Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Events in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

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Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Events in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Document généré le 27 sept. 2021 15:21 Géographie physique et Quaternaire Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Events in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Reconstitution des événements survenus dans les Rocheuses du Canada au cours du Petit Âge glaciaire Rekonstruktion der Ereignisse in den kanadischen Rockies während der kleinen Eiszeit B. H. Luckman Premier symposium de la CANQUA Résumé de l'article Volume 40, numéro 1, 1986 Les moraines bien développées mises en place au cours du Petit Âge glaciaire sont les témoins les plus importants des glaciations holocènes dans les URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032619ar Rocheuses. On passe ici en revue les principales techniques de datation DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/032619ar (sources de documentation, dendrochronologie, lichénométrie et datations au radiocarbone) appropriées à cette période et on présente les données résumées Aller au sommaire du numéro sur 33 glaciers. On a reconnu trois principales phases de développement des moraines caractérisées par: i) quelques tronçons de moraines imparfaitement datées entre 1500 et 1700 ap. J.-C. ; ii) une avancée maximale au début du XVIIIe s. pour environ le tiers des glaciers; iii) des récurrences majeures survenues de Éditeur(s) la deuxième moitié à la fin du XIXe s. qui ont rejoint sinon dépassé les positions Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal atteintes en i) et ii). Certaines datations au radiocarbone à partir d'arbres ravagés démontrent qu'une avancée glaciaire aux XIIe et XIIIe s. s'est approchée, jusqu'à 400 et 1400 m respectivement, des positions atteintes à ISSN l'apogée du Petit Age glaciaire aux glaciers Robson et Kiwa. De grosses souches 14 0705-7199 (imprimé) datées au C, situées à la limite des arbres près du glacier d'Athabaska, et 1492-143X (numérique) notamment un mélèze vieux de 1000 ans (probablement Larix lyallii) trouvé à 90 km au nord-ouest de la limite actuelle des arbres, démontrent qu'un épisode Découvrir la revue plus chaud a prévalu entre 700 et 1100 ap. J.-C. La limite des arbres était probablement non loin de ce site vers 1300-1700 ap. J.-C, mais elle a de nouveau reculé au cours des XVIIIe et XIXe s. Les recherches sur les reconstitutions climatiques dans la région devront certainement tenir compte de cette longue Citer cet article série de données (500-1000 ans) sur les anneaux de croissance. Luckman, B. H. (1986). Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Events in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 40(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.7202/032619ar Tous droits réservés © Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1986 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 1986, vol. XL, n° 1, p. 17-28, 10 fig., 5 tabl. RECONSTRUCTION OF LITTLE ICE AGE EVENTS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS B. H. LUCKMAN, Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2. ABSTRACT The well-developed moraines RÉSUMÉ Reconstitution des événements ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Rekonstruktion der of the Little Ice Age' represent the most sig­ survenus dans les Rocheuses du Canada Ereignisse in den kanadischen Rockies nificant regional Holocene glacial event in the au cours du Petit Âge glaciaire. Les moraines wàhrend der kleinen Eiszeit. Die gut entwic- Canadian Rocky Mountains. The application bien développées mises en place au cours kelten Morànen der "kleinen Eiszeit" sind das of dating techniques (documentary sources, du Petit Âge glaciaire sont les témoins les wichtigste régionale Eiszeit-Ereignis in den dendrochronology, lichenometry and radi­ plus importants des glaciations holocènes kanadischen Rocky Mountains wàhrend des ocarbon dating) appropriate to this timeframe dans les Rocheuses. On passe ici en revue Holozân. Die Anwendung von zu diesem Zei- are briefly reviewed and summary data from les principales techniques de datation trahmen passenden Datierungstechniken 33 glaciers are presented. Three main periods (sources de documentation, dendrochrono- (dokumentarische Quellen, Dendrochrono- of moraine development are recognised logie, lichénométrie et datations au radio- logie, Lichénométrie und Radiokarbondatie- (i) 1500-1700 A.D., represented by small carbone) appropriées à cette période et on rungen) werden kurz besprochen und fragments of poorly dated moraines, (ii) early présente les données résumées sur 33 gla­ zusammengefaBte Daten von 33 Gletschern 1700's when about one-third of the glaciers ciers. On a reconnu trois principales phases werden vorgestellt. Drei Hauptperioden der show a maximum advance, (iii) mid- to late- de développement des moraines caracté­ Morànen-Entwicklung werden festgestellt : nineteenth century when major readvances risées par: i) quelques tronçons de moraines (i) 1500-1700 v.u.Z., charakterisiert durch built moraines close to or beyond (i) and (ii). imparfaitement datées entre 1500 et 1700 kleine Fragmente ungenùgend datierter Mo­ In addition to these periods, '4C dates from ap. J.