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Contribution À L'étude Des Insectes Associés Au REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université El-Hadj Lakhdar – BATNA – Faculté des Sciences Département d’Agronomie MÉMOIRE Pour l’Obtention du Diplôme de Magister en Sciences Agronomiques Option : Protection des végétaux Spécialité : Entomologie Agricole et Forestière Présenté par : BEGHAMI Riadh SUJET : Contribution à l’étude des insectes associés au dépérissement du cèdre de l’Atlas (Cedrus atlantica) dans la région des Aurès : cas de la cédraie de Chelia. Commission d’examen : Mr. BENTOUATI A. M.C. Université de Batna Président Mr. BOUHRAOUA R. T. Prof. Université de Tlemcen Rapporteur Mr. CHAKALI G. M.C. (I.N.A., El Harrach) Examinateur Mr. LAAMARI M. Prof. Université de Batna Examinateur Soutenue le : 25 / 04 /2010. DEDICACE A la mémoire de mon grand père, A mes parents et à mes frères, A M F F A mes grands parents ainsi qu’à toute ma famille, A mes amis et à tous ceux qui me sont chers, A toute ma promotion, Je dédie ce modeste travail. REMERCIEMENTS Merci, Dieu le tout puissant de m’avoir accordé la volonté, le courage, la force et la patience pour terminer ce travail. Mes sincères remerciements à mon directeur de thèse, Mr. BOUHRAOUA Rachid Tarik professeur à l’Université Aboubakr Belkaïd (Tlemcen) pour ses conseils, son aide sa patience, ses encouragements, pour la liberté et la confiance qu’il m’a accordés pour entreprendre et réaliser ce modeste travail. Mes sincères remerciements sont exprimés à Mr. BENTOUATI Abdallah Maître de conférences à l’Université El-Hadj Lakhdar Batna qui a accepté avec bon cœur de présider mon jury et pour ses précieux conseils, ainsi qu’à, Mr. CHAKALI Gahdab Maître de conférences à l’ENSA d’Alger et Mr. LAAMARI Malik professeur à l’université de Batna pour avoir accepté de m’accorder un peu de leur précieux temps pour lire et évaluer mon travail. Je remercie Mr. COCQUEMPOT J et son équipe SupAgro de Montpellier, Mr. BRUSTEL Hervé du laboratoire d’Entomologie et de Biologie de Conservation de l’Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan de l’université de Toulouse (France), Mr. NOBLECOURT T., responsable du Laboratoire National d'Entomologie Forestière et Animateur du réseau Entomologie de l'Office National des Forêts à Quillan (France), Mr. DOUMANDJI Salaheddine pour les efforts qu’ils ont fournis afin d’identifier les spécimens récoltés. Ma grande gratitude est destinée à Mr. LAAMARI Malik qui ma orienté, conseillé et soutenu depuis ma graduation. Je tiens à remercier Mr. BEGHAMI Yacine maitre assistant à l’université de Batna, pour ses conseils, ses encouragements ainsi que son soutien moral et technique. Un grand merci à Mes amis BENSSACI Oussama Ali, LEKBIR Adel, NOUI Yassine, maitres assistants a l’université de Batna qui m’ont beaucoup aidé, conseillé et qu’ils m’ont appris la volonté et le sérieux. Au personnel de la conservation de Batna surtout BRIKI Athmane, à tout la famille de la circonscription des forêts d’Arris sans exception je leur dis « merci du fond du cœur de m’avoir accueilli parmi vous ». Je remercie tout le staff de la conservation de Khenchela ainsi que les gradiens des déférentes stations qui ont veillé à ce que je bénéficie des meilleures conditions de travail. INDEX DES TABLEAUX Tableau 01: Caractères botaniques et biologiques des 4 espèces du cèdre…………… 11 Tableau 02: Estimation de la superficie des cédraies Aurassiènnes…………………. 19 Tableau 03: Classement de l’importance des principales menaces pour les forêts européennes……………………………………………………………………………. 28 Tableau 04 : Principales essences forestières et leurs superficies en (ha)…..……….. 30 Tableau 05: Principaux xylophages du cèdre au Maghreb…………………………… 35 Tableau 06 : Occupation des sols au niveau des massifs de Chelia et Ouled Yagoub (BNEF, 1984)…………………………………………………………………..……… 42 Tableau 07 : Pluviométrie moyenne annuelle dans les quatre stations d’observation (KHLIFI, 2002. ANRH.2005)………………………………………………….……….. 45 Tableau 08 : Régime pluviometrique saisonnier (KHLIFI, 2002. ANRH.2005)……… 45 Tableau 09 : Températures moyenne enregistrées pour les stations de Bouhmama (1992-2000), Foum El Gueis et Khenchela (1993-2004)……………………………… 46 Tableau 10: Indices de continentalité de la zones d’étude……………………………. 48 Tableau 11 : Etages de végétation du cèdre de l’Atlas dans les deux séries………….. 49 Tableau 12: Indices de sécheresse estivale des quatre forêts étudiées………………... 50 Tableau 13 : Valeurs du « Q2 » et étages bioclimatiques des 4 stations de référence... 50 Tableau 14: Caractères principales des 3 stations d’étude ..……………………..…… 58 Tableau 15: Calendrier d’abattage des arbres de différentes classes pour les 3 stations 60 Tableau 16: Dates de coupes et de ramassage des arbres et des rondins pour les trois stations…………………………………………………………………………………. 