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Unit 2: Administration Under the Ahom Monarchy

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Unit 2: Administration Under the Ahom Monarchy Unit 2 Administration under the Ahom Monarchy UNIT 2: ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE AHOM MONARCHY UNIT STRUCTURE 2.1 Learning Objectives 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Administrative System of the Ahoms 2.3.1 Central Administration 2.3.2 Local Administration 2.3.3 Judicial Administration 2.3.4 Revenue Administration 2.3.5 Military Administration 2.4 Let Us Sum Up 2.5 10 Further Reading 2.6 Answers to Check Your Progress 2.7 Model Questions 2.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you will be able to: l Discuss the form of government in the Ahom administration, l Explain the central and local administration of the Ahoms, l Describe the judicial administration of the Ahoms, l Discuss the revenue administration of the Ahoms, l Explain the military administration of the Ahoms. 2.2 INTRODUCTION In the last unit, you have read about the Ahom Monarchy at its high peak. In this unit, we shall discuss the Ahom system of administration that stood at the base of the mighty Ahom Empire. We shall discuss the form of government, central and local administration, judicial administration revenue administration and military administration of the Ahoms. 22 History of Assam from the 17th Century till 1947 C.E. Administration under the Ahom Monarchy Unit 2 2.3 ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE AHOMS The Ahoms are a section of the great Tai race. They established a kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley in the early part of the 13th century and ruled Assam till the first quarter of the 19th century until the establishment of the authority of the British East India Company. The long period of continuous rule of 600 years was partly due to their efficient system of administration. The Ahom Government had no written constitution unlike modern state. It was largely based on customs and conventions. These were embodied in the written chronicles. The constitution of the Ahoms meant a few chronicles and certain customs. The administrative system of the Ahom was highly efficient and provided the needed stability to the expanding Ahom kingdom thereby allowing them to establish their hegemony over the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam. The Ahom form of government was monarchical. Monarchy was absolute in form but limited in practice having in it democratic elements. The king, styled as Swargadeo was the supreme authority. However, at times, the powerful Gohains (the Burhagohain, the Bargohain and the Barpatragohain) overshadowed the weak Ahom rulers. Theoretically, the ruler was the source of all power and the abode of justice. The king was absolute, but he was also required to consult the Burhagohain, the Bargohain, the Barpatragohain, the Barbarua, the Barphukan, the Meldagia Rajas, the Datiyaliya Gohains and the Kartaliya Rajas. Divinity was attached to Ahom kingship and the king was called Swargadeo, an Assamese equivalent of the Tai-Ahom word Chaopha (the king of heaven). But in the later part of Ahom rule, the concept of divine origin of kingship took a perverted form, and a prince having any physical imperfection was considered ineligible to sit on the Ahom throne. Generally, the right of succession was hereditary on the male line in compliance with law of primogeniture. But in the case of absence of a legal claimant, the throne was offered to the king’s brother or nearest relative. This duty of selecting a king was vested in the three great Gohains namely, the Burhagohain, the Bargohain, and the Barpatragohain who could even History of Assam from the 17th Century till 1947 C.E. 23 Unit 2 Administration under the Ahom Monarchy depose the king on grounds of inefficiency or delinquency. According to the Ahom theory of kingship, “He, whose fore-fathers were never rulers, can hardly be expected to be a king.” In accordance with the Tai-Ahom tradition, under no circumstance, could anyone ascend the throne, unless he was a prince of the royal blood line and a direct descendant of Sukapha on the male side. The representations of the different Ahom families were an important factor in the appointment of a king. The king had to be selected from amongst six Ahom families: Charingia, Dihingia, Namrupia, Samaguria, Parvatia and Tungkhungia. The selection of a king by the three Gohains had to be approved by the Barmel or the Great Council. The Barmel constituted of the Gohains, Phukans, Baruas, and Rajkhowas of the state which was held in the great council chamber. LET US KNOW Rudra Singha violated the traditional right of succession by his death-bed injunction that after him all his sons should rule the kingdom in succession, i.e. one after another. Great importance was attached to the royal coronation or enthronement ceremony of the Ahom kings called Singari-gharat-utha. This ceremony was an elaborate one and was celebrated with great sanctity, pomp, merriment and feasting for several days. However, the rituals including the days of festivities varied from time to time with the Hindu influence gradually increasing. Only after this ceremony the king could issue coins, and could use the title ‘Singha’ at the end of their names. 