-C. ; ii) une avancée maximale au début rànen; (ii) eine Période des frùhen 17. Jah- overridden trees indicate a 12th/13th century du XVIIIe s. pour environ le tiers des glaciers; rhunderts, als etwa ein Drittel der Gletscher glacial advance to within 400 and 1400 m of iii) des récurrences majeures survenues de einen maximalen VorstoB aufweisen; the Little Ice Age Maximum positions at Rob- la deuxième moitié à la fin du XIXe s. qui ont (iii) mittleres bis spates 19. Jahrhundert, als son and Kiwa (Premier Range) Glaciers rejoint sinon dépassé les positions atteintes HauptrùckvorstôBe zur Bildung von Morànen respectively. Prior to this advance a period en i) et ii). Certaines datations au radiocar- fùhrten, die denjenigen von (i) und (ii) glichen of warmer conditions is inferred between ca. bone à partir d'arbres ravagés démontrent oder darùber hinausgingen. Zusâtzlich zu 700-1100 A.D. from the presence of large, qu'une avancée glaciaire aux XIIe et XIIIe s. diesen Perioden zeigen '4C Daten von zers- 14C-dated snags at tree-line near the Atha­ s'est approchée, jusqu'à 400 et 1400 m res­ tôrten Bâumen einen EisvorstoB im 12./13. basca Glacier, including a 1000 14C yr-old pectivement, des positions atteintes à l'apogée Jahrhundert, der sich bis auf 400 bzw. 1400 m larch (probably Larix lyallii) about 90 km du Petit Age glaciaire aux glaciers Robson den Maximal-Positionen der kleinen Eiszeit northwest of its present limit. Tree-line may et Kiwa. De grosses souches datées au 14C, am Robson und Kiwa-gletscher nâherte. Vor have readvanced at the Athabasca site be­ situées à la limite des arbres près du glacier diesem VorstoB wird auf eine Période wàr- tween ca. 1300-1700 A.D. but receded again d'Athabaska, et notamment un mélèze vieux merer Bedingungen geschlossen zwischen during the eighteenth and nineteenth cen­ de 1000 ans (probablement Larix lyallii) trouvé etwa 700-1100 v.u.Z., auf Grund des Vor- turies. Future research should be directed à 90 km au nord-ouest de la limite actuelle kommens von auf 14C datierten groBen towards using the relatively long tree-ring des arbres, démontrent qu'un épisode plus Baumstùmpfen an der Baumgrenze in der records (500-1000 yrs, with cross-dating) of chaud a prévalu entre 700 et 1100 ap. J.-C. Nahe des Athabasca-Gletschers, eins- this area for climatic reconstructions. La limite des arbres était probablement non chlieBlich einer 1000 Jahre alten '4C Lârche loin de ce site vers 1300-1700 ap. J.-C, mais (wahrscheinlich Larix lyallii), die etwa 90 km elle a de nouveau reculé au cours des XVIIIe nordwestlich ihrer gegenwârtigen Grenze et XIXe s. Les recherches sur les reconsti­ gefungen wurde. Die Baumgrenze ist mô- tutions climatiques dans la région devront glicherweise zwischen 1300-1700 v.u.Z. bis certainement tenir compte de cette longue zum Athabasca-Gebiet rùckvorgestoBen, série de données (500-1000 ans) sur les an­ dann aber wieder wàhrend des 18. und 19. neaux de croissance. Jahrhunderts zurùckgewichen. Zukùnftige Forschung ùber die klimatische Rekonstruk­ tion sollte in diesem Gebiet auf die Nutzung der relativ langen Baumring-Belege gerichtet werden (500-1000 Jahre, mit Quer-Datierung). 18 B.H. LUCKMAN The well-developed moraines of the last few centuries (Little Ice Age or Cavell Advance, LUCKMAN and OSBORN, 1979; OSBORN, 1982) are conspicuous throughout the Ca­ nadian Rocky Mountains (Fig. 1). These landforms document the most significant regional Holocene glacial event in terms of downvalley extent, ubiquity and probable magnitude. At most localities they are the only direct evidence for glacial advances of post-Hypsithermal (Neoglacial) age. However, apart from the classic work of HEUSSER (1956) there has been relatively little work on Little Ice Age deposits in the Canadian Rockies. This paper will briefly review problems associated with dating techniques appropriate to this time frame in the Rockies, evaluate the available chronology with particular reference to the early history of the Little Ice Age, and make suggestions for further research. The review will focus on work carried out in and adjacent to Jasper National Park over the last 10 years (Fig. 1). DATING TECHNIQUES FIGURE 1. Location of major study sites Several good general reviews of dating techniques in this Localisation des principaux sites étudiés. timeframe have been published recently, e.g. PORTER (1981) and BRADLEY (1985), and this material will not be repeated here. Standard relative-age dating techniques involving mor­ phologic and stratigraphie relationships are clearly applicable sources are the photographic survey of Jasper National Park but, as yet, no well-dated sections with multiple Holocene tills by E.
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