The Foreign Service Journal, December 2011
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The Future of Afghanistan Hearing Committee On
THE FUTURE OF AFGHANISTAN HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 7, 2001 Serial No. 107–58 Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international—relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 76–058PDF WASHINGTON : 2001 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 14:33 Feb 05, 2002 Jkt 076058 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 F:\WORK\FULL\110701\76058 HINTREL1 PsN: HINTREL1 COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois, Chairman BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, New York TOM LANTOS, California JAMES A. LEACH, Iowa HOWARD L. BERMAN, California DOUG BEREUTER, Nebraska GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American DAN BURTON, Indiana Samoa ELTON GALLEGLY, California DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey CASS BALLENGER, North Carolina SHERROD BROWN, Ohio DANA ROHRABACHER, California CYNTHIA A. MCKINNEY, Georgia EDWARD R. ROYCE, California EARL F. HILLIARD, Alabama PETER T. KING, New York BRAD SHERMAN, California STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ROBERT WEXLER, Florida AMO HOUGHTON, New York JIM DAVIS, Florida JOHN M. MCHUGH, New York ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York RICHARD BURR, North Carolina WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts JOHN COOKSEY, Louisiana GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York THOMAS G. TANCREDO, Colorado BARBARA LEE, California RON PAUL, Texas JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York NICK SMITH, Michigan JOSEPH M. -
Research Report
RESEARCH REPORT Playing the Hard Power Card. Pakistan’s fencing of its Afghan border By Siegfried O. Wolf 18 April, 2020 - ISSN 2406-5633 Dr. Siegfried O. Wolf, Director of Research at SADF (Coordinator: Democracy Research Programme); he was educated at the Institute of Political Science (IPW) and South Asia Institute (SAI), both Heidelberg University. Additionally he is member (affiliated researcher) of the SAI as well as a former research fellow at IPW and Centre de Sciences Humaines (New Delhi, India). Abstract For decades a simmering conflict in the ties between Kabul and Islamabad, the issue of the Afghan- Pakistan border resurfaced after the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 (Shah, 2013, p. 85) and the subsequent international engagement in Afghanistan. It is now gaining further momentum through the start of a unilateral border fencing project by Pakistan - which apparent last phase of implementation coincides with the U.S.-Taliban Deal (U.S. Department of State, 2020), the withdrawal of foreign troops, and the launch of negotiations between the Taliban and the Afghan government regarding the future of the country (intra-Afghan dialogue). Against this background, one must ask: what explains the construction of such a fence by Pakistan - particularly since the target country chose not to pursue such a project - and what is to be thought of its timing? In this SADF Research Report, it is argued that Pakistan’s border fencing is not just a part of a larger border management project intended to undermine the movement of cross-border terrorists, smugglers and drug traders. It has a clear geopolitical dimension reaching far beyond the officially proclaimed border control function - which by itself is a legitimate undertaking of any sovereign state. -
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Human Rights Watch September 2005 Vol. 17, No. 6(D) Burying the Truth Uzbekistan Rewrites the Story of the Andijan Massacre Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology and a Note on the Use of Pseudonyms ............................................................ 7 Background .................................................................................................................................... 7 The Andijan Uprising, Protests, and Massacre..................................................................... 7 Early Post-massacre Cover-up and Intimidation of Witnesses ......................................... 9 The Criminal Investigation into the Andijan Events ........................................................ 10 Uzbek Media Coverage of the Andijan Events.................................................................. 13 Coercive Pressure for Testimony .............................................................................................14 Detention and Abuse in Andijan.......................................................................................... 16 Initial Detention...................................................................................................................... 17 Interrogations .......................................................................................................................... 18 Misdemeanor Hearings and Detention............................................................................... -