2.3.1 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION The Ahom administrative system was different from the administrative system of the contemporary Mughal or other Indian ruling dynasties. There was no clear division like the central, provincial and local administration. The Ahom kingdom was not clearly divided into provinces and districts. However, in the areas occupied by the 24 History of Assam from the 17th Century till 1947 C.E. Administration under the Ahom Monarchy Unit 2 Ahoms from the Mughals, the Pargana system continued to prevail. As there were no administrative divisions, there was no difference between the central and provincial governments with regarding departmental officials. In the Ahom administrative system, the king or Swargadeo was the supreme head of the state and at the head of the government. The king had the supreme authority over all his subjects. He was the absolute source of all power. All honours, titles, offices and decisions were issued by him. The king was the highest executive, legislative and judicial authority, besides being the head of the army. Moreover, the Ahom king had certain exclusive rights and special privileges, the misappropriation of which was punishable. Next to the king was an aristocratic body of ministers known as Patramantri who used to assist or advise the king in administrative matters. Among them, the three great Gohains were the permanent and hereditary ministers of the state. All three of them were of equal rank. The king had to act according to the advice of the Gohains. He could not rule like an absolute monarch. The kings used to invite the Gohains to the capital through a Kataki (messenger) to discuss the matters of state in the Sarumel (little council). For discussion of important matters there was also the Barchora (Council-chamber). The Ahom kings also had a private secretary, the Majindar Barua who was always with the king. He used to look after both domestic and foreign affairs. Interregnums- A period between reigns or political regimes when normal government is suspended. There was no specific office marked as Rajmantri. The king used to consult any of his councillors on highly confidential matters. Still there were 27 Rajmantris during the Ahom rule. The Rajmantri used to be confidant of the king who consulted him on all affairs and was guided by his advice. The councillors also possessed the power of governance as we have seen during the two interregnums (1376- 1380 A.D. and 1689-1697 A.D.) in Ahom history. History of Assam from the 17th Century till 1947 C.E. 25 Unit 2 Administration under the Ahom Monarchy LET US KNOW The Patramantri was the Council of Five who assisted the king. It consisted of the Burhagohain, the Bargohain, the Barpatragohain, the Barbarua and the Barphukan. But the council evolved in several stages. Originally the Burhagohain and the Bargohain were appointed by Sukapha. Three centuries later Suhungmung (1497-1539 A.D.) created the office of the Barpatragohain. Still later, the other two offices of the Barbarua and the Barphukan were added by Susengpha or Pratap Singha (1603-1641 A.D.) to meet the needs of the expanding Ahom kingdom. However, the last two offices were next in rank to those of the three principal Gohains or Patra Gohains and were not hereditary as those of the three Gohains. The three Gohains were also known as Dangarias (Elders). There was also the Barmel or the king’s Great Council. It was an assembly of Ahom and non-Ahom officers of the state for transacting business of national importance. When necessity demanded, the Barmel or Great Council was summoned. It was not a law making body, nor did it possess the power to override the decisions of the king. Thus, it had no legislative power and was purely an advisory body as the king was not bound to accept the decision of the Barmel. But the decisions or the suggestions of the Barmel were rarely rejected. The king paid respect to the wishes of the Barmel. For security reasons the king used to appoint officers entrusted with great responsibility from certain families of hereditary nobility, and commanders and camp followers of Sukapha. A Gohain’s son normally succeeded his father as Gohain unless he was found unfit. In such cases, the brother of the Gohain or son of the Gohain’s brother could be selected by the king with the concurrence of the two other Gohains. In the Ahom system of administration, there was a balance of power between the king and his councillors. While a 26 History of Assam from the 17th Century till 1947 C.E.
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