in Rome that wife is for life and production of full partnership both in human life and divine rights coupled with duties. British writer Grady rightly Political Status of Women In said, 'It is certainly not too much to say that marriage is the one decisive event in the life of Hindu women. No other Hindu Sanskara or sacrament can be Assam In Post Independent Period performed for women, but the performance of this for her is obligatory'. From the above statement the value of women can well be understood how far Kabita Das reaching it is when advocating for Feminism. This saying can also be taken into account that alternatively, Feminism was asserted. 'Manu rightly opined and said that women must be honoured and adorned by their father, brothers, husbands and brothers-in-law who desire their own welfare. When women are honoured, the God is pleased, but where they are not honoured, no sacred rite Women occupy an important place in the evolution and shaping of society. yields rewards' - this writings directly assert the value of women that is it It is the women who comprise half of the population in almost all the countries supports Feminism. The Islamic feminists too, like in Hinduism, Christianity of the world. Therefore, equal status of women with that of men is important and other religions advocate women's rights, gender equality and social justice for the progress and success of a country. based on Islamic frameworks. The leading advocates seek equality as in vogue Although the women are the integral part of the society, they are excluded in Holy Quran and encourage learning, teaching and following them through the Hadith (the thoughts and ideas given by Prophet Mahammad himself) towards from different walk of life, more visibly in politics. The United Nations equality and perfect society, though on the other hand some section have been observes that women constitute "World's largest category". The UNO's found opposing the idea. decisions to observe women's Decade (1975-85) and the convening of a Whatsoever may be, as the untiring arguments between opposition or number of world conferences on women in different parts of the world have assertive comments continues, the views on women's role in all the field of helped to bring women's issues into the limelight. Various reform measures works, like and many other affairs, feminism has finally triumphed all over the and legislations initiated by all the major nations of the world including India, world, and the status of women grows. Conclusion: women's status, instead of being elevated and improved remained as Going through the World History about sociology and formation of society, measurable and backward as it past. one hardly finds dis-integration, rather directly or indirectly the value of women The constitution of India is a great landmark in the quest for gender - Feminism. Love, affection and cordial understanding in the days ahead shall equality. The provisions of Fundament Rights(Part-III) and Directive Principles only be an august instrument for ushering Feminism for welfare of mankind. of state policy(Part-IV) provided under the Indian Constitution bear faithful application of the principle of non- discrimination, so that women are entitled to the same rights as men as citizens of India. However, the constitution References : 1. Agarwal R K - The Hindu Law, 1995 empowers the state to adopt appropriate measures of positive discrimination 2. Ahmed Prof Aquil, The Mohammedan Law, 24th Edition, 2011 in favour of women. 3. Prophet Mahammad, 'The Hadith' Concept of Status: 4. Wikipedia 5. Encyclopaedia Britannica Status means the relative position or standing of things or especially person in a society. In fact, status is a social or professional position, condition or standing to which varying degrees of responsibility, privileges and esteem are attached. The National Committee on the status of women in India

82 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 83 (1974) in its report defined status as a position in a social system or sub- Kahuli Devi & Kumali Devi; the names of Mungri of Lalmati, Dariki Kachari system which is distinguishable from and at the same time related to other of Golaghat, Rebati Lahon of Teok, Abali Kuchuni of Nagaon, Lila Neogoni positions through its designated rights and obligations. of Lakhimpur, Padumi Gogoi, Golapi Chutiani, Thunuki Das, Jaluki Kacharini The concept of status is a relative in nature. It is a comparative idea. and Kon Chutiani of Dhekiajuli who sacrificed their lives due to freedom of Therefore, in order to understand the status of any section of people in the the nation are yet to find due place among the martyrs of the National society, it is compared with the status of another related section of people by Movement. However, during this period the Assamese women became well- considering it as the reference group. Due to this reason only, the knowledge organized through the formation of some women organizations like Assam about the low, equal or high status of female section is obtained by comparison Pradesh Mahila Samiti, Asom Mahila Samiti, Provincial women organization with the male section of the population. (Saraswati Mishra, 2002) and Mahila Samities of the local levels. Thus it can be said that the Assamese Political Status of Women in Assam: women have a glorious history during the British rule which inspired them to Assam represents a better picture of women representation in politics, take part in the decision making process. as compared to its neighbouring states in North-East and many other parts In post independent period, due to the absence of dowry system (except of India. But society being patriarchal, women are not treated equal with men those who came from Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and other places) the status and subject to various forms of ill-treatment or torture. The women are still of women is high in Assam in comparison to the women of some other states fighting for their survival and participation level in politics is very low for of India. It is because in Assamese society, there was the absence of dowry various reasons. However, there are much possibilities and potential for system (except those who came from Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and other improving the status of women in politics by taking up certain measures like places). But still they are dominated by the male counterpart as Assamese providing education, developing positive attitude towards women, creating society is a patriarchal society and crimes against women are increasing day political awareness among women etc. by day. The literacy rate of female is less in comparison to their male In Assam, participation of women in active politics is not so impressive. counterpart. Most of the Assamese women are not economically independent. In ancient period, the Assamese women got a little chance to participate in The political participation of women is also not improvised. They have a poor active politics. But after the establishment of Ahom kingdom in Assam, the position in both the houses of Parliament and Legislative Assembly. political status of Assamese women has improved to some extent. During this The literacy rates of both male and female have been increasing period, the women like, the chief queen of the Ahom king Tao-Khamthi continuously since independence. But in comparison to male literacy rate, the played an important role in Assam politics. However, the women like Sati female literacy rate is less. The literacy rates of both male and female in Jaymati, Mula Gabharu, Ramani Gabharu etc. are the symbol of the courage 1951 are 28.01% and 7.58% respectively. In 2011, the literacy rates of male and dearness of Assamese people. and female are 78.81% and 62.27% respectively. The women of Assam took active participation in the National Movement Political Participation of Assamese Women as Voter: in order to get freedom from the yoke of British movement. Gandhiji The political participation of women in Assam as voter is impressive. encouraged the Assamese women to take part in the movement and They constitute a substantial portion of the total voters. They have a big role appreciated them for their expertise in the field of spinning and weaving. in deciding one's future in politics. Many Assamese women came forward by crossing the boundaries of house to shoulder the leadership of mass uprising such as Chandraprabha Saikiani, Table-1 shows the voting participation of Assamese women in Lok Sabha Guneswari Debi, Muktabala Baishnabi, Mohini Gohain, Darki Kachari etc. Elections. and influence other women to participate. Many women too sacrificed their lives during the movement. But it is a matter of regret that except some women such as Kanaklata Barua, Bhugeswari Phukanani, Tileswari Baruah,

84 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 85 1972 66.02 54.81 60.85 Table-1 1978 71.97 60.87 66.86 Voting Participation of Assamese Women in Lok Sabha Elections (in Percentage) 1983 35.84 29.20 32.74 1985 79.91 78.40 76.00 Year Male Female Total 1991 54.08 45.92 - 1952 - - 47.96 1996 80.12 77.58 78.92 1957 - - 46.14 2001 77.68 72.19 75.05 1962 51.50 37.23 45.09 2006 76.49 74.89 75.77 1967 66.49 50.83 59.28 2011 77.02 75.00 76.05 1971 58.37 41.57 50.69 1977 60.87 47.80 54.88 Source: Election commission of India, Office of the Chief Electoral 1980 60.97 44.68 53.37 Officer, Assam Election Department. The above table-2 shows that the women constitute a major part of total 1984 - - - electorate. It can be stated that although participation of women as voter is 1989 - - - quite impressive, yet the women always lagged behind men in voting turn out. 1991 76.91 73.27 75.25 Political Participation of Women of Assam as Candidate: 1996 80.31 76.45 78.50 Despite having a glorious history, the status of women in Assam is worst 1998 62.87 59.08 61.06 in terms of their position in decision making bodies. Here we will make an analysis regarding the participation of Assamese women in Parliament and 1999 72.83 69.54 71.26 Legislative Assembly. 2004 72.51 65.36 69.11 Participation of Women of Assam as candidate in Parliament: 2009 72.19 66.80 69.53 Assam has 14 seats for Lok Sabha and 7 seats for Rajya Sabha. Since its first election, women from Assam do not get due representation in both Source: Election Commission of India ( http://www.eci.nic.in ) Houses of Parliament. They are still lagging behind the male counterpart. The above table demonstrates that women's participation as voter in Lok The following table shows the performance of Assamese women candidate Sabha elections has been growing but not steadily. Although the voting in Lok Sabha elections from 1952to 2009. percentage of women in Lok Sabha elections is impressive, but the women always lagged behind men in voting turnout. Table-3 The table-2 shows the Assam's women's percentage of voting in Legislative Performance of women candidate in Lok Sabha Election in Assam Assembly election. Table-2 Year Total Contestant (No) Elected Elected TotalNo’s of Voting Participation of Women in Legislative Assembly Elections (in percentage) Seats(No) Male Female Male Felale contesting candidate Year Male Female Total 1952 10 38 2 9 1 40 1952 - - 49.42 1957 10 29 2 8 2 31 1957 - - 45.44 1962 12 38 3 10 2 41 1962 58.39 42.05 51.05 1967 14 45 2 13 1 47 1967 69.04 53.30 61.83

86 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 87 1971 14 75 3 13 1 78 Table-4 Performance of women candidate in Legislative Assembly Elections. 1977 14 37 3 12 2 40 1980 2 5 2 2 0 7 Year Total Contestant (No) Elected Elected TotalNo’s of 1984 14 102 4 14 0 106 Seats(No) Male Female Male Felale contesting 1991 14 159 8 14 0 167 candidate 1996 14 128 9 13 1 137 1952 105 452 6 103 2 455 1998 14 98 3 13 1 101 1957 108 306 6 102 5 312 1999 14 106 9 12 2 115 1962 105 405 4 101 4 409 2004 14 110 6 14 0 116 1967 125 486 6 121 4 492 2009 14 158 11 12 2 169 1972 114 510 12 114 0 522 1978 126 916 22 125 1 938 Source: www.eci.nic.in 1983 109 472 3 107 2 475 The above table demonstrates the poor performance of women of 1985 126 1124 29 122 4 1153 Assam in Lok Sabha elections from 1952 to 2009. 1991 126 242 7 121 5 249 Women as voter play a very crucial role in Assam politics. They constituted about 40% of the total voters. In Assam out of 1,74,43,617 voters, 84,31,467 1996 122 1012 17 116 6 1029 are female voters. But our political parties are not given proper interest to 2001 126 861 55 116 10 916 involve them in the active politics. In Assam 5 National party were contested 2006 126 927 70 113 13 997 in the 15th Lok Sabha Election along with many regional and small political 2011 126 896 85 112 14 981 parties. Total 158 candidates were contested for 14 Parliamentary seats. It is shame for us that where 66.80% of women voter voted, only 11 women Source: C.E.O., Assam candidates were contesting the election out of 158 of candidates. It can also The above table demonstrates that the participation of women in the be stated that only two women Candidates were able to get nomination from Legislative Assembly elections from 1952 to 2011 is very poor in comparison the two nationalist parties. to their male counterpart. Participation of Women in Rajya Sabha: Participation of Assamese Women in Panchayat Raj Institution: The participation of women in Rajya Sabha is also very poor. Only a few Panchayat Raj system ensures greater participation of people and more get the opportunity to represent in the Rajya Sabha from its first election. The effective implementation of rural level programmes. The 73rd and 74th number of women member, in Rajya Sabha in the election of 1994, 1996, amendment acts of the Indian Constitution provide constitutional status to 2004 and 2010, is one. At present Naznin Faruque the congress nominee is the local bodies and also empowering women with 33% reservation of the only women member in Rajya Sabha. seats in these local bodies. As per the provision of 73rd amendment Act, Participation of Women in in Legislative Assembly:- the Government of Assam enacted the Assam Panchayat Act, 1994 which The women of Assam are also not properly represented in the legislative came into effect from 5th May, 1995. The Act introduces a three-tier assembly election. The following table shows the performance of women in Panchayat system i.e. Gaon Panchayat, Anchalick Panchayat and Zilla Legislative Assembly Elections. Parishad in Assam The Panchayat elections of 2002 witnessed a large number of women participation with 34 elected members. 821 women candidates out of 2,478 joined as the President of Gaon Panchayat and 8,210 women candidates out of 24,870 joined the members of Gaon Panchayat. In Anchalik Panchayat

88 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 89 the numbers of women candidates are also notably increasing. Out of 2,487 cases, the husbands do not want to do household duties, because those are members, 821 women joined as the member of Anchalik Panchayat. 129 considered solely for women. So it becomes challenging for women to do women candidates joined as Zilla Parishad members against the total of both the role and duty properly. In such a situation it is difficult for women 390. The percentage is 33%. to participate in political life. Obstacles : Suggestions: 1. In Assam, the political system is dominated by men to great extent. (I) Education system has to play an important role, because it is a Traditionally, it is the perception of the society that, politics is mainly a major factor in bringing about far reaching changes in the status of women. men's job. Male dominating political system does not provide much scope The improvement of educational status of women leads to their improvement to women to take part in active politics. in social, economic and political participation which accordingly resulted in 2. Another important obstacle which hinders the political participation progress and development of the society. of women in Assam is the lack of party support. Although women play an (II) Change in attitudes, thoughts, actions, behaviours and relationship important role in campaigning and mobilizing voters in support of their of all the people is necessary. While government's actions and steps are parties during elections, yet they rarely occupy decision making positions in necessary for removing gender inequalities and injustices, as well as for these structures. In Assam, many women contested in elections as improving the political status of women, these can become effective only independent which implies that the political parties are by and large reluctant when society's attitude and outlook towards women change. to field women as candidate. (III) Mass media also has a very important role to play for bringing out 3. It is observed in every election that a higher cost is required for a total revolution in social attitude and public opinion. running an effective campaign, in spite of code of conduct by Election (IV) There is an urgent need to create political awareness among Commission in India. This possesses a serious hurdle for women to women. The governmental organization as well as the NGOs should actively participate in politics in India. Most of women are not economically involved in providing training to women, so that women would mobilized to independent, so it becomes difficult or sometimes impossible to manage the participate actively in politics. The government initiative and action become higher cost of election. However, underestimation of women, as politicians effective only when the women themselves realize the need of gaining by those who provide money for election campaign hinders women from political equality with that of men. being nominated. (V) Women Organizations should carry forward the women's movement 4. In Assam, women's participation in politics is further constrained by in a positive manner. Women are to be motivated to leave all types of lack of education and access to information. The literacy rate of female dependence on men and solve all their problems and take all decisions has been increasing after Independence. In spite of unprecedented progress themselves. in the field of women education after independence, the situation is that (VI) Political parties should offer more candidature to women. even now lot of efforts are to be made in this direction. Even now there (VIII) The women themselves should organize and mobilize their is widespread illiteracy. The dropout rate is also very higher among the networks, learn to communicate their interest with different organizations girls. Illiteracy also affected their awareness of the factors affecting their and push for mechanisms to enhance their own representation. lives. Thus the lack of education implies lack of awareness about their Conclusion : rights and privileges which ultimately become a factor in deteriorating the It appears that in Assam, the inadequate representation of women in political participation of the Assamese women. decision making bodies has been a historical reality and a consistent feature 5. Women's perception of politics as a 'dirty' game is another obstacle of the societal structure. The women of Assam as voter showed a remarkable which hinders them to enter into politics in India. Most of the Assamese progress. They are underrepresented in the decision making bodies. It must women are not interested to contest in election and wanted to remain far be admitted that the number of Assamese women contestant in Lok Sabha away from the politics as they perceived politics as 'dirty' game of 'dirty' and Legislative Assembly has been increasing over the years though it is people. very poor in comparison to their male counterpart. It is hoped that after 6. Some women who are working women have to play a double role passing the Reservation Bill by both the Houses of Parliament, women of as a housewife or as wife and mother, as well as an office worker. In most India including Assam will get 33% reservation and their condition is expected

90 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 91 to improve as a result. Thus, it can be said that although the political status of women in Assam in post independent period is not satisfactory, yet it cannot be called dismal. There are much possibilities and potentialities to improve the political status of women of Assam through creating political awareness among them and providing education and training so that they would motivate to participate actively in politics. Charles Dickens: His Philosophy of

References: Life and the Reflection of Altekar, A. (1989),' The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation', Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi. Contemporary Victorian English Arunachalam, Jaya (2005), 'Women's Equality' Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. Baruah, S. L. (Ed.) (1992) 'Status of Women in Assam', Omsen Publication, New Delhi. Society with Special Reference to Dutta, K.N. (1998), 'Landmarks of the Freedom Struggle in Assam', Lawyers Book Stall, Guwahati. Ghadially, Rehana (Ed.) (1988) 'Women in Indian Society', Sage Publications, New Delhi. Some of His Eminent Novels Gupta, Sunit and Mukta mittal (Ed.) 'Status of Women and Children', in India, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, Delhi. Md. Kamaruj Jaman Mazumder (2004), Maya 'Social Status of Women in India', Dominant Publishers and Distributors, Delhi. Medhi, Kunja (Ed.) (1996) 'Status of Women and Social Change', Women's Studies Research Centre, Gauhati University. Mishra, S. (2002) 'Status of Indian Women', Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. 1. INTRODUCTION: Sahidullah F. T. (2012) 'Status of Women in Assam' in 'The Assam Tribune' in 12th April, Charles John Huffham Dickens, who was popularly known as Charles Assam. Dickens, was one of the greatest and most celebrated novelists in English Saikia, Dipankar (2011), 'Political Participation of Assamese Women' in 'The Assam Tribune' Literature of the Victorian age. In his novels, Dickens depicted the disorder, in 22nd April, Assam. squalor, blight, decay, and the human misery of a modern industrial city. It was from the late 18th century, that Britain was gradually getting transformed from an agricultural to an industrial society, as the population moved from country to industrial cities, seeking better wages if not better living condition. He was born in Portsmouth on February 7, 1812. His father, John Dickens, was a clerk in the Naval Pay Office Dickens and mother Elizabeth Dickens was a housewife. The childhood of dickens underwent in poverty due to financial crisis and his father was imprisoned for debt. At that time he was twelve year old and had to work for earning. However his father rescued him and put to school in London for a few years. At fifteen, he found employment as an office boy at an attorney's, while he studied shorthand at night. 2. DISCUSSION: Dickens was not only the first great urban novelist in England, but also one of the most important social commentators who used fiction effectively to criticize economic, social, and moral abuses in the Victorian era. Through his novels he has shown compassion and empathy towards the vulnerable and disadvantaged segments of English society, and contributed to several important social reforms. Dickens's deep social commitment and awareness

92 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 93 of social ills are derived from his traumatic childhood experiences when his and the living conditions of the working class. father was imprisoned in the Marshalsea Debtors' Prison under the Insolvent Charles Dickens philosophy of life can be found itself at the odds with Debtors Act of 1813, and he at the age of twelve worked in a shoe- the unfounded optimism of the Anglican Church of his lifetime. He was a blacking factory. His brief stint at the Blacking Factory haunted him all of die-hard realist both in life and in work. Thus, the writer most responsible his and he documented then in "David Copperfield" and in "Great for creating a sense of the period for subsequent generations bitterly opposed Expectations." In his adult life Dickens developed a strong social conscience, the factual representation of reality in fiction. Within this context Miller an ability to empathize with the victims of social and economic injustices. states- "From novel to novel throughout his career Dickens sought an ever In a letter to his friend Wilkie Collins dated September 6, 1858, Dickens closer approach to the truth hidden behind the surface appearance of things. writes of the importance of social commitment: "Everything that But he sought this truth not so much by going behind the surface as by happens…shows beyond mistake that you can't shut out the world; that you giving an exhaustive inventory of the surface itself". are in it, to be of it; that you get yourself into a false position the moment The reflection of the society in Dickens' novel is so intense and the you try to sever yourself from it; that you must mingle with it, and make narrative is so clear that K.J. Fielding believes- "If he were not so well the best of it, and make the best of yourself into the bargain" known as a novelist, he might have been recognized as a great English The philosophy of life in Dickens can be expressed in his deepest essayist." Tolstoy was also greatly impressed by way Dickens painted the concern for and treatment of contemporary issues in his novels. He philosophy of life through the peculiar characterization in his novels. Leo unambiguously criticized the system of workhouses, debtor's prisons, and Tolstoy wrote of Dickens, "All his characters are my personal friends-I am orphanages that kept England's poor virtually enslaved. A social novelist, constantly comparing them with living persons, and living persons with Dickens focused on the poverty-stricken parts of London, where lived a them, and what a spirit there was in all he wrote." Leacock considers him whole lot of grief-stricken people, neglected, unloved and forever suffering. to be a great novelist who reflects the Victorian England clearly and says, Sad faces of children; cold and hard hearted adults, appear everywhere in "There is none more poignant than the picture of Dickens himself." his novels. His writings called for reform at every level of society and he The theme of poverty remains one of the central problems that Charles showed us how a warm heart could relieve the pain of cruelty and mindless Dickens focuses and attempts to draw attention of his readers to. The indifference of society. The children in his novels represent the real children problem of poverty becomes a serious social and economic burden of of the actual world with actual experience and a tragic background - they English society of the late 19th century. This is why Dickens chooses this experience poverty, orphanage, neglect and deprivation of education. They grave issue as one of the central themes of his novels. It is clear that are a reflection of Dickens's own childhood experiences - he could well Dickens noted the effect of industrialization on the Victorian society as it understand the pain of oppression. "Dickens believed that his own imagination created a massive urban development, resulted in a higher class division. - in fact, his overall well-being depended on the contact he kept with his The influx of industrialization created a further division of these classes in childhood." He had abiding faith in the innocence and magic of children. which there emerged the capitalists or bourgeoisie, who were industrialists The characters he created were thus very close to his heart. With great such as Mr. Bounderby in Hard Times, and working class, who were the resentment, he penned down vehemently the condition of these helpless industrial poor workers, of them many lived under squalid condition with children in Victorian society - his novels were social commentaries of his poor sanitation leading to fatal diseases and even death. Dickens also times. Dickens is greatly admired because of his ability to realistically portrays the brutal treatment of children at the workhouses. This investigation depict poverty and the poor during the Industrial Revolution. Oliver Twist, will indicate that Dickens was a critic of The Poor Law and its administration, Hard Times and Bleak House are amongst his novels that illustrate the as well as the subject of child labor because of his own childhood experience. situation and condition of the lower class juxtaposed against the lavish lives Moreover, his repugnance is also noted in the way he creates child characters of the middle class and the aristocracy. He uses fiction as an outlet for his like Oliver Twist who are exploited as child workers. The plight of the poor enduring fascination with the darker side of human nature. The treatment and their treatment at the workhouses is a subject which is depicted by of crime by Charles Dickens was far more than an authorial device; it was Dickens especially in Oliver Twist. Oliver is orphaned immediately when he a focal point for his deep concern with social problems and played a was born birth and he immediately becomes a parish child. At the age of significant role in his attempts to understand these social ills. His works are eight, he is removed from the church and taken to the poor house. Oliver not only about crime, but they also raise questions on the Poor Law system Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three

94 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 95 months; at last they got so voracious and wild with hunger, that one boy, place in the world and to master his "undisciplined heart." Like all of who was tall for his age, hinted darkly to his companions that unless he had Dickens' novels, David Copperfield bursts with memorable characters and another basin of gruel per diem, he would some night eat the boy who slept probes the social injustices of the time. But David Copperfield is, most next to him. What can be the best instance than this that poverty and significantly, a book about memory. Through it Dickens confronts the most hunger totally swept away the golden childhood of the Victorian children? painful time in his own life-his experience working at a blacking factory Oliver Twist is chosen by his companions to ask for more food which when he was only a child of twelve. Like David, who calls it "a period of indicates starvation and lack of sufficient food to sustain the workhouse my life, which I can never lose the remembrance of," Charles Dickens inmate. He is punished for this act and one of the authorities is so horrified (who shared the same initials as David Copperfield-D.C.-but reversed- at the impertinence that he keeps saying that he will be hung. According C.D.) believed that this one experience marked him forever, which perhaps to David Daiches, Oliver Twist is "full of nightmare symbols of loss as explains why there is a helpless or persecuted child at the center of so shown in the description of Mr. Sowerberry's shop: "An unfinished coffin many of his novels. But in David Copperfield, which follows David's journey on black trestles, which stood in the middle of the shop, looked so gloomy from birth to a successful adult life as an author, it is David's ability to use and death-like. The shop was close and hot, and the atmospheres seemed memory to make sense of and integrate all his experiences, whether happy tainted with the smell of coffins." or traumatic, that makes him, in the end, truly "the hero of his own life." Dickens combined his literary carrier with a variety of social interest A Tale of Two Cities, modelled on Carlyle's The French Revolution, and believed in the ethical potential of literature and the novel in particular reflects Dickens' true reflection of the contemporary society. The 'two as an important instrument of social reform, Dickens used the novel as a cities' are London and Paris, in the time of the French Revolution. Dr repository of social conscience. Therefore he used fiction as an important Manette, a French physician, having been called in to attend a young tool to criticize economic, social and moral abuses existing in the Victorian peasant and his sister in circumstances that made him aware that the girl period. Throughout his novels, he seeks to diagnose human ills and then had been outrageously treated and the boy mortally wounded by the marquis endeavours to find a remedy to them Bleak House, as one of Dickens's de St Évremonde and his brother, has been confined for 18 years in the greatest works of social criticism, is a social comment on the administration Bastille to secure his silence. He has just been released, demented, when of social justice and the law. Moreover, Dickens also attacks the society the story opens; he is brought to England, where he gradually recovers his for its failure to be involved in the assistance of the poor. Thus Bleak sanity. Charles Darnay, who conceals under the name the fact that he is House is - a social problem novel, a 'Condition of England' novel which is a nephew of the marquis, has left France and renounced his heritage from concerned both to represent and to anatomize the signs of the times the detestation of the cruel practices of the old French nobility; he falls in love inequities of the Court of Chancery, slum condition, sanitation reform, the with Lucie, Dr Manette's daughter, and they are happily married. During education of the poor and orphaned, the Niger expedition, the home mission the Terror he goes to Paris to try to save a faithful servant, who is accused against the overseas mission and female emancipation. The common theme of having served the emigrant nobility. He is himself arrested, condemned of his writing is about the suffering of the Victorians, particularly children. to death, and saved only at the last moment by Sydney Carton, a reckless He sets out to attack some specific abuses existing towards children during wastrel of an English barrister, whose character is redeemed by his generous the Victorian time, Dickens interest in the social picture of his age is due devotion to Lucie. Carton, who strikingly resembles Darnay in appearance, to his childhood experience. The experience of rising from poverty to smuggles the latter out of prison, and takes his place on the scaffold. The affluence put feeling into Dickens's indignant attack on the cruel exploitation book gives a vivid picture of Paris at this period. Critics complained on of the poor, children especially. Within this context George Gissing in his publication of its lack of humour, but it later achieved wide popularity, partly book 'Charles Dickens: A Critical Study' asserts that Dickens, is the only through successful dramatizations and film adaptations. writer, has associated himself with the thought of suffering childhood. The 3. CONCLUSION: circumstances of his life confined him, for the most part, to London in his The discussion shows that Dickens as a social critic exerted a profound choice of matter for artistic use, and it is especially the London child whose influence on later novelists who were concerned about social analysis. It sorrows are made so vivid to us by the master's pen. can be stated that Dickens' works played an important role in the Told from a first-person point of view, David Copperfield is Dickens' implementation of social policies that changed the lives of the poor. Apart most autobiographical work, a classic that traces a boy's struggle to find his from his works, Dickens' active involvement in promoting social reforms

96 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 97 raised public awareness in the fight against poverty, deprivation of education, child labour and prostitution. Therefore, Dickens can rightly be considered a reformist as well as a great social critic of the Victorian era. Dickens succeeded in making the Victorian public opinion more aware of the conditions of the poor. He depicted persuasively the disorder, squalor, light, decay, and the human misery of the modern industrial city. Oliver Twist stands out as an important manifestation of Victorian social conscience. Dickens believed How Meditation in the ethical and political potential of literature and the novel in particular. He saw his fiction as a springboard for debates about moral and social Heals Body and Mind reform. In his novel Dickens show himself as a spoken critic of unjust economic and social conditions. His deeply-felt social commentaries helped Sampurna Sharma, M.A raise the common awareness of reading public.