The Endgame of the Reagan Doctrine: Democratic Transition in Nicaragua and Chaos in Afghanistan
Democratic Transition in Nicaragua and Chaos in Afghanistan 19 Chapter 2 The Endgame of the Reagan Doctrine: Democratic Transition in Nicaragua and Chaos in Afghanistan John-Michael Arnold Introduction1 This chapter examines what happened, during the waning years of the American-Soviet struggle, in two conflicts that were part of the “global Cold War.”2 In both Afghanistan and Nicaragua through- out the 1980s, Soviet-supported Marxist regimes had fought Ameri- can-aided insurgencies. The United States’ support to the Afghan and Nicaraguan guerillas was central to what became widely known as the “Reagan Doctrine,” a term coined by columnist Charles Krauthammer in 1985 and which he defined as “overt and unashamed American sup- port for anti-Communist revolution.”3 While President Reagan became associated in many people’s minds with the American counter-offensive against Marxist regimes, it fell to Reagan’s vice-president and successor in the Oval Office, President George H.W. Bush, to preside over the endgame of the “Reagan Doc- trine.” The following analysis demonstrates three major things about the Bush administration’s record in that regard. First, in the midst of continuing competition with the Soviet Union, the Bush administration wanted settlements to the wars in Nicaragua and Afghanistan, pref- erably with the departure of the Soviet-aligned governments in those countries. Second, during the Bush administration’s term—which ran from January 1989 until January 1993—there was a narrowing of ideo- logical differences between the superpowers when it came to “regional conflicts,” with Mikhail Gorbachev’s Soviet Union sharing similar ideas to the United States about the need for political settlements and even democratic elections as the way to end proxy wars. -
Great Game to 9/11
Air Force Engaging the World Great Game to 9/11 A Concise History of Afghanistan’s International Relations Michael R. Rouland COVER Aerial view of a village in Farah Province, Afghanistan. Photo (2009) by MSst. Tracy L. DeMarco, USAF. Department of Defense. Great Game to 9/11 A Concise History of Afghanistan’s International Relations Michael R. Rouland Washington, D.C. 2014 ENGAGING THE WORLD The ENGAGING THE WORLD series focuses on U.S. involvement around the globe, primarily in the post-Cold War period. It includes peacekeeping and humanitarian missions as well as Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom—all missions in which the U.S. Air Force has been integrally involved. It will also document developments within the Air Force and the Department of Defense. GREAT GAME TO 9/11 GREAT GAME TO 9/11 was initially begun as an introduction for a larger work on U.S./coalition involvement in Afghanistan. It provides essential information for an understanding of how this isolated country has, over centuries, become a battleground for world powers. Although an overview, this study draws on primary- source material to present a detailed examination of U.S.-Afghan relations prior to Operation Enduring Freedom. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government. Cleared for public release. Contents INTRODUCTION The Razor’s Edge 1 ONE Origins of the Afghan State, the Great Game, and Afghan Nationalism 5 TWO Stasis and Modernization 15 THREE Early Relations with the United States 27 FOUR Afghanistan’s Soviet Shift and the U.S. -
Choosing Sides and Guiding Policy United States’ and Pakistan’S Wars in Afghanistan
UNIVERSITY OF FLORDA Choosing Sides and Guiding Policy United States’ and Pakistan’s Wars in Afghanistan Azhar Merchant 4/24/2019 Table of Contents I. Introduction… 2 II. Political Settlement of the Mujahedeen War… 7 III. The Emergence of the Taliban and the Lack of U.S. Policy… 27 IV. The George W. Bush Administration… 50 V. Conclusion… 68 1 I. Introduction Forty years of war in Afghanistan has encouraged the most extensive periods of diplomatic and military cooperation between the United States and Pakistan. The communist overthrow of a relatively peaceful Afghan government and the subsequent Soviet invasion in 1979 prompted the United States and Pakistan to cooperate in funding and training Afghan mujahedeen in their struggle against the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Afghanistan entered a period of civil war throughout the 1990s that nurtured Islamic extremism, foreign intervention, and the rise of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, ultimately culminating in the devastating attacks against Americans on September 11th. Seventeen years later, the United States continues its war in Afghanistan while its relationship with Pakistan has deteriorated to an all-time low. The mutual fear of Soviet expansionism was the unifying cause for Americans and Pakistanis to work together in the 1980s, yet as the wars in Afghanistan evolved, so did the countries’ respective aims and objectives.1 After the Soviets were successfully pushed out of the region by the mujahedeen, the United States felt it no longer had any reason to stay. The initial policy aim of destabilizing the USSR through prolonged covert conflict in Afghanistan was achieved. -
