April-June 15

Vol. XXI, No. II Contents BES Review

April'15 - June’15 Editorial 2 From the President 3 BES Council 2014-2016 4 Private FM Broadcasting Phase-III and Beyond Augmentation of 6 Spectrum & Segmented Planning - B P Srivastava MakeDigital India in India using TV White Spaces 11 - Hemant Mallapur Ham Radio, a lifeline during Disasters 18 - Ankur Puranik Radio is alive and well in India and The World! 24 Editorial Board - Ruxandra Obreja DTH - An innovative tool for Educational Evolution in India 27 Chairman -Dr. Shivaraj Shastri Herur Ashish Bhatnagar Customization of Technology to Suit our Unique Nation : India 29 - Mitali Chatterjee Morse to LTE - Evolution 34 Member - S. Venkataraman A. Shanmugam-Advisor RF Spectrum & Network Plannning: Regulations, Planning 39 M.S. Duhan Parameters and Coverages Meenakshi Singhvi - M. S. Duhan O.P. Rajpurohit Pradeep Mehra CAN bus (Controller Area Networking) 47 Sunil Bhatia - Sangeeta Upadhye

Noobs way of Developing an ANDROID Application 53 - S Vadivazagan Report : Jaipur Chapter 59 Published by : - Seminar on “Role of ICT in Development of Smart City” P. K. Singh, Hon. Secretary, on behalf of Report : Mumbai Chapter 60 Broadcast Engineering Society (India) - Celebration of World Telecommunication &Information Society Day 912, Surya Kiran Building, Report : Ahmedabad Chapter 62 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel. : + 91-11- 23316709 - Lecture on “E-Governance initiative in state government” Fax : + 91-11- 23316710 Report : Thanjavur Chapter 63 E-mail : [email protected] - International Yoga Day Celebration Report Mumbai Chapter 64 -Seminar on “ Digital Surround Sound and DTT DVB-T2 .... Printed at : Report : Global Exhibition on Services 68 Pragati Creations 27/1B, Dilshad Garden Ind. Area, Report : “AIBD/RTM In-Country Workshop on DVB-T2 Transmission” 69 G.T. Road, Delhi-110095 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. e-mail : [email protected] Ph.: 011-22596695, 9312438440 News from Broadcasting World 70 - By Meenakshi Singhvi New Members 75 Views expressed by authors are their own and may not be that of BES(I) Corporate Members 76 Obituary 78 Editorial From the President

Dear Friends, Dear Friends, It gives us satisfaction that your BES Review has again stuck to the schedule. I am happy to state that new BES review edition is coming in time. The This issue tries to cover broad spectrum of broadcasting and wireless article being published in BES Review are interesting and connected with communication and it's evolution. An article on FM phase - III, which is in the State of Art technology in the field of broadcasting. offing - by BP Srivastava, who had been a pioneer and authority in the field of FM broadcasting in India, A very brave and realistic article on Radio from As you know that the BES Expo-2016 is having a theme (Multiple Platform Ruxandra Obreja Chairperson DRM consortium - talking about existence, of Digital Broadcasting and Media) and the event is being organized at importance and blossoming of Radio in India & in the whole world, and An hotel Kempinski Ambience, New Delhi from 4th to 6th February 2016. The article on Amateur Radio from Ankur Puranik , who has been associated with Conference Chairman, Exhibition Chairman and entire BES secretariat are disaster communication and government makes this issue richer. planning for this new venue with new ideas, and I hope that his will be a successful event. In this issue we have also included futuristic and technology articles like Possibility of using TV white space in realising Hon'ble Prime Minister's I congratulate the whole editorial team for excellent work and hope that the dream of making Digital India, Customising technologies to suit readers will enjoy reading the journal. broadcasting needs of our country, CAN bus technology and a peep into developing android applications for broadcasters. Article on RF spectrum planning is also quite relevant as RF spectrum has become one of the most With best wishes. precious resource of the day. An article on DTH from Dr. Shivraj, a Visually Challenged Professor from Gulbarga is a testimony of inclusion and involvement of all in BES. Yours sincerely, BES derives strength from it's chapters spread across the country, and we feel privileged to bring out the reports of excellent activities carried out at BES chapters at Jaipur, Mumbai, Ahmadabad and Thanjavur. Hope you all know, Unlike many other Magazines, BES Review is a unique publication brought out by collaborative efforts of broadcast professionals, who work for the magazine voluntarily, without any financial O.K. Sharma reimbursements, with the sole objective of serving the society. For this issue, [email protected] I would like to loud the efforts of our editorial team members, specially Meenakshi Singhvi, MS Duhan and OP Rajpurohit, who have worked tirelessly to bring out this publication in time. Hope you will relish reading and will join me in appreciating their efforts and of course, in thanking our eminent writers and chapters for their beautiful articles and reports. regards

Ashish Bhatnagar [email protected]

2 3 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Editorial From the President

Ashish Bhatnagar [email protected]

2 3 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 BES (I) Council 2014-2016 Name Designation Mobile / E-mail Local Chapters