REFERENCES 1. Margaret Drabble, The Oxford Companion to English Literature Oxford University Press, Meditation is a practice. It is an approach that anyone can use to help them 2000 cope with medical problems, stress and anxiety by way of thought, contemplation 2. Dickens, Charles, Hard Times, Paul Schlicke, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. and reflection. Meditation works differently with different individual. But the ulti- 3. Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield, Baronet Books, New York, 1994 mate goal of meditation lead to a mind that is quieted and free from stress by the 4. Bibhash Choudhury, English Social and Cultural History, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. use of quiet contemplation and reflection. It is a great way to increase overall 2007 health and that has been proven in many various studies. 5. Mundra and Mundra, A History of English Literature, Vol-III, Prakash Book Depot. Types of meditation- There are various types of meditation. Some methods of 6. Kumar, Satish A History of English Literature, Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal, Agra, 2004 meditation may require the body being absolutely still or to be moved with controlled 7. Sengupta, Mundra , Agarwal, Advanced Literary Essays, Rama Brothers, Delhi deliberation while other types allow for free movement of the body. Meditations that are recognized include Prayer, Transcendental meditation, Zen meditation, Taoist meditation, Mindfulness and Buddhist meditation. Meditation encompasses a variety of practices that are somewhat different, while holding to the basic principles of consideration and quiet thought to bring about a state of rumination. While the methods are different but all types of meditation lead to a stress free mind that enables individual to make better choices by allowing him or her to think more clearly. There is certain Mantra meditation known as the 'Avalokitesvara' meditation where one repeat the words "Om mani padmehum", which is roughly translated to - "Hail to the jewel in the lotus". Here lotus represents the compassion and the jewel represents wisdom. So, in this type of meditation one should feel more connected to wisdom and compassion. By chanting mantras an individual follow the chanted words in his or her mind which leads him to give concentration on the specific word and this concentration leads him to the ultimate goal of his medita- tion. When one uses mantra meditation he or she uses sounds such as 'om', 'ah', or 'hum' to help his meditation. Many people believe that Mantra meditation holds some kind of spiritual meaning. That spiritual meaning could be a connection with something or someone else when chanting the sound. For example, if one chants the sound 'om' , it is said to be connected to his or her body, the sound 'ah' is said to be connected to speech and 'hum' is said to be connected to mind. The mantra meditation can also be seen as poetic or even symbolic. This type of meditation

98 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 99 helps to focus all energy on one or more key parts of body, mind and soul. Mantra times. There has been proof found in Indian artifacts of the history of meditation meditation is a form of concentration that helps one to keep his or her mind at rest called 'Tantra' that speaks of such practices, dating back 5000 years. Researchers while focusing on what he or she need to. The longer practice will able to clear suggest that primitive hunting and gathering societies may have been the ones to one's mind of other needless thoughts and focus on particular mantra. have discovered meditation and its many different states of consciousness while Transcendental meditation also helps bring one's mind to clearer and more gazing into the flames of their fires. The history of meditation evolved over thou- focused state, both when in meditation and out of meditation. Transcendental sands of years, into a structured practice that people use daily. meditation is practiced by over six million people all over the world, and is learned One of the biggest proponents in the history of meditation is 'Buddha'. Bud- from trained professionals. dha is also known as one of the biggest meditation icon in both current and years Zen meditation is the process of going above the mind. It is a state of no back and has been around since 500 B.C. The teaching of Buddha became popular mind. Zen is deep meditation, where one will never be the same again after entering in the Asian continent. According to the history of meditation, other separate coun- into the world of zen. This meditation is connected with eternity. It is a very tries and cultures soon adopted many different forms of meditation creating their arduous path. It is both the practice and the realization. A person in the zen own special ways of practicing it. Some of the most popularly used forms today mediatation become unconnected with time. One can not recognize present. When are the Buddhist and Hindu-based eastern-style meditation. the practitioner says, "Yes, this is the present", it is past. If he says "This is going After meditation hit the east, it took thousands of years to spread to western to be the present", it is still future. Experimentation this type of meditation by societies. It was not until the mid 20th century when it finally started to gain popularity own, without an experienced meditation practitioner will be like playing with fires in the west. Many researchers and professors in the 1960's and 1970's, learned of the and flames. multitude of benefits that meditation had to offer as they began testing the effects of it. Taoist meditation exists in the world is like the great rivers and seas which The history of meditation has proven that this practice of the mind and body receive the streams from the valleys. Taoist meditation is to calm the mind and body can help a person in a multitude ways. to the greatest degree possible. Much Taoist meditation is performed while moving. Brain waves in meditation-The measurement of brain waves in meditation is Mindfulness meditation involves being aware moment-to-moment, of one's a recent development. It is scientists strive to discover how this ancient practice subjective conscious experience from a first-person perspective. When practicing reduce stress and increase feeling of well being and benefit overall health among mindfulness, one becomes aware of one's stream of consciousness. other advantages. It is of specific use to help one increase alertness, relaxation Buddhist meditation is associated with philosophy of Buddhism. This type of and reflection even in waking stage. meditation encompasses a variety of meditation techniques that aim to develop There are five different types of brain waves. Some of them are- Alpha, beta, mindfulness, concentration, tranquility and insight. Buddhist meditation practices gamma, theta and delta. These brain waves produce different types of feelings are techniques that encourage and develop concentration, clarity, emotional posi- and state of consciousness in people. When a person is awake and working with tivity and a calm seeing of the true nature of things. full concentration, the person's brain wave is in Beta stage. When a person feels to Whichever course people choose to learn meditation, the people who are sleep that means the person's brain wave is in a Theta stage. Likewise, when the achieving the most amazing results are the ones who are incorporating meditation person falls in deep sleep, his or her brain wave is in Delta stage. into their daily lives. Even 10 minutes a day can make such a difference. How does meditation work- Brain waves in meditation shift through various Scientific research has shown that both mantra meditation and transcenden- stages. The most common brain waves in meditation are alpha brain waves. These tal meditation have great health benefits. Some of the benefits one can experience waves in meditation basically promote changes in the automatic nervous system from meditation include- that calm it. Regular contemplative practice of this type reverses the roles of the „ Increased intelligence sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems so that the normally dominant „ Decrease in insomnia sympathetic nervous system takes a back seat to the normally secondary para- „ Increased personal development sympathetic nervous system. This lowers blood pressure and heart rate and lowers „ Decreased stress and anxiety the amount of stress hormones in the body, as well as calming the mind. „ Reduced risk of cardiovascular related deaths People have been used this practice in the deliberation to help them quit smoking „ Lowered blood pressure and to put a stop to alcohol and drug addictions. A person can even reduce blood „ Easier to focus and concentrate pressure and greatly lower the symptoms of menopause and premenstrual syn- „ Reduced risk for diseases and illness. dromes. The Alpha brain wave frequency ranges are from 7 to 13 Hz. The benefits of practicing meditation regularly are vast. The best part of medi- Beta waves frequency ranges are from 13 to 30 Hz. These waves usually tation is that, anyone can learn how to do it and it can be learned at almost any age. associated with attentiveness, selective attention, concentration and anticipation. History of meditation- Meditation has been around in recorded history for They have been related to concentrated mental activity such as solving math prob- thousands of years. The history of meditation dates all the way back to ancient lems, anxiety and apprehension.

100 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 101 Gamma Brain waves denote intense focus and are usually weak and transient in normal brain activity. It is particularly noted in meditation practitioners. Gamma waves in Practice of meditation helps people achieve balance both mentally and meditation were especially high in the left prefrontal cortex of the brain. This area is often physically as well as emotionally. It is even used to treat depression, stress and associated with decreased anxiety and fear, positive emotions and a decrease in depres- anxiety. The deep rest that a person achieves through meditation can rid him or sive feelings or symptoms. Frequency range of gamma waves are from 30 to 70Hz. Theta brain waves in meditation are said to help open the 'third eye' for prac- her of stress and enables that person to make better decisions in their life by titioners. This is said to be the channel through which practitioner gain illumina- allowing the person to think more clearly. Meditation helps to lower one's heart tion wisdom via vibrations received through the third eye. In practical terms, rate and blood pressure by slowing down one's breathing which lowers the Theta brain waves in meditation also invoke a deep sense of relaxation also amount of oxygen needed for the body. The thought process allows the mind encourage creativity and make problem solving and memorization easier. For and muscles to gently relax. example, in the condition known as highway hypnosis, where in drivers can perform Meditation can bring about healing of both the body and the mind by using driving tasks so automatically that they do not remember making the drive home deliberation of thought and consideration. Meditation can improve the life we from office. Theta waves also present themselves for most people when they do are living, providing both physical and emotional benefits that will change our any task that is automatic or nearly such as folding cloths, washing hair etc. life in a positive way. The benefits of meditation are manifold. It is an essential Delta brain waves in meditation are the slowest of all. The ranges of fre- quency of Delta waves are from 1 to 4Hz. Everyone experience Delta waves in practice for mental hygiene. A calm mind, good concentration, clarity of deep sleep. But, Delta brain waves in meditation are said to help experienced perception, improvement in communication, blossoming of skills and talents, an practitioners access the unconscious mind. Their existence may also be part of unshakable inner strength, healing, the ability to connect to an inner source of the reason that newly learned skills may be best integrated if one 'sleeps on them' energy, relaxation, rejuvenation and good luck are all natural results of meditating since they are associated with people's ability to integrate newly learned tasks. regularly. In today's world where stress catches on faster than the eye can see or the Brain waves in meditaion Brain waves before meditation mind can perceive, meditation is no more a luxury. It is a necessity. To be

unconditionally happy and to have peace of mind, we need to tap into the power

of meditation.

Bibliography: Alpha brain wave 1. Brihat Tantrasaar-translated by Chandra Kumar Tarkalankar, Navabharat Publish- 7 to 13 Hz ers,1984, Calcutta 2. kundalini xokti, jougik axan aru byayam- Debajit Sarma, Banti Prakashan,2002, Theta brain waves Beta brain waves Guwahati 4 to 7 Hz 13 to 30 Hz 3. Vivekananda his call to the nation-Advaita Ashrama, publication department, 1965, kolkata 4. Meditation and its methods- Advaita Ashrama, publication department, 1969, kolkata 5. www.wisdompubs.org/zen meditation 6. Buddhist Mediattion-free.ebooks6.co 7. The classic guide to zen- ebooks6.co 8. www.taopage.org/ Tao meditation 9. www.osho.com Delta brain waves 10. Wikipedia.org/Buddhist meditation 1 to 4 Hz Gamma brain waves 30 to 70 Hz

102 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 103 (b) Secondary Sector. China is currently one of the world's economic superpowers, and it's no coincidence that manufacturing makes up a whooping 34% of China's gross domestic product(GDP). In fact, China is responsible for nearly 14% of the entire world's manufacturing. India, on the other hand, doesn't play a big role in global manufacturing accounts for 16% of India's GDP; the Indian manufacturing sector is only How India can become an responsible for a tiny 1.8% of the world's manufacturing output. The economic superpower and some manufacturing sector has been plagued by an all-or-nothing philosophy for years. India is home to a variety of giant manufacturing enterprises, but there problems in this regards are very few smaller enterprises. If more small enterprises popped up, it would create more manufacturing jobs and turn India into a legitimate Labanita Deka manufacturing option for other countries around the world-both of which would boost the overall economy. Again, prime minister Narendra Modi's slogan "come, Make in India" there are chances that India's manufacturing sector will grow rapidly due to FDI as the government is trying to increase the ease of doing business in India. It's home to the world's largest democracy, proud citizens, and a reputation (c) Tertiary and quarternary sector as a high-tech powerhouse, but from an economic perspective, India is still India currently has an expanding IT industry which is considered one of trying to climb the ladder. In recent years, experts have debated India's role the best in the world. Some have begun to describe India as a technology as an economic superpower, but they agree that the country is not quite there superpower. It is considered the World's Office and is leading in the services yet. The term "ECONOMIC SUPERPOWER" is used to describe a country Industry. This is mainly due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled, that has achieved unmatched dominance. For example, Britain's march forward low cost, English speaking workforce. during the industrial revolution established it as an economic superpower (2) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY between the mid 1700's and the mid 1800's. To get there, Britain completely India is trying to develop more high skilled, English speaking people to overhauled its economy from one that was agriculture-based to one that was fit in the future knowledge economy. India is becoming one of the World's industrial-based. Britain's economy is not just to thrive, but to skyrocket. leading producer of computer software and with mushrooming R & D centers How Can India Achieve the Same Result Today? it is experiencing a steady revolution in science and technology. A typical (1) Booming Economy example of India's rising scientific endeavors is that it was the 3rd nation to The economy of India is currently the world's third largest in terms of found a National Space Agency called ISRO, after the USSR and the U.S. real GDP(PPP) after the USA and the People's Republic of China. The It was the third Asian nation to send satellites into space after China and world Bank estimates India to overtake China as the fastest growing major Japan in 1970, starting with Aryabhatta in 1975. In January 2007, India economy in the world in 2015. Its record growth was in the third quarter of became the fourth nation to complete atmospheric reentry. In October 2008, 2003, when it grew higher than any other emerging economy at 10.4%. India has launched its first unmanned lunar probe named as Chandrayaan- Interestingly, estimates by the IMF show that in 2011, India became the third 1 to the Moon, which operated until August 2009. On 14 November 2008, the largest economy in the world, overtaking the Japanese economy and the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 20:06 and seventh largest economy by GDP(nominal). India is expected to grow at struck the South Pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country 7.5% in 2015. to place its flag on the Moon. Among its many achievements was the discovery (a) Primary Sector. of the widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil. Indi and the India, growing at 9% per year, is the world's second largest producer of food United States have increased mutual cooperation in space-travel related next to China. Food processing accounts for USD 69.4 billion as gross income. technologies, such as increasing the interoperability between Indian and US

104 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 105 systems, and prospects for a commercial space launch agreement with India economy should experience faster, more dramatic growth. As Mukherjee, put that would allow US satellites to be launched on Indian vehicles. India is it. "The people of India have given a clear mandate. They want to see a among the world leaders in remote sensing, a technology coming to great use, vibrant, dynamic and prosperous India." among others, to Indian fishermen & farmers. India is also trying to join Brand India is also aimed at turning the country into a marketable brand that international R&D projects-e.g. it has recently joined the European Galileo other countries will want to work with. After all, India has one of the largest pools GPS Projects and the ITER for fusion energy club. Some Indian educational of scientists and engineers in the world. In addition to its reputation as an IT and research institutions like- IIT, NIT, IIM, IISc, TIFR and AIIMS are leader. By establishing better relationship with other countries and big foreign among the world's best. corporations, India's economy can see a major uptick. The talent pool alone- (3) Rein in Inflation which some experts are calling "intellectual capital"- could help turn India into a Inflation-or, the increase in price for goods and services-is very damaging bonafide superpower! to an economy. After all, the more people have to pay for things, the fewer Brand India has been around for several years, but it has not they're able to buy. From a business perspective, the more business owners accomplished much. When Narendra Modi was elected as prime minister in have to spend on other things, the less money they have to hire employees. May 2014, one of the first things he did was promise to revive Brand India. Not only does this prevent the job market from expanding, it actually leads The government has a five year plan for turning Brand India into reality, and to higher unemployment. Inflation causes yet another big problem-uncertainty. if they can achieve those long-term goals, it will make a major mark on the Specifically, when prices are constantly on the rise, investors and consumers Indian economy. aren't as confident about spending their money. Instead of going out and (5) TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS buying things, they hang onto as much money as they can, because they don't AND BILLIONAIRES know how high prices are going to climb in the near future. Another development of great significance is the growth of the Indian According to a recent report from the World Economic Forum (WEF), Middle class and the billionaires. A common perception of the Indian middle India is one of the worst countries in the world when it comes to inflation. class was of the order of 200-250 million. During the last five decades, Indian The WEF studied the economy in 144 different countries, and India was middle class has been growing in numbers as a reflection of the process of ranked 133rd in terms of inflation. development. But no attempt was seriously made to estimates its size and Inflation is such a problem in India that Moody's-an independent research economic growth. The existence of huge middle class had a very strong firm that assigns ratings based on the risk that investors face-isn't going to impact an increasing the demand for consumer durables viz, refrigerators, improve the country's rating, despite a slight uptick in its GDP. Moody's went washing machines, coolers, air conditioners, motor cycles, cars etc. This as far as to say that the Indian government needed to "implement policies prompted the industrialists to make a systematic study of the size of the that ease inflationary pressures and increase infrastructure investment." middle class. National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) Prime Minister Narendra Modi actually used inflation as a major talking made a study entitled "The Great Indian Middle Class." Since the middle point during the 2014 election, saying, "Congress had promised to curb inflation class has, of course, been defined in many ways, mainly cultural, sometimes in 100 days, but did they live up to their promises." Don't trust those who in terms of education or lifestyles, most of these variables were not quantifiable. betray public trust." He also suggested creating a "price stabilization fund" NCAER has made an attempt to study the numbers falling in various income that would help neutralize rising prices, and, he promised to go after black categories and then defined the middle class in terms of annual income marketers in special courts so that they wouldn't be able to drive up prices ranging between an Rs 2-10 lakhs. behind the scenes. Until the government can do something to slow down The emergence of billionaire is an another possibility for the Indian to inflation, India will never be considered an economic superpower. make it as an economic superpower. During the last decades, a perception (4) TURN BRAND INDIA INTO A REALITY is growing in the world that India becoming one of the economic superpower Brand India is the campaign the government has created to boost the in the world. Consequently, business firms, more especially multinational economy. According to a speech that President Pranab Mukherjee delivered corporations, are moving towards India to take advantage of the prevalent in June 2014, Brand India now focusses on strengthening five T's- tradition, and fast growing market in India. Accompanied with this phenomenon is rise talent, tourism, trade and technology. If these five T's can thrive, the Indian of business tycoons in India. Moreover, the 1991 industrial policy removed all

106 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 107 Somehow, India is going to have to bridge the gap between the fancy the restrictions in business and freed big business to undertake heavy skyscrapers in the urban areas and the other areas, where it's estimated that investments. the majority of the population lives on less than $2 per day. Once that This led to the emergence of a large number of billionaires in India. happens; India won't be working feverishly to keep pace with China and the Forbes (2007) has included 36 billionaire from India with a total net worth of U.S. Instead, it will be talked about in the same context as those two $191 billion (Rs 8,60,000 crores). In the world, according to Forbes 2007, superpowers. there are 946 billionaires, out of which India has a share of 36(3.8 percent (7) FIX THE ELECTRICITY CRISIS of total).It may be noted that India has surpassed Japan with only 24 billionaires Factories cannot produce and trains cannot run without electricity. India's with a net worth of $64 billion. Even China had 24 billionaires in 2007. outputs come to a screeching halt every time the power goes out, and the Among the Indian billionaires Lakshmi Mittal, Mukesh Ambani and his brother electricity crisis isn't in the rear-view mirror. In fact, it's expected to get even Mr. Anil Ambani are the prominent name. worse in the not-too-future! The new billionaire has amassed wealth from media to computer software, Thanks to the combination of a coal shortage and tariff disputes with from real estate to liquor. Among them, the prominent names in computer power companies, five states- Maharashtra, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab and software are Azim Premji of WIPRO, N. Narayana Murthy of INFOSYS, Gujarat-face blackouts. Even while the power is still running, these states are Nandan Nilekani, G. Gopalkrishnan and Shiv Nadar of HCL. in a critical position. As of early September 2014, half of India's power supply A good number of developers or builders have also found a place in the stations only had about a week's supply of coal left. billionaire list. The notable among them are Kushal Pal Singh of DLF, Ramesh Officials are working on the power crisis, but until they can come up Chandra of Unitech, Grandhi Rao of GMK, Jaiprakash Gaur for JP associates, with a definitive solution, India cannot reach its full industrial potential-meaning Vikash Oberoi for Oberoi construction and Pradeep Jain of Parsvanath it can't reach superpower. Developers. The list of Indian billionaires blossomed after the introduction of To reduce the energy crisis, India is presently constructing approximately economic reforms in 1991. Besides the software giants, they were Subash 9 civilian nuclear power reactors and several hydropower stations. On 25 Chandra of Zee, Sunil Mittal of Bharti Group, Tulsi Tanti of Suzlan, Uday January 2007, Russian president visit to India and India is expected to clinch Kotak of Kotak Mahindra, Kalanithi Maran of Sun Media Group and Savitri this deal of strategically importance. Recently it also made a civilian nuclear Jindal of steel. energy deal with the US and EU. In recent years, India joined China to launch (6) MINIMIZE THE UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRYSIDE a vigorous campaign to acquire oil fields around the world and now has stake A large portion of India is made up of rural poor. Only the six most urban in several oil fields. states benefit from foreign investment, where the other states are ignored (8) INCREASE FDI and largely underdeveloped. In fact, it's estimated that a whooping 300 million Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a direct measure of the confidence Indian's are living in poverty-even more than the all-important middle class that foreign investors have in India's economy. After all, if they didn't believe that we just talked about. the country was performing well, they wouldn't invest their money here! There is a silver lining to this cloud, though, back in 1973, people living A big chunk of India's FDI comes from the established economic in poverty made up more than half of India's population. By 2004, that superpowers, unfortunately, though, America's contribution to India's FDI percentage had shrunk to about 27%. It is still a huge chunk of people, but shrunk from 4753 USD Million to 2390 USD million in June 2014. Luckily, at least things are moving in the right direction. other countries picked up the slack- and overall, India's FDI grew 34% Of course, a country never completely eliminates poverty-not even a between June 2013 and June 2014 country that's an economic superpower. The difference between the (9) STRENGTHEN THE MILITARY superpowers and other countries, though, is how they work to tackle poverty. Look no further than the 9/11 attacks to see how enemies can create For example, China spent years improving its educational and healthcare massive economic problems for even the strongest of superpowers. Without resources to try and dig more people out from under the poverty line. The a strong military presence, terrorists and other enemies could take out the result? Gallup reports that China's poverty rate plummeted from 26% in 2007 Indian economy anytime they wanted to. That's certainly not the sign of an to only 7% in 2012. economic superpower!

108 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 109 Prime Minister Narendra Modi has talked extensively about building up support for the Maoists (Naxalite) insurgency in the last decade. Maoist rebels the Indian military. His goal is to make sure no one "dare cast an evil eye" have increased their influence over the last 10 years, especially in regions near on India. Yes, that means increasing the military's budget, but it also means Nepal, particularly by targeting and gaining support from poor villages in India. giving All of India more protection- from the economy as a whole, to individual The boom in support appears to have been also boosted by the successes of citizens. Without that added stability, India will never be able to grow into a the nearly 10-year-old Maoist rebellion in Nepal. The Maoist insurgency exploits legitimate economic superpower. the poor by forced conscription. India's government has recently taken a new Points against the rise of India as a superpower stance on the Maoist insurgency, pulling the affected States together to coordinate India has had border disputes with both China and Pakistan. This has led their response. It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic to 3 wars with Pakistan and a war with China. Mapped is the location of the measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause 1999 Kargil Conflict, which is the most recent of India's direct military Disputes encounters with the Pakistani military. India's growth is impeded by disputes with its neighbouring China and Pakistan (over historical border and ideological issues) and disputes with Bangladesh (over water availability and the Farakka Dam). Hence, India's neighbours such as China and Pakistan remain distrustful towards India. It is also occasionally burdened with instability issues within some localised-regions of the subcontinent. In an effort to reduce political tension and increase economic cooperation, in recent years, India has improved its relations with its neighbors. Lack of international representation India is not a member of the UNSC, although currently it is one of the four-nations group actively seeking a permanent seat in the council. Thus India lacks the ability to extend its influence or ideas on international events in the way superpowers do. Economic obstacles Political obstacles Poverty As of 2011, approximately 21.9% of India's population lived below poverty Cost of democratic republicanism line. Poverty also begets child labour. Various reforms, including mass Democratic republicanism has its value more so in a multi-ethnic country employment schemes have been undertaken by the government to tackle this like India. However, the applicability of the "theoretical" virtues of republicanism problem, and India has been quite successful in reducing its share of poverty. on a country like India is sometimes questioned. Some thinkers consider India's The number of people living on $1 a day is expected to fall in South Asia diverse democracy to levy a huge tax on its economy. The Indian government from 41.5 per cent in 1990 to 16.4 per cent until 2015. However, the issue has to consider many interest groups before decision making. However, it of poverty in India is not fully resolved. There is consensus among economists should be noted that India is relatively a much younger republic when compared that overall poverty in India has declined, the extent of poverty reduction is to other major democracies. Moreover, it is predicted that in the long run, India often debated. The economic reforms of the early 1990s were followed by being a democracy will provide it an edge over non-democratic competitors like rates of high economic growth. Its effect on poverty remain controversial, China. and the official numbers published by the Government of India, showing a Insurgency reduction of poverty from 36% (1993-94) to 26% (1999 - 00), to 22% (2004- India has had significant successes with quelling many insurgencies, most 05), have been challenged both for allegedly showing too little and too much prominently the Punjab insurgency (Khalistan) and the surrender of large sections poverty reduction. While there is a consensus on the fact that liberalization of insurgent outfits like the United Liberation Front of Assam in 1992 and has led to a reduction of income poverty, the picture is not so clear if one National Liberation Front of Tripura in 2000-2001. However the Indian considers other non-pecuniary dimensions (such as health, education, crime government has acknowledged that there has been a dramatic increase in and access to infrastructure). With the rapid economic growth that India is

110 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 111 experiencing, it is likely that a significant fraction of the rural population will country, To avert an energy crisis, India is desperately seeking alternate means continue to migrate toward cities, making the issue of urban poverty more of energy. India can sustain its growth to higher trajectories only by the co- significant in the long run. Economist Pravin Visaria has defended the validity operation of other countries. As for now, India is energetically expensive since of many of the statistics that demonstrated the reduction in overall poverty India has to import over 70% of its energy, thus making costs of comforts - in India. He insisted that the 1999-2000 survey was well designed and like personal car or even air conditioning - extremely high. It is however, supervised, and he further defended that just because the numbers did not steadily combating its energy issues. appear to fit preconceived notions about poverty in India, they should not be Unemployment dismissed outright. Nicholas Stern, vice president of the World Bank, has Unless India finds a quick way to generate jobs, its population of unemployed published defences of the poverty reduction statistics. He argues that increasing youths could be a reason of instability. India's growth in the services sector and globalization and investment opportunities have contributed significantly to the Information Technology sector has not been matched by growth in manufacturing reduction of poverty in the country. India, has shown one of the clearest co- which can provide more jobs. Some claim that this sector may lose importance relation trends of globalization with the accelerated rise in per-capita income. in the future. India is leveraging on new sectors like the KPO (Knowledge Infrastructure Process Outsourcing). The social infrastructure in India. such as roads, power grid, water, Health communications infrastructure, housing and education are often below standards, India's health scenario is dismal with diseases and malnutrition constantly and not catching up with the tune of its economic progress. Continued poor affecting the poorest quarter of the populace Mortality is still relatively high and infrastructure might serve as a bottleneck to further economic development. the bane of AIDS is spreading quickly. According to a report of United Nations The government is, however, improving the infrastructure, such as expanding Development Programme, India has the highest population living with AIDS/ the freeway and highway system and bringing it up to global standards. As of HIV and its economy might suffer a setback if it does not check the problem 2005, India only had 4,885 km of central-divided expressways, while the U.S. of the virus' spread. It is estimated that India's economic growth will decline and China have 90,000 km and 41,000 km of expressways, respectively. by 0.86 percentage annually if the AIDS problem is not properly dealt with. To Disorganization improve the situation, a number of projects such as the building of hospital India's continual economic prosperity is also hindered by bad governance chains (like the Apollo Hospitals, amongst others) has laid the foundation for and ubiquitous red tape ('Bureaucratic Raj'). Retrogressive government regulations a health system that matches global standards. However, these hospitals are affect many areas. For example, in some states, black outs and power rationing sometimes used by foreigners as a cheap yet effective source of health services are common due to underinvestment, differing State and local regulations, etc. and much remains to be done for India's very poor. Inflation and overheating Low literacy Despite India's growth spurt of 8% p.a. in recent years, its sustainable As per the 2001 India census, India's national literacy is only 65.2 percent. pace is still much lower than China's, which puts its economy more at risk of Literacy drive is spreading slowly to other states. India's youth (age 15 to 24) overheating and rising inflation. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has literacy rate was 76.4% between 2000 and 2004. At current rates India will acknowledged the risk of overheating and has been tightening monetary policy take no less than 20 years for a literacy of 95%. Literacy in India is not steadily. It is debatable whether this alone will be sufficient to ease inflationary homogeneous, some states in India have more impressive literacy rates than pressures. The economy is running near or above capacity, and the RBI has others. Kerala, a south-Indian state widely recognized as the most well-educated noted that production must rise at a pace sufficient to match overall GDP state in India, recorded an impressive 90.92% literacy rate in 2001. On the growth if further inflationary pressures are to be avoided. The Indian government other hand, the north-Indian state of Bihar lags behind with 47.53%. India's has said that much of the rise in inflation recently can be attributed to short- adult literacy rates (61.3% in 2002), is just a little better compared to other term supply constraints, such as a shortage of key foodstuffs thanks to an nations in South Asia except Sri Lanka's 92%, with Nepal next at 44%, Pakistan erratic summer monsoon. at 41.5% and Bangladesh the lowest at 41.1%. Energy dependence and costs Climate and environmental problems India heavily depends on foreign oil - a phenomenon likely to continue until The majority of India lies in the tropical climate zone, which may have a non-fossil/renewable energy technology becomes economically viable in the negative impact on its agricultural and overall economic development. The

