DOCSLIB.ORG

Canu Llywarch Hen ^'^ '^

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canu Llywarch Hen ^'^ '^ Ka.^i /r^*^^ /AîÈtí^^ CANU LLYWARCH HEN ^'^ '^ nLQ'f» CANU LLYWARCH HEN GYDA RHAGYMADRODD A NODIADAU IFOR WILLIAMS CAERDYDD GWASG PRIFYSGOL CYMRU 1935 Dymunir cydnabod yn ddiolchgar gyfraniad gan Gyngor Prifysgol Cymru allan o Gronfa Goffa'r diweddar Thomas Edward EUis, A.S., at y gwaith hwn. NRV 0» GWNAETHPWYD AC ARGRAFFWYD YNG NGHYMRU GAN WILLIAM LEWIS [aRGRAFFWYR] CYF., CAERDYDD RHAGAIR NiD yw'r Uyfr hwn ond ymhelaethiad ar ddariith a draddodais Chwefror 1, 1933, o íiaen yr Academi Brydeinig yng nghyfres Darlithiau Coffa Syr John Rhys. Yn wir yr oeddwn eisoes wedi rhoi cnewyllyn y ddamcan- iaeth newydd ar yr hen ganu hwn wrth drafod ein Barddoniaeth Gynnar mewn cyfres o ddarUthiau cyhoeddus yng Ngholeg y Gogledd, Bangor, ddechrau term y gwanwyn, 1932. Ond er bod tair blynedd bellach wedi llithro ymaith, ni fedraf honni i mi ddehongli pob llinell i'm bodlonrwydd fy hun heb sôn am eraill. Erys nifer go fawr o eiriau yn bur dywyll. Oherwydd hynny rhois yn y Nodiadau yr amryfal ystjn-on a ymgynigiai i mi, gan obeithio y buasai rh^rw un ohonynt, efallai, yn gymorth i ymchwilydd arall gael y gwir. Yn y Rhagymadrodd fy amcan oedd egluro'r cyfar- wyddyd Cymraeg i Gymro. Buasai amryw o'r adrannau ynddo yn gryfach o gynnwys ynddynt gymhariaeth â llên Iwerddon, canys gwaith y Gwyddel gynt yw'r help gorau i ddeall gwaith y Cymro gynt. Y crynodeb gorau o'r chwedlau Gwyddelig yw Die irische Helden- und Rönigsage gan Thurneysen, a dysgais lawer am eu han- sawdd oddi wrth Iyfrau Kuno Meyer. Heddiw y mae cyfrol werthfawr H. M. ac N. K. Chadwick, The Ancient Liíeratures of Euroe, Caergrawnt, 1932, mor hollol ar y pwynt fel mai ffôl fuasai i mi wthio mân nodion i mewn yma ac acw a thrafodaeth gyíìawn yng nghyrraedd ein myíyrwyr. IFOR WILLIAMS. Porthaethwy, lonawr 8, 1935. CYNNW^S RHAGYMADRODD Yn 1792 cyhoeddodd William Owen (Pughe) The Heroic Elegies and Other Pieces of Llywarch Hen, Prince of the Cumbrian Britons, ac yn ei ragair dywed iddo daro ar ddethohad o waith y bardd gan Richard Thomas, B.A., Coleg yr lesu, Rhydychen/ sef wyth o'r cerddau hanes, gyda chyfieithiad i'r Saesneg o'r pump byrraf a rhannau o'r tair hwyaf. Gan fod y cyfieithiad rhannol hwn yn rhy íìodeuog ganddo, penderfynodd Pughe drosi'r cyfan oU o ganu Llywarch mor llythrennol ag y medrai, ond am hanes y bardd ymfodlonodd gan mwyaf ar yr am- Hnelhad a roesai Thomas. Newidiodd orgrafí y llaw- ysgrifau i'w orgraff ei hun. Ar waelod y ddalen dyry ddarlleniadau amryudol mewn modd penagored iawn {Un llyfyr ; Ll. arall ; Neu), a dyfynna o ryw Lyfr