O.K. Sharma Addl. Director General (E) 8750451819 [email protected] Chapter Chairperson Hon. Secretary Hon. Treasurer Tel. No. /E-mail. President AIR & DD 1) Ahmedabad Chandira J.K. A.K. Gupta Ramesh Tele 9426513961 A.K. Dixit Former Engineer-in-Chief 9958581560 [email protected] [email protected] Immediate Past President Doordarshan 2) Bangalore Anil Mangalgi A. Hanumant Sanjeev K.P. 9448490241 R.K. Sinha Former Engineer-in-Chief 9868631895 [email protected] [email protected] Past President Doordarshan 3) Bhubaneshwar L.K. Pradhan A.C. Subudhi N. Jethi 9437073498 I.I.George Addl. Director General (E) 9868233470 [email protected] Vice President AIR & DD 4) Chennai S.K. Aggarwal K V Ramachandran P Bhoopathy [email protected] Om Prakash Rajpurohit Asstt. Engineer 9414251557 [email protected] Vice President Doordarshan 5) Jaipur H. P. Meena O.P. Rajpurohit M.C. Bansal 9413331405 [email protected] Pravin Kumar Singh Director (Engg.) 9968993838 [email protected] Hon. Secretary All India Radio 6) Kolkatta Ved Prakash (Officiating) Ved Prakash Soumitra Kumar Deb -

R.C. Bhatnagar Former Addl. Director 9968296792 [email protected] 7) Hyderabad M.B.S. Purushottam Er. Nuli Namassivaya R. Janardhan Rao +91-9869489551 Hon. Treasurer General (Engg.), DD [email protected]

A.V Swaminathan Former Chief Engineer 9811470018 [email protected] 8) Mumbai S.C. Khasgiwal P.K. Sharma P.S. Khurana [email protected] Council Member AIR & DD Deepak Joshi Dy. Director General (E) 9435032256 [email protected] Council Member All India Radio 9) Thanjavur Ms A. Chitra S. Periandavar G. Muthukrishnan [email protected] Meenakshi Singhvi Dy. Director (E) 9426302816 [email protected] Council Member All India Radio 10)Thiruvananthapuram - - - -

N. Thiyagrajan Addl. Director General (E) 9445562769 [email protected] 11) Pune Ashish Bhatnagar Ashok Kale Ravindra Rajnekar +91-9421053428 Council Member AIR & DD [email protected] Anila Shah Asstt. Engineer 9825956386 [email protected] 12) Guwahati MS Ansari R.C. Boro - - Council Member Doordarshan V. Appakutty Former Chief Engineer 9444015580 [email protected] BES Committees Council Member AIR & DD S. No. Name of Commitees Chairman Co- Chairman/Members S.S Bindra Former Chief Engineer 9899968022 [email protected] Council Member AIR & DD 1. BES EXPO Event (Conference) I.I. George N Thiagarajan, M.S Duhan, J.K. Chandira, K. Murugan Director (Engg.) 9971159629 [email protected] Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh Kumar, Rajender Kumar Council Member All India Radio 2. BES EXPO Event (Exhibition) D. P. Singh A.V. Swaminathan P.S. Shrivastava Director (Engg.) 9419171731 [email protected] Council Member Doordarshan 3. BES Review Ashish Bhatnagar M.S. Duhan, Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, O.P. Rajpurohit, Dinesh Pratap Singh Director (Engg.) 9868103141 [email protected] Pradeep Mehra, Sunil Bhatia Council Member Doordarshan Neeraj Goel Dy. Director General (E) 9968326123 [email protected] 4. Website Management K. Murugan Neeral Goel, V. R. Hari, P. Narayanan, Alpana Pande Council Member All India Radio 5. BES Awards N. Thiagarajan V. Sitaram, V. Srinivasvardan P.S. Sundram CMD, Technomedia 9811197746 [email protected] Permanent Invitee 6. Constitution Committee V. Appakutty R. Vardadrajan, S.Ramesh Animesh Chakraborty Engineer-in-Chief 9871178429 [email protected] Permanent Invitee All India Radio 7. New Member Induction S.C. Khasgiwal A.V. Swaminathan CBS Maurya Engineer-in-Chief, - [email protected] Permanent Invitee Doordarshan 8. Seminar and Lectures Deepak Joshi Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh, K.Murugan, Rajesh Chandra, Anila Shah Chaudhry Rakesh Aggarwal Director 9810298552 [email protected] Co-opted Member M/s. Comcon 9. Innovative Ideas P.S. Shrivastava Anil Khandelwal, B.G. Nair

10. Local Chapters O.P. Rajpurohit Ms. A. Chtra T. Rajendiran, Nuli Namassivayam, Pradip K Sharma

4 5 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 BES (I) Council 2014-2016 Name Designation Mobile / E-mail Local Chapters

10. Local Chapters O.P. Rajpurohit Ms. A. Chtra T. Rajendiran, Nuli Namassivayam, Pradip K Sharma

4 5 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 point has reached in listeners' interest that calls for Private FM Broadcasting Phase-III and diversification of programmes. There also seems to be a need to revisit the concept of niche channels, which Beyond Augmentation of Spectrum has remained neglected so far. The sum total of all these aspirations is going to result in demand for more channels in many of the cities, which will have to be & Segmented Planning met by planners and frequency managers. B P Srivastava 2.2. AIR FM-Poised for growth Abstract:- Phase-III of Private FM Broadcasting is in offing. Seen from the clamour for more channels at existing FM centres and demand for bringing more cities under the ambit of private broadcasting, Phase-IV The FM service of the Public Broadcaster- All India can be expected to follow soon. Side by side the other broadcasters like All India Radio, Community Radios Radio (AIR) is poised for growth, as is indicative of and Education are also poised for growth. Naturally all these developments will require additional the message given by Shri Jawahar Sircar, Chief spectrum and will also call