112 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 113 climate thesis of economic development was first argued by Adam Smith and recently by David Landes in his The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Tropical areas generally average enough rainfall, but the timing is often irregular and unpredictable. The rain drops are large and the rate of fall often torrential. One answer to irregular moisture is storage and irrigation, but this is countered in these regions by incredibly high rates of evaporation. In the Agra region of India, for example, rainfall exceeds the needs of local agriculture for only two "The domestic violence in months in the year, and the excess held in the soil in those wet months dries up in only three weeks. Tropical zones are also more prone to endemic water- Victorian era reflected in William borne and parasitic diseases such as cholera and malaria. As a result of climate Morris' 'The Haystack in the Floods'. change, the Gangotri Glacier, among others, is receding. Also, of the 3 million premature deaths in the world that occur each year due to outdoor and indoor Prakash Mech air pollution, the highest numbers are assessed to occur in India. Social issues Communal violence India has a diverse mix of various religions and races. The majority are Hindus by religion, followed by Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Whether it is modern or any ancient period, the domestic violence Bahaii and many more. Though most religions in India have been practising especially wife beating signifies the dominance of men over women. The religious tolerance in their histories, the partition and subsequent terrorism had domestic violence is also visible in Assamese literature reminding us of the created some degree of uneasiness among some. The uneducated masses of short story 'Bhadari' by Laxminath Bezbaruah. The reference of the great these various groups sometimes get at odds with one another. However, in Assamese story teller has been brought to here because no matter how recent years, relations between the different religious groups have considerably modern we become or civilized we are, as we claim, the domestic violence changed for better. For instance, a real chunk of India's celebrities - sporting bring us back to the barbarism. English people are considered as most civilized, legends, film stars, industrialists, artists, politicians, scientists, head-of-state, etc. posh and elegant people but even in their society the presence of domestic - have come from various non-majority roots, representing the emerging face violence make their position questionable. Keeping this in mind this paper of new diverse India. aims to study the domestic violence in Victorian era reflected in William Social divide Morris' 'The Haystack in the Floods'. The problem of India's social divide is often linked to its millennia-old caste Many of the writers of Victorian period reflect the social conditions of system. In an attempt to eliminate the caste system, the Indian government has the time. It was a period of development. The Industrial revolution and the introduced special quotas for low-caste Indians in educational institutions and French revolution influenced in the development of socio-political condition as jobs. The measure is with the motive of helping lower-caste Indians to pursue well as it brought some other social problems too. It was also a time of crime, higher education and thereby elevate their standard of life. However, the system poverty, domestic and street violence. The domestic violence especially the is often criticised about its effectiveness as so called creamy layer (rich among 'wife beating' is a major problem of this period. It is socially acceptable and the lower caste) get non-needed advantage & leave other lower caste groups may be seen as a characteristic of the lower classes, but "wife beating" is poor only. There also have been cases of reverse-discrimination and persecution prevalent in all classes. Many incidents of domestic violence in Victorian of upper castes by lower castes. times are influenced by alcohol. Caroline Norton, a Victorian author in mid nineteenth century England, commonly writes of her husband's continuous "wife-beating". Domestic violence during Victorian times is mainly attributed to the idea that the man is the ruler in the world. The man's responsibility of being a protector is the main idea in contributing to domestic violence. This attitude of the men in Victorian England was suggested by some religious

114 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 115 based subordination. This gave them an unwritten right to protect the women Sarto' he has mixed his own thought and has transfigured the life of the and as well as allowed him to use the violence if necessary. Also a lot of the painter to a sad, pathetic soul. While the monologue describes about the laws in Victorian England favored men. Men had legal power over most all pathetic tale of the moral and artistic failure of a talented painter, faultless of his wife's possessions, including her wages, children, and any inheritance. in execution, but devoid of any lofty purpose in his life of art also describes The comparison between the relationships of a wife and husband versus a about the poet's vision to art. slave and his master is very common in Victorian literature concerning domestic William Morris was a textile designer, writer, artist and utopian socialist violence. The laws of the Victorian era contributed to this relationship because associated with the Pre-Raphelite Brotherhood and the English arts and it gave the legal right for men to be overbearing: "It was widely accepted crafts movement. He was born in 24th March 1834 and died in 3rd October around the world that 'wife-beating- was included in a man's legal right power of 1896. Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction and translations of ancient over his wife and her property" (Michelle Nolte, "Spousal Abuse" Women's and medieval texts. His best known work includes 'The defence of Guenevere'; Issues Then and Now: A Feminist Overview of the Past Two Centuries). This 1858, 'The earthly Paradise'(1868-1870), 'A dream of John Ball' (1888), 'The violence was not taken seriously as it is today. Even the women accepted it Utopian news from nowhere' (1890) and fantasy romance 'The well at the as a way of life. world's end'(1896). 'The defense of Guenevere' and other poems was the The novelists and the poets of this period reflect the social conditions first book of Pre-Raphaelite poetry published in 1858. The dark poems set through their writings. Charles Dickens in A tale of two cities and Oliver in a somber world of violence, were coolly received by the critics and he was Twist , Emily Bronte in Wuthering Heights and William Thackeray in Vanity discouraged from publishing more for a number of years. 'The Haystack in Fair, Anne and Charlotte Bronte, George Eliot and other writers gave a the floods' is one of the poems of this collection. It is a grimy realistic piece picture of this time and the poets like Lord Alfred Tennyson, William Ernest set during the 'Hundred Years War' in which the doomed lovers Jehane and Henley's in 'Invictus', Matthew Arnold, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Elizabeth Robert have a last parting in convincingly portrayed rain swept countryside. It Barrett Browning, Robert Browning in 'My last duchess', 'Porphyria's lover', is a narrative poem of 160 lines, probably known as his best. It is grimy realistic William Morris especially in 'The Haystack in the floods' through their poetic piece of chase down and murder of Jehane and Robert by Godmar and his capability reveals it. knights in a France countryside. The poem is set in a real historic event of 1356 Reflecting the social conditions of a time in a literary work represents after the defeat of the French at Poiliters by Edward the black prince, an the writer's experience with the society. The writers try to evaluate their English knight, Sir Robert De Marney who is travelling through France with his experiences their moral values through their writings. This is why the mistress Jehane while suddenly surrounded by French enemy: autobiographical elements remain in their writings either hidden or in exposed The stirrup touching either shoe, position. Most of Browning's poetry revels his philosophy of life. In 'My last She rode astride as troopers do;". Duchess' the characterization of the duke and the duchess are delineated in masterly fashion. The tyranny, the pride, self conceit, the hard heartedness, "She rode astride as troopers do; the dictatorial attitude and greed of the duke has been thrown into the sharp With kirtle kilted to her knee, contrast to the genial and good nature of the duchess. The duchess is the To which the mud splashed wretchedly; frank hearted charming girl with a genial disposition and vest for life. But all And the wet dripped from every tree her expressions of delight and her frank innocence, uncorrupted by the ways Upon her head and heavy hair, of world, received only a cold reception at the hands of her husband, the And on her eyelids broad and fair; duke. Critics have found autobiographical elements in the poem. According The tears and rain ran down her face." to them the life of poet's wife, Elizabeth Barret Browning was just like that This is an incredibly vivid passage, rich with details: the wet, naked trees, of the duchess at her father's house. Louis S. Friedlander argues that the muddy ground, Jehane's matted hair and face streaked with rain and tears. duke referred to is Duke of Alfonso II of Ferrara. But Lionel Stevenson The poem also describes the indescribable love of Robert towards Jehane argues that Browning's duke is a composition of several members of the Este while she is falling for an unawaken sleep: Family including both Duke Alfonso and his father Ercole II and possibly "Nay, love, 'tis scarcely two to one, Duke Nicholas III. In one of the Browning's finest monologues 'Andrea del At Poictiers where we made them run

116 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 117 So fast -why, sweet my love, good cheer. The Gascon frontier is so near, Trollope narrates John Bold's turbulent agitation and his violent treatment of Nought after this.". his horse after his meeting with Dr. Grantly. Both 'The Warden' and 'The Though the poem is of doomed lovers, but also reflects a picture of Haystack in the floods' are similar and have detailed description of violent hatred, jealousy, greed of Godmas which ultimately brings the death end of conflict. Morris presents realistic image of graphic violence and only briefly these two lovers. Godmar is mesmerized by Jehane's beauty and offers suggests Jehane's emotional and psychological response to witnessing her "Jehane, on yonder hill there stands lover's death. In contrast while Trollope's physical representation of Bold's My castle, guarding well my lands: violence towards his horse is minimal, he includes detailed explanations of the What hinders me from taking you, psychological conflict and emotional anguish he experiences so accurately. And doing that I list to do In 'The Haystack in the floods' the violence is represented in a war domain To your fair wilful body, while background at its first place. But the study of emotional and psychological Your knight lies dead?" responses of the characters makes us believe it as a common love story. If But Jehane refuses his proposal with a 'wicked smile': we discount the historical effect from the poem we will find that one man A wicked smile kills another for a girl. When Godmar proposes Jehane, she refused and she Wrinkled her face, her lips grew thin, was punished to watch her lover's death. It is a kind of domestic violence A long way out she thrust her chin: where the powerful, greedy person tries to get the woman's company by "You know that I should strangle you showing his power and wealth and the refusal ultimately brings the two While you were sleeping; or bite through lover's death. Through the character of Godmar and his psychological behavior Your throat, by God's help -ah!" makes the presence of domestic violence in this poem. He shows the The necrophilic scenario of rape and murder doesnot quiet Jehane. She dominance of the powerful man over woman. His character is similar to the threatens Godmar to kill him while she sleeps by strangling him or biting character of Duke in 'My last Duchess' . The tyranny, the pride, self conceit, through his throat. Godmar's leering description of Jehane and he 'smooth', the hard heartedness, the dictorial attitude and greed of Godmar is similar to 'sweet' shoulders are the speech of a sociopath and sadist. While she falls Duke. Both the poet, Browning and Morris present the violence through their into a dreamless sleep, she observes: unique and different technique and poetic talent. The sufferings of women in "The long bright blade without a flaw the male dominated society portray the status of them. Morris portrays the Glide out from Godmar's sheath, his hand violence in this poem in a historical background. Violence in his poem is In Robert's hair; she saw him bend present through vivid imagery and he conveys the grisly scene of Robert's Back Robert's head; she saw him send decapitation in a realistic manner. So, he articulates his theme that ruthless The thin steel down; the blow told well, power and insatiable greed lead to depravity and irreversible tragic Right backward the knight Robert fell, consequences. And moaned as dogs do, being half dead, Unwitting, as I deem: so then Godmar turned grinning to his men, BIBLIOGRAPHY Who ran, some five or six, and beat a) Long, William J. English Literature. Bookland, Guwahati. 2006-07. His head to pieces at their feet." Morris casts a cold, clear eye on his characters. He eschews affection towards them, and is not afraid to see them as they are. Even if our sympathies go out instinctively toward Robert and Jehane, the ostensible victims in the poem, that feeling is artificially enhanced when compared to the cruelty and Darwinian drive of Godmar. In contrast to this gruesome portrayal of violence and its devastating emotional effect is similar to 'The Warden' in which

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Swetabhuja „ 123

122 ’±1n∏ Ú±Ú± ά◊¬ÛÕÚ¸˝√√ ø¬ıø‰¬S ¬Û±˝√√±1-∆ˆ¬˚˛±˜À1 ˚≈À· ˚≈À· ά◊1Ì, ¬ı≈1Ì, ·Ê√Ú, w˜Ì ë¤ 1±øÓ¬ ¬Û≈˝√√±˝◊√√À˘± Œ1 ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬±ø1ø¬ıÒ Ê√œª1 ¬ı±¸ˆ¬”ø˜1+À¬Û Ÿ¬ø¯∏-˜≈øÚ, ¸≈ÒœÊ√Ú1 ¬ıøµÓ¬¬ ’¸˜ 1±Ê√… ˜ÀÚ±1˜ fl≈¡1n∏ª±˝◊√√ ø√˘± 1±ªº õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬-ˆ¬”ø˜1+À¬Û ‚±˝◊√√Õfl¡ øfl¡1±Ó¬Ê√ Ò˜«Àé¬S¶§1+À¬Û õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˙±¶afl¡±1¸fl¡˘1 ¡Z±1± ’í ¬ı±1œÓ¬ ¬ı±·ø1 fl¡±Àµ ˚Ê≈√«À¬ı√, 1±˜±˚˛Ì, ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±1Ó¬, fl¡±ø˘fl¡± ¬Û≈1±Ì, Œ˚±ø·ÚœÓ¬La, fl¡±˜±‡…± Ó¬La, ˝√√1À·Ã1œ ¸•§±√ ≈√øȬ ¬ı±‚1 Â√±ªºº ’±ø√Ó¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸”ÀS ’¸˜ 1±Ê√…1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı‘M√√, õ∂±·‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡, ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸1n∏ÀÓ¬ ά◊M√√1 fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 Ú˘¬ı±1œ ’=˘Ó¬ ¬Û≈ªøÓ¬ øÚ˙± fl≈¡1n∏ª± ‰¬1±˝◊√√1 ˜±Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ı± ¬ı“±˝√√- Ó¬Ô± ¶§1±ÀÊ√±M√√1 ˚≈·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì1 ¬Û1± ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ˚≈·1 fl≈¡fl≈¡1± ‰¬1±˝◊√√1 ˜±Ó¬Ó¬ 1±øÓ¬¬Û≈ª±1 ¸Ày√ Œ¬Û±ª± ∆·øÂ√˘º ’±øÊ√fl¡±ø˘ Ú·À1-‰¬˝√√À1 Œ¬Û±˝√√Úœ˚˛± Ê√Ú¸˜ø©Ü, Ê√Ú¬ı¸øÓ¬, Ê√Úõ∂¬ıËÊ√Ú, Ê√Ú¸—‡…±1 ¬ı‘øX, Ê√Úfl‘¡ø©Ü, Ê√ij, ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√, ˜1ÌÀfl¡fœfl¡ fl≈¡fl≈¡1±˝◊√√ ø√ÀÚ-1±øÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1 ¬ÛÀ1 [õ∂˝√√À1 õ∂˝√√À1] ά±fl¡ ø√À˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±˜Àfl¡ ·“±Àª-ˆ¬”À¤û fl≈¡1n∏ª± ’±‰¬±1-ø¬ı‰¬±1, ’±˝√√±1-øÚ^±-ˆ¬˚˛-∆˜Ô≈Ú Ó¬Ô± Ò˜«±Ò˜« :±Ú, ’i߬ı¶a, ·‘˝√√1鬱, ø¬ı¬Û√- ‰¬1±˝◊√√, ¬ı“±˝√√-fl≈¡fl≈¡1± ’±ø√À˚˛ fl¡À1º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 ø˙˚˛±À˘ 1±øÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1 ¬ÛÀ1 ’Ô«±» øÓ¬øÚ ‚∞I◊±1 ˜”À1 ≈√À˚«±·, fl‘¡ø¯∏-ά◊À√…±·, ¬ı…ª¸±˚˛-¬ı±øÌÊ√…, ¸—À˚±·-¬Ûø1¬ı˝√√Ì, ˚±Ó¬±˚˛±Ó¬ ’±ø√ fl¡±ø˚˛fl¡, ˜”À1 ëŒ˝√√±ª±í ø√À˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ ·¤û±1 ø¬ıù´±¸º Ò±1±¸±À1 ¬ı1¯∏≈Ì ø√˚˛± ¬ıÓ¬1Ó¬ 1±øÓ¬ ˚ø√ ø˙˚˛±À˘ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡, ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ô¶11 ø‰¬ôL±-fl¡˜«, :±Ú-ˆ¬øMê√ ’±ø√1 ’Ô« ˜±øȬ-˜±Ú≈˝√√ ’±1n∏ ˜Ú1 ¬Û1 ’Ú≈¸ø1 ëŒ˝√√±ª±í ø√À˚˛, ŒÓ¬ÀôL ø¬Û‰¬ø√Ú± ¬ıÓ¬1 Ù¬1fl¡±˘ ˝√√í¬ı ¬ı≈ø˘ ·¤û± 1±˝◊√√Ê√1 ø¬ıù´±¸º 1+¬Û±˚˛Ì1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ Ê√Ú-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı± Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ˜”˘…±—fl¡Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ¤˚˛± Ê√Úø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı± Œ˘±fl¡ø¬ıù´±¸1 øÚ√˙«Úº ¬ıUÀÓ¬ ë’gø¬ıù´±¸í ¬ı≈ø˘ Ê√Úø¬ıù´±¸fl¡ ά◊¬Û˘≈„√√± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˙søȬ ˝◊√√1±—Ê√œ ëfl¡±˘‰¬±1í ˙s1 ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ’±1n∏ Ê√Ú-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı± Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡ø1 øÚÊ√1 :±Ú1 ’gÓ¬±À˝√√ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ’±fl¡±˙Ó¬ 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ¬ı± ˝◊√√fÀÒÚ≈ ¬Û”¬ı Ù¬ífl¡ fl¡±˘‰¬±11 ¬Ûø1ˆ¬±¯∏±1+À¬Û Ò1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√1±Ê√œ Ù¬ífl¡˘í11 ’¸˜œ˚˛± õ∂øÓ¬˙s ¬ı± ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Œ√ø‡ ·¤û±˝◊√√ ¬ı±ø1¯∏± ¬ıÓ¬11 ¬ı±Ú¬Û±Úœ ’±1n∏ Œ‡øÓ¬-¬ı±øÓ¬1 ’±·Ó¬œ˚˛± qˆ¬±qˆ¬ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« Ê√Úfl‘¡ø©Ü, Ê√Ú-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬, Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1+À¬Û ¬Û”¬ı«¸≈1œ ¸≈¬ÛøGÓ¬ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ά"√√1 ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡À1ñ ë¬Û”À¬ı Ò±Ú, ¬Ûø(À˜ ¬ı±Úí ’Ô«±» ¬Û”¬ı ’±fl¡±˙Ó¬ 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ Œ√ø‡À˘ Ò±Ú1 Œ‡øÓ¬ õ∂Ù≈¬~ √M√√ Œ·±¶§±˜œ ’±ø√À˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ë’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ’±ˆ¬±¸í ˆ¬±˘ ˝√√í¬ı ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ Œ√‡± ø√À˘ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¬ı±Ú¬Û±ÚœÀ˝√√ ˝√√í¬ıº ¤ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 ¬ı‰¬Ú-õ∂¬ı‰¬Ú1 ¢∂LöÓ¬ ά"√√1 Ú¬ıœÚ ‰¬f ˙˜«±˝◊√√ ëŒ˘±fl¡ø¬ı√…±í ¬Û√ÀȬ± õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1±À˝√√ ’øÒfl¡ ˚≈øMê√¸—·Ó¬ Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸˜1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¬Û≈ª±1 ¬Û1± øÚ˙±Õ˘Àfl¡, Ê√Ú˜, ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√-˜1Ì, ’±˝√√±1-ø¬ı˝√√±1, ˙˚˛Ú- ¬ı≈ø˘ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ø√ÀÂ√º Œ˘±fl¡ø¬ı√…± [Ù¬ífl¡˘í1] ˙sÀȬ± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¡-Ê√œªÚ1 ¬ı± ¸À¬Û±Ú, ˚±S±, 1Ì ø¬ı¢∂˝√√, Œ‡øÓ¬-¬ı±øÓ¬, Ò1˜-fl¡1˜1 Œé¬SÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú Ò±1̱ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡ø1 ’±ÀÂ√º Ê√ÚÊ√œªÚ1 ¸fl¡À˘± :±ÚÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø1¬ı ’±1n∏ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬, Œ˘±fl¡-ø¬ı√…±1 ’ôL·«Ó¬ ¤È¬± ‚1 ¸±øÊ√¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±ø˝√√«¶§1+À¬Û fl¡˚˛ñ ¬Û”À¬ı ˝√√“±˝√√, ¬ÛøÂ√À˜ ¬ı“±˝√√, ά◊M√√À1 &ª±, √ø‡ÀÚ Ò≈ª±º ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ∆˝√√ ¬Ûø1¬ıº ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ’Ô« ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ’¸˜1 ·“±Àª-ˆ¬”À¤û ‚1-¬ı±1œ ¸±ÀÊ√±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û”¬ı ¬ı± √øé¬ÌÙ¬±À˘ Ú„√√˘± fl¡ø1À˘ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ˆ¬±˘, ¬Û”¬ı1 Ù¬±À˘ ˝√√“±˝√√ ‰¬ø1¬ı1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬Û≈‡≈1œ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ˘±À·, ¬Ûø(˜Ù¬±À˘ ¬ı“±˝√√øÚ fl¡ø1 ·Â√- 2.0 ’±˜±1 ’±À˘±‰¬… ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı± ’¸˜1 Ê√Ú-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ’¸˜1 ·Â√øÚ 1n∏˝◊√√ ¬ÛÀ‰¬±ª± ¬ıÓ¬±˝√√1 ¬Û1± 1鬱1 ¬ı…ª¶ö± ˘±À·º ¬ı±1œ-‚11 ά◊M√√À1 Ó¬±À˜±˘ ·Â√ 1n∏¬ı Œ˘±fl¡ø¬ı√…± ¬ı± Œ˘±fl¡-¸”S1 [Ù¬ífl¡˘í1] Ó¬±øNfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ú±1±ø‡ ’¸˜1 ¬Û±˝√√±À1- ˘±À·º ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬±À˜±˘·Â√fl¡ ’±|˚˛ fl¡ø1 ¬Û±Ì1 Œ‡øÓ¬› ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì ’¸˜œ˚˛± ∆ˆ¬˚˛±À˜ øfl¡√À1 øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˚Ô±¸yª ¸1˘ˆ¬±Àª øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¤øȬ ’ø¬Û1˝√√±˚« ¸•§˘ – ’Ô«±» Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ’¸˜ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ ά◊√±˝√√1Ì √±ø„√√ Òø1À˘± – ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±1 ¬Û1± 1962 ˝◊√√— ‰¬ÚÀÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ¸±¬ı«Ê√ڜں ¸fl¡À˘±Ò1Ì1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ά◊»¸ª, ά◊¬Û˘é¬, Ò˜«-fl‘¡Ó¬…±ø√1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ë’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬í [õ∂À˜±√ ‰¬f ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] ’±1n∏ ë’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±Ò≈í Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì1 ˙1±˝◊√√ Ú˝√√íÀ˘ Ú‰¬À˘º Ú±˜-õ∂¸—·, ø¬ıU-ø¬ı˚˛±, Ê√ijfl‘¡Ó¬…, ˜‘Ó¬fl¡1 øSê˚˛±fl¡±G, [ø¬ıù´Ú±1±˚˛Ì ˙±¶aœ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] Ú±˜1 ¢∂Lö ≈√‡ÚÓ¬ ’±1n∏ 1969 ‡Ëœ–Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ë’¸˜1 ’±˘˝√√œ-’øÓ¬øÔ Œ¸ª± ’±ø√Ó¬ Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±ÀÂ√º ‰”¬Ì-Ò“¬Û±Ó¬, Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì Œ˘±fl¡-ά◊»¸ªí [õ∂À˜±√ ‰¬f ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« 1ø‰¬Ó¬] ¬Û≈øÔ1 ’±Ò±1Ó¬ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±À1 Œ‡±ª±1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬› ’¸˜1 ’±ø√˜ ’±‰¬±1 ¬ı± Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› ’¸˜1 ’ø©Ü™fl¡ ¬ı± Ó¬Ô± ‰¬‰«¬± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌÀ1 ά◊√±˝√√1ÌÀ¬ı±1 ‰¬˜≈Õfl¡À˝√√ ’±·¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√√ÀÂ√±º ’¸˜1 ·“±Àª-ˆ¬”À¤û ¬Û±˝√√±À1- ‡±ø‰¬˚˛±-Ê√˚˛ôLœ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±-ˆ¬±¯∏œ¸fl¡À˘ Ó¬±À˜±˘ ¬ı± Œfl¡±Àª ¬Û±Ì-‰”¬Ì Ò“¬Û±ÀÓ¬À1 ‡±˝◊√√ ˜≈‡‡Ú ∆ˆ¬˚˛±À˜ Ú·1œ˚˛± ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ Ê√œªÚ1 ¬Û1± ’±“Ó¬1Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ fl¡1± Ê√Ú·ÀÌ ‚άˇœ-‚∞I◊±, ø¬ıÊ≈˘œ‰¬±øfl¡ 1„√√‰≈¬ª± fl¡ø1 1±À‡º ˜—·˘˚˛√ ¬ı± øfl¡1±Ó¬ Œ·±á¬œ1 ¬ıÀάˇ±, 1±ˆ¬±, øά˜±‰¬±, ·±À1±, ø˜ø‰¬—, ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª±Õfl¡ ø√Ú-¬ı±1, ˜±˝√√, fl¡±˘-Ÿ¬Ó≈¬ ’±ø√1 ·ÌÚ± fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º ø¬ÛÓ¬±-˜±Ó¬±, ¬Û”¬ı« ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 øÓ¬ª±, fl¡±ø¬ı«, Ú·± ’±ø√À˚˛› Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡À1º Œ˚±ø·ÚœÓ¬LaÓ¬ fl¡±˜1+¬Û-fl¡±˜±‡…±1 ÚœøÓ¬-øÚ˚˛˜, ’±‰¬±1-¬ı…ª˝√√±11 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ά±fl¡1 ¬ı‰¬Ú, ‡Ú±1 ¬ı‰¬Ú, &1n∏-Œ·±¸“±˝◊√√, ˆ¬fl¡Ó¬-∆¬ı¯ûª, 1±Ê√…±=˘fl¡ Œ√ªœÀé¬S ¬ı± Œ˚±ø·Úœ ¬ÛœÍ¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡ø1 ¸±ø˜¯∏ ‡±√…-¬ı…ª¶ö±, ¬Û±Ú- ·±“›¬ı≈Ϭˇ±, Œ√›Ò±˝◊√√-Œ√›ÒÚœ ’±ø√1 õ∂ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ¤ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 Ê√Ú·ÀÌ ‰¬1±˝◊√√-ø‰¬ø1fl¡øȬ, Ê√c1 ˜±Ó¬ Œˆ¬±Ê√Ú, Ó¬±À˜±˘1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ’±ø√1 Œé¬SÓ¬ øfl¡1±Ó¬ Ò˜«1 õ∂±Ò±Ú…Ê√øÚÓ¬ ’±‰¬±1-ø¬ıøÒ1 ¬ıÌ«Ú± ’Ú≈¸ø1 ø√Ú-1±øÓ¬1 ¬ı≈Ê√ ˘˚˛ñ ø√˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ

124 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 125 fl¡±˜1+¬Û— Œ√ªœÀé¬S— fl≈¡S±ø¬Û Ó¬»¸˜— Ú ‰¬º Œ˜˝◊√√ÀÓ¬˝◊√√¸fl¡˘ ά◊ißÓ¬ Ê√±øÓ¬¸N±1+À¬Û ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛Q ¬Ûø1˝√√±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√√ ’Ú…S ø¬ı1˘± Œ√øª fl¡±˜1+À¬Û ·‘À˝√√ ·‘À˝√√ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı≈˝◊√√, Ȭ±—‡≈˘, ˜±1, fl≈¡øfl¡ ’±øÀ˚˛√À˝√√ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± ’Ú≈¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ ·Ì… ¸À¬ı«À˙± Œ˚±ø·Úœ ¬ÛœÀͬ Ò•ú«Õfl¡1±Ó¬Ê√ ˜Ó¬– ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ˜‚±˘˚˛ÀÓ¬± ‡±ø‰¬˚˛±, Ê√˚˛ôLœ˚˛±, ·±À1±¸fl¡˘ ά◊ißÓ¬ Ê√±øÓ¬¸N±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚ fl¡±˜1+À¬Û Ó≈¬ ¸Ú…±¸ô¶Ô± √œ‚«•úÓ¬— øõ∂À˚˛º ·øÓ¬õ∂ª±˝√√1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬À˚˛ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û˚«±˚˛1 ¬Û1± ø˙©Ü, ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬, Ú Ó¬…ÀÊ√» ¸±ø˜¯∏— Œ√øª ¬ıËp¡‰¬˚«…˜Ó¬— Ú ‰¬ºº Ú·1œ˚˛± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 Ù¬±À˘ ·øÓ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1, ¬ı“±˝√√1 ø¬ıø¬ıÒ õ∂‰¬˘Ú, ¸—¸·« ¬Û±Ó¬fl¡ÕÚ¬ı ¶aœ Ò˜« Ò˜«˜±|˚˛—º ‚1n∏ª± ˜√ ¬ı± ˘±›¬Û±Úœ1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1, Ó“¬±Ó¬1 ˙±˘1 Œ¬ı±ª±-fl¡È¬±, ˜”1 ø‰¬fl¡±1, ˙1œ1Ó¬ ’±“fl¡- Ú qw√˙Ú— ¶aœÚ±— Ó¬±•§”˘±˙± ¸√± ˆ¬ÀªÓ¬º ¬ı“±fl¡ ø√˚˛± ’±ø√ ¬Û≈1øÌ ˜À·±˘œ˚˛ ¬ı± øfl¡1±Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± Ê√Ú¸˜ø©ÜÀ˚˛ ’Ú≈¸1Ì ˝√√—¸ ¬Û±1±ªÓ¬— ˆ¬é¬…— fl”¡•ú«— ¬ı1±˝√√À˜ª ‰¬º fl¡ø1À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√º ’¸˜1 ¬Û±˝√√±À1-∆ˆ¬˚˛±À˜ ∆¬ıÂ√±&, ’±ø˘ ’±˝◊√√ ø˘·±— ’±ø√ ø¬ıø¬ıÒ 1+À¬ÛÀ1 fl¡±˜1+À¬Û ¬Ûø1Ó¬…±·±V≈·«øÓ¬ô¶¸… ¸yª–ºº ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡1± ø¬ıU ά◊»¸ª1 ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬, Ú‘Ó¬…-¬ı±√…, ¬Û±Ú-Œˆ¬±Ê√Ú, ø¬Ûͬ±-¬ÛÚ±, Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì, ˙1±˝◊√√- ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 Œ˘‡ÚœÀ˚˛ ‡Ëœ©Üœ˚˛ ¡Z±√˙-SÀ˚˛±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 ’Ô«±» ’±À˝√√±˜¸fl¡˘1 ’¸˜ Ê√±ø¬Û, ∆√-ø‰¬1±, ø¬ıUª±Ú, √œ‚˘Ó¬œ-˜±ø‡˚˛Ó¬œ, Ȭfl¡±, Œ¬Û“¬Û±, ŒÏ¬±˘, ··Ú±, ‡±˜, ˜±√˘, fl¡±Ï¬ˇ± 1±Ê√…Ó¬ 1±Ê√Q õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡±˘1 ¸˜±Ê√ Ê√œªÚ1 Ò˜«œ˚˛ Ó¬Ô± ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…1 ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√À˚˛º Ú˘ ’±ø√Ó¬ ÚøV«fl¡ ’±˚«øˆ¬iß Ê√Ú·Ì1 Ê√œªÚ-1n∏ø‰¬1 ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ›¬Û1Ó¬ ά◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ’±ø√˜ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ∆ÚøµÚ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ Ò˜«1 õ∂±Ò±Ú… ’±øÂ√˘º fl¡±ø˘fl¡± ¬Û≈1±Ì Ó¬Ô± Œ˚±ø·ÚœÓ¬La Ó¬±À˜±˘-¬Û±Ì1 ‰”¬Ì-Ò“¬Û±ÀÓ¬À1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ’ø©Ü™fl¡-˜—·˘˚˛√ Ê√Ú·Ì1 Ê√œªÚ1 ¬Û1± ’¸˜1 ¬Û≈øÔ ≈√‡ÀÚ ¬Û≈1øÌ ’¸˜1 Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡, Ò˜«œ˚˛, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ó¬Ô± ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œªÚ1 ¬ıUÀÓ¬± ¸¬ı«¸±Ò±1Ì ’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ‡øÓ¬˚˛fl¡-Œ1±ªÌœ, ά±-ά±„√√1œ˚˛± ’±1n∏ ’±À˝√√±˜ ¶§·«À√ά◊¸fl¡À˘ 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Ò±1̱1 ¸—À˚±· ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ÚøV«fl¡ ’±˚«¸fl¡˘1 ’ø¢ü¬Û”Ê√± ˚Ó¬Ú, ¤øάˇ-˜≈·±-¬Û±È¬ ’±1n∏ fl¡¬Û±˝√√œ ø˙ä1 ‚1n∏ª±Õfl¡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ‰¬‰«¬±-øfl¡1±Ó¬ [˜—·˘˚˛√] Ó¬Ô± ˚:±UøÓ¬1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ^±ø¬ıάˇœ Ù≈¬˘-Ù¬À˘À1 ¬Û”Ê√± 1± ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ˜—À·±˘˚˛√ øfl¡1±Ó¬ ’±1n∏ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¬Ûø1‰¬±˚˛fl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ√˙œ-ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ø√ÀÂ√º ’ø©Ü™fl¡ ¬ıø˘-ø¬ıÒ±Ú Ó¬Ô± Ô˘≈ª± Ó¬La-˜La ’±ø√À˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì1 Ê√œªÚÓ¬ fl¡íÓ¬, øfl¡˜±Ú ¬Ûø1˜±ÀÌ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ Ò˜«1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± õ∂ˆ¬±ª±øi§Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ñ Œ¬Û±ÚÂ√±ÀȬ øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1º ’¸˜1 ÚøV«fl¡ ’±˚«1 Ò˜«1 Ò±1±Ó¬ 4.0 ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ Ò˜«1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛±º ’±ø√˜ Ê√Ú·Ì1 ˜Ú ’±˚«øˆ¬iß ’ø©Ü™fl¡-^±ø¬ıάˇœ-˜—À·±˘˚˛-øfl¡1±Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±ÚÀ¬ı±11 õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ˜”˘…±—fl¡Ú fl¡1±ÀȬ± Ò˜«¸±À¬Ûé¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ’±˝√√±1, øÚ^±, ˆ¬˚˛, ∆˜Ô≈Ú ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬±ø1ø¬ıÒ ∆Ê√øªfl¡ õ∂øSê˚˛±1 Œé¬SÀÓ¬± ¸≈fl¡øÍ¬Ú ˝√√í¬ıº ¬Û1•Û1± ’Ú≈¸ø1 Ò˜«±‰¬1Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ’±˚«ø˝√√µ≈, Œfl¡Ãø˘fl¡ ’±ø√˜¬ÛLöœ, Œ¬ıÃX, ∆Ê√Ú, ˝◊√√Â√˘±˜, Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¶§1+¬Û ø˙‡, ‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú ’±ø√ Ò˜«œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡±‰¬±À1 ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ø¬ıø¬ıÒ øÚ√˙«ÚÓ¬ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì 3.0 ’¸˜1 Ê√Ú·Ì1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÊ√ ¬ı± Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛-’Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ò˜«1 ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬± ’Ú≈¸ø1 ’±˝√√±1 ¢∂˝√√Ì1 õ∂fl¡±1, ¸±ø˜¯∏, øÚ1±ø˜¯∏ ¬ı± ø˜ø|Ó¬ 1+¬Û1 ¸Ó¬ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛ – Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÊ√ ¬ı± Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ’ôL·«Ó¬º ’¸˜1 ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º Œfl“¡‰¬±, 1g±, ø¸ÀÊ√±ª± ’Ô¬ı± ˆ¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ø√˚˛± ‡±√… ø¬ıø¬ıÒ 1gÚ õ∂fl¡1ÀÌÀ1 õ∂dÓ¬ ¬Û±˝√√±1-∆ˆ¬˚˛±˜Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ fl¡ø1 Ôfl¡± ’±ø√˜ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÊ√ ¬ıÀάˇ±, øά˜±‰¬±, 1±ˆ¬±, ·±À1±, ‡±øÂ√, fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ά±fl¡1 ¬ı‰¬Ú ’Ú≈¸ø1 ë¬Ûfl¡± ŒÓ“¬ÀÓ¬˘œ ¬ı≈Ϭˇ± ¬ı1±ø˘í1 ’±?± ‡±¬ıÕ˘ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 Ê√˚˛ôLœ˚˛±, fl¡±ø¬ı«, øÓ¬ª±, ø˜ø‰¬—, Œ√ά◊1œ, Ú·±, ˜±1-fl≈¡øfl¡, ø˜ÀÊ√±, Œ˜˝◊√√ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’±ø√À˚˛ SêÀ˜ Ú·1œ˚˛± øÊ√ˆ¬±1 ¬Û±Úœ ¬ÛÀ1º ë˙±Àfl¡-Œ˙±Àfl¡±Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˆ¬é¬Ì, Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 ˘é¬Ìí ¬ı≈ø˘ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¬ı± ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 õ∂ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ¬Ûø1ø˙©Ü ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’±˝√√1Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ø˙©Ü Ó¬Ô± Œ˘±fl¡¬ı‰¬Ú ·±˚˛º ˙±fl¡-¬Û±‰¬ø˘1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1, øÓ¬Ó¬±-‡±1, fl¡±U√œ-‡±1ø˘, ¬ı“±˝√√1 ·“±Ê√, ‡ø1‰¬±, ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ Ê√±øÓ¬À¬ı±À1± ’±ø√˜ 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126 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 127 ø˝√√µ≈ Ò˜«œ˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬Ô± ’Ú…±Ú… Ò˜«œ Ê√Ú·Ì1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬i߈¬±Àª ‰¬ø˘ ’±ÀÂ√º ‚1-≈√ª±1 ·Â√ ¬ı±ÀÔà Œ√ªÓ¬±1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡1+À¬Û Œ‰¬±Ó¬±˘1 ά◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı Ù¬±À˘ ¸Ê√± ¬ı±ÀÔà Œ¬ı√œÓ¬ Œ1±ª± ’±1n∏ ’±|˚˛¶ö±Ú øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1 øÚ^±¸≈‡, øÊ√1øÌ, ’±¸Ú, ˙˚…± ’±ø√ õ∂dÓ¬fl¡1ÌÀÓ¬± Ò˜«1 ˝√√˚˛º øÂ√ [ø¸] ˜±ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ¬ı± ’±ø√ ’±1n∏ ·ÀÊ√à ˜±ÀÚ ›‡- ¤˝◊√√ ’±ø√ ά◊2‰¬ ¬ı‘鬽◊√√ ø˙ª ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√º Œ√›¬Û”Ê√±1 ø¬ıù´±¸, ¬Û±Úœ, ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡•Û, ’±À¢ü˚˛ø·ø1, õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±· ø˘—·1 ¸˜±Ô«fl¡1+À¬Û ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º Œ‰¬±Ó¬±˘1 ¬ı±ÀÔÃ1 Œ¬ı√œ1 ά◊¬Ûø1 ά◊M√√1Ù¬±À˘ Ôfl¡± ’±ø√Õ˘ ˆ¬˚˛-ø¬ıˆ¬œø¯∏fl¡± Ò˜« ’Ú≈¸ø1 øˆ¬Ú øˆ¬Ú ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ ’±1n∏ 1øÓ¬øSê˚˛±, Ê√ijõ∂fl¡1Ì ’±ø√› ¬ı1‚11 ¬Û”¬ı1 1g±-¬ıϬˇ± Œfl¡±Í¬±øȬӬ ¬ı±ÀÔÃ, [ø˙ª], ‡±˜±˝◊√√‡± [fl¡±˜±‡…±], ˜±˝◊√√Ú±›¬ıËœ [˘Ñœ] Ò˜« ’Ú≈¸ø1 ø¬ıø‰¬Sº ’±1n∏ ¬ı≈~œ¬ıËœ1 [ˆ¬1˘œ¬ı≈Ϭˇœ] Ô±¬ÛÚ±-¬Û±øÓ¬ øÚÀӬà ¬Û”Ê√±-Œ¸ª± fl¡À1º ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡À˘ Ú±Ú± Œ√ªÓ¬± ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ø¬ı¸±˘ ˜±Úªœ˚˛ ¬Ûø1øÒÓ¬ Ò˜«1 ˆ¬”˜fl¡±1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À1±ÀÓ¬, ’±1n∏ Œ√›-ˆ¬”Ó¬1 ’øô¶Q ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ Œ¬ı˜±1-’±Ê√±1 ”√1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¤˝◊√√À¬ı±1fl¡ ¬Û”Ê√±- Ê√Àάˇ±¬Û±¸Ú±, ˆ”¬Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬1 ¬Û”Ê√± ’±ø√1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œfl¡±ª±ÀȬ± ¸˜œ‰¬œÚ ˝√√í¬ıº ∆¬ıø√fl¡ ø˝√√µ≈ Ò˜«fl¡ ¬Û±Ó¬˘ ø√À˚˛º Ó¬La-˜La, Ê√1±-Ù≈¬fl¡±› fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ˜±√˘œ-Á¡±¬Û-¬ıÀÚï∏øÒ [¬ıÀ1±øÚ Ê√˘—·± ¬Û1˜¬ıËp¡¬ı±√œ ¬ı≈ø˘, Œ¬ıÃX, ∆Ê√Ú, ø˙‡ Ò˜«fl¡ ά◊¬Û±¸Ú±˜”˘fl¡ Ó¬Ô± ¸Ó¬…±|˚˛œ1+À¬Û ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ fl¡1± – fl¡±ø˘‰¬1Ì ¬ıËp¡] ’±ø√À1± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ’±ÀÂ√º ˜”˘Ó¬– ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡˘ ¤Àfl¡ù´1 ¸¬ı«˙øMê√˜±Ú1 ˝√√˚˛ ˚ø√› Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œfl¡Ãø˘fl¡¬ÛLöœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ Ê√Àάˇ±¬Û±¸fl¡ [¤øÚø˜ø©Üfl¡] ’±1n∏ ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬1 ¬Û”Ê√fl¡º ¤Ê√Ú ÷ù´À1˝◊√√ ˜Ó«¬…À˘±fl¡Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±1Àˆ¬À√ Ê√œª¸fl¡˘fl¡ ˙±¸Ú fl¡À1º ¬ı±ÀÔìı≈Ϭˇ± ø¬ıù´±¸œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± Œ√˙œ-ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ø√ ∆·ÀÂ√º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ÀÓ¬ ’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ [ø˙ª] ’±1n∏ ¬ı±ÀÔìı≈ϬˇœÀ˚˛ ˜Ó«¬…À˘±fl¡1 S±Ìfl¡Ó«¬± ’±1n∏ ˆ¬·ª±Ú ’±˝√√±˜ &1n∏Àª ¤fl¡˜±S ¬ı± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 Œfl¡Ãø˘fl¡ Ò˜«¬ÛLö±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1‰¬í1±Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ Úfl¡1±Õfl¡À˚˛ ’±˚«ø˝√√µ≈Ò˜«1 ¸‘ø©Üfl¡Ó«¬±º ¶§·«œ˚˛ fl¡˘±&1n∏ ø¬ı¯≈ûõ∂¸±√ 1±ˆ¬±1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ’¸˜Ó¬ ˚íÀÓ¬ ¬ı±ÀÔà ø˙ª1 ¶ö±Ú ’±ÀÂ√, ¬Û1•Û1± ’Ô¬ı± ‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú Ò˜«1 ‹øÓ¬˝√√…1 ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 ά◊¬Û1n∏ª±Õfl¡ Œ√˙œ-ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ Ó¬±1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±ÀÔìı≈Ϭˇœ fl¡±˜±‡…±1 Ô±ÀÚ± ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ’”√1Ó¬ ˆ¬1˘œ [¬ı≈~œ¬ı≈Ϭˇœ] ¬ı± ˆ¬1˘≈ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±‰¬±1-¬ı…ª˝√√±1, Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸fl¡ Ê√Àάˇ±¬Û±¸Ú± ’±1n∏ ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬1 ¬Û”Ê√± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª±ÀȬ± Ú√œ ∆¬ı ∆·ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«Ó¬ Ó¬±øLafl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬±·˜ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡±ªiß [¬ı±ªiß]‡Ú Œ√ªœ ¬ÛœÍ¬ ¬ı± Œ˚±øÚ ˆ≈¬˘ Ó¬Ô…¸˜˘1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘º ’±˜±1 Ó¬Ô… ’±˝√√1̘ÀÓ¬ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ò˜«1 ø¬ıù´±¸Ó¬ ¬ÛœÍ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚±øÚ ¬ÛœÍ¬1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸—˚≈Mê√ ø˙ª ¬ÛœÀͬ± ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸¬ı«˙øMê√˜±Ú ¸N± ¤øȬ1 Ò±1̱ øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬1 ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸fl¡À˘± Ò˜«ÀÓ¬, ά◊˜±Úµ ø˙ª [¬ı±ÀÔÃ], Úœ˘±‰¬˘1 fl¡±˜±‡…± ’±1n∏ fl¡±¯∏1ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬1˘≈ Ú√œ1 ’ªø¶öøÓ¬1 ά◊¬Ûø1› ’±Úøfl¡ ∆¬ıø√fl¡ ’±˚«ø˝√√µ≈, ‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú Ò˜«ÀÓ¬± ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬, ¬ıœ1±, ˚‡-˚ø‡Úœ, ά±˝◊√√Úœ ˜Ò… ’¸˜Ó¬ fl¡ø˘˚˛±¬ı11 fl¡±¯∏1 fl¡±˜±‡…±, ά◊M√√1¬Û±11 ø¬ıù´Ú±Ô ˜øµ1, ˆ¬1˘œ Ú√œ, ˙ø√˚˛±1 ’±ø√1 ’øô¶Q ˜±øÚ ∆˘ ˝◊√√À¬ı±11 fl≈¡-‘√ø©Ü ’±ø√ ’±“Ó¬À1±ª±1 ’ÀÔ« Ó¬La-˜La-˚La fi¯∏øÒ ’±ø√1 Ó¬±À•⁄ù´1œ ¬ı± Œfl“¡‰¬±˝◊√√‡±Ó¬œ ’±ø√1 ’±Ò±1Ó¬ øfl¡1±Ó¬ Ò˜«Ó¬Q1 ø¬ı:±Ú¸ijÓ¬ ’Ò…˚˛Ú ˝√√íÀ˘ Ú±Ú± õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1±1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ¸¬ı«Ï¬±fl¡ ˜La, ˆ¬”Ó¬Á¡±1±, ¬ıœ1±Á¡±1±, Œ˜±ø˝√√Úœ, ¸¬Û«ø¬ı¯∏ øÚ¬ı±1Ì, Ó¬Ô… ›˘±¬ıº ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S ¬ı± ˘≈˝◊√√Ó¬ Ú±˜1 ά◊»¬ÛøM√√¶§1+À¬Û ˘±›øÓ¬, øÓ¬˘±›, Ú±˜ øÓ¬˘›, ¬ı≈1˘≈˜ Œ‰¬Ã1 ¬ıgÚ ’±ø√1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜La1 ¬Û≈øÔ-¬ÛS Ó¬Ô± Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ õ∂À˚˛±· ’¸˜ Ó¬Ô± ά◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı«±=˘Ó¬ ¬ı≈Ô≈1 ’±ø√ øfl¡1±Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 [øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œ ˙…±˜-‰¬œÚ] ˙s˜±˘±, fl¡±˜±‡…±1 ˘·Ó¬ ¶aœ¬ı±‰¬fl¡- ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª ’±ÀÂ√º fl¡± [’ø©Ü™fl¡ ‡±øÂ√] ˙s±—˙1 ¸—À˚±· Ó¬Ô± fl¡±˜˝◊√√, fl¡±˜±˚˛Ó¬, Œfl¡±˜≈˝◊√√, fl¡±À˜Ó¬ ’±ø√ ù¨˙±Ú, qÚ qÚ ¬ı…±øÒ ŒÓ¬±1 Ê√±ÀÚ± Ê√ij-Ê√±øÓ¬º ˜1±˙ ’±ø√1 ˙s¬ı±‰¬fl¡1 ¸˜i§˚˛ ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛± º ˆ¬±¯∏±‰¬±˚« ά"√√1 ¸≈ÚœøÓ¬fl≈¡˜±1 ¬ıËp¡±ÀÓ¬± ˝√√ÀôL ŒÓ¬±1 ∆ˆ¬˘ ά◊Ó¬¬ÛøÓ¬¬ºº ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ά"√√1 ¬ı±Ìœfl¡±ôL fl¡±fl¡øÓ¬ ’±ø√1 Œ˘‡øÚ Ó¬Ô± ¢∂Lö1 ’±Ò±1Ó¬ ¤ÀÚÀ¬ı± Ó¬Ô…- ø¸X &1n∏1 ¬Û±ª, Ó¬N ø¬ı‰¬±˚«º Ò”¬Û±1±˜ ¬ı¸≈˜Ó¬±1œ, ¬ÛΩ¿ ˜√±1±˜ ¬ıËp¡, 1+¬ÛÚ±Ô ¬ıËp¡, ˆ¬À¬ıf ڱʫ√œ, ά0 1鬱 fl¡1± fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 fl¡±˜±‡…± ¬Û±ªº fl¡±À˜ù´1 ¬ıËp¡ ’±ø√1 ¬Û≈øÔ-¬ÛS, ·Àª¯∏̱1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡˘1 Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸Ó¬ ¬ı±ÀÔÃ, ’±ø√ ‰¬˜≈Õfl¡ ˜La1 øÚ√˙«Ú Œ‡1±˝◊√√ ’±ø√1 ø¬ı‰¬±1 ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª ’±·¬ıÀϬˇ±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±1 ¬Û1± 1960˝◊√√— Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ò˜«±ôL11 ‘√©Ü±ôL ‰¬ÚÀÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ë¬Ûø¬ıS ’¸˜í [ά0 ˜À˝√√ù´1 ŒÚ›· ¸—fl¡˘ø˚˛Ó¬±-¸•Û±√fl¡] ¬ıÀάˇ± Ó¬Ô± 5.0 ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ ¬ıÀάˇ±, øά˜±‰¬±, 1±ˆ¬±, ·±À1± ’±ø√1 Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸1 ’Ú…±Ú… Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û”Ê√±-Œ¸ª±1 Ô˘œ1 ¬ıÌ«Ú± ¸øißøª©Ü ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º øά˜±‰¬± [fl¡Â√±1œ]¸fl¡˘1 ‘√©Ü±ôL¶§1+À¬Û ë’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬í Ú±˜1 ¢∂Lö1 õ∂¬ıg1±øÊ√ ’±1n∏ 뉬Sê-‰¬˚˛Úí [1976 ‡Ëœ–] Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸˜ÀÓ¬ ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ˜˝√√±øÚô¶tÓ¬± ˆ¬—· fl¡ø1 ’±ø√˜ ˜±Úª ¬ı±—˘± 1±Ê√± [ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡•Û1 Ú±˜1 ¬Û≈øÔÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ’±˜±1 õ∂¬ıg ë’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸í1 ’±Ò±1ÀÓ¬ Ê√Ú±› Œ√ªÓ¬±] ’±1n∏ ’±ø√˜ ˜±Úªœ ’±ø1‡œ øά˜±1 ’±øªˆ¬«±ª ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¿À¸±Ì±1±˜ Ô±›À‰¬ÀÚ Œ˚ ’±ø√˜ ¬ÛLöœ ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡À˘ [∆ˆ¬˚˛±˜¬ı±¸œ ¬ıÀάˇ±-fl¡Â√±1œ] ¬ı±ÀÔà ¬ı± ø˙ªÀfl¡ ¬Û1˜ ’±1±Ò… ¬ıÌ«Ú± ø√ÀÂ√º ¬ı±—˘±1±Ê√± ’±1n∏ ’±ø1‡œ øά˜±1 õ∂Ì˚˛1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸±ÀÓ¬±È¬± fl¡Ìœ õ∂¸øªÓ¬ ˝√√í˘º Œ√ªÓ¬± ¬ı≈ø˘ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡À1º ¬ı±ÀÔà ¬ı± ø˙¬ı˱˚˛1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ˆ¬±˚«± ¬ı±ÀÔìıËœ ¬ı± ¬ı±ÀÔìı≈Ϭˇœ õ∂Ô˜ Â√Ȭ± fl¡Ìœ1 ¬Û1± ˜±Úª1+¬Ûœ Â√Ê√Ú Œ√ªÓ¬±, ¸5˜ fl¡ÌœÀȬ±1 ¬Û1± ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬ ’±øªˆ¬«±ª ¬ı± ‡±˜±˝◊√√‡± [fl¡±˜±‡…±] Œ·±¸“±Úœ› ¬Û”øÊ√Ó¬± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı±ÀÔà ˜±ÀÚ ¬Û“±‰¬øȬ ·ˆ¬œ1 Ó¬N1 ¸˜±À¬ı˙º ˝√√í˘º ¤˝◊√√ Â√˚˛Ê√Ú Œ√ªÓ¬±1 ά±„√√1Ê√Ú ˝√√í˘ ø˙¬ı˱˚˛º ø˙¬ı˱˚˛1 ά◊¬ÛÀ√˙˜ÀÓ¬ ¸5˜ fl¡Ì«1 ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û=Ó¬N˝◊√√ ø˙ª1 ’±˚«ø˝√√µ≈ Ò˜«œ˚˛ ¬Û=˜≈‡1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ô« õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ø¸Ê≈√ [øÂ√ÀÊ√Ã] ¬Û1± ’±øªˆ¬”«Ó¬ ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬À¬ı±1fl¡ ¬Û”Ê√±-¬Û±Ó¬˘ ø√ ˙±ôL fl¡ø1 1‡± ˝√√í˘º øά˜±‰¬± ˙s1