Du a Llyfr Coch ddarlleniadau nas ceir yn Llyfr Du Caer- fyrddin nac yn Llyfr Coch Hergest. Yn ddiweddarach (1801-7) cyhoeddwyd unwaith eto holl waith tybiedig Llywarch gan Pughe ac eraill yn y ^ Gw. WiUiams, Eminent Welshmen, 487, am ei waith fel hynafiaethydd ac achwr. Bu farw 1780. Hefyd, gw. Pen. 201, R.W.M. i, 1027, ac yn arbennig B.M. 56, Addl. 14,884, td. 117, lle ceir "Richardus Thomas, A.B. Coll. Jesu apud Oxoniên Scholaris 1777. Some Account of the Life of Llywarch Hen, the Brit. Bard". Ar ôl y fuchedd daw'r canu a'r cyfieithiad, gyda nodiadau ar rai pwyntiau yma ac acw. Yr englyn olaf yw XI, 40, ac ar yr ymyl ceir "Rd. Morris Junior Script. a.d. 1778". Dyry Panton 30, R.W.M. ii, 839, "Translations of Llywarch Hen's Songs, with notes thereon" : llofnodwyd gan rjrw R.D. ond newidiwyd hyn, medd Dr. Evans, i R.T. X RHAGYMADRODD Myyyrian Archaiology (M.A.^ 83-103), ond heb gyf- ieithiad ; ac yn Four Ancient Books of Wales Skene (1868), rhoes Silvan Evans destunau'r Llyfr Du a'r Llyfr Coch gyda chyfieithiad. I'r awduron hyn, ac eraill o'u blaen ac ar eu h.ò\} nid oedd fawr amheuaeth am gyfnod y bardd nac am ddilysrwydd a gwerth hanesyddol ei ganiadau. Tywysog o'r Gogledd ydoedd, medd Pughe ; ganed ef tua dechrau'r chweched ganrif, a bu fyw hyd ganol y seithfed, pryd y bu farw yn yr oedran tra theg o gant a hanner mlwydd oed. Ei sail dros hyn yw perthynas Llywarch ag Arthur, a laddwyd (meddai) yn 542, a'i englynion i Gadwallon, a laddwyd tua 646. Dyfynna'r Trioedd i brofi fod Llywarch unwaith yn un o dri thrwyddedog llys Arthur (R.M. 306); ategir hyn trwy briodoli iddo hefyd yr englynion i un o filwyr Arthur, Geraint ab Erbin, a geir yn y Llyfr Coch a'r Llyfr Du. Tystia englynion eraill ddarfod i Lywarch wylo ar ôl Urien Rheged a'i feibion, ac wedi colh'r noddwyr hyn, tybir iddo ffoi o'r Gogledd i Gymru, a chael noddfa ym Mhowys dan gysgod Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn, nes i hwnnw hefyd gwympo mewn rhyfel. Encihon olaf y bardd oedd Aber Cuawg, ger Machyn- Uaith, a Llanfor, ger y Bala, ac yn y lle olaf, medd tra- ddodiad, y bu farw ac y claddwyd ef, yn hen r unig wedi goroesi ei noddwyr, ei gyfeiUion, a'i blant. Truan o dynged ! Wrth dderbyn yr englynion oll fel gwaith dilys Llywarch, ac fel canu cyfamserol â'r digwyddiadau, cafwyd digon o ddefnydd i lunio'r fuchedd ddiddorol uchod i'r bardd, a llwyr gyfiawnhau yr Hen ar ôl ei enw. O graffu ar eu hiaith a'u cynnwys, ni fedrir, fodd bynnag, eu priodoH i Lywarch nac i oes Llywarch. 