61 Tableau 17 : Nombre de rondins prélevés par station, par classe et par niveau……… 62 Tableau 18 : Inventaire et effectif des spécimens obtenus par les trois méthodes de piégeages à partir des trois stations ’étude…………………………………………….. 66 Tableau 19: classes trophiques des spécimens capturés……………………………… 72 Tableau 20 : Principaux prédateurs et parasites des xylophages capturés au niveau des massifs de Chelia et Ouled Yagoub……………………………………………….. 82 Tableau 21: Répartition biogéographique des espèces de xylophages inventoriées au niveau des massifs de Chelia et Ouled Yagoub ……………………………………….. 86 Tableau 22: Mensuration (moyenne ± écart-type) en (mm) des galeries des 4 principales espèces de scolytes………………………………………………………… 88 Tableau 23 : Mensuration (moyenne ± écart-type) en (mm) des galeries larvaires et logettes nymphales des deux espèces de buprestes récoltés des éclosoirs…………….. 94 Tableau 24 : Abondances relatives globales des principales familles de xylophages dans les trois stations d’observation…………………………………………………… 100 Tableau 25 : Effectif et abondance relative des différentes espèces de xylophages dans les trois stations d’observation. ………………………………………………….. 100 Tableau 26 : Distribution verticale des espèces de xylophages sur pied de 10m…… 102 Tableau 27 : Variation de la richesse spécifique en fonction des stations d’observation…………………………………………………………………………... 102 Tableau 28 : Distribution des espèces xylophages sur les rondins de cèdre en fonction de leur classe de dépérissement et leur niveau de hauteur …………………... 105 Tableau 29 : Etats des rondins par station et par classe sanitaires……………………. 109 Tableau 30 : Surface moyenne (en cm2) ± erreur type des rondins des trois stations selon leur classe de dépérissement…………………………………………………….. 109 Tableau 31 : Nombre de billons attaqués, fréquence globale d’attaque et densité globale (D) pour les principales espèces xylophages………………………………….. 110 Tableau 32: Durées minimales, maximales et moyennes de développement estimées en jours pour des six espèces xylophages majeures…………………………………… 116 Tableau 33 : Chronologie des attaques des 4 principales espèces de xylophages…… 127 INDEX DES FIGURES Figure 01: Cycle de développement simplifier des scolytes ……………….………… 06 Figure 02: Schéma type d’un système de galeries sous-corticales des scolytes des conifères………………………………………………………………………………. 06 Figure 03: Exemples de galeries de scolytes …………………………………………. 07 Figure 04 : Vu ventral du thorax d’un cérambycidé montrant les mycangia…………. 12 Figure 04 : Principaux monoterpènes des conifères…………..……………………… 12 Figure 06 : Réaction secondaire des résineux aux attaques des scolytes. ……………. 12 Figure 07: Caractéristiques botaniques du cèdre de l’Atlas………….………………... 17 Figure 08 : Répartition géographique mondiale du genre Cedrus……………………. 20 Figure 09: Répartition géographique du cèdre de l’Atlas en Afrique du nord...……… 20 Figure 10 : Cercle vicieux du dépérissement forestier ……………………..………… 27 Figure 11: Dépérissement de la cédraie de Chelia……………………………………. 27 Figure 12 : Relation entre sécheresse, stress hydrique et dépérissement forestier……. 31 Figure 13 : l’indice de sécheresse Mai-août (PSDI) pour la période allant de 1456 à 2002 pour la cédraie de Chelia………………………………………………………… 32 Figure 14: Importants Ravageurs de la cédraie Algérienne ………………………….. 36 Figure 15 : Synthèse des principaux agents induisant le dépérissement du cèdre de l’Atlas Cedrus atlantica………………………………………………………………... 38 Figure 16: Situation géographique de la zone d’étude………………………………… 40 Figure 17: Groupement Cedro atlanticae - Rananculetum spicatii …………………... 44 Figure 18 : Groupement Cedro atlanticae - Rananculetum spicatii ……...…………... 44 Figure 19: Enneigement Seltzer, (1946) ANRH (2002-2008)…...……………..……... 47 Figure 20: Fréquence des Gelées blanches, Station de Bouhmama……………..……. 47 Figure 21 : Climatogramme du Quotient pluviométrique Q2 d’Emberger …………… 51 Figure 22 : Diagramme Obrothermique - Station Bouchemaa -…………..….………. 53 Figure 23 : Diagramme ombrothermique - Station Kantina -………………….…….. 53 Figure 24: Diagramme Ombrothermique - Station Foum El Guies -……………….... 53 Figure 25: Schéma d’un piège vitre…………………………………………………... 55 Figure 26: Schéma d’un éclosoir……………………………………………………… 56 Figure 27: Différent procédé de piégeage….…………………………………………. 57 Figure 28 : Piège jaune et différentes clases de dépérissement prises en considération lors de l’échantillonnage……………………………………………………………….. 59 Figure 29 : Schéma d’un pied de cèdre abattu laissant apparaitre les déférents niveaux à partir desquels les rondins ont été prélévés…………………………………. 61 Figure 30 : Principaux espèces xylophages associés au dépérissement du cèdre de l’Atlas ………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Figure 31 : Espèces xylophages associés
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