128 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 129 ά◊»¬ÛøM√√1 Œé¬SÓ¬ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œ ¬Û±Úœ¬ı±‰¬fl¡ øά [¬Û±Úœ] ’±1n∏ ˜±Ó‘¬ ¬ı± ά±„√√1 ¬ı≈ÀÊ√±ª± ˜± ¬Û”Ê√±-Œ¸ª± ø‰¬1ø√Ú fl¡ø1 Ôfl¡±1 ·ˆ¬œ1 ¸—fl¡ä Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º [ø¬ı˜±] ’±1n∏ ¸ôL±Ú¬ı±‰¬fl¡ Â√± [øÙ¬Â√±]1 ¸—À˚±· ‚øȬÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ øfl¡•§√ôLœ˜ÀÓ¬ ’±ø1‡œ øά˜±˝◊√√ 6.0 ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬SÓ¬±1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œ˚±ª± õ∂±˚˛ fl≈¡ø1 ¬ıÂ√1Ó¬ øά˘±› ’±1n∏ ‰¬±—¢∂œ Ú√œ1 ¸—·˜¶ö˘ øά˘±›¬ı˱ ‰¬±—¢∂œ¬ı±Ó¬ fl¡ÌœÀ¬ı±1 õ∂¸ª fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ıUÀÓ¬± ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ó¬Ô…-Ó¬N &ª±˝√√±È¬œ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Àª¯∏̱ ø¬ıˆ¬±· [Ù¬ífl¡˘í1 øά˘±› [øÓ¬˘±›] ˘≈˝◊√√Ó¬ ˙s1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬º ¤˝◊√√ ¸•Ûfl«¡Ó¬ ¿˚≈Ó¬± øÚ1n∏¬Û˜± ˝√√±·ÀÊ√1, ø1Â√±‰«¬ øά¬Û±È«¬À˜∞I◊], &ª±˝√√±È¬œ1 ø¬ı ¬ı1n∏ª± fl¡À˘Ê√Ó¬ 1968 ˝◊√√— ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ‰¬1fl¡±1œ ¬ı≈ÒœfÚ±Ô ¬ı1√Õ˘, ÚÀ·fÚ±Ô ¬ı1n∏ª± ’±ø√1 Œ˘‡øÚÓ¬ ¸ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ó¬Ô…-¸•§˘ ’±ÀÂ√º ¬Û”¬ı ¬Û?œfl‘¡Ó¬ ë’¸˜ Ê√Ú¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√í [Ù¬ífl¡˘í1 Â√퉬±˝◊√√øȬ ’¬ıƒ ’±¸±˜], ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬± ’¸˜1 Œ¸±À̱ª±˘ fl¡Â√±1œ¸fl¡À˘› ’±ø√˜√¬ÛLöœ1+À¬Û ø˙ª1+¬Ûœ ¬ı±ÀÔà ¬ı± ø‡ø1— 1Ê√±1 ’±1n∏ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ˙±‡±À¬ı±1, õ∂fl¡±˙Ú ¬Ûø1¯∏√, ’¸˜ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ·Àª¯∏̱ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú [¬∏C±˝◊√√À¬ı˘ ø1Â√±‰«¬ ¬Û”Ê√±À¸ª± fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ¬ı±ÀÔà ˙±˘Ó¬ ¬ıø˘-ø¬ıÒ±Ú ø√˚˛±1 øÚ˚˛˜ ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸±À̱ª±˘ fl¡Â√±1œ1 ˝◊√√Úø©ÜøȬά◊Ȭ, ’¸±˜] ’¸˜ ‰¬1fl¡±11 ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸=±˘fl¡±˘˚˛ ¬ıÀάˇ± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±, 1±ˆ¬± Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±· ∆¬ı¯ûª Ò˜«Ó¬ ∆˘ÀÂ√ ˚ø√› ¸˜i§˚˛1+À¬Û ’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ó¬Ô± Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬Ûø1¯∏√, Ó¬Ô± ’Ú…±Ú… ’Ú≈á¬±Ú ¬ı…øMê√1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√√À¬ı±11 ˜Ó¬ ∆¬ı¯ûªœø˙©Ü ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ά◊Õ˜˝√√Ó¬œ˚˛± øÚ√˙«Ú ∆˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ıÀάˇ±, øά˜±‰¬±, Œ¸±À̱ª±˘ fl¡Â√±1œ Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ·Àª¯∏̱ ¸yª¬Û1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’±ø√1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ˘±˘≈— ¬ı± øÓ¬ª±, ø˜øfl¡1 ¬ı± fl¡±ø¬ı«, 1±ˆ¬±, ø˜ø1 ¬ı± ø˜ø‰¬—, Œ√ά◊1œ ’±ø√ ∆ˆ¬˚˛±˜1 ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬, ø¬ı˚˛± ·œÓ¬, øÚ‰≈¬fl¡øÌ ·œÓ¬, Ò±˝◊√√ Ú±˜, ’±˝◊√√ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ¬ı± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Ò˜«1 Ò±1̱1 Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ’Ò…˚˛Ú fl¡ø1À˘ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ’±˝◊√√ Ú±˜, ¸≈¬ı‰¬Úœ Ú±˜, ˙œÓ¬˘±1 Ú±˜, ˘Ñœ ‰¬ø1Ó¬, ¬ı±À•§±˘ø¬ÛÓ¬± ·œÓ¬, ø‰¬˚˛± ·œÓ,¬ Ú±À„√√˘œ ·œÓ¬, Œ·±¸±Úœ Œfl“¡‰¬±˝◊√√‡±Ó¬œ ’±1n∏ 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134 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 135 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd – ¸˝√√Ê√˚±Ú¬ÛLöœ Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 Ò˜« õ∂‰¬±11 ˜”˘ ά◊ÀV˙… ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¸˝√√Ê√¸≈‡ ¬ı± ˜˝√√±¸≈‡Ó¬ ø¬ı˘œÚ Œ˝√√±ª±º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ ˜±˚˛±˜˚˛ ¸—¸±11 Œ˜±˝√√ ¬Ûø1Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1 ¸˝√√Ê√ ˜±·«Ó¬ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ ˝√√í¬ıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ñ fl¡±˝ê ø¬ı˘¸’ ’±¸ª ˜±Ó¬±º ¸˝√√Ê√ Úø˘Úœ¬ıÌ ¬Û˝◊√√ø¸ øÚø¬ıÓ¬±º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 ‰¬˚«±¬Û ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1 Œ¬ıÃXÒ˜«1 Ò˜«œ˚˛ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡ø1 fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 ‰¬˚«±1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd ·Ï¬ˇ ∆˘ ά◊øͬÀÂ√º 7Ú— ‰¬˚«±Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ˜±˚˛±-Œ˜±À˝√√À1 ’±ª1± ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¸±1‡Ú ¤øȬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏̱Rfl¡ ’Ò…˚˛Ú Ú±Ú± ’±ªÊ«√Ú±À1 ˆ¬1¬Û”1º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¬Û1± øÚ¬ı«±Ì ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1±1 ¬ÛÔ 1n∏Xº øfl¡c fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛±1 ¬Û1± &1n∏1 õ∂¸±√ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1À˘ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±1 ¬Û1± ŒÓ¬›“1 ø‰¬M√√ øÚ˜«˘ ∆˝√√ ¸˝√√±Ê√±Úµ1 ¸g±Ú ¬Û±À˘º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“ øÚø(Ó¬ ˝√√í˘ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√·Ó¬ÀÓ¬ ˜˝√√±¸≈‡ øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º 0 ά √œøé¬Ó¬± Œ√ªœ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ 9Ú— ‰¬˚«±Ó¬ 1+¬Ûfl¡1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ Ò˜«Ó¬N ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸±ÒÀfl¡ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ø‰¬M√√fl¡ ’ø‰¬M√√Ó¬ ø¬ı˘œÚ fl¡ø1 ¬Û±1˜±øÔ«fl¡ ¸≈‡Ó¬ øÚ˜ø7¡¡¡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ŒÓ¬›“1 ’ôL1Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œˆ¬√±Àˆ¬√ :±Ú Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡ª˘ ˜˝√√±¸≈‡ õ∂±ø51 fl¡±1ÀÌ ø¬ıÀˆ¬±1 ∆˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡º 10Ú— ‰¬˚«±Ó¬ ¬Û≈1øÌ ’¸˜Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ fl¡1± ά◊2‰¬ ’±1n∏ øÚ•ß Œ|Ìœ1 Œ˘±fl¡1 ˜±Ê√1 ¸•Ûfl«¡fl¡ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±1n∏ Ò˜«œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 õ∂Ô˜ øÚ√˙«Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√º ‡Ëœø©Ü˚˛ ’©Ü˜ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 ¸˝√√Ê√œ˚˛± Ò˜«Ó¬N õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 ¬Û1± ¡Z±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√¸˜”˝√√ 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’øÓ¬fœ˚˛ ’Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ¸±ÒÀfl¡ ¸±ÒÚ±1 ¸±1˜˜« ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±À1º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬Û˘øt1 ¬Œ¬ıÃXÒ˜«1 ¸˝√√Ê√˚±Ú¬ÛLöœ ø¸X±‰¬±˚«¸fl¡À˘ øÚÊ√¶§ Ò˜«œ˚˛ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ õ∂‰¬±11 ’ÀÔ« ‰¬˚«±¬Û√¸˜”˝√√ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ¸˝√√Ê√±Úµ1 Ó¬N øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘º ¤˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ’±·¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ 40Ú— ‰¬˚«±Ó¬º 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º √1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√À¬ı±1 ¸˝√√Ê√˚±Úœ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡1± Ò˜«œ˚˛ ·œÓ¬º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û=¶®g±Rfl¡ ¶ö”˘ Œ√˝√√1 ’ª¸±ÚÀÓ¬± ’±Úµ˜˚˛ ¸˝√√Ê√ ¶§1+¬Û Ô±Àfl¡º ˝◊√√˚˛±fl¡ ˝◊√√øf˚˛¢∂±˝√√… ·œÓ¬À¬ı±11 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ø¸X±‰¬±˚«¸fl¡À˘ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ ά◊»fl¡¯∏« ¸±Ò√Ú fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˜±˚˛±-Œ˜±À˝√√À1 ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 Œ√‡± Ú±¬Û±˚˛º ˝◊√√ ˝√√í˘ ˝◊√√øf˚˛±Ó¬œÓ¬ ‰¬1˜ ά◊¬Û˘øtº ¤˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√˙«fl¡ 42Ú— ‰¬˚«±1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd ’±ª1± ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ø‰¬M√√fl¡ øÚfl¡± fl¡1±1 õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ ˜Úfl¡ Ó¬1n∏1 ˘·Ó¬, ¬Û= ˝◊√√øf˚˛fl¡ Ó¬±1 ͬ±˘-ŒÍ¬„≈√√ø˘1 ˝√√1õ∂¸±√ ˙±¶aœ1 뉬˚«±‰¬˚«ø¬ıøÚ(˚˛í Ú±˜1 ¬Û≈øÔ‡ÚÓ¬ ŒÓ¬˝◊√√˙·1±fl¡œ ‰¬˚«±1‰¬fl¡1 Ú±˜ Œ¬Û±ª± ˘·Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ’±˙±-’±fl¡±—鬱fl¡ ¬Û±Ó¬1 ˘·Ó¬ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡ø1 Ó¬±øNfl¡ ’Ô« õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ 45Ú— ∆·ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ˘≈˝◊√√¬Û±√, fl≈¡!≈¡1œ¬Û±√, ø¬ı1n∏ª±¬Û±√, ‰¬±øȬ~¬Û±√, ˆ¬≈¸≈fl¡¬Û±√, ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬º fl¡•§˘±•§1¬Û±√, ŒÎ¬±•§œ¬Û±√, ˙±øôL¬Û±√, ˜˝√√œÒ1¬Û±√, ¬ıœÌ±¬Û±√, ¸1˝√√¬Û±√, &?1œ¬Û±√, ŒÏ¬∞I±¬Û±√, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø‰¬SÌ – ¸˜±Ê√ ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¸‘ø©Ü ’¸yªº 븱ø˝√√Ó¬…fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√1 1„√√œÌ √±ø1fl¡¬Û±√, ’±˚«À√ª ’±ø√1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√ ’Ú…Ó¬˜º ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸˜˘1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬ø¬ı•§ ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ¸˜±Ê√1 ¬ı±ô¶ª ø‰¬S˝◊√√ ¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡1 ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ ¸N±1 ˘·Ó¬ ø˜˝√√ø˘ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 ¸•Û”Ì« ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ Ê√Ú± Ú±˚±˚˛º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“1 Ê√ij¶ö±Ú ’±1n∏ fl¡±˘ øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡1±ÀȬ± ∆˝√√ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú 1+¬Û ¬Û±˚˛º ¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡1 ’Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬1 ¬Û1˙Ó¬ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ø‰¬S ¬ı± ‚Ȭڱ˝◊√√ ÚªÊ√œªÚ ’¸≈ø¬ıÒ±º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬±øNfl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì1 ¬Û1± fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√fl¡ ¤fl¡±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 Œ˘±fl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ¬ı±ô¶ª ¸Ó¬…Ó¬Õfl¡ ˝√√+√˚˛¢∂±˝√√œ ∆˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1º2 ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ ¸˜±Ê√ Ê√œªÚ1 ͬ±ª1 fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º 눬±¯∏± ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… øÚ1œé¬Ì fl¡ø1À˘ ¬ı≈Ê√± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√ ¤fl¡±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 Â√±¬Û ¶Û©Üº ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ Œfl¡ª˘ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¬ı± ¬ı„√√±˘œ ¸˜±Ê√1 Â√ø¬ı ø‰¬øSÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√º¸˜¢∂ ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«1 Œ˘±fl¡ ˝√√í¬ıº ŒÓ¬›“1 ˆ¬±¯∏± fl¡±˜1+¬Ûœ ’¬Ûw—˙, ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¶§±é¬1 ’±˜¬ı±1œ1 ø˙˘±ø˘ø¬Û 1154 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ’±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√˙1 Â√ø¬ı ¸—1øé¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ‰¬˚«±1‰¬fl¡¸fl¡˘ ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«1 ˙fl¡] ’±1n∏ ·Â√Ó¬˘1 ô¶yø˘ø¬ÛÓ¬ [1285 ˙fl¡] Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º1 ¤øÓ¬˚˛±Õ˘Àfl¡ ø˚˜±Úø‡øÚ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√ øˆ¬iß õ∂±ôL1, Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ 1‰¬ø˚˛Ó¬±¸fl¡À˘ ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«1 ¬ı˝√√˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬ ’±·Ó¬ 1±ø‡ Ó¬±øNfl¡ ά◊X±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Ó¬±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√˝◊√√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¸1˝√√¸—‡…fl¡ ¬Û√1‰¬ø˚˛Ó¬±º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 Ú±˜Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ëÒ˜« õ∂‰¬±11 ά◊ÀVÀ˙… 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√íÀ˘› ‰¬˚«±¸˜”˝√√fl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 ά◊M√√1- ŒÓ¬1Ȭ± ‰¬˚«±¬Û√ Œ¬Û±ª± ∆·ÀÂ√º ’±È¬±˝◊√√À¬ı±1 ¬Û√À1 ø¬ı‰¬±1-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡1±1 ’ªfl¡±˙ ’±ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ¬Û”¬ı ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡, 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√˙1 √ø˘˘ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡ø1¬ı ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√√ é≈¬^ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬√√ ‰¬˚«±·œøÓ¬Àfl¡±¯∏1 ’ôL·«Ó¬ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 7, 9, 10, 40, ¬Û±ø1º3 42 ’±1n∏ 45Ú— ‰¬˚«±¬Û√fl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú fl¡ø1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±1 õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’±˜±1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±Ó¬ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√ ¤fl¡±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 ’øÒ¬ı±¸œ ¬ı≈ø˘ Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛º ŒÓ¬›“1 Ú±˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª± ¬Û√¸˜”˝√√1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø‰¬SÌ, fl¡±ø¬ı…fl¡ Œ¸Ãµ˚« ’±1n∏ ¸±—·œøÓ¬fl¡ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…fl¡ ¸±˜ø1 ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸˜±Ê√1 ¬ı±ô¶ª Â√ø¬ı ¸—1øé¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Ó¬√±ÚœôLÚ ¸˜±Ê√1 ø¬ıø‰¬S ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ Œ˘±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸˜±Ê√1 ¬ı±ô¶ª Â√ø¬ı ¸—1øé¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Ó¬√±ÚœôLÚ ¸˜±Ê√1 ø¬ıø‰¬S ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±fl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙

136 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 137 fl¡ø1 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¸±ÒÚ±1 ¬ÛÔ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º 뉬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ ø˚‡Ú ¸˜±Ê√ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√, Œ¸˝◊√√‡Ú øڕ߬ı·«1 1˜Ìœø¬ı˘±fl¡ Ú‘Ó¬…-·œÓ¬Ó¬ ¬ÛÈ≈¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ŒÎ¬±˜ ˚≈ªÓ¬œÀ˚˛ øÚ¬Û≈Ì Ú‘Ó¬… fl¡1±1 ¬Û1± Ê√±øÚ¬ı ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ ¬ı≈øÚ˚˛±√œ ¸˜±Ê√ Ú˝√√˚˛º qάˇœ [˜ √ø¬ıÀSêÓ¬±], ¬ı…±Ò, ˙¬ı1 ŒÎ¬±˜-Î≈¬˜≈Úœ, ‰¬G±˘, ¬Û±ø1 ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ú‘Ó¬… ‰¬‰«¬±1 õ∂‰¬˘Ú ’±øÂ√˘º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ñ ¸iß…±¸œ ’±ø√ øÚ•ß Œ|Ìœ1 ¸˜±Ê√1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ø¸X±‰¬±˚«¸fl¡À˘ 1+¬Ûfl¡ ά◊¬Û˜±1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ¤fl¡ Œ¸± ¬Û√˜± Œ‰¬Ã¸Íƒ¬Í¬œ ¬Û±‡≈άˇœº ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º4 fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 ‰¬˚«±Ó¬ ŒÎ¬±˜, ˙¬ı1, ‰¬G±˘ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ øڕ߬ı·«1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ά◊À~‡ Œ¬Û±ª± Ó¬ø˝√√ ‰¬øάˇ Ú±‰¬’ ŒÎ¬±•§œ ¬ı±¬Û≈άˇœºº [10Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ˚±˚˛º ŒÎ¬±˜ Ê√±øÓ¬1 Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ˜±Â√Ò1± ¬ı…ª¸±˚˛1 ά◊¬Ûø1 ˚±Sœfl¡ Ú±ÀªÀ1 Ú√œ ¬Û±1 fl¡ø1 Œ‡˘-ŒÒ˜±ø˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ √¬ı± Œ‡˘1 õ∂‰¬˘Ú ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ √¬ı± Ê√œøªfl¡± ά◊¬Û±Ê«√Ú fl¡1±1 fl¡Ô± Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º Œ‡˘1 ø¬ıô¶±ø1Ó¬ ø¬ıª1Ì √±ø„√√ Òø1 Ò˜«Ó¬N ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± Ê√±øÓ¬Àˆ¬√ õ∂Ô±1 ά◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬º Úœ‰¬ Ê√±øÓ¬1 Œ˘±Àfl¡ ά◊2‰¬ Ê√±øÓ¬1 ¤ÀÚ√À1 ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 øÚ•ß Œ|Ìœ1 Œ˘±fl¡fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 Œ˘±fl¡fl¡ ¶Û˙« fl¡1±ÀȬ± Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’Ú…±˚˛ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û Ò1± ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ñ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œªÚÒ±1±1 ’±ˆ¬±¸ ø√¬ıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¡Z±1± ‰¬˚«±¬Û√fl¡±˘œÚ Ú·1 ¬ı±ø˝√√ø1À1 ŒÎ¬±ø•§ ŒÓ¬±˝√√±ø1 fl≈¡øάˇ˚˛±º ¸˜±Ê√1 ¶§1+¬Û ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˝√√Ê√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Â√˝◊√√ ŒÂ√±˝◊√√ Ê√±˝◊√√ Œ¸± ¬ı˱p¡ Ú±øάˇ’±ºº [10Ú— ‰¬˚«±] fl¡±ø¬ı…fl¡ Œ¸Ãµ˚« – fl¡±¬ı…1 Œ¸Ãµ˚« õ∂fl¡±˙Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±, ’˘—fl¡±1, 1¸, Â√µ ’±ø√1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ’ªÀ˙… ά◊2‰¬-Úœ‰¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ’¸¬ıÌ« ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ Œ˝√√±ª±1 fl¡Ô±› Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º Î≈¬˜≈Úœ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º ø¸X±‰¬±˚«¸fl¡À˘ ¸˝√√Ê√˜±Ú Ò˜«1 õ∂øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√fl¡ ’±fl‘¡©Ü fl¡ø1¬ı1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√À¬ı±1 ˙¬ı1œ ’±ø√ øÓ¬À1±Ó¬±¸fl¡À˘ ¬ı˱p¡Ì fl≈¡˘Ó¬ ›¬ÛÊ√± ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 ˜Ú ˜≈* fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˜Ô« ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ˚ø√› ¬Û√À¬ı±1 fl¡±¬ı…&̬ıøÊ«√Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛º ¬Û√À¬ı±11 fl¡±˜1+¬Ûœ ’¬Ûw—˙1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¤Ê√Ú fl¡±¬Û±ø˘fl¡ Œ˚±·œ1 Úœ‰¬ Ê√±øÓ¬1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± ’Õ¬ıÒ Œõ∂˜1 Â√ø¬ı ’±“øfl¡ÀÂ√ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ñ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸±‘√˙… ’±ÀÂ√º 뉬˚«±¬Û√1 ˆ¬±¯∏± fl¡±˜1+¬Ûœ ’¬Ûw—˙1 Œˆ¬øȬӬ ·øϬˇ ά◊ͬ± Ò˜«œ˚˛ õ∂À˘¬Û¸Ú± ŒÎ¬±ø•§ ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√œ’± ’˝√√ø¬ıά◊ Ê√±˜º ¤øȬ ¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡ ˆ¬±¯∏±ºí5 ‰¬˚«±¬Û√1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ≈√Ó¬1¬Ûœ˚˛± ¸±—Àfl¡øÓ¬fl¡ ’±1n∏ ¸±Ò±1̺ ·œÓ¬ Ê√ά◊Ó≈¬Àfl¡ øfl¡ ’ ’±ÌÓ≈¬ Ò±˜ºº 1‰¬fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd ¸˝√√Ê√À¬ı±Ò… fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ά◊¬Û˜±, 1+¬Ûfl¡, ¬ı…±ÀÊ√±øMê√ ’±1n∏ ά◊»Àõ∂鬱 ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√‡Ú õ∂Ò±Ú¬ı±Àª fl‘¡ø¯∏øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±Ê√º Ò±ÚÀ‡øÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√1 ’˘—fl¡±11 ¸˝√√±˚˛ ∆˘ÀÂ√º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ·‘˝√√… Ó¬N ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ıÕ˘ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¸±g… ˆ¬±¯∏±, ¸±g… õ∂Ò±Ú Ê√œøªfl¡±º ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 õ∂Ò±Ú ’±˝√√±1 ˆ¬±Ó¬º ˆ¬±Ó¬1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈√˜1 Œ˜±˘±Ì1 ά◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√ ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬, ¸±g… ¬ı‰¬Ú, ¸±g… ˙s ’±1n∏ ¬Û±ø1ˆ¬±ø¯∏fl¡ ˙s ¸Ó¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ŒÎ¬±•§œÀ˚˛ fl¡±˚˛±1+¬Û ¸À1±¬ı1 ¸“±Ó≈¬ø1 ≈√˘«ˆ¬ ¬Û≈√˜1 ≈√Ó¬1¬Ûœ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˜±Ò…˜Ó¬ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√¸˜”˝√√1 ¬ÛLöœ˚˛ Ó¬±øNfl¡ Œ¸Ãµ˚« ’±1n∏ ˜≈fl¡ø˘ fl¡±ø¬ı…fl¡ ˜±Ò≈˚« Œ˜±˘±Ú ‡±˚˛ñ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ &ÀÌ˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±ÀÂ√ºí6 fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√√1 ‰¬˚«±Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ά◊Mê√ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ¬õ∂Ó¬œ˚˛˜±Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¸1¬ı1 ˆ¬±?œ’ ŒÎ¬±•§œ ‡±’ Œ˜±˘±Ìº [10Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ά◊¬Ûø1 õ∂fl¡±˙ˆ¬—·œ1 Œ¸Ãµ˚« ’±1n∏ Ó¬Nfl¡Ô±1 ·±yœ˚« ¬ıÊ√±˝◊√√ 1‡±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ õ∂¬ı‰¬Ú1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ·Â√ fl¡È¬±1 ’¶a ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û fl≈¡Í¬±11 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ñ ø‰¬M√√fl¡ Ó¬1n∏1 ˘·Ó¬, ¬Û=˝◊√√øf˚˛fl¡ Ó¬±1 ͬ±˘-ŒÍ¬„≈√√ø˘1 ˘·Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ’±˙±-’±fl¡±—鬱fl¡ ¬Û±Ó¬1 1º &1n∏ Œ¬ı±¬ı Œ¸ ¸œ¸ fl¡±˘º [40Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ˘·Ó¬ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡ø1 ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ¬ı<&1n∏1 ¬ı‰¬Ú1+¬Û fl≈¡Í¬±11 ¡Z±1± ¤˝◊√√ ·Â√ά±˘ ¤ÀÚÕfl¡ 2º ˆ¬±· Ó¬1—· øfl¡ Œ¸±¯∏˝◊√√ ¸±’1ºº [42Ú— ‰¬˚«±] fl¡±øȬ¬ı√√ ˘±À· ˚±ÀÓ¬ ø¸ ¬Û≈Ú1 ά◊¬ÛøÊ√¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1ñ ·œÓ¬, ¬Û√ ’±ø√Ó¬ ’˘—fl¡±11 ¶ö±Ú ’øÓ¬ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì«º fl¡±1Ì ¬ıÌ«Úœ˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıdfl¡ ά◊8˘ ¬ı1&1n∏ ¬ı’ÀÌ fl≈¡Í¬±À1“ ø‰¬Ê√’º ’±1n∏ Ó¬œ¬ıËÓ¬1 fl¡ø1, ¬Û±Í¬fl¡-Œ|±Ó¬±1 ’ôL1 ¶Û˙« fl¡1±Õfl¡ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡1±ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı…1 ˜≈‡… ά◊ÀV˙… fl¡±˝≈ê ˆ¬Ì˝◊√√ Ó¬1n∏ ¬Û≈Ì Ú Î¬◊˝◊√√Ê√’ºº [45Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ’±1n∏ ά◊ÀV˙… ¸±ÒÚ±1 ’ª˘•§Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ’˘—fl¡±1 õ∂À˚˛±·1 √é¬Ó¬±º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ά◊¬Ûø1 fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 Ò˜«œ˚˛ ø√˙1 Â√ø¬ı ’±“øfl¡ÀÂ√º Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ’±·˜¬Û≈øÔ ’˘—fl¡±1 ˙±¶aÓ¬ øÚÀ«√ø˙Ó¬ Œfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ±˜±Ú ’˘—fl¡±11 õ∂À˚˛±· Œ√fl¡± ˚±˚˛º ¬ÛϬˇ±, Œfl¡±˙±’‚«± ∆˘ ¬Û”Ê√±-’‰«¬Ú± fl¡1± ’±1n∏ ˜±˘± Ê√¬Û fl¡1±1 ¬Û1± Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛ñ ά◊¬Û˜± – fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ øÚÊ√1 ø‰¬M√√fl¡ Ó¬1n∏1 ˘·Ó¬, ¬Û= ˝◊√√øf˚˛fl¡ ͬ±˘-ŒÍ¬„≈√√ø˘1 ˘·Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ’±·˜ Œ¬Û±Ôœ ˝◊√√©Ü±˜±˘±º [40Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ’±˙±-’±fl¡±—鬱fl¡ ¬Û±Ó¬1 ˘·Ó¬ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡1±Ó¬ ά◊¬Û˜± ’˘—fl¡±11 ¸‘ø©Ü ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ ’±Àfl¡Ã, ˝√√±Î¬ˇ1 ˜±˘± ø¬Ûøg ¸±ÒÚ± fl¡1±, fl¡±¬Û±ø˘fl¡ Œ˚±·œ1 ÚȬ ¬ı‘øM√√, Œ¬ı˙ˆ¬”¯∏± ’±1n∏ ˜Ú Ó¬1n∏ ¬Û±=˝◊√√øµ Ó¬¸≈ ¸±˝√√±º ’±‰¬1Ì1 øÚ‡≈“Ó¬ Â√ø¬ı› õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ñ ’±¸± ¬ı˝√√˘ ¬Û±Ó¬˝√√ ¬ı±˝√√±ºº [45Ú— Ó¬˚«] Ó≈¬ Œ˘± ŒÎ¬±•§œ ˝√√“±Î¬◊ fl¡¬Û±˘œº ά◊»Àõ∂鬱 – ά◊Mê√ ‰¬˚«±ÀȬ±Ó¬ ά◊»Àõ∂鬱 ’˘—fl¡±À1± ø¬ı√…˜±Úº ¤˝◊√√ø¬ıÒ ’˘—fl¡±11 ˘é¬Ì ŒÓ¬±À˝√√±1 ’ôLÀ1 Œ˜±¤ ‚ø˘ø˘ ˝√√±Àάˇ1 ˜±˘œºº [10Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ≈√Ȭ± ¬ıd1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂¬ı˘ ¸±‘√˙… Ô±øfl¡À˘ Ó¬±À1 ά◊¬ÛÀ˜˚˛fl¡ ά◊¬Û˜±Ú ¬ı≈ø˘ õ∂Ó¬œøÓ¬ Ê√Àijº ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬SÓ¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘ ’±·¬ıϬˇ± ’±øÂ√˘º ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ ø‰¬M√√fl¡ Ó¬1n∏1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¸±‘√˙… Œ√‡± Œ¬Û±ª±Ó¬ ø‰¬M√√Àfl¡ Ó¬1n∏ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û Ò±1̱ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Ú±1œ¸fl¡˘› øˆ¬Ú øˆ¬Ú Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬Û±1√ø˙«Ó¬± Œ√‡≈ª±¬ı ¬Û±ø1øÂ√˘º ŒÎ¬±˜, ˙¬ı1, ‰¬G±˘ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ ’Ú≈õ∂±¸ – ¤Àfl¡ ¬ı…?√Ú Ò√ıøÚ ›‰¬1±-ά◊‰¬ø1Õfl¡ Ô±øfl¡ ¬ı±À1 ¬ı±À1 ά◊2‰¬±ø1Ó¬ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’Ú≈õ∂±¸