1 Evan Evans, Specimens,^ 62-3 ; Lhwyd, Arch. Brit. 259-61, dyíyniadau o'r canu, enwau personau a lleoedd, a nodion. Printiodd J. D. Rhys amryw englynion yn ei Ramadeg (1592) td. 178-84. §1. OED Y TESTUNAU. Pa gyn belled yn ôl y gellir eu holrhain mewn llawys- grifau ? Ceir y corff mawr ohonynt gyda'i gilydd yn Llyfr Coch Hergest, llawysgrif a ysgrifennwyd oddeutu 1400, peth yng nghynt, a pheth yn ddiweddarach. O ben colofn 1026 hyd golofn 1049, 11. 6, ceir nifer o gan- iadau mewn mesurau englyn o'r hen ddull cynteíìg. Ag eithrio'r gân g^mtaf, Ymddiddan rhwng dau sant, Ll^Twelyn a Gwrnerth, fe'u priodolwyd oll^ i Lywarch er bod rhai yn dal mai mab iddo biau'r un a roir isod fel Rhif VI, Claf Ahercuawg. Nid oes deitlau yn y llaw- ysgrif , ac felly rhof y dechreuadau yn eu trefn, a'r rhifau yn yr argraffiad hwn : 1. Eiry mynyd gwynn pob tu. 2. Bit goch crib lceilyawc. 3. Gnawt gwynt o'r deheu. 4. Ralangaeaf kalet grawn. 5. Baglawc bydin bagwy onn. 6. Gorwyn blaen onn. 7. Goreiste ar vrynn (Rhif VI). 8. Kynn bum kein vaglawc (Rhif II ; Rhif I). 9. Dymkywarwydyat unhwch (Rhif III). 10. Maenwynn tra vum yth oet (Rhif IV). 11. Panet anet gereint. 12. Ratwallawn kynnoedyuot. 13. Sefwch allann vorynnyon (Rhif XI). Canu natur a chanu diarhebol yn gymysg yw 1-6, ac nis printiais yma, er bod enwau Llywarch Hen a Mapclaf ap Llywarch i'w cael wrth rai ohonynt mewn llawysgrifau.^ ' Ond cf. Lhwyd, A.B. 259a, Lomarchi Longaevi Epicedia, etc, quibus alia quaedam praemissa, incerto authore, proverbialia carmina . Lomarchi ode prima est de cuculis juxta Aber Kîog. « Cí. Pen. 98 b 51 ; Pen. 111, 86-98 ; Pant. 13, 119-22, testun gwahanol. xii RHAGYMADRODD Math arbennig o hengerdd ydynt, a pherthyn iddynt eu problemau eu hunain. Y mae lUnell yn Rhif 3 (i degwch gwr Gwynedd) sy'n peri i mi feddwl na chanodd neb o Bowys mohoni. Petrusa'r llawysgrifau parthed awdur- iaeth rhif 7. Y mae 8-10 yn bendant yn perthyn i'r hyn a elHd ei alw yn Gylch Llywarch. Nid felly 1 1-12 ; ac y mae rhif 13 hefyd yn Gylch gwahanol, sef Cylch Heledd a theulu Cynddylan Powys. Eithr nid y Llyfr Coch yw'r unig darddell, na'r hynaf, a chan na wyddai Thomas Wright hynny, methodd yn ddybryd wrth gynnig mai cynnyrch oes Owain Glyndr yw canu Llywarch, ac mai ei amcan oedd ffyrnigo cas Cymro at Sais i bwrpas Rhyfel Owain {Mont. Coll. iii, 175). Bu'r englynion hyn unwaith yn rhan o Lyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, Peniarth 4 a 5, a amserir gan Dr. Evans mewn rhan cyn 1300, ac mewn rhan tua 1325-40. Yngln wrth Peniarth 12, rhwymwyd dryll o'r Llyfr Gwyn (gw. R.W.M. i, 324, Y Cymmrodor, 1884, 123-54), a'r gân olaf yn y dernyn amherffaith hwn yw dechrau Englynion gereint vah erbin, sef rhif 11 uchod. Yn y llinell gyntaf ceir gwall amlwg o eiddo'r copîwr : yn lle Pan anet ysgrifennodd Panet