Mcwilliams, Edmund.Pdf
The Association of Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project EDMUND McWILLIAMS Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: December 1, 2005 Copyri ht 2007 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in hode Island University of hode Island, Ohio University US Army, Vietnam Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Entered the Foreign Service, 1975 ,amp Pendleton, ,A- Indochina efugee Program 1975.1976 Placing refugees throughout the US 0on.1overnment Organi2ations (01O3s) Vientiane, 4aos- Political Officer 1976.1978 Other Agency representation Tom ,ochran Pathet 4ao 4aos and Vietnamese relationship Soviets US 6IA3s Environment Diplomatic representation elations State Department- 4aos7 ,ambodia7Vietnam Desk Officer 1978.1980 elations U0 Delegations :hmer ouge government efugees ,hinese invasion of Vietnam 6onitoring events in Vietnam 6IA3s Vietnamese invasion of ,ambodia Soviet reaction to ,hinese invasion 1 Bangkok, Thailand- Indochina Watch Officer 1980.1982 Yellow ain Sihanouk and :hmer ouge Hmong Hanoi leadership7Viet ,ong relationship efugees 01O3s Boat People 6IA3s State Department, FSI- ussian language training 1982.1983 6oscow, Soviet Union- Political Officer 1983.1985 Publication and language programs Soviet leaders Dissidents and efusenicks Environment Signs of foment Jews Infrastructure Soviet travel :1B State Department, FSI- Dari (Afghan) language training 1985.1986 Dari relationship to Farsi and Tajik :abul, Afghanistan- Acting Deputy ,hief of 6ission 1986.1988 Soviet occupation -
NEW EVIDENCE on the WAR in AFGHANISTAN Introduction
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN, ISSUE 14/15 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN Introduction By Christian Friedrich Ostermann hat was behind the Soviet decision in December a substitute foothold in Afghanistan and worried about main- 1979 to invade Afghanistan? And when and why taining its credibility with communist world allies. Soviet lead- Wdid Mikhail Gorbachev decide to pull out Soviet ers were genuinely concerned that Afghan strongman troops nearly ten years later? What was the role of the US Hafizullah Amin was either a US agent or prepared to sell out covert assistance program, in particular the Stinger missiles? to the United States. At the CWIHP conference, former US What role did CIA intelligence play? How did the Afghan Charge d’Affaires J. Bruce Amstutz as well as other partici- War’s history, a key step in the rise of militant Islam, intersect pants forcefully refuted allegations of Agency links to Amin. with the history of the final decade of the Cold War? These In his five conversations with Amin in the fall of 1979, Amstutz were among the questions addressed at a major international remembered, the Afghan leader did not in any way suggest conference, “Towards an International History of the War in that he was interested in allying himself with the United States. Afghanistan,” organized in April 2002 by the Cold War Inter- US relations with successive communist regimes in Af- national History Project (CWIHP) in cooperation with the ghanistan had been volatile since the April 1978 communist Woodrow Wilson -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks September 23, 2011 the Right Strategy to Deal with Both Afghani- of Individuals on the Other Side of the World Pansions
E1702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks September 23, 2011 the right strategy to deal with both Afghani- of individuals on the other side of the world pansions. In 1900, the congregation welcomed stan and Pakistan. who also dared to demand freedom for their its third pastor, Father Albert Aust. Under the As with the ISG, I believe fresh eyes are people. I rise today, Mr. Speaker, to recognize leadership of Father Aust, St. Michael Parish needed now to examine U.S. policy in Af- the centennial anniversary of Republic of ghanistan and Pakistan. The security situa- thrived and added a new rectory, school, and tion continues to erode as evidenced by co- China in Taiwan. in 1908, teachers from the Notre Dame Sis- ordinated insurgent attacks on heavily for- One hundred years ago, on October 10th, ters. The parish later added a sister’s resi- tified U.S. and NATO compounds just this 1911, under the inspiration of Dr. Sun Yat- dence in 1934, built a new school in 1950, week. The Taliban still finds safe haven in Sen, the Republic of China began by throwing erected a new church in 1955 and new rectory the tribal wilderness of Pakistan and the ISI off the bonds of the Wuchang dynasty in order in 1968. In 1990, a new social hall and gym- actively funds terrorist groups. to create the first Republic in Asia. This year nasium were constructed and named Rappe Given these and other concerns on the the Republic of China (Taiwan) celebrates the Hall, in honor of Bishop Amadeus Rappe. -
Anatomy of a Crisis: US-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005
Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005 John C.K. Daly Kurt H. Meppen Vladimir Socor S. Frederick Starr SILK ROAD PAPER February 2006 Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005 John C.K. Daly Kurt H. Meppen Vladimir Socor S. Frederick Starr United States Institute of Peace Published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute &Silk Road Studies Program In Cooperation with the Jamestown Foundation and the United States Institute of Peace © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Uppsala University, Dept. of Eurasian Studies, Box 514, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Anatomy of A Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005” is a Silk Road Paper produced by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers series is the Occasional Papers series of the Joint Center, published jointly on topical and timely subjects. It is edited by Svante E. Cornell, Research and Publications Director of the Joint Center. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program are a joint transatlantic independent and privately funded research and policy center. The Joint Center has offices in Washington and Uppsala, and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Department of East European Studies and Peace and Conflict Research of Uppsala University. It is the first Institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is today firmly established as a leading focus of research and policy worldwide, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders and journalists. -
Anatomy of a Crisis: US-Uzbekistan Relations
Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005 John C.K. Daly Kurt H. Meppen Vladimir Socor S. Frederick Starr SILK ROAD PAPER February 2006 Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005 John C.K. Daly Kurt H. Meppen Vladimir Socor S. Frederick Starr United States Institute of Peace Published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute &Silk Road Studies Program In Cooperation with the Jamestown Foundation and the United States Institute of Peace © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Uppsala University, Dept. of Eurasian Studies, Box 514, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Anatomy of A Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005” is a Silk Road Paper produced by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers series is the Occasional Papers series of the Joint Center, published jointly on topical and timely subjects. It is edited by Svante E. Cornell, Research and Publications Director of the Joint Center. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program are a joint transatlantic independent and privately funded research and policy center. The Joint Center has offices in Washington and Uppsala, and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Department of East European Studies and Peace and Conflict Research of Uppsala University. It is the first Institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is today firmly established as a leading focus of research and policy worldwide, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders and journalists. -
Cover-July98
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE July/August 1998 StateStateMagazine KathmanduKathmandu Where the past is always present Coming in September: Wellington State Magazine (ISSN 1099–4165) is published monthly, except bimonthly in July and August, by the U.S. Department of State, 2201 C St., N.W., Washington, DC. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, State DC. POSTMASTER: Send changes of address to State Magazine, Magazine PER/ER/SMG, SA-6, Room 433, Washington, DC 20522-0602. State Carl Goodman Magazine is published to facilitate communication between manage- ment and employees at home and abroad and to acquaint employees EDITOR-IN-CHIEF with developments that may affect operations or personnel. Donna Miles State Magazine is available by subscription through the DEPUTY EDITOR Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Kathleen Goldynia Washington, DC 20402 (telephone [202] 512-2000). The magazine can be viewed online free at: www.state.gov/www/publications/statemag/. DESIGNER The magazine welcomes State-related news and features. Informal articles work best, accompanied by photographs. Staff is unable to ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS acknowledge every submission or make a commitment as to which Kenneth Hunter issue it will appear in. Photographs will be returned upon request. CHAIRMAN Please include a daytime phone number. Articles should not exceed five typewritten, double-spaced Sylvia Bazala pages. They should also be free of acronyms (with all office names, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY agencies and organizations spelled out). Photos should include Kaye Boesel typed captions identifying persons from left to right with job titles. Catherine Brown Please submit material on Apple Macintosh or IBM PC-compatible disks, including a hard copy.