138 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 139 ’˘—fl¡±1 ˝√√˚˛º øÚø‚øÌ fl¡±˝ê fl¡±¬Û±ø˘ Ê√±˝◊√√ ˘±—·ºº 1º ’±ø˘ ¤“ fl¡±ø˘ ¤“ ¬ı±È¬ 1n∏Àg˘±º [7Ú— ‰¬˚«±] 2º Ó¬±øôL ø¬ıfl¡Ì’ ŒÎ¬±ø•§ ’ª1̱ ‰¬—·Ó¬±º 2º ŒÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ øÓ¬øÚ Œ˝√√± øˆ¬iß±º [7Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ŒÓ¬±À˝√√±1 ’ôLÀ1 Â√±øάˇ Úάˇ¤M√√±ºº [10Ú— ‰¬˚«±] 3º ŒÊ√ ŒÊ√ ’±˝◊√√˘± ŒÓ¬ ŒÓ¬ Œ·˘±º [7Ú— ‰¬˚«±] ¸±—·œøÓ¬fl¡ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… – ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ø¬ıfl¡±˙1 ˘À· ˘À· 1±·-¸—·œÀÓ¬ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Œù≠¯∏ – ¬ı±fl¡√…Ó¬ ¤È¬± ˙sÀ1˝◊√√ ≈√Ȭ± ¬ı± Ó¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ ’Ô« ¤Àfl¡˘À· Œfl¡±ª±Àfl¡ Œù≠¯∏ ’˘—fl¡±1 ¬ı± ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ õ∂ˆ¬±ª ø¬ıô¶±1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º 1±·, Ó¬±˘ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û1•Û1±1 Œ¬ı±À˘º Ú·11 ¬ı±ø˝√√1Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ fl¡1± ŒÎ¬±˜ ˚≈ªÓ¬œfl¡ ¬ı˱p¡Ì¸fl¡À˘ ¶Û˙« fl¡1± õ∂¸—·Ó¬ Œù≠¯∏ ¤fl¡ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ’—·º ‰¬˚«±·œÓ¬À¬ı±1 ˚ø√› Ò˜«œ˚˛ ·œÓ¬, Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› Ó¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ·œÓ¬ ’˘—fl¡±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ 1‰¬fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ¤fl¡ øÚø«√©Ü 1±·, Ó¬±˘1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ·œÓ¬À¬ı±1 ·±˝◊√√ Ê√Ú¸±Ò√±1Ì1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ò˜«œ˚˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± Ú·1 ¬ı±ø˝√√ø1 Œ1 ŒÎ¬±•§œ ŒÓ¬±˝√√±ø1 fl≈¡øά’±º Ê√±¢∂Ó¬ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ‰¬˚«±¬Û√1 ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡À˘ ‰¬˚«±ÀȬ±Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· Â√˝◊√√ ŒÂ√±˝◊√√ Ê√±˝◊√√ Œ¸± ¬ı˱p¡ Ú±øάˇ’±ºº [10Ú— ‰¬˚«±] Œ˝√√±ª± 1±·, Ó¬±˘1 Ú±˜ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ά◊Mê√ 1±·¸˜”˝√√ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œfl¡±˘1 fl¡ø¬ı ˜Úfl¡1 ≈√·«±¬ı11 1+¬Ûfl¡ – fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ 9Ú— ‰¬˚«±Ó¬ 1+¬Ûfl¡1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 Ò˜«Ó¬N ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ñ ¬Û1± ’±1ˆ¬ fl¡ø1 ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ·œÓ¬Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· Œ˝√√±ª± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 fl¡±˝≈ê ø¬ı˘¸’ ’±¸ª ˜±Ó¬± Œˆ¬øȬ ¶ö¬ÛÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ 1±·1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜”˘… ’±ÀÂ√º ¸˝√√Ê√ Úø˘Úœ¬ıÌ ¬Û˝◊√√ø¸ øÚø¬ıÓ¬±ºº [9Ú— ‰¬˚«±] Œ√‡± ∆·ÀÂ√ fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À√ ’±È¬±˝◊√√Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√¸—‡…fl¡ ¬Û√ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ¸±Ô«fl¡Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Â√µ – ‰¬˚«±¬Û√Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√+Ó¬ Â√µ¸Ê√±˝◊√√ ¬Û√¸˜”˝√√1 fl¡±ø¬ı…fl¡ Œ¸Ãµ˚« ¬ı‘øX fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬Û≈1øÌ ¤ÀÚ Ú˝√√˚˛, ‰¬˚«±¬Û√1 ˜”˘ ά◊ÀV˙… ’±1n∏ Ó¬Nfl¡ ·ˆ¬œ1ˆ¬±Àª ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1 ø˚ø‡øÚ ¬Û√ 1‰¬Ú± ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡±¬ı… ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª± ¬Û˚˛±1, ≈√˘Î¬œ, Â√ø¬ı, Á≈¡Ú± ’±ø√ Â√µ ‰¬˚«±Â√µ1 õ∂¬ı±ª1 Ù¬˘ fl¡ø1 ∆·ÀÂ√, Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±À1˝◊√√ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œfl¡±˘1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¬ÛÔ õ∂√˙«fl¡1+À¬Û ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ¬Û√À¬ı±1Ó¬ ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ¬Û±ø1º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±À ¬Û˚˛±1, Á≈¡Ú± Â√µ1 õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ñ ˘é¬… fl¡1± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡, fl¡±ø¬ı…fl¡ ’±1n∏ ¸±—·œøÓ¬fl¡ ø√˙1 Œ¸Ãµ˚« ¸≈¯∏˜±˝◊√√ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û˚˛±1 – ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬Û1•Û1±1 ‹øÓ¬˝√√… 1鬱 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ‰¬˚«±¬Û√1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸Ó¬ ¬ı1 &1n∏ ¬ı’ÀÌ˚fl≈¡Í¬±À1“ ø‰¬Ê√’º fl¡±˝≈ê¬Û±√1 ’ª√±Ú ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª±1 Ô˘ ’±ÀÂ√º fl¡±˝ê ˆ¬Ì˝◊√√ Ó¬1n∏˚¬Û≈Ì Ú Î¬◊˝◊√√Ê√’ºº ¬ı±Ï¬ˇ˝◊√√ Œ¸± Ó¬1n∏˚¸≈ˆ¬±¸≈ˆ¬ ¬Û±Ìœº õ∂¸—· ¬Û≈øÔ – ŒÂ√¬ı˝◊√√ ø¬ı≈√Ê√Ú˚&1n∏ ¬Ûø1˜±Ìœºº [45Ú— ‰¬˚«±] Ó¬œÔ«Ú±Ô ˙˜«± – ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…-ø¬ı√…± ¬Ûø1S꘱, ¸5˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1995 ‰¬Ú, ¬ı±Ìœ õ∂fl¡±˙, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ Á≈¡Ì± – ∆SÀ˘±fl¡…Ú±Ô Œ·±¶§±˜œ – ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®1Ì, 1991 ¬ı±Ìœ õ∂fl¡±˙º ’±ø˘ ¤“ fl¡±ø˘ ¤“˚¬ı±È¬ 1n∏Àg˘±º ¬Û1œøé¬Ó¬ ˝√√±Ê√ø1fl¡± – ‰¬˚«±¬Û√, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ Ó¬±„√√1Ì, Ê≈√˘±˝◊√, 1992, ά±ø˘˜œ õ∂fl¡±˙Ú, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ-5 Ó¬± Œ√ø‡ fl¡±˝≈ê˚ø¬ı˜Ì ˆ¬˝◊√√˘±ºº [7Ú— ‰¬˚«±] õ∂À¬ı±Ò ‰¬f ¬ı±·‰¬œ ’±1n∏ øˆ¬é≈¬ ˙±ô¶1œ [¸•Û±.] – ‰¬˚«±·œøÓ¬Àfl¡±¯∏, 1956, ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±1Ó¬œº ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ά◊¬Ûø1 ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª± Â√ÀÚȬ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ¬Û”¬ı«±ˆ¬±¸ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ 10Ú— ˘œ˘±ªÓ¬œ ˙˝◊√√fl¡œ˚˛± ¬ı1± – ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¸≈¬ı±¸, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1992, ‰¬f õ∂fl¡±˙ ‰¬˚«±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ñ ¸ÀÓ¬…fÚ±Ô ˙˜«± – ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¸˜œé¬±Rfl¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı‘M√√, ¬Û=˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1991 Ú·1 ¬ı±ø˝√√ø1 Œ1 ŒÎ¬ø•§ ŒÓ¬±˝√√±ø1 fl≈¡øάˇ’±º Œ˝√√˜ôL fl≈¡˜±1 ˙˜«± – ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬Ó¬ ‘√ø©Ü¬Û±Ó¬, ¯∏ᬠӬ±„√√1Ì, øÚά◊ ¬ı≈fl¡©Ü˘, 1991 ...... ˜±1ø˜ ŒÎ¬±•§œ Œ˘ø˜ ¬Û1±Ìºº ¬Û√Ȭœfl¡± – 1¸ – ‰¬˚«±¬Û√ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Ó¬N¬ı±˝√√fl¡ ·œÓ¬º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ’ôL1±˘Ó¬ ˆ¬øMê√1¸1 ¸=±1 Œ˝√√±ª± 1º ‰¬˚«±¬Û√ ¬Û‘. 70 ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡º ¸˝√√Ê√œ˚˛±¸fl¡˘1 õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊¬Û±¸… ˙øMê√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ∆Ú1±R Œ√ªœº ¤˝◊√√ Œ√ªœ1 õ∂øÓ¬ Ôfl¡± 2º ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±, ¬Û‘. 32 ·ˆ¬œ1 Œõ∂˜ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¬Û√À¬ı±11 ˜±Ê√Ó¬º ·œÓ¬ 1‰¬fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ¬ıøMê√1¸fl¡ ˜”˘ ’±Ò±1 3º ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¸≈¬ı±¸, ¬Û‘. 24 ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û√À¬ı±11 ·”Ϭˇ±Ô« õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˙‘—·±1, fl¡1n∏Ì, ˝√√±¸… ’±ø√ 4º ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¸≈¬ı±¸,√ ¬Û‘. 24 1¸1 õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º 5º ‰¬˚«±¬Û√ ¬Û‘. 26 ˙‘—·±1 1¸ – 6º ‰¬˚«±¬Û√ ¬Û‘. 72 1º ’±À˘± ŒÎ¬±ø•§ ŒÓ¬±S ¸˜ fl¡ø1À¬ı ˜ ¸±—·º

140 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 141 fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡À˘› ’±Ú ’±Ú Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 √À1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î◊¬»¸ª-¬Û±¬ı«Ú ¬ı± Œ√ª- Œ√ªÓ¬±1 ¬Û”Ê√±-¬Û±Ó¬˘ fl¡À1º ¤˝◊ Î◊¬»¸ª-¬Û±¬ı«Ì ¸˜”˝√√Ó¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 ·œÓ¬ Œ·±ª± ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊À¬ı±1 ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ ˜≈‡ ¬ı±·ø1 ‰¬ø˘ ’˝√√±º ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√1 Œ˘±fl¡¸—¶¥®øÓ¬Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛±º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ± ¤˝◊ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√1 ¡Z±1±˝◊ ¤È¬± Ê√±øÓ¬À˚˛ øÚÊ√¶§Ó¬± √±¬ıœ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¤˝◊ ’Ò…˚˛ÚÓ¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œfl¡˝◊Ȭ±˜±Ú Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡±ø¬ı« Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬Ó¬ ¶§fl¡œ˚˛Ó¬± 1‡± ˝√√í¬ı ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊ ˜”˘…ª±Ú ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬ ¸˜”˝√√ ¸—¢∂˝√√ fl¡ø1 Œ¬Û±˝√√1Õ˘ ’Ú±˝◊ ¤˝◊ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ˜≈‡… Î◊¬ÀV˙…º ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ Œ√ªœ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± – ¸‘ø©Ü1 ’±ø√˜ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬1 õ∂‰¬˘Ú Ú±øÂ√˘, Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡Ó¬«±˝◊ ¸—·œÓ¬-|©Ü± 1±—ø‰¬Ú± Â√±¬Û«í Ú±˜1 ¤Ê√Ú Œ˘±fl¡fl¡ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸—·œÓ¬1 ¬ı…ª¶ö± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸ ’±1n∏ øfl¡—¬ı√øôL ’±ÀÂ√º ’±1yøÌ – ì...1+-1+ Œ‰¬Ô±Ú ’±˘˜ ˜í ’¸˜1±Ê√… ¬ıU Ê√±øÓ¬-Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 ø˜˘Úˆ”¬ø˜º ¤˝◊ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ’¸˜1 ¤È¬± ø¬Ûø¬ı«Àfl¡ Ô±øª˘±— ’±fl¡íº õ∂Ò±Ú Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ fl¡±1ø¬ı¸fl¡˘º fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 ’øÒfl¡ ¸—‡…fl¡ Œ˘±fl¡ ’¸˜1 fl¡±1ø¬ı ’±Àª ˘≈Ú-ŒÓ¬˜í √øé¬Ì-¬Û”¬ıÓ¬ ’ªø¶öÓ¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ’±—˘— øÊ√˘± ’±1n∏ Î◊¬M√√√1 fl¡±Â√±1 [øά˜± ˝√√±‰¬±›] øÊ√˘±Ó¬ ÷1+ 1±—ø‰¬Ú± Â√±¬Û«í ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡À1º ¸≈-¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡ 1—¬ı— ŒÓ¬1±À„√√ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬±øQfl¡ ø√˙1 ¬Û1± fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œfl¡ ˘±øÂ√ ¬ıÀ‰¬ ˘≈ÀÚ-ŒÓ¬˜íºî øÓ¬¬ı«Ó¬¬ı˜«œ˚˛ ’±1n∏ Ú‘Ó¬±øQfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü Œfl¡±Ì1 ¬Û1± ˜—À·±˘œ˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ Î◊¬À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ’¸˜ ’Ô«±» ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ’±ø√˜ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬ ÚÔfl¡± Œ˝√√Ó≈¬Àfl¡ fl¡fl¡± ¬ı≈1?œÓ¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı¸fl¡˘fl¡ ëø˜øfl¡1í Ú±À˜À1 Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛º ‘The Mikirs’ Ú±˜1 ¢∂LöÓ¬ ˘±˚˛±˘ 1±—ø‰¬Ú±˝◊ ¸—·œÓ¬1 õ∂Ô˜ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¸‘ø©Üfl¡Ó¬«±1 øÚÀ√«˙ ˜À˜« 1±—ø‰¬Ú±˝◊ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ‰¬±˝√√±À¬ı ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ - “The name of Mikir is that given to the race by the ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬1 õ∂‰¬˘Ú fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø˜ÀÊ√— ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛fl¡ ˜Ó¬«…Õ˘ Œõ∂1Ì fl¡À1º ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡˝◊ Assamese : its origin is unknown. They call themselves ‘Arleng’, which fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ ’øÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ˘≈À= Œfl¡õ≠±— [·±˚˛fl¡-¸‘ø©Ü] means man in general.” fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘fl¡ Œ¬Û±ÚÀÓ¬ ëø˜øfl¡1í Œ¬ı±˘± ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ ˚ø√› Ô±¬Û Œfl¡õ≠±— [¬ı±‡1-¸‘ø©Ü] ’±1n∏ ˘ø‡ Œfl¡õ≠±— [˘Ñœ-Î◊¬»¬ÛøM√√√] ˝◊Ó¬…±ø√ ’¬Ûø1˝√√±˚«… ¸eœÓ¬1 ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ øfl¡c øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ì’±1À˘—í ¬ı± ëfl¡±1ø¬ıí ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√ ˆ¬±˘ ¬Û±˚˛º ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À1º ¤˝◊ ’Ò…˚˛ÚÓ¬ Œfl¡˝◊øȬ˜±Ú fl¡±1ø¬ı ·œÓ¬1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˚P fl¡1± ’¸˜1 ’±Ú ’±Ú Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ¸˜”˝√√1 √À1 fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ› ¤fl¡ ¶§fl¡œ˚˛ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’øÒfl¡±1œº ¤›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬± ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª 1œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬, ¬Û”Ê√±-¬Û±¬ı«Ú, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øÚ˚˛˜ ˘≈À= Œfl¡õ≠±— [·±˚˛fl¡ Î◊¬»¬ÛøM√√√ ·œÓ¬] – ’±ø√ ’Ó¬œÊ√À1 ¬Û1± õ∂‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊ ¸fl¡À˘±À¬ı±1 ’Ú≈ᬱÚ1 ˘·Ó¬ ·œÓ¬1 ¤fl¡ ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬Ó¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂ÔÀ˜ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ·±˚˛fl¡1 Î◊¬»¬ÛøM√√√ ˝√√í˘ Œ¸˝◊ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛º øÚø¬ıάˇ ¸•Ûfl¡« ’±ÀÂ√º ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ˜≈À‡ ˜≈À‡ ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ ‰¬ø˘ ’˝√√± ¤˝◊ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√ ˚ÀÔ©Ü 1±—øÂ√Ú± Â√±¬Û«1 ¬Û1±˜˙« ˜ÀÓ¬ øÂ√— ø˜ÀÊ√«— ’±1n∏ ˘—ø˜ÀÊ√«— ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡ZÀ˚˛ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1 ¸—‡…fl¡ ¬ıÓ¬«˜±ÚÕ˘ Î◊¬X±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ fl¡±˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œ¸±˜±˝◊ ø¬ı¶ú‘Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ ’øÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬1 õ∂‰¬˘Ú fl¡À1º ’±ÀÂ√º ¤È¬± Ê√±øÓ¬-Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 ¬Ûø1‰¬±˚˛fl¡ √±À¬Û±Ì ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬¸˜”˝√√º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ± ¤˝◊ fl¡±1ø¬ı Œfl¡õ≠±— – Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√À1˝◊ Œ¸˝◊ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡ Ê√œªÚ1 ¸≈‡-≈√‡, ˝√√“±ø˝√√-fl¡±Àµ±Ú, ø¬ıù´±¸-’ø¬ıù´±¸, ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√±øÓ¬1 ¸‘ø©Üí Ó¬Q ¸•ÛÀfl¡« ’Ô«±» fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√±øÓ¬ÀȬ±fl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ Œõ∂˜-ˆ¬±˘À¬Û±ª± ’±ø√ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˚˛º ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±Ó¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘1 Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1À˘ Ó¬±1 ¤øȬ ø¬ıª1Ì Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ¶§fl¡œ˚˛Ó¬± ¸•ÛÀfl¡« ¤fl¡ Ô”˘˜”˘ ’±ˆ¬±¸ ø√¬ıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ìøÚÀ‰¬ ˜≈À√—˘±Óƒ¬ ˜±1±— ·Àª¯∏̱ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ – fl¡±1ø¬ı ¬ÛíÚ±—øÙ¬ Ú±—õ≠±— ¤˝◊ ’Ò…˚˛ÚÓ¬ õ∂Ò±ÚÕfl¡ ¬ıÌ«Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ’±ª˙…fl¡œ˚˛ ’±À2— øÚ1ø¬ı Ô±øªÊ√±— ¸˜˘ ¢∂Lö, ’±À˘±‰¬Úœ ’±1n∏ ’Ú…±Ú… ø˘ø‡Ó¬ Ó¬Ô… ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¸—¢∂˝√√ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤1± ¬ıËp¡± ¬Ûí ˜±1±—î ·Àª¯∏̱ ¬ÛS‡øÚ1 Î◊¬ÀV˙… ’±1n∏ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ñ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¬ı±Ô« – ’øÓ¬ ¬Û≈1øÌ fl¡±˘Ó¬ ¬ıËp¡±˝◊ Ê√·Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ·Â√-·Â√øÚ,

142 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 143 ˝√√“±˝√√-fl≈¡fl≈¡1±, ·1n∏-·±˝√√ø1, ‰¬1±˝◊-ø‰¬ø1øfl¡øȬ ’±ø√ Ê√œªÊ√c ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1À˘º Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¸≈µ1 Ò1Ìœ øÚÀ˜ 1±øÚ Œfl¡ ’±1n∏ ¸≈µ1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ëfl¡±1ø¬ıí ’Ô«±» ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1À˘º õ∂Ê√±ø¬ÛÓ¬±˝◊ øÚÊ√1 ˙1œ11 ¤fl¡±—˙ ¤1n∏Ì ¤U˜À˜ fl¡±øȬÀ˝√√ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1À˘º Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œ√ø‡À˘ Œ˚ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘ Ú±„√√ͬ ∆˝√√À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√º ˘í˝◊fl¡ ˘Ú±—À˝√√í ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ¬ıËp¡±˝◊ ¤·1±fl¡œ Œ√ªœfl¡ ¬Ûͬ±˝◊ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı¶a ¬Ûø1Ò±Ú fl¡1±˝◊ ¸≈µ1 fl¡ø1À˘º ¤À˚˛ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¬ı±Ô« – ¬ı˚˛¸ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ˘À· ˘À· ¸fl¡À˘± Ú±1œÀ˚˛ ¶§±˜œ1 ‚1Õ˘ Œ˚±ª±1 øÚ˚˛˜º ·œÓ¬øȬ1 ˜”˘ fl¡Ô±º ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬fl¡ ëø¬Û1ÀÔ øfl¡øfl¡˜í ¬ı≈ø˘ Ú±˜±fl¡1Ì fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬±˜±À1± Î◊¬¬Û˚≈Mê ¬ı˚˛¸ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√, Ó≈¬ø˜› ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¶§±˜œ1 ‚1Õ˘ ’±˝√√“±º ’±√±˜ ’±Â√±1 ˘Ñœ Œfl¡õ≠±— – ·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ëŒÔ˘≈ ’±˘≈Úí ¬ı≈ø˘› Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬Ó¬ Ò±Ú Î◊¬»¬ÛøM√√√ ’±1n∏ ˘ø‡˜œfl¡ ‚1Õ˘ ’±√ø1 ’Ú±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ıÌ«Ú± Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º õ∂Ì˚˛œ ·œÓ¬ [¬ı—S ’±˘≈Ú] - ˘ø‡˜œ Î◊¬»¸ªfl¡ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡À˘ ìÂ√fl¡ Œfl¡1˚˛î ’±1n∏ ˝◊˚˛±1 ˘·Ó¬ Ê√øάˇÓ¬ Ú‘Ó¬… ¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ë˝√√±‰¬±Àfl¡fl¡±Úí ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬1 Œ˚±À·ø√ ŒÎ¬fl¡±-·±ˆ¬1n∏Àª ¬Û1¶ÛÀ1-¬Û1¶Û1fl¡ ’±À¬Û±Ú fl¡ø1 Œ˘±ª±1 ˆ¬±ª õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡˚˛º ¤˝◊ ëÂ√fl¡ Œfl¡1˚˛í ·œÓ¬1 ¤fl¡±—˙ Ó¬˘Ó¬ √±ø„√√ Ò1± ˝√√í˘º ¬Û±˚˛º fl≈¡øfl¡ ‰¬œÚ √±˝◊¬Ûí Â√±ø˜ Œ˜Ó¬ ¬Û±—¤ ŒÈ¬1Ì 1— Â√í¬Ûí Ú±—Â√Ú ’±1±ÀÊ√ ‰¬±Ú«±˜ Œ‰¬ø¬ÛÚÓ¬íº ø˘Ó¬ √— Â√íø¬Û1ÀÔ Ó¬± Œ1—À¬ı— fl¡±øͬ Œª Â√í ˘— ’±Ô±˝◊ ’±Àªº fl¡í˘ ˘íøÂ√√∑ ˝√√œ1± ¬Û≈øÚ—Àfl¡ ˘±— fl≈¡À˘— øÂ√√íº ˘— fl¡˝◊Â√í ˘±Àfl¡ fl≈¡À˘— ’±ø¬ı Â√í ˜±Ú±˝◊ øÂ√Ó¬± Œ˜í ‰≈¬¬Ûœ ¬Û±˜ 1n∏—ÙË¬íº ˜±UÚ Œ˘ √íÀÓ¬ √øGª±1 Â√±¬Û«í √˘±— ’±øõ∂Ú Œõ∂º ˘í ˜±Ô≈˜ √±˜ ÙË¬íº ’Ô«±» ëÎ◊¬Ê√±À˚˛ ‰¬±À˘± ˜˝◊ ¬ˆ¬øȬ˚˛±˝◊ ‰¬±À˘± ˜˝◊ øȬ˜ Œ¬ÛÚ ˝◊˜ ’±˘«í ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˜±Ú qªøÚ Ú±˝◊ Ú±—√í Ó¬±À¬ı’í ŒÓ¬±˜±fl¡ ˜˝◊ ŒÚ¬Û±À˘ Ê√œ˚˛±˝◊ Œ˚ ŒÚÔ±Àfl¡± Ê√í - ’±1øÚ ‰¬flƒ¡˘í Ê√œªÚ1 ¸±Ô«fl¡Ó¬± Ú±˝◊ºí 1n∏Ú1n∏Ú ø‰¬˘í¬Ûíº ˜≈ÀÂ√1± Œfl¡ø˝√√1 – ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±ª±Ô« – ŒÈ¬1Ì 1—Â√í¬Ûí Ú±˜1 Œ˘±fl¡ ¤ÊÀ√Ú õ∂ÔÀ˜ ˘ø‡˜œ1 &Ì-·±Ú õ∂‰¬±1 ˜≈ÀÂ√1± Œfl¡ø˝√√1 fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘1 ‰¬˜±—fl¡±Ú ’Ô¬ı± ˜‘Ó¬fl¡1 |±X ’Ú≈ᬱÚÓ¬ ’±R±1 ¸√ƒ·øÓ¬1 fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“ ˝√√±ø¬ıÓ¬ ‚”ø1 Ù≈¬À1±ÀÓ¬ ¤øȬ Ê√≈ø11 ¬Û±1Ó¬ ¬Ûfl¡± Ò±ÚøÚ Œ√‡± ¬Û±À˘ ’±1n∏ Ò±Ú1 ’ÀÔ« ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú fl¡1± ¤ø¬ıÒ ¬ÛøªS ·œÓ¬º ‰¬˜±—fl¡±Ú1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø√Ú± ìÊ√±˜ø¬ıø˘ ’±Í¬Úî1 [fl¡±1ø¬ı Î◊¬¬Ûfl¡±ø1Ó¬± ¸•ÛÀfl¡« ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±À˘º √øGª±1 Â√±1¬Ûí Ú±˜1 ¤Ê√Ú Œ˘±Àfl¡ ¤øȬ qˆ¬ø√Ú ¬ı±1 ‰¬±˝◊ ¸fl¡˘1 Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡] Ó¬˘Ó¬ ¬ıø˝√√ ˜≈ÀÂ√1± Œfl¡ø˝√√1 ·œÓ¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú fl¡À1º ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬Ó¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ˘·Ó¬ ¬ıUÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ∆˘ ˘ø‡˜œfl¡ ‚1Õ˘ ’±√ø1 ’±øÚÀ˘º Œ¸˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ëÂ√fl¡ Œfl¡1˚˛íº ¸fl¡˘1 ¸‘ø©ÜÓ¬Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ’±√±˜ ’±Â√±1 [fl¡±1ø¬ı ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬] – ˝◊ø˘ fl¡±1ø¬ı Ȭ±—ÀÓ¬ fl¡±1ø¬ı ’±√±˜ ’±Â√±1 ·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ ’Ú≈ᬱÚ1 ’¬Ûø1˝√√±˚« ’eº ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√1 ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ Œfl¡√ífl¡fl¡º ’Ó¬œÊ√À1 ¬Û1± ‰¬ø˘ ’˝√√± ¤fl¡ ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ Ò˜«œ˚˛ ’Ú≈ᬱں fl¡±1ø¬ı Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ˜±Ú‰¬±1ÀÚíÓ¬ Î◊¬À~‡ øÚ˝√√±Ó¬ Œfl¡ Œfl¡√í fl¡fl¡ fl¡1± ’Ú≈¸ø1ñ Œfl¡õ≠±— ø‰¬—Ô≈˜ Ú± fl¡flƒ¡ ëÊ√≈í1±Â≈√Ú ø1¤ øfl¡øÙ¬ ø‰¬—Ô≈˜ fl¡flƒ¡ Ê√Ú1±ÀÊ√ ª±—À˘≈— [1±] Œfl¡õ≠±— ˘±¬Û≈ Œ˝√√˘í ø¬Û ’±1ÀÊ√ ø˘Ó¬Àfl¡ Œfl¡øÙ¬ ˘±¬Û≈ Œ˝√√˘í U U ’±ÀÂ√1À˜ [Ó¬±] ‰¬˜±—fl¡±Ú Î◊¬»¸ª1 ¤È¬± Î◊¬À~‡À˚±·… ø√˙ ˝√√í˘ ø¬ıÀ√˝√√œ ’±R±1 Î◊¬ÀV˙… ¤˝◊ Î◊¬»¸ª