anet, enghraiíît dda o'r bai a elwir achub y blaen, h.y. wrth gopîo'r gair cyntaf rhoes gynfíon yr ail air iddo, un o'r beiau mwyaf cyffredin mewn llawysgrifau. Wrth wneud hynny creodd air newydd disynnwyr, a thorrodd y mesur. Eto dyna'r dechrau yn y Llyfr Coch hefyd, a buasai hynny arno'i hun bron yn ddigon i brofi fod y Coch yma yn tarddu o'r Gwyn, cf. B.B.C. 73, 9, am y darlleniad cywir. Ond y mae tystiolaeth uniongyrchol ac annibynnol fod y canu hwn rywdro yn rhan o'r Llyfr Gwyn. Llawysgrif ^m llaw John Jones, GelH Lyfdy, yw Peniarth 111. Yno, td. 117, ceir a ganlyn : Urddassol ddarlleydd llyma hen gerdd a ysgrifen- nodd yr hen Risiart Langfíord o Drefalyn allan o §1. OED Y TESTUNAU xiii Lyfr Gwynn Rrydderch yn oed lcrist 1573, ag a ysgrifennais ine oi law ynte yn oed krist 1607, ag edrach yn dda pa wedd y darlleir hwynt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clonc 321.Pdf
    Rhifyn 321 - 60c www.clonc.co.uk - Yn aelod o Fforwm Papurau Bro Ceredigion Mawrth 2014 Papur Bro ardal plwyfi: Cellan, Llanbedr Pont Steffan, Llanbedr Wledig, Llanfair Clydogau, Llangybi, Llanllwni, Llanwenog, Llanwnnen, Llanybydder, Llanycrwys ac Uwch Gaeo a Phencarreg Llwyddiant Cadwyn Côr Cwmann i Glwb Cyfrinachau yn dathlu Llanllwni arall 50 mlynedd Tudalen 5 Tudalen 13 Tudalen 22 Llwyddiant ein hieuenctid a dathlu Gŵyl Ddewi Enillydd y Gadair oedd Llion Thomas, Dulais ac yntau Enillydd y Goron oedd Cerian Jenkins, gyda Cari Davies (chwith) yn hefyd oedd yn drydydd. Yn ail roedd Gethin Morgan, ail a Julianna Barker yn drydydd. Creuddyn ac hefyd yn ennill y Darian ar gyfer y marciau uchaf am y gwaith llwyfan a Chwpan am y marciau uchaf yn yr adran gwaith cartref. Gweler y gerdd ar dud 15. Owain Davies ar y dde ac Ifor Jones ar y chwith a gafodd lwyddiant yng nghystadleuaeth Hanner Awr o Adloniant Sir Gâr fel actorion dan 18 oed. Cafodd Owain yr ail wobr ac Ifor yn 3ydd. Mae’r ddau yn aelodau gweithgar o G.Ff.I. Llanllwni. Rhai o blant Cyfnod Sylfaen Ysgol Bro Pedr yn dathlu Gŵyl Ddewi. Eisteddfod Ysgol Bro Pedr Adroddiad llawn ar dudalen 8 a 9 A ydych chi’n chwilio am y ffordd orau i deithio o amgylch eich ardal? n Eisiau cyrraedd y gwaith a llefydd hyfforddiant? n Eisiau ymweld â theulu a ffrindiau? BWCABUS n Angen cael gofal iechyd? n Chwant mynd ar daith am y diwrnod? 618 Talsarn – Llanbedr Pont Steffan Bwcabus yw’r ateb! Drwy Bwlchyllan – Silian Bwcabus yw’r ateb! Dydd Mawrth yn unig Dydd Llun – Dydd Sadwrn 7am – 7pm Talsarn, gyferbyn Maes Aeron 9.25 am Mae Bwcabus yn galluogi pobl o unrhyw oed i deithio rhwng trefi Bwlch-llan, Capel 9.32 am a phentrefi lleol.
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’).