144 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 145 ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˚ø√› ŒÎ¬fl¡±-·±ˆ¬1n∏1 Œ˚ÃÚ ’±À¬ı√Ú˜”˘fl¡ Ú‘Ó¬…-·œÓ¬ ¤˝◊ Î◊¬»¸ª1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¸—·‘˝√√œÓ¬ Ó¬Ô…1 ø˚ø‡øÚ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’±·¬ıÀϬˇ±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√, Œ¸˝◊ ø‡øÚÀ˚˛˝◊ ¬Û˚«…±5 Ú˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ’Ê√¶⁄ ›Ó¬–Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª Ê√øάˇÓ¬º ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√ ø˚˜±Ú õ∂‰¬±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Ó¬Õfl¡› Œ¬ıøÂ√ Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ fl¡±˘1 ·ˆ¬«Ó¬ ’íÂ√í Œfl¡À¬ı˝◊ ’±˘≈Ú – Œ˝√√1±˝◊ Œ˚±ª±1 Î◊¬¬ÛSê˜ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ Ó¬Ô± Œ˘±fl¡¸—¶¥®øÓ¬Ó¬ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œ fl¡±1ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 ˆ¬±¯∏±- fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡À˘ ø˙q øÚ‰≈¬fl¡øÚ ·œÓ¬fl¡ ’íÂ√í Œfl¡À¬ı˝◊ ’±˘≈Ú ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡˚˛º ·œÓ¬À¬ı±1Ó¬ ˜±Ó‘¬ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ ø¬ÛÂ√¬Ûø1 Ôfl¡± ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊ Œ˘±fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¤˝◊ Œ¬Û±ª±˘˜øÌ ¸‘√˙ ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬ Œ¬ı±À1 ø¬ıô¶±1 ˝√√+√˚˛1 ’fl‘¡øS˜ ˆ¬±˘À¬Û±ª± ’±1n∏ fl¡äÚ± õ∂ªÌÓ¬± ˘é¬… fl¡1± ˚±˚˛º ¸≈1 ’±1n∏ Â√µÀ1 ¬Ûø1¬Û”Ì« ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊º ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‰¬±À˜ ˝◊˚˛±1 ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ’±1n∏ õ∂‰¬˘Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ˚ø√› ·œÓ¬À¬ı±1 qøÚ¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı1 qª˘±º ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√1 Î◊¬X±1 Ó¬Ô± õ∂‰¬±11 ˚ÀÔ©Ü Ô˘ ’±ÀÂ√º ¸˜˚˛1 ˘À· ˘À· ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ¸˜”À˝√√ ¤Ê√±—¬Û ˜±µ≈— [Ó¬±] øˆ¬ißÓ¬± ¬Û±À˘› øfl¡c ¶§fl¡œ˚˛ ø‰¬ôL±-Ò±1̱, ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ¸√±À˚˛ ¬ıøÓ¬« Ô±øfl¡¬ıº ø¬ıù´±˚˛Ú1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˜±ª— ’±Ù≈¬˘≈˜ ¬Û‘øÔªœ‡Ú ¤‡Ú ·“±ªÕ˘ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ‰≈¬Àfl¡Àfl¡±ÀÚ ø¸“‰¬ø1Ó¬ ∆˝√√ Ôfl¡± Œ√—À√— ¬Û±—À1—Sê˜ [1±] ¶§fl¡œ˚˛ ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸≈Ñ ˆ¬±Àª Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ’±1n∏ qX Ó¬Ô… ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√±º Â≈√ø11 1˝◊≈√Ú [Ú±—] ¤˚˛± ’±˜±1 Úª õ∂Ê√ij1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’øÓ¬Õfl¡ ’±Úµ1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¤‰¬±˜ Î◊¬»¸±˝√√œ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¬ı±Ô« – ’±˜±1 ˜˝◊Ú±˝◊ ·Â√-·Â√øÚ ˆ¬±ø„√√ÀÂ√, ¬Û±˝√√±1 øÊ√øÚÀÂ√, Ê√≈˜Ó¬˘œÓ¬ ø¸ ˚≈ªfl¡-˚≈ªÓ¬œÀ˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜1 Œ˚±À·ø√ ¤˝◊ ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬ ¸˜”˝√√1 Î◊¬X±1 ’±1n∏ ‰¬‰¬«± fl¡1±Ó¬ Œ˝√√Ê√±1 Œ˜±Ú ˙˝◊‰¬ ‰¬¬Û±¬ıº ’±·¬ıϬˇ± Œ√‡± ∆·ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊˚˛± fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤È¬± qˆ¬ ˘é¬Ìº ’±˙± fl¡À1± fl¡±1ø¬ı ˝√√±÷˜≈ ’±˘≈Ú – Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√√ Î◊¬X±1 ∆˝√√ fl¡±1ø¬ı Œ˘±fl¡ ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¡ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œ fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬1 ˘—ÀȬ1Ì ’±1n∏ ˝√√±÷ ≈√À˚˛± ¶§±˜œ-¶aœ ’øÂ√˘º 1±Ê√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛±1 õ∂ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ¤˝◊ Œõ∂ø˜fl¡-Œõ∂ø˜fl¡± ¬ı˝√√˘ ¬ÛÔ±1‡ÀÚ± ’øÒfl¡ Î◊¬¬ı«1± fl¡ø1 Œ˘±fl¡¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˆ¬“1±˘ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘¬ıº ˝√√±˘1 ø¬ıÀ2Â√ø√Ó¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ˘—ÀȬ1ÀÚ ’±R˝√√Ó¬…± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊ ≈√À‡À1 ¬Ûø1¬Û”Ì« fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœÀȬ± ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±1n∏ ¸≈1 Œ¬ıÀ˘· ˝√√íÀ˘›, øfl¡c ¤˝◊‡Ú ’¸˜Ó¬ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1± ¸fl¡À˘± Ê√±øÓ¬- fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ fl¡1n∏Ì Œõ∂˜ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ’±øÊ√› õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬º Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ1 ·œÓ¬1 ¸≈1 ¤Àfl¡º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ fl¡±1ø¬ı Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬1 ¶§fl¡œ˚˛Ó¬±1 ¤˝◊ ¬ıU˘ ‰¬±ø¬ıÚ ’±˘≈Ú – [1±˜±˚˛Ì1 ·œÓ¬] Œé¬S‡Ú ¸≈ш¬±Àª ’Ò…˚˛Ú fl¡ø1 Œ¬Û±˝√√1Õ˘ ’±øÚÀ˘ ¤˝◊ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ˚˛ ø¬ıù´±˚˛Ú1 ˚≈·Ó¬ ‰¬±ø˜˘ fl¡±1ø¬ı Œ˘±fl¡ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ’øÓ¬Õfl¡ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œº 1±˜±˚˛Ì1 fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœÀȬ± ∆˝√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ¸fl¡À˘± Œ˘±fl¡Õ˘ ¬ı±Ó¬«± Œõ∂1Ì fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√í¬ıº 쉬±ø¬ıÚ ’±˘≈Úî Ú±À˜À1 fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ’Ó¬œÊ√À1 ¬Û1± ‰¬ø˘ ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º 1±˜±˚˛Ì1 ·œÓ¬1 fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸˜±Ê√‡Ú1 õ∂ˆ¬±Àª± ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬º ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂Lö1±øÊ√ – øÚ‰¬ ‰¬±ø1Úƒ ø˜1ƒ˘ø1 [fl¡] ’øÒfl¡±1œ, qfl¡À√ª [¸•Û±] – ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıù´±˚˛Ú fl¡±—Ȭ±— 1±— Œ¬ÛÚƒ‡Úƒ Œ¬ıøÚ ‡] ·Õ·, ˘œ˘± – ’¸˜1 ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ˝◊—ø2ÂÚƒ ’±-ø˘Í¬±˝◊ ŒÔø¬Û ·] ŒÓ¬1±—, 1—¬ı— [¸•Û±] – fl¡±1ø¬ı ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬1 1+¬ÛÀ1‡±º Ê√Úfl¡ ø1‰¬í’퉬íø¬Û ‚] ¬ı1√Õ˘, øÚ˜«˘õ∂ˆ¬± – ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ’±ÀÔÚ— ¸œÓ¬± fl≈¡—ø1ø¬Û [„√√] ¬ı1n∏ª±, ˆ¬œ˜fl¡±ôL – ’¸˜1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ˜±1Ú±— fl¡±1fl¡flƒ¡ ’±øÚ« [‰¬] ¬ı1±, Œ√ªøÊ√Ó¬ [¸•Û±] – Î◊¬M√√√1 ¬Û”¬ı«±=˘œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ñ ñ ñ ñ ñ ñ [Â√] ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«…, ά0 õ∂À˜±√ – ’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ñ ñ ñ ñ ñ ñ [Ê√] ˙˜«±, ά0 Ú¬ıœÚ – ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 Î◊¬M√√√1 ¬Û”¬ı«±=˘1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙…fl¡˘±º ˘±ø‰¬ ¸œÓ¬± ø¬ÛÚ Ú±—øÊ√ºº [’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ¬Û‘ᬱ - ’Ô«±» ¬ı±Uª˘œ ŒÎ¬fl¡± 1±˜ ’±1n∏ ˘Ñ̺ ¸œÓ¬± Ê√Úfl¡1 Ê√œ˚˛1œº 1Ê√± Ê√Úfl¡1 ¤‡Ú Œ˘±˝√√±1 ÒÚ≈ ’±øÂ√˘º Œ‰¬±Ó¬±˘ ¸±À1±ÀÓ¬ Œ¸˝◊ ÒÚ≈ ¸œÓ¬±˝◊ Œ¸“±˝√√±Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ¬ı±›˝√√±ÀÓ¬À1 ˝◊Ù¬±˘ ø¸Ù¬±˘ fl¡À1º Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œ√ø‡ 1Ê√± Ê√ÚÀfl¡ fl¡˚˛, ¤˝◊ ά±„√√1 ÒÚ≈‡Ú ø˚À˚˛ ˆ¬±ø„√√¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ı, ŒÓ¬Àª˝◊ ¸œÓ¬±fl¡ ¬ÛPœ 1+À¬Û ¬Û±¬ıº ¸±˜1øÌ – ¤˝◊ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± 1±ø‡ fl¡±1ø¬ı Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬1 ¬ıU˘ Œé¬S‡ÚÕ˘ ÚÕ· ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ˆ¬±Àª

146 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 147 õ∂øSê˚˛±À1 ÚÓ≈¬Ú 1+¬ÛÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ ˝√√˚˛º Œ˘‡fl¡-¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡ Œ·±ø¬ıµ õ∂¸±√ ˙˜«±˝◊√√ ë’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¬ı≈1?œí [¯∏ᬠ‡G–]Ó¬ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ñ ë1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ˚≈·1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 Ò±1± õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬– ≈√Ȭ±º ¤È¬± õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ’±1n∏ ’±ÚÀȬ± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı±√œº ’ªÀ˙… Ê√˚˛ôLœ ˚≈·1 Ó¬œ¬ıË Œ|Ìœ ¸—¢∂±˜ ’±1n∏ ˜±'«¬ı±√œ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˘·Ó¬ ¬ıœÀ1fÚ±Ô ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«1 ŒÚÓ‘¬QÓ¬ ·øϬˇ ά◊ͬ± 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ˚≈·1 õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸•Û”Ì« ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝√√˚˛º 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈1 ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 Ò±1±ÀȬ± ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ 1‡± fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ 1±˜ ·Õ· ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ 1±˜ ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL± ˚≈·1 ¸˜±Ê√¬ı±√œ ¬ı± õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ Ò±1±1 fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ 1±˜ ·Õ· ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Œ|ᬠfl¡ø¬ıº 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ˚≈·1 ¤·1±fl¡œ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ fl¡ø¬ı ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û 1±˜ ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±À¬ı±Ò1 ά◊8˘ ’±ˆ¬±¸ ’±ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“ ’±øÂ√˘ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬±Ô«Ó¬ ˜±øȬ ’±1n∏ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 fl¡ø¬ıº ˜‘À·fÚ±Ô ˙˜«± Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬ ’±1n∏ |˜Ê√œªœ ˜±Ú≈˝√1 ˜≈øMê√1 ’±fl¡±—鬱1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ∆¬ı¯∏˜…˝◊√√ fl¡ø¬ıfl¡ Œé¬±øˆ¬Ó¬ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Œé¬±ˆ¬1 ¬ıø˝√√«õ∂fl¡±˙¶§1+À¬Û ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±È¬±› ά◊À~‡À˚±·… fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º 1953 ‰¬Ú1 ¬Û1± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ˘±ª± ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ’±À˘±‰¬ÚœÓ¬ ’ªÓ¬1øÌfl¡± – õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡±¬ı… ¸—fl¡˘ÚÀfl¡˝◊√√‡Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ 똱øȬ1 ¶§õüí [1963], ëŒ˝√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı…ª¶ö±1 ’±˜”˘ ¬Ûø1¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±1 ˜”˘ ’±Ò±1º õ∂·øÓ¬À˚˛ ’ôL1±R±í [1986], ’±1n∏ ëŒfl¡±˜˘ ·±g±1í [1994],º ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂Ô˜ fl¡±¬ı… ¸—fl¡˘Ú 똱øȬ1 ¬Û≈1øÌ ¸—¶®±1fl¡ ¸√±˚˛ ø¬ıÀ1±Ò fl¡À1º õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±‰¬‰«¬±˝◊√√ ¶§õüíÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ 1953-1962 ‰¬Ú1 fl¡±˘ÀÂ√±ª±Ó¬ ø˘‡± ’±ø√ ˆ¬±·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸˜”˝√√ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ õ∂Ò±Úˆ¬±Àª ¶ö±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1º õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√1 ˜”˘ ˘é¬… ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˜±'«¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1±1 øˆ¬øM√√Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ëŒ˝√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœ ’ôL1±R±íÓ¬ 똱øȬ1 ¶§õüí1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ë˜˝◊√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 fl¡ø¬ıí Ú±À˜À1 ¸±Ê≈√ fl¡1± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò1 õ∂¸±1 ‚ÀȬ±ª±º õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˜”˘ ά◊»¸ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˜±'«œ˚˛ √˙«Úº fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ø‡øÚ ¸—fl¡ø˘Ó¬ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 Œ˙˝√√Ó¬œ˚˛± 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ά◊ø˘›ª±ÀȬ±Àª ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ˘é¬…º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı±È¬Ó¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ’ªÀ1±Òfl¡ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡¬ı·«º Ó¬±1 ˘·Ó¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 1±˜ ·Õ· ø¬ıõ≠ªœ fl¡ø¬ıº ˝√√±˘≈ª±, ˝√√Ê≈√ª±, fl‘¡¯∏fl¡, ¬ıÚ≈ª±, ‡±øȬÀ‡±ª± Œ|ÌœÀȬ±1 ˜≈øMê√ õ∂˚˛±¸œ ¤˝◊√√Ê√Ú± fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸±˜…¬ı±√ õ∂øӬᬱ1 ¸À¬Û±Ú Œ√ø‡øÂ√˘º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ·ÌÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±fl¡ ά◊Vœø¬ÛÓ¬ ¸√±˚˛ ø¬ıÀ1±Òº Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ ¶§±Ô«1 ά◊ij≈˘ÀÚ˝◊√√ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√1 ’øˆ¬Àõ∂Ó¬ ¸—fl¡äº ø‰¬1¬ıµœ ˜±Úª 5 ¸˜±Ê√fl¡ ˜≈Mê√ fl¡ø1¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø¸ ¸—¶®±1¢∂ô¶ õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡ Ò√ı—¸ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1íº2 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± 1±˜ ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ‚±˝◊√√ ¸≈1ÀȬ± ˝√√í˘ ø¬ıõ≠ªœ ¸≈1º ¬Û=±˙1 √˙fl¡Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±1 ά◊Àij¯∏ ‚ÀȬ fl≈¡ø1 ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 øS˙1 √˙fl¡Ó¬º øS˙1 ŒÓ¬›“1 ¸¬ı«À|ᬠfl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ë¬ÛÔ±1í ’±1n∏ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ 똱øȬ1 ¶§õüíº ë¬ÛÔ±1í fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ √˙fl¡1 ˜±Ê√ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ÒœÀ1Ú √M√√1 븗¶®±1í, 붧±ÒœÚ-1±˚˛Ó¬í ’±ø√ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ŒÓ¬›“ ’ôL11 ø¬ıõ≠ªœ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±fl¡ Ê√±¢∂Ó¬ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘ÀÂ√º fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ˜±Ú≈˝√√fl¡ ’ôLÀ1À1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±˘ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ õ∂ÔÀ˜ ˜±'«¬ÛLöœ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 õ∂Àª˙ ‚ÀȬº3 ’ªÀ˙… ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ ¤È¬± õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ’±Àµ±˘Ú ¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√1 √ø˘Ó¬, Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬ √ø1^1 fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¸fl¡À˘ fl¡¬Û±˘1 ‚±˜ ˜±øȬӬ Œ¬Û˘±˝◊√√ ø˚ Ê√œªÚ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ’±1y ˝√√˚˛ ‰¬ø~˙1 √˙fl¡1 ¬Û1±À˝√√º 1943 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ‰¬ÀSêù´1 ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« ’±1n∏ fl¡˜˘ ¸—¢∂±˜Ó¬ ¬ıËÓ¬œ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˚La̱fl¡±Ó¬1 ’ª¶ö±ÀȬ±fl¡ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¸˝√√+√˚˛Ó¬±À1 ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1øÂ√˘º Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª1 ¸•Û±√Ú±Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú 1+¬ÛÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ëÊ√˚˛ôLœíÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Àµ±˘Ú1 &ø1 ˘±ø>Ó¬ ¸¬ı«˝√√±1±1 ≈√‡-Œ¬ı√Ú±˝◊√√ fl¡ø¬ıfl¡ ø˚ ’±‚±Ó¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Ó¬±1 Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜±'«œ˚˛ Òø1øÂ√˘º ˆ¬¬ı±Úµ √M√√, ’˜”˘… ¬ı1n∏ª±, ‰¬ÀSêù´1 ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, Œ˝√√˜ ¬ı1n∏ª±, Œfl¡˙ª ˜˝√√ôL ’±ø√À˚˛ √˙«Ú1 õ∂øÓ¬ ’±fl¡ø¯∏«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ë¬ÛÔ±1í fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ ˜˝√√±Ê√Úœ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√1 ¬ı±Ìœ fl¡øϬˇ˚˛±˝◊√√ ’±ÀÚº ’˜”˘… ¬ı1n∏ª±1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ Ú¬ı… ˜±ÚªÓ¬±¬ı±√1 ø˚ ¸≈1 ¬ı±øÊ√ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬1 fl¡¬ı˘Ó¬ Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ëÊ√œªÚ Œfl¡±„√√± ∆˝√√ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√º ’Ô‰¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡1 fl¡¬Û±˘1 ά◊øͬ˘, ø¸À˚˛˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±1 ¬ı±Ó«¬±¬ı˝√√º4 ‰¬ø~˙1 √˙fl¡1 ‚±˜ ˘±ø·À˚˛ Œ¸Î¬◊Ê√œ˚˛± ¬ÛÔ±1 õ∂±Ì˜˚˛, Œ˜±˝√√˜˚˛ Ê√œªÚ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ÛÔ±11 õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ëÊ√˚˛ôLœí1 fl¡±˘ÀÂ√±ª± ] ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±1±1 ά◊æ√ª ˘·Ó¬ ˜±Úª ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ’±ø√˜Ó¬˜ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ Ê√øάˇÓ¬ ∆˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛÔ±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¸fl¡˘1 fl¡±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ¬Û±ø1º √1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ê√˚˛ôLœ fl¡ø¬ı Œ·±á¬œÀ˚˛ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±1 fl¡Àͬ±1 ¸±ÒÚ±1 Œé¬S¬º ¤˝◊√√ ¸±ÒÚ±À1˝◊√√ ¬ÛÔ±1fl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¸‘ø©Ü¸yª± fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±À˘º øfl¡c Œ‡±¬ÛøÚ ¬Û≈øÓ¬¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√˚˛º Ê√˚˛ôLœ1 ¤˝◊√√ ¬ıø˘á¬ ¸˜±Ê√ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ë1±˜ÀÒÚ≈í ˚≈·Ó¬ ¬Ûø1À˙±ÒÚ ˜˝√√±Ê√Úœ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ˙øMê√1 ¢∂±¸Ó¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¸fl¡˘ ø√ÀÚ ø√ÀÚ øÚ‰¬˘±, øÚ1iß ’±1n∏

148 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 149 øÚ1¶a ∆˝√√ ø√Ú fl¡È¬±¬ı˘·± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±ø¬ıÀÂ√º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ëŒÊ√±ª±1 ø˚ø√Ú± ’±ø˝√√À˘í fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀȬ±ÀÓ¬± ÚÓ≈¬ÚQ¬ı±√œ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ ë˜Ó¬–•°±Ú fl‘¡¯∏fl¡1 ¸±ÒÚ± fl¡Àͬ±1 ø¬ıù´‡Ú ÚÓ≈¬ÚÕfl¡ ¸≈µ1 Œ˝√√±ª±1 ’±˙± õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ˘±ø>Ó¬ ¬ÛœøάˇÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 ¸¬ı«±—·œÚ øÚ1iß, ø¬ı˜¯∏« ’±1n∏ flv¡±ôL, |±ôL ¸øg˚˛±Ó¬ fl¡˘…±Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¸¬ı«¸±Ò±1Ì1 ˜≈øMê√1 ¬ı±À¬ı ‰¬1˜ Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ˚Ú ¸√±˚˛ õ∂dÓ¬º ŒÓ¬›“1 ë˜≈øMê√í ≈√–ø‰¬ôL± ≈√–¸˝√√ ∆˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1º fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ëø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ø¬ıù´ífl¡ Œ¬Û±ª±1 ¤fl¡±ôL Œ˝√√“¬Û±˝√√ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÚÀ¬ı±ÀÒ ŒÓ¬›“ Ê√ÚÓ¬±1 ˜˝√√±Ê√Úœ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬– ∆√ÚøµÚ ˙±1œÓ¬ øÔ˚˛ ∆˝√√ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ’±R¬ıø˘√±Ú ø√¬ıÕ˘› fl≈¡F±À¬ı±Ò Úfl¡À1º 븘À¬ıÓ¬ Œ˝√√Ê√±1 ¶§õüí1 Ê√œªÚ ˘±ˆ¬ ’±1n∏ é¬øÓ¬1 ·ÌÚ±ºí ·“±Ô±1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¸√±˚˛ ¸Ê√±· Ôfl¡± fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ά◊ø1 ˚±¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1 ë”√1 ”√1±ôL1 ¬Û1± ”√1Õ˘íº fl¡±1Ì ë·øÓ¬˝√√œÚ ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ú¬Û±Úœ1 √À1 õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±À·› fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¸fl¡˘1 Œ¸Î¬◊Ê√œ˚˛± ¸À¬Û±Ú fl¡±øϬˇ Ê√œªÚ fl¡±¬ı…í fl¡ø¬ı1 fl¡±˜… Ú˝√√˚˛º ŒÓ¬›“ ¸À¬Û±Ú Œ√À‡ ·øÓ¬˜˚˛ Ú√œ1 ¬ı≈fl≈¡1 ŒÏ¬Ã ∆˝√√ ά◊øȬ ˚±¬ıÕ˘ ∆˘ ˚±˚˛º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ÛÔ±1 ’±1n∏ fl‘¡¯∏Àfl¡ ¸√±˚˛ fl¡±øµ-fl¡±øȬ ’ø¶ö1 ∆˝√√ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ˘±À·º ø˚À˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ’À˙¯∏ ˙øMê√ Œ˚±·±¬ı ¬Û±À1º øfl¡c fl¡ø¬ı1 ˜ÀÓ¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¸fl¡À˘ øÚÊ√1 ’øÒfl¡±1 ¸±¬ı…ô¶ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘ ¸—¢∂±˜1 ¬ÛÔ±1Ó¬ ëøÚÊ√Àfl¡ ø¬ı¸øÊ«√ ˚ø√ ¬Û±›“ ˜˝◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ø¬ıù´fl¡ ¸øijø˘Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√1 Ê√±·1Ì Ó≈¬ø˘¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√˜≈‡1 ∆˝√√ ˜˝√√±Ê√Úœ ’ª¸±Ú ˝√√›“fl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀôL ¤˝◊√√ ‚‘Ì… ’±R¢≠±øÚ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬1 ¬Û1± øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ά◊¡Z±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¸øijø˘Ó¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡ ˙øMê√À˚˛ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú, ’±RøÚ¢∂˝√√1º ˝√√ͬ±» ø¬ı˝√√—· ˜Ú ¬ı±Ú¬Û±Úœ ’±øÊ√ ¸fl¡À˘±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À1±Ò fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ı ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡À1º fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ˜±'«œ˚˛ ά◊ø1 ·í˘, ”√1 ”√1±ôL1 ¬Û1± ”√1Õ˘º √˙«ÀÚÀ1 ά◊¡Z≈X ∆˝√√ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡ ˙øMê√fl¡ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√1 Ê√±·1Ì Ó≈¬ø˘¬ıÕ˘ ŒÓ¬›“1 ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ë¬ÛÔ±1í fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§õü ·øÓ¬˝√√œÚ Ê√œªÚ fl¡±¬ı…1 ’±˝3√√±Ú Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ñ ëø¬ıø‰¬S ’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√º ¸øijø˘Ó¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡1 ¸˜i§˚˛ ‘√Ϭˇfl¡F ø¬ıÚøÚÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√1 ˜˝◊√√ ˜±ÀÔ“± ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√± ·øÓ¬˜˚˛ Ê√±·1Ì ’±À˝√√º ’ˆ¬≈…√˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±Ó¬œ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± [¬ÛÔ±1] fl¡ø¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ÛÔ±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¸¬ı«˝√√±1± Œ|Ìœ1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ŒÏ¬Ã Ú√œ1 ¬ı≈fl≈¡1ºí [˜≈øMê√] ¸—¢∂±˜1 ¶ö˘œ ˚íÓ¬ |˜Ê√œªœ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ŒÓ¬Ê√1„√√± ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ø˘‡± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸Î¬◊Ê√œ˚˛± õ∂±Ì1 ˜±ÚªÀõ∂˜1 ˜LaÀ1 √œøé¬Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ı 1±˜ ·Õ·1 ˜Ú-õ∂±Ì Ê√Ú·Ì1 ˜≈fl≈¡øÓ¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ά◊Â√·«± fl¡ø1 ¬ÛÔ±1 fl¡ø1¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı 븑ø©Ü¸yª± ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ¬ÛÔ±1íº fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±È¬±› fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ1 õ∂·øÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ‰¬1˜ ‚‘̱ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√º ˜±øȬ1 ¶§õüÓ¬ ’±fl≈¡˘ Œ˝√√±ª± fl¡ø¬ı 1±˜ ·Õ·À˚˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ’±ø√À1 ¬Û1± ¸—¢∂±˜œ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 Ê√œªÚ1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ŒÓ¬Ê√ø¬Û˚˛± Œ˙±¯∏fl¡À¬ı±1 ¸˜±Ê√1 ¸√±˚˛ ˙Sn∏ ¬ı≈ø˘ ·Ì… fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±À·º fl¡ø¬ı1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ’Ô« ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 똱øȬ1 ¶§õüí fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œfl¡ÀÚ√À1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¸‘ø©Ü1 ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¸˜±Ê√1 ˙Sn∏À¬ı±1 ¤˝◊√√ ˙Sn∏¸fl¡˘ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡±1 ¸‘ø©Ü Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ŒÓ¬›“ ¸fl¡À˘±Àfl¡ ¬ıœÊ√ ø¸“ø‰¬ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛±øˆ¬ˆ¬”Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ˜±øȬfl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ¬Û±˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜±øȬÀÓ¬ ’˜‘Ó¬1 fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡ø1À˘º fl¡±1Ì ˆ¬±ø¬ı¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı±Ò… fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡±1 Â√SÂ√±˚˛±Ó¬ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|ÌœÀȬ±Àª Ê√ÚÓ¬±1 ŒÓ¬Ê√ qø˝√√ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ Œ˚Úñ ‡±¬ıÕ˘ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¬Û±˝◊√√ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√¸fl¡˘ ¸˜±Ê√1 ˙Sn∏fl¡ ø‰¬Ú±Mê√ fl¡ø1 ά◊ø˘˚˛±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“1 ë˜≈fl¡ø˘ ¬ÛÔ±1 ˝√√í˘, ·±“› ˝√√í˘ ¤ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¤Ê√Ú ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±Ó¬ ’ªÓ¬œÌ« fl¡1±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ڜάˇ ¤øȬ ˙±øôL1 øÚø¬ıάˇ ’±äÚ± ¤ÀÚ ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ˝√√œÚ ¤‡Ú ¸˜±Ê√1 fl¡Ô±Àfl¡ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√º ¸˝√√Ê√-¸1˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¶§õü ·œÓ¬ ˝√√í˘, ¸≈1 ˝√√í˘ Ê√œªÚ ¬ıœÌ±1ºí [˜±øȬ ¶§õü] Ê√ÚÓ¬±fl¡ ‰¬˘±˝√√œ fl¡Ô±À1 ͬ·-õ∂ª=Ú± fl¡1± ŒÓ¬Ê√ø¬Û˚˛± 1±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ¶§1+¬Û ά◊√„√√±˝◊√√ ˝√√“±ø˝√√-fl¡±Àµ±Ú, Ê√˚˛-¬Û1±Ê√˚˛1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˙±ù´Ó¬ ’±À˘±fl¡1 ¸g±ÚÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ¸√±˚˛ ¬ıËÓ¬œ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬›“1 ë’˜‘Ó¬ ˜LöÚí fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬6ñ ˜±øȬ1 ¬ı≈fl≈¡Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ Œ˝√√“¬Û±À˝√√À1 ÚÓ≈¬Úfl¡ ’±˝3√√±Ú Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ëÓ≈¬ø˜ Ê√±ÀÚ± ø√Úfl¡Ì±º ˜±Úª √1√œ fl¡ø¬ı 1±˜ ·Õ·À˚˛ Ê√ÚÓ¬±fl¡ ’ôLÀ1À1 ˆ¬±˘ ¬Û±˚˛º ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√íÀ˘ Ôfl¡± ŒÓ¬›“1 √±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ Ê√Ú·Ì1 ›‰¬1 ‰¬¬Û±˝◊√√ øÚøÂ√˘º ˜±Ú≈˝√√fl¡ ˆ¬±˘À¬Û±ª± ¤˝◊√√·1±fl¡œ √˘ Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œ¸À˚˛ ˜±Ú≈˝√√ Ú±˜Ò±1œ ÒÚœ ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú Œ˙±¯∏fl¡-¬ÛœÎ¬ˇfl¡ √±ÚªÀ¬ı±1fl¡ Œ√ø‡¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1º ˜À˝√√f 1±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬1 ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬Û±¯∏øȬ Œ‡˘± ¬ı1±˝◊√√ 1±˜ ·Õ·fl¡ Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ëÊ√ÚÓ¬±1 fl¡ø¬ıí ά◊¬Û±øÒ õ∂√±Ú fl¡À1º ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ë¬ÛÔ±11 fl¡ø¬ıí, ø˜Â√± ‰¬fl≈¡¬Û±Úœ Ú±˘±À· È≈¬øfl¡¬ı ëÊ√ÚÓ¬±1 fl¡ø¬ıí ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛ ˚ø√› fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ øÚÀÊ√ ë˜˝◊√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 fl¡ø¬ıí ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√ÀÂ√º ≈√–¶öÊ√Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ¬›“1 ’øÒfl¡¸—‡…fl¡ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬-¬ÛœøάˇÓ¬ ˝√√±À˘±ª±-˝√√Ê≈√ª±-¬ıÚ≈ª±¸fl¡˘fl¡ ˜±1¬ı±øg øÚÀӬà ¬ı±øϬˇÀÂ√ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡1 ø¬ı1n∏ÀX øÔ˚˛ ˝√√í¬ıÕ˘ ά◊√±M√√ ’±˝3√√±Ú Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ë˝◊√√—ø·Ó¬í, ’±À˜±˘±Ó¬La1 ˆ¬˚˛˘·± ø¬ı¯∏ “√±Ó¬ºí [’˜‘Ó¬ ˜LöÚ] ëŒÊ√±ª±1 ø˚ø√Ú± ’±ø˝√√À˘í, ë˜≈øMê√í, ë¤‡Ú ø‰¬øͬ1 fl¡Ô±í, ë鬘± õ∂±Ô«Ú±À1í, ë’˜‘Ó¬ ˜LöÚí, ëfl¡ø˘fl¡Ó¬±í ëøȬ¬Ûø˘—, 19 ’±·©ÜÓ¬ – 57 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ı 1±˜ ·Õ·À˚˛ ¬ı=Ú±1 ’ª¸±Ú Œ˝√√±ª±1 ’±ø√ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º fl¡Ô± ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬ıø=Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 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152 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 153 ø¬ı‰¬±À1º Ó¬…±· ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø¬ıSÓ¬±1 ’±√˙«À1 ˝√√Ê√1Ó¬ ˜˝√√•ú√, ˚œq, ¬ı≈X ’±ø√À˚˛ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ˙±øôL1 ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ’ª√±Ú ’±·¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡1± ˜˝√√±Ú õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±› ’ÔÀ˘ ˚±¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1 ¸Ó¬…, Œõ∂˜, Ú…±˚˛ ˚ø√ ø˜Â√± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ ¬Û‘øÔªœÓ¬ fl¡íÓ¬ ˙±øôL Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ õ∂ùü Ó≈¬ø˘ÀÂ√ñ ëø˝√√—¸±˜M√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˚ø√ ˚œq ¬ı≈X ˝√√Ê√1Ó¬ ’±RÓ¬…±· ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 fl¡È¬fl¡œ, ά0 ‰¬f...... ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®1Ì, 1989 ø˜Â√± ˚ø√ ¸Ó¬…, Œõ∂˜, Ú…±˚˛ ’±1n∏ Ó¬…±·1 ’±˝3√√±Ú, fl¡ø˘Ó¬±, ά0 ˜À˝√√ù´1...... ‰¬ø~˙1 √˙fl¡1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± – ¤øȬ ¸˜œé¬±, ’ôL1œ¬Û, ˜±ø˘·±“› Œfl¡ª˘ 鬘Ӭ± ˚ø√ ¸“‰¬± ˝√√˚˛ Ó“¬±Ó¬œ, ¸˜œ1 ’±1n∏ ’Ú…±Ú… [¸•Û±.] ’˜”˘… ¬ı1n∏ª±1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ŒÙˬGÂ√ ¬Û±ø¬ıvÀfl¡‰¬Ú, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 2000 ˙±øôL fl¡íÓ¬, fl¡íÓ¬ ¬Û±˜, ≈√√G øÚˆ¬«˚˛ ø‰¬M√√ ’˘¬Û ’±1±˜ºí [ŒÓ¬Ê√œ˜˘± ŒÓ¬±˜±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ] ¬ı1À·±˝√√±ø¤û, Œ˝√√±À˜Ú [¸•Û±.]...... ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ øfl¡c Ê√Ú¸±·11 fl¡À~±˘ qøÚ Î¬◊Ó¬˘± ∆˝√√ Ôfl¡± fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ’±R±1 ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬ Œ¸±˜±¬ıÕ˘ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1987 ¸é¬˜ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ˜˝√√±Ê√œªÚ1 ά◊¬Û˘øt 1±˜ ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ά◊8˘ ø√˙º fl¡ø¬ı Úø˘ÚœÒ1 ‹ [¸•Û±.]...... ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¬ı≈1?œ [ᬠ‡G], ’±ø¬ıÀ˘fl¡, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl¡±˙, 2012 ˆ¬A‰¬±˚«˝◊√√ fl¡í¬ı1 √À1ñ ëÚÓ≈¬Ú1 ’±˝3√√±Ú 1±˜ ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±À1± Ò…±Úº ŒÓ¬Œ“1 ¶§õüÓ¬ ëÚœ˘fl¡F ¬ı1±, ά0 ˜À˝√√f...... ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ¬Û=˜ ¸—¶®1Ì, ¬ıÚ˘Ó¬±, 2008 Ê√ÚÓ¬±1 ’±ù´˚« ¸˜±À¬ı˙í ‚ÀȬº ˜˝√√±¸±·11 ’±fl≈¡˘ ’±˝3√√±ÚÓ¬ ά◊Ó¬˘± Ú√œ1 √À1, ŒÓ¬›“1 ˝√√+√À˚˛± ¬ı1±, ά0 Œ˝√√˜...... ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı‘M√√, ŒÈ¬fl¡ÀÚ± ¤Î¬, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 2011 12 Ê√Ú¸±·11 fl¡À~±˘ qøÚ Î¬◊Ó¬˘± ∆˝ ά◊Àͬ ñ ¬ı1n∏ª±, ά0 õ∂ √√±√ fl≈¡˜±1...... fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 Œ¸Ã1ˆ¬, ¬ıÚ˘Ó¬±, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl¡±˙, 2003 ë’±R±1 ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬ ø˜˘Ú1 qøÚÀÂ√± ’±˝3√√±Ú ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ά0 ¬Û”Ì«...... ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ‰¬f õ∂fl¡±˙, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl¡±˙, 2009 Ê√œªÚ1 ¸íÀÓ¬ ˜˝√√±Ê√œªÚ1 fl¡À~±˘ Ê√Ú-¸±·11ºí [Ú√œ] ¬Û±√øȬfl¡± – ˜±'«œ˚˛ √˙«ÚÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ 1±˜ ·Õ·À˚˛ ˜±'«, ¤—À·˘Â√ ’±ø√ ŒÚÓ¬±¸fl¡˘fl¡ |X± øÚÀ¬ı√Ú fl¡ø1 1º fl¡È¬fl¡œ, õ∂Ù≈¬~ – ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±1n∏ ¸—:±, ¬Û‘– 202 ø¬ıõ≠ª1 ¬ı±ÀȬ ¬ı±ÀȬ ŒÓ¬Ê√1„√√± Ù≈¬˘ Œ·±È¬±¬ıÕ˘ ¸±Ê≈√ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ë˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸í fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ 2º ά◊X‘Ó¬ñ fl¡ø˘Ó¬±, ˜À˝√√ù´1 , ‰¬ø~˙1 √˙fl¡1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± , ¤øȬ ¸˜œé¬±, ¬Û‘– 229-230 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸fl¡ ëŒ|Ìœ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±À1 ŒÒÃÓ¬ ˜≈Mê√ Ó¬À1±ª±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸˜±Ê√fl¡ ¬ı±√ 3º ¬ı1n∏ª±, ’±øÊ√Ó¬ – ’¸˜œ˚˛±Ó¬ ˜±'«¬ÛLöœ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ¬Û±Ó¬øÚ, Ó“¬±Ó¬œ, ¸˜œ1 ’±1n∏ ’Ú…±Ú… [¸•Û±.], ø√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 øfl¡c ˜”˘… Ú±˝◊√√º ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 øÚÀ«√˙ ˜±øÚ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ ∆¬ı¯∏˜… ’±“Ó¬1±˝◊√√ ¸¬ı«˝√√±1± ’˜”˘… ¬ı1n∏ª±1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ¬Û‘– 103 Œ|Ìœ1 ’øÒfl¡±1 ¤ø√Ú ¸±¬ı…ô¶ ˝√√í¬ı ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡À1º13 4º fl¡È¬fl¡œ, ‰¬f – ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ¬Û‘– 18 ¸±˜1øÌ – 5º ¬ı1n∏ª±, õ∂ √√±√ fl≈¡˜±1 – fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 Œ¸Ã1ˆ¬, ¬Û‘– 113 ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ø¬ıø˙©Ü õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ fl¡ø¬ı 1±˜ ·Õ·1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ Ê√ÚÓ¬±1 ˜≈øMê√ 6º ¬ı1n∏ª±, õ∂ √√±√ fl≈¡˜±1, ά◊Mê√ ¢∂Lö ¸—¢∂±˜1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ∆¬ıõ≠øªfl¡ ˜±ÚªÓ¬La õ∂øӬᬱ1 ¸À¬Û±Ú õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ˜±'«œ˚˛ √˙«Ú1 ’Ú≈·±˜œ 7º Ù≈¬fl¡Ú, fl¡¬ıœÚ – ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± – õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ¬ÛȬˆ¬”ø˜, ¬ı1À·±˝√√±ø¤û, Œ˝√√±À˜Ú [¸•Û±.] ¤˝◊√√·1±fl¡œ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¸¬ı«˝√√±1±1 õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˙±¯∏Ì ¬ıg fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√1 ¬ı±À¬ı Ê√ÚÊ√±·1Ì fl¡±˜Ú± fl¡À1º ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¬ı≈1?œ, ¯∏ᬠ‡G, ¬Û‘– 352 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ˘±ø>Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ¸¬ı«˝√√±1±1 ≈√‡-Œ¬ı√Ú± ˆ¬±˘√À1 ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1øÂ√˘º fl‘¡¯∏fl¡ |ø˜fl¡1 8º ¬ı1±, Œ˝√√˜ – ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı‘M√√, ¬Û‘– 80-81 ˜≈øMê√1 ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ø¬ıõ≠ª1 ¸≈1 Ó≈¬ø˘øÂ√˘º ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ’±1n∏ ˜±øȬfl¡ ˆ¬±˘À¬Û±ª± ¤˝◊√√·1±fl¡œ 9º ¬ı1n∏ª±, õ∂ √√±√ fl≈¡˜±1 – ¬Û”À¬ı«±Mê√ ¢∂Lö, ¬Û‘– 115 Ê√ÚÓ¬±1 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œ|Ìœ-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬¸fl¡˘1 õ∂øÓ¬ ·ˆ¬œ1 ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬ Ó¬Ô± ¸˜±Ê√ 10º ¬Û”À¬ı«±Mê√ ¢∂Lö, ¬Û‘– 120 ¬Ûø1¬ıÓ«¬Ú1 ø‰¬ôL± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ¬ıø˘á¬ˆ¬±Àª õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ˜±Úª√1√œ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ1 11º ¬Û”À¬ı«±Mê√ ¢∂Lö, ¬Û‘– 116 ˘·ÀÓ¬ 1±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸fl¡˘À1± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¶§1+¬Û ά◊√„√√±˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ¯∏±√·±1 õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ˜±Úª√1√œ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ 12º ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, Úø˘ÚœÒ1 – fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± – ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈·, ¬ı1À·±˝√√±ø¤û, Œ˝√√±À˜Ú [¸•Û±.], ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ1 Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ 1±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸fl¡À˘±À1± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¶§1+¬Û ά◊√„√√±˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ¯∏±√·±1 õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ¬Û‘– 49 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸±˜…¬ı±√ õ∂øӬᬱ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±¢∂˝√√œ Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 Œ˚±À·ø√ Ê√ÚÓ¬±fl¡ ø¬ıõ≠ª1 13º fl¡È¬fl¡œ, ‰¬f – ¬Û”À¬ı«±Mê√ ¢∂Lö, ¬Û‘– 88 ¬ı±È¬Õ˘ ›˘±˝◊√√ ’±ø¬ıÕ˘ ’±˝3√√±Ú Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º Ê√˚˛ôLœ1 ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±1 ø˚ ¬ıø˘á¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ√‡± ∆·øÂ√˘ 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ˚≈·Ó¬ 1±˜ ·Õ·Àfl¡ ’±ø√ fl¡ø1 ˆ¬±À˘¸—‡…fl¡ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±1±ÀȬ±1 õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ˜≈ͬÀÓ¬ Ê√˚˛ôLœ1 õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬ôL±1 Ò±1±ÀȬ±fl¡ 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈Àª ¸≈¶ö ’±1n∏ ˙øMê√˜ôL fl¡1±Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√·1±fl¡œ ø¬ıõ≠ªœ fl¡ø¬ı1 ’ª√±Ú ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º 1±˜ÀÒÚ≈ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘1 fl¡ø¬ı ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ’Ú…±Ú… fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ 1±˜ ·Õ·1 õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı±√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ø‡øÚÀ˚˛ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Õ˘

154 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 155 ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÚÓ¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±À˘ Ú±øÂ√˘º ‰¬1fl¡±1œ fl¡±˜1 Ù¬±Àfl¡ Ù¬±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“ Œ√˙˜±Ó‘¬1 ˜±Ú ¬ıϬˇ±¬ıÕ˘ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ‰¬‰«¬±Ó¬ ’±RøÚÀ˚˛±· fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º 1±Ê√À‡±ª±1 ’±RÊ√œªÚœ ¤‡Ú ’˜”˘… ¸•Û√ 댘±1 Ê√œªÚ √±À¬Û±Ìí Ú±˜1 ’±RÊ√œªÚœ‡ÚÓ¬ ø¬ıËøȬÂ√˚≈·œ˚˛ ’¸˜1 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ø˙鬱 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ’±1n∏ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬˜”˘fl¡ ’ª¶ö±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ıU Ó¬Ô… Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ’±RÊ√œªÚœ‡Ú1 ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ øÚÊ√1 Ê√ij, ‰¬Ú, Ó¬±ø1‡, ¬ı±1 ø√ÀÂ√º õ∂Ô˜ ˙±1œÀȬ± ¤ÀÚñ ëøά¬ıËn∏·Î¬ˇ Ú·11 ¬Û1± ˜±˝◊√√˘ ”√1Ó¬ Œ‡±ª±— ‰¬˝√√1Ó¬ ˜˝◊√√ ˝◊√√— 1972 ‰¬Ú1 11 øάÀ‰¬•§1 Ó¬±ø1À‡ ¬ı≈Ò¬ı±À1 ά◊¬ÛøÊ√øÂ√À˘±ºí 1±Ê√À‡±ª±1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬1 Ú±˜ Â≈√‰¬µ1±˜ 1±Ê√À‡±ª±º ŒÓ¬›“ Œ‡±ª±— Œ˜ÃÊ√±1 Œ˜ÃÊ√±√±1 ’±øÂ√˘º ˜±Ó‘¬1 Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ ˝√√œ1±ªÓ¬œº 1±Ê√À‡±ª±1 ¬ı—˙ ¬ı±1ˆ¬”¤û±1 ¬ı—˙1 ’±øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ’±ø√¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ά±„√√1œ˚˛± Œ¬ıÌ≈Ò1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±1 fl¡ÀÚÃÊ√1 ¬Û1± ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º2 Ê√œªÚœfl¡±À1 ¸˜˚˛±Ú≈SêÀ˜ ’±RÊ√œªÚœ‡Ú ø˘‡± Ú±˝◊√√º ˜±ÀÊ√ ˜±ÀÊ√ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ‚Ȭڱ1 Œ˜±1 Ê√œªÚ √±À¬Û±Ì ’±·-ø¬ÛÂ√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ê√œªÚœ‡Ú ˆ¬±¯∏±1 Ù¬±˘1 ¬Û1± ¸1˘º fl¡íÀÓ¬± Ê√øȬ˘ ˙s ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√√º Œ¸À˚˛ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ qª˘± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ¬ıÌ«Ú±¸˜”˝√√ ‚Ȭڱ¬ıU˘ Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±1 ø¬ıËøȬÂ√ ˚≈·1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸˜±Ê√‡Ú, ‰¬1fl¡±1œ ‰¬±fl¡ø1˚˛±˘ ¤Ê√Ú1 fl¡©Üfl¡1 Ê√œªÚ, ¸±Ò±1Ì ŒÊ√…±øÓ¬À1‡± ˝√√±Ê√ø1fl¡± ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√Ú·Ì1 Ê√œªÚ ˚±¬ÛÚ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬ı1 ¸≈µ1Õfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ Ê√œªÚœ‡ÚÓ¬ Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ø¬ıª1Ì øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ø√ÀÂ√º ø˙ª¸±·1Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ Â√±¬ı-ŒÎ¬¬Û≈øȬ fl¡±À˘"√√1 ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û fl¡±˜ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ø˜– ¤˝◊√√‰¬ ø‰¬ ¬ı±Ú«Â√ ŒÎ¬¬Û≈øȬ fl¡ø˜Â√Ú±1 ’±øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±RÊ√œªÚœ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ¤È¬± ø¬ıˆ¬±·º ¤‡Ú ’±RÊ√œªÚœÓ¬ ¬ı…øMê√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏1 1899 ’±¸±˜ Œ¬ı—·˘ Œ1í˘1 øÚø˜ÀM√√ Œ1í˘1 ¬Û±øȬ fl¡±øȬ¬ıÕ˘ Ufl≈¡˜ ’±ø˝√√˘º øfl¡c Ê√œªÚ ’±1n∏ ¬ı…øMê√Q 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ øÚÊ√1 ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬º ’Ô«±» ’±RÊ√œªÚœÓ¬ ø˚Ê√Ú ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ’±ø˜ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¤ÀÚ fl¡±˜ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ’˜±øôL ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º ¬ıUÀÓ¬ ’¬ÛÀ√ªÓ¬±Õ˘ ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡ø1 ’1Ì…1 Œ√‡± ¬Û±›“, Œ¸˝◊√√Ê√Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜±Ú≈˝√√Ê√Ú1 øÚÊ√1 ‘√ø©Ü1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√º1 Ê√œªÚœÓ¬ Ê√œªÚœ1 Ú±˚˛fl¡fl¡ ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œ¸±˜±¬ıÕ˘ ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º øfl¡c 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ ø√˚˛± ¸±˝√√¸Ó¬ Œ1í˘1 ’±ø˘ ¸Ê√± Œ˘‡Àfl¡ ø˚ˆ¬±Àª Œ√ø‡øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ¬ı≈øÊ√øÂ√˘, ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 ’—øfl¡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ Ú±˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú1 ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º ’1Ì…1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ά±fl¡¬ı„√√˘±Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ Ô±øfl¡¬ı˘·œ˚˛± ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± 1±øÓ¬ Œ√±¯∏-&Ì, ˆ¬±˘-Œ¬ı˚˛± ¸fl¡À˘± ø√˙ ¶Û©Ü 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Ù≈¬øȬ ά◊Àͬº ’±RÊ√œªÚœ ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ά±fl¡¬ı„√√˘±Õ˘ ’±ø˝√√¬ıÕ˘› ø¬ı¬Û√º fl¡±1Ì ’Ȭ¬ı… ˝√√±ø¬ıÓ¬ ¬ı±‚ ›˘±˚˛º Œ‚“±1±˝◊√√ ¤ÀÚ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’±RøÚá¬, øfl¡c Ê√œªÚœ ¬ıdøÚᬺ ¤˝◊√√√À1› fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1 Œ˚ ’±RÊ√œªÚœ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ˘±fl¡1 Ô˜øfl¡ 1˚˛º ¤˝◊√√Ò1Ì1 ¬ıU ‚Ȭڱ ŒÓ¬›“ ’±RÊ√œªÚœÓ¬ ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ Œ·±˘±‚±È¬, Ê√œªÚ1 ’±1n∏ ˜Ú1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ fl¡1± Ó¬±»é¬øÌfl¡ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙ ’±1n∏ ’±Rø¬ı‰¬±1º &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, ¬ı1À¬ÛȬ±, ˜„√√˘Õ√, Œ˚±1˝√√±È¬ ’±ø√ ͬ±˝◊√√Ó¬ ‰¬1fl¡±1œ ‰¬±fl¡ø11 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ı√ø˘ ∆˝√√ ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬… ’±RÊ√œªÚœ‡Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ 댬ıÌ≈Ò1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±1 ¡Z±1± 1ø‰¬Ó¬ 댘±1 Ê√œªÚ ∆·øÂ√˘º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Í¬±˝◊√√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º √±À¬Û±Ìí Ú±˜1 ’±RÊ√œªÚœ‡Úº ¤˝◊√√‡Ú 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ 1941 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ’±1n∏ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ ˜„√√˘Õ√1 ‰¬±fl¡ø1 fl¡±˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ 똄√√˘Õ√ ˜Ê√ø˘Â√í Ú±˜1 ¤È¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡-¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ 1969 ‰¬ÚÓ¬º ŒÊ√±Ú±fl¡œ ˚≈·1 ’¸±˜±Ú… fl¡ø¬ı, ¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡ Œ¬ıÌ≈Ò1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ Â√±S ’ª¶ö±À1 ’Ú≈ᬱÚ1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ˚íÓ¬ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ά◊ißøÓ¬ ’ÀÔ« fl¡±˜ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¬Û1± ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√±øÓ¬, ˆ¬±¯∏±, ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ’±√˙« õ∂øӬᬱ1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ’±õ∂±Ì Œ‰¬©Ü± 1906 ‰¬Ú1 24 ’À"√√±¬ı1Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√ij ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º õ∂Ô˜ ¬ıÂ1Ó¬ 52 ‡Ú ¸±Ò±1Ì ’øÒÀª˙Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¬Û1±ÒœÚ ’¸˜ Œ√˙ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬À˚˛ ¢∂±¸ fl¡1± ˆ¬±¯∏± ά◊X±11 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ıø˝√√øÂ√˘º3 ŒÓ¬›“ Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ Ê√œªÚ ’À˙¯∏ Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º 1±Ê√À‡±ª±1 Ê√œªÚ, fl¡˜«1±øÊ√ ’±1n∏ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ Œ˜Ã˘ªœ ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ¸˜˚˛ø‡øÚ1 ¬ıÌ«Ú± ø√›“ÀÓ¬ ø˝√√µ≈-˜≈Â√˘˜±Ú Œ˘±fl¡1 ¸±ÒÚ±1 ’ôL1±˘Ó¬ ’¸˜ 1±Ê√… ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√±øÓ¬ÀȬ±1 ’Ó¬œÓ¬, ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±1n∏ ˆ¬øª¯∏…Ó¬1 ø˜˘±-õ∂œøÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ¸≈µ1Õfl¡ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√√ ͬ±˝◊√√1 Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±· Œ˘±fl¡ ˜≈Â√˘˜±Ú ’±øÂ√˘º fl¡Ô± øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸±ÒÚ± ‰¬‡1 ¬ıd Ú±øÂ√˘, ˝◊√√ ’±øÂ√˘ ¸≈5 ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¤˝◊√√ ͬ±˝◊√√‡Ú ¿˝A1 øˆ¬Ó¬1n∏ª± ’±øÂ√˘º Œ˜Ã˘ªœ ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡±ÀÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±› ≈√‚«È¬Ú±Ó¬ Ê√±øÓ¬ÀȬ±fl¡ Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬±˘±1 ’±˝3√√±Úº ŒÓ¬›“1 ø˙鬱 Ê√œªÚ ’±1y ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ ¬ı„√√˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 1±Ê√À‡±ª± ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ¸√¸…Àfl¡˝◊√√Ê√Ú1 Ê√œªÚ ∆˘ Ȭڱ-ȬøÚ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º øfl¡c ˜±Ò…À˜À1º øfl¡c ŒÓ¬›“ Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ Ê√œªÚ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ά◊ißøÓ¬1 ˝√√Àfl¡ Úœ1Àª fl¡±˜ ˜≈¢√˜±Ú ŒÎ¬fl¡± ¤Ê√ÀÚ øÚÀÊ√ Ú±› ‰¬˘±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡fl¡ ‚1Ó¬ ∆Ô ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º fl¡ø1 ·í˘º 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ ‰¬1fl¡±1œ ά◊2‰¬ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±1œ ∆˝√√ ’±øÂ√˘º øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√√ ·¬ı« ’˝√√—fl¡±1 Ê√œªÚœfl¡±À1 Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı± ͬ±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬± ø˝√√µ≈-˜≈Â√˘˜±Ú Œ˘±fl¡1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ø˜˘±-õ∂œøÓ¬

156 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 157 Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±fl¡ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ∆˘ ¤fl¡ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¬ı≈ø˘ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ø‰¬Ú±øfl¡ ø√øÂ√˘º ˝◊√√—1±Ê√ ‰¬±˝√√±¬ı1 ”√1√ø˙«Ó¬±, fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…øÚᬱ ’±1n∏ Ó¬˘Ó¬œ˚˛± fl¡˜«‰¬±1œfl¡ fl¡1± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ øÚÊ√¶§ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 ¬Û1± √±ø„√√ Òø1ÀÂ√º ’ªÀ˙… ’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˘±Àfl¡› ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 About contributors ¬Û1± ø˙øfl¡¬ı˘·œ˚˛± ¬ıUÓ¬ fl¡Ô± ’±ÀÂ√º ø¬ıËøȬÂ√ ‰¬±˝√√±À¬ı ’¸˜œ˚˛± ŒÂ√±ª±˘œfl¡ Œ˜˜ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û 1‡±1 fl¡Ô±› ŒÓ¬›“ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º 1±Ê√À‡±ª± Ú±1œ ø˙鬱1 ’¢∂·Úœ ’±øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“ øά¬ıËn∏·Î¬ˇÓ¬ Ú±1œ ø˙鬱1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˝√√±˝◊√√¶≈®˘ 1. Dr. Promod Ch. Bhattacharyya, scholar and Retd. Principal of B. Barooah Œ‡±˘±1 ά◊À√…±· ∆˘øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√Àé¬SÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ¸Ù¬˘ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º ’±RÊ√œªÚœ‡Ú1 Œ˙¯∏1Ù¬±À˘› College. ŒÓ¬›“ ‰¬˜≈ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ø√ÀÂ√º 2. Dr. H. N. Dutta, Retd. Director of Archaeology, Guwahati, Assam. Presently Research guide, Dept. of History, Gauhati University and Vice- Chancellor, the Global Open University, Nagaland. ¬Û±√øȬfl¡± – 3. Dr. Deepali Oajh, Principal, Deltola College. 1º Œ·±ø¬ıµ õ∂¸±√ ˙˜«±, Ê√œªÚœ ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√œªÚœ, 1˜ ¸—¶®1Ì, 1986, ¬Û‘. 78 4. Eli Kumari Das, Assistant Professor, HOD Dept. of Economics, Beltola 2º Œ¬ıÌ≈Ò1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±, Œ˜±1 Ê√œªÚ √±À¬Û±Ì, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙ 1969, ¬Û‘. 5 College. 3º Œ¬ıÌ≈Ò1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±, Œ˜±1 Ê√œªÚ √±À¬Û±Ì, ¬Û‘– 138 5. Dr. Mrinalini Das, Senior Grade Lecturer, Assam Engineering Institute, Guwahati. 6. Rashmirekha Hazarika, Assistant Professor, Department of History. Beltola College. 7. Sadhana Kalita, Asst. prof., Dept. of Economics, Beltola College. 8. Mofida Begum, Asst. prof., Dept. of Education, Beltola College. 9. Lina Deka, Asst. Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Political Science. 10. Bornali Mohan, Asst. Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Philosophy, Beltola College. 11. Priti Rekha Bora, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Philosophy, Rupohi College, Nagaon 12. Priyanka Basumatary, Asst. Prof. Dept. of English, Beltola College. 13. Liky Deka, Part-time lecturer, Dept. of History, Beltola College and research scholar, Gauhati University 14. Himangshu Das, Asst. Prof. Dept. of Economics, Beltola College. 15. Dr. Dixita Devi, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Assamese, Belsor College, Nalbari 16. Mrigendra Nath Sharma, Asst. Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Assamese, Beltola College. 17. Bharati Devi, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Assamese, Beltola College. 18. Nashmin Ara Begum, Part-time lecturer, Dept. of Philosophy, Beltola College. 19. Kabita Das, Part-time lecturer, Dept. of Political Science, Beltola College. 20. Jyotirekha Hazarika, lecturer, Dept. of Assamese, S. K. Hazarika College and research scholar, Gauhati University. 21. Md. Kamaruj Jaman, Asst. prof. Dept. of English, Beltola College. 22. Sampurna Sharma, Office Assistant, Beltola Collage. 23. Labanita Deka, Part-time lecturer, Dept. of Economics, Beltola College. 24. Prakash Mech, Part-time lecturer, Dept. of English, Beltola College.

158 „ Swetabhuja Swetabhuja „ 159 Note for contributors

Swetabhuja is a bilingual (Assamese & English) Research Journal on culture, literature, socio-political and other multi-disciplinary studies. z Contributors are requested not to submit any already published material/ elsewhere submitted material for Swetabhuja. z Each article should carry a title and should be self-informative. z Bibliography is must. z Both hard and soft copies (in CD) must be submitted. z Editorial Board's decision in selection of papers will be final and binding. z Editorial Board do not take the responsibility to verify the originality of the content as well as the author’s claim for maiden submission.

160 „ Swetabhuja