    [Show full text]
  • Road Number Road Description A40 C B MONMOUTHSHIRE to 30
    Road Number Road Description A40 C B MONMOUTHSHIRE TO 30 MPH GLANGRWYNEY A40 START OF 30 MPH GLANGRWYNEY TO END 30MPH GLANGRWYNEY A40 END OF 30 MPH GLANGRWYNEY TO LODGE ENTRANCE CWRT-Y-GOLLEN A40 LODGE ENTRANCE CWRT-Y-GOLLEN TO 30 MPH CRICKHOWELL A40 30 MPH CRICKHOWELL TO CRICKHOWELL A4077 JUNCTION A40 CRICKHOWELL A4077 JUNCTION TO END OF 30 MPH CRICKHOWELL A40 END OF 30 MPH CRICKHOWELL TO LLANFAIR U491 JUNCTION A40 LLANFAIR U491 JUNCTION TO NANTYFFIN INN A479 JUNCTION A40 NANTYFFIN INN A479 JCT TO HOEL-DRAW COTTAGE C115 JCT TO TRETOWER A40 HOEL-DRAW COTTAGE C115 JCT TOWARD TRETOWER TO C114 JCT TO TRETOWER A40 C114 JCT TO TRETOWER TO KESTREL INN U501 JCT A40 KESTREL INN U501 JCT TO TY-PWDR C112 JCT TO CWMDU A40 TY-PWDR C112 JCT TOWARD CWMDU TO LLWYFAN U500 JCT A40 LLWYFAN U500 JCT TO PANT-Y-BEILI B4560 JCT A40 PANT-Y-BEILI B4560 JCT TO START OF BWLCH 30 MPH A40 START OF BWLCH 30 MPH TO END OF 30MPH A40 FROM BWLCH BEND TO END OF 30 MPH A40 END OF 30 MPH BWLCH TO ENTRANCE TO LLANFELLTE FARM A40 LLANFELLTE FARM TO ENTRANCE TO BUCKLAND FARM A40 BUCKLAND FARM TO LLANSANTFFRAED U530 JUNCTION A40 LLANSANTFFRAED U530 JCT TO ENTRANCE TO NEWTON FARM A40 NEWTON FARM TO SCETHROG VILLAGE C106 JUNCTION A40 SCETHROG VILLAGE C106 JCT TO MILESTONE (4 MILES BRECON) A40 MILESTONE (4 MILES BRECON) TO NEAR OLD FORD INN C107 JCT A40 OLD FORD INN C107 JCT TO START OF DUAL CARRIAGEWAY A40 START OF DUAL CARRIAGEWAY TO CEFN BRYNICH B4558 JCT A40 CEFN BRYNICH B4558 JUNCTION TO END OF DUAL CARRIAGEWAY A40 CEFN BRYNICH B4558 JUNCTION TO BRYNICH ROUNDABOUT A40 BRYNICH ROUNDABOUT TO CEFN BRYNICH B4558 JUNCTION A40 BRYNICH ROUNDABOUT SECTION A40 BRYNICH ROUNABOUT TO DINAS STREAM BRIDGE A40 DINAS STREAM BRIDGE TO BRYNICH ROUNDABOUT ENTRANCE A40 OVERBRIDGE TO DINAS STREAM BRIDGE (REVERSED DIRECTION) A40 DINAS STREAM BRIDGE TO OVERBRIDGE A40 TARELL ROUNDABOUT TO BRIDLEWAY NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Branwen Ferch Llyr Thema Rhyfel a Heddwch
    Cymraeg Iaith Gyntaf - Uned 5 Branwen Ferch Llyr Thema Rhyfel a Heddwch THEMÂU’R CHWEDL? RHYFEL / ANGHYDFOD • Cynnen 1. Efnysien yn ymsod ar feirch Matholwch gan ei sarhau ac achosi anghydfod • Llid Efnysien rhwng y Gwyddelod a gwŷr Ynys y Kedyrn. • Sarhad 2. Anghydfod yn ailddechrau yn Iwerddon. Matholwch yn dial ar Branwen drwy • Talu iawn ei halltudio i’r gegin a gorfodi iddi gael ei churo. Gwna hyn yn dilyn pwysau o • Dial gyfeiriad ei gynghorwyr sy’n awgrymu nad yw wedi derbyn digon o iawn am y • Rhyfel / Anghydfod sarhad a gafodd. • Heddwch 3. Yr anghydfod yn dwysáu wrth i Bendigeidfran ddod draw i Iwerddon gyda holl • Arwriaeth rym byddin Ynys y Kedyrn i ddial ar y sarhad ar Branwen. • Llwfrdra 4. Ar ôl cytuno ar delerau heddwch – y Gwyddelod yn twyllo Bendigeidfran • Arweinyddiaeth drwy guddio milwyr yn y sachau blawd yn y neuadd a godwyd i anrhydeddu • Perthynas Bendigeidfran. • Hen hudoliaeth 5. Efnysien yn lladd y milwyr yn y sachau blawd. • Y ferch ddioddefus / y diniwed yn dioddef 6. Efnysien yn taflu Gwern i’r tân yn ystod y wledd. Gweithred hollol wallgof ac annisgwyl. Teimla ei fod yn cael ei ddiystyru eto – fel ar ddechrau’r chwedl. 7. Pan ddaw’r saith milwr yn ôl i Ynys y Kedyrn gyda phen Bendigeidfran – twyll ac ystryw yno hefyd. Caswallon fab Beli wedi lladd y 6 gŵr a adawyd gan Bendigeidfran i amddiffyn yr ynys yn ei absenoldeb a goresgyn Prydain. Gwna hyn drwy dwyll – drwy wisgo mantell hud. Mae Caradog fab Bendigeidfran yn torri’i galon pan ddigwydd hyn ac yn marw.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic Motifs in the Provençal Arthurian Romance, Jaufre: the Grail Legend Before Perceval
    72-4627 ROOT, Martha James, 1939- CELTIC MOTIFS IN THE PROVENCAL ARTHURIAN ROMANCE, JAUFRE: THE GRAIL LEGEND BEFORE PERCEVAL. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, A XERQ\ Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan CELTIC MOTIFS IN THE PROVENCAL ARTHURIAN ROMANCE, JAUFRE; THE GRAIL LEGEND BEFORE PERCEVAL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Martha James Root, A.B., M.A. The Ohio State University 1971 Approved hy Department of Romance Languages' PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have in d is tin c t print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ACI®OWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to my adviser, Mrs. Eleanor Bulatkin, to my parents, grandmother, and husband and to Anne Tilton and Janet Zimmerman. ii VITA November 22, 1 9 3 9 ........... Born - East Chicago, Indiana 1 9 6 1 ....................... A.B., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio I96 I-I965 ................... Teaching Assistant, Department of Romance Languages, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 196^ . M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965-1966 ................... Lecturer, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: French Literature Minor Fields: Spanish Literature Provencal Literature iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii VITA iii INTRODUCTION X Manuscript Editions Metric Form, Dialect, Localization Date of Composition Purpose of Dissertation Celtic Motifs The Qp.es ting Hero J aufre Chapter I. ARTHUR'S ADVENTURES 28 The Red Beast The Giant Bird II. THE KNIGHT JAUFRE 63 III. THE WOUND, THE WASTING AND THE LAMENT 68 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Project Gutenberg Ebook of Y Gododin, by Aneurin Copyright
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of Y Gododin, by Aneurin Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Y Gododin Author: Aneurin Release Date: February, 2006 [EBook #9842] [This file was first posted on October 23, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: US-ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, Y GODODIN *** Transcribed by David Price, email [email protected] Y GODODIN PREFACE Aneurin, the author of this poem, was the son of Caw, lord of Cwm Cawlwyd, or Cowllwg, a region in the North, which, as we learn from a Life of Gildas in the monastery of Fleury published by Johannes a Bosco, comprehended Arecluta or Strath Clyde. {0a} Several of his brothers seem to have emigrated from Prydyn in company with their father before the battle of Cattraeth, and, under the royal protection of Maelgwn Gwynedd, to have settled in Wales, where they professed religious lives, and became founders of churches.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Mills Report 2012-14 with Gazetteer
    MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST-MEDIEVAL MILLS A THREAT-RELATED ASSESSMENT 2012-14 The ruins of an old windmill (PRN 3528) near Carew, Pembrokeshire Prepared by Dyfed Archaeological Trust For Cadw DYFED ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST DAT Event Record No. 102665 Report No. 2014/7 Cadw Project No. DAT 105 March 2014 MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST-MEDIEVAL MILLS A THREAT-RELATED ASSESSMENT 2012-14 Gan / By MIKE INGS The copyright of this report is held by Cadw and Dyfed Archaeological Trust Ltd. The maps are based on Ordnance Survey mapping provided by the National Assembly for Wales with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. License No.: 100017916 (2014). Historic mapping reproduced here is covered under Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group. All rights reserved. Dyfed Archaeological Trust Ltd. On behalf of Welsh Government 2014. Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed Cyf Dyfed Archaeological Trust Limited Neuadd y Sir, Stryd Caerfyrddin, Llandeilo, Sir The Shire Hall, Carmarthen Street, Llandeilo, Gaerfyrddin SA19 6AF Carmarthenshire SA19 6AF Ffon: Ymholiadau Cyffredinol 01558 823121 Tel: General Enquiries 01558 823121 Adran Rheoli Treftadaeth 01558 823131 Heritage Management Section 01558 823131 Ffacs: 01558 823133 Fax: 01558 823133 Ebost: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Gwefan: www.archaeolegdyfed.org.uk Website: www.dyfedarchaeology.org.uk The Trust is
    [Show full text]
  • The Benign but Bleak “Wyldrenesse” in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
    중세르네상스영문학 24권 1호 (2016): 17-35 The Benign but Bleak “wyldrenesse” in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Francis K. H. So Kaohsiung Medical University Toward the close of the sixteenth century Shakespeare created a green world in his romantic comedies celebrating “the triumph of life and love over the waste land” (Frye 182).1 Alternatively he is said to have filled that world “with the symbolism of the victory of summer over winter” (Frye 183). Seemingly, forests in Shakespeare’s time were miraculously converted into a green world. Corollary, England in the earlier age should have a more extensive green landscape. However, contrary to our imagination, medieval England had much less woodland, including primeval forests, than other European countries. Records of the Domesday Book compiled in AD 1086 show that England’s woodland, including parts of Wales and Cumbria, occupied only 15 percent of its land. The figure was substantially 1 The term “green world” was first coined by Northrop Frye in his Anatomy of Criticism (1957). In recent years eco-critics were drawn to the term. Among various works, Leah Knight’s Reading Green in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014) is particularly noteworthy in that it encompasses the use of green in natural and domestic environment, including gardens, home and in literary works. 18 Francis K. H. So scaled down by the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (Rackham 15). Nevertheless, new woods, particularly after the Black Death, sometimes grew up (Rackham 21) because depopulation saved the woods. In principle, most lands in medieval England were cultivated and those classified as grown with “seminatural vegetation” were either used or owned.
    [Show full text]
  • Laȝamon's Brut and the March of Wales: Merlin, His Prophecies, And
    Laȝamon’s Brut and the March of Wales: Merlin, his Prophecies, and the Lex Marchia Daniel Glynn Helbert Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In English Daniel W. Mosser Charlene M. Eska Kenneth J. Tiller April 8, 2011 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Laȝamon, Lazamon, Lawman, Layamon, “March of Wales”, Middle Ages, March Law, Lex Marchia, Prophecy, Merlin, Norman Conquest, British History, revolution, Middle English, Middle Welsh, medieval historiography, cultural unification Copyright Laȝamon’s Brut and the March of Wales: Merlin, his Prophecies, and the Lex Marchia Daniel Glynn Helbert ABSTRACT This study explores Laȝamon’s engenderment of cultural unification for the explicit purposes of an Anglo-Welsh cultural resistance to the Norman overlords in the March of Wales. In essence, I examine some of the most important cultural signifiers in medieval English and Welsh culture and the methods by which the poet adapts and grafts them together to form a culturally amalgamated text—neither explicitly English nor Welsh but yet simultaneously both—and the political implications of this amalgamation. Though Laȝamon’s methodology emanates from multiple aspects of the text, I have concentrated here on what I feel are the most explicit manifestations of this theme: Merlin, his prophecies, and the Law of the March. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: Merlin-Voice in the Wilderness 20 Chapter Two: Laȝamon’s Merlin Prophecies 42 Chapter Three: Laȝamon and the Law of the March 62 Conclusion 87 Appendix A: A Note on the Translations 90 Works Cited 92 iii Introduction Seoððen comen Sæxisce men and Lundene heo cleopeden; Þe nome ilest longe inne þisse londe.
    [Show full text]
  • Dyfi and Leri Catchment Management Plan Consultation Report
    NPA-VN a I*i .t o DYFI AND LERI CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSULTATION REPORT DINAS MAWODWY f t i lUNBRYNMAIt NRA r flwomim National Rivers Authority Welsh Region iO£A vOtWS 5 P DYFI AND LERI CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSULTATION REPORT DECEMBER 1995 National Rivers Authority Welsh Region (Notional Aw^ority i ■ tw ■ v ■ ..-Tice ENVIRONMENTnm AGENCY 091998 Further copies can be obtained from : The Catchment Planning Coordinator The Area Catchment Planner National Rivers Authority National Rivers Authority Welsh Region, Plot 10, Rivers House, or Parc Menai, St Mellons Business Park, Vaynol Business Park, St Mellons, Bangor, Cardiff. Gwynedd. CF3 OTL LL574BP Telephone Enquiries : Cardiff (01222) 770088 Bangor (01248) 670770 NRA Copyright Waiver. This report is intended to be used widely and may be quoted, copied or reproduced in any way, provided that the extracts are not quoted out of context and due acknowledgement is given to the National Rivers Authority. Acknowledgement:- Maps are based on the 1992 Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 scale map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Copyright. WE 12 95 0.5k E AMOX Awarded lor nccilcncr THE NRA’S VISION FOR THE DYFI AND LERI CATCHMENTS The picturesque catchments of the Dyfi and Leri, at the southern extremity of the Snowdonia National Park are sparsely populated and have experienced less impacts due to man's activities than many other river systems. The area drained by these rivers is of exceptional conservation value, particularly around the internationally important estuary, which has a Site of Special Scientific Interest designated as one of only three Biosphere Reserves in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Dyfi Opportunities
    Opportunities for sustainably managing the Dyfi’s natural resources…to benefit people, the economy and the environment Vol.1 - September 2016 1 Contents Purpose and status of this document Vol 1. 1 Introduction and background 1.1 What is the issue 1.2 What area does the Opportunities Document cover 1.2.1 The legislation 1.3 Why has the Opportunities Document been produced 1.4 How has the Opportunities Document been produced 2 Benefits 2.1 How our natural resources support the economy 2.1.1 Agriculture 2.1.2 Forestry 2.1.3 Outdoor activities 2.1.4 Renewable energy 2.1.5 Mineral resources 2.2 How our natural resources protect us 2.3 How our natural resources support recreation, culture, wildlife and health 3 Challenges & Issues 2 Vol 1 Maps Map No Topic 1 Location of the Dyfi Catchment 2 Productivity of Agricultural land 3 Areas of ‘productive’ woodland 4 Number and variety of businesses related to fishing around the estuary 5 Geology of the Dyfi 6 Areas of land that help prevent flooding 7 The extensive range of habitats in the estuary 8 The contribution of land to preventing sedimentation and erosion 9 The carbon stock contained within soils and vegetation combined 10 Extensive Rights of Way network 10a Scheduled Ancient Monument sites 10b Landscape areas 11 SSSI and Special Area of Conservation sites (SAC) in the Dyfi 12 Communities most at risk of flooding 13 Areas that are storing and emitting carbon 14 Areas generating phosphorous 15 Condition of rivers in the Dyfi 3 Vol 1 Appendices Appendix 1 Existing Plans and strategies related to the natural resources of the area Appendix 2 Important ‘ecosystem services’ in Dyfi Appendix 3 Land Use Capability (LUCI) model Vol 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Y Gododdin Pdf Download
    Y Gododdin Pdf By Aneirin This version of pdf is Re-designed by Pdfcorner.com © Copyright Reserved 2018 Y GODODDIN I Departures II Gwanhanon III To Catraeth IV Battle’s Onset V Gwarchan VI Fallen Heroes VII Liddesdale VIII Fallen Legends IX Battle’s Increase X Fallen Leaders XI Battle’s End XII Nostoi Canto I Departures I Gododdin, should I breathe this breath for thee, Let crowded courts appraise my bombast bold, Weaving the words of Dwywai’s dashing son, Whose single song, a poet's privilege, ‘Midst vanquish’d places manifests itself, For since this saint-like awesome soul was slain Since soil was swept across Aneirin Poetry has parted from Gododdin, & as no soldier marches without arms No bard without this poem may contend… ...Y Gododdin, by Aneirin, begins. II Sharp points have punctur’d seas of swarming spears A shar’d defence of brutal foes defied, Well-hidden men, before the shield-din’s onset, Awake beneath Dun Eidyn's lofty sphinx, Alas, for this proud host Death spurns return So let those Bards of valour truthful sing When stubborn shields were split thro’ fearing fields Their victims seldom felt the spear-gift twice! III As early rose the reign of lamplit day Revolving sov’reign of the royal light That shines high over heath & heavenly vales What sad march starts the shaking of the shield Towards Victory’s vicinity, hoped-for, Those hollow mead-horns bright in Eidyn’s hall Excite, & invite intoxication, Inciting with its crystal vintage clear When scything reapers sing of shining war & minstrels muse on battle-braided war IV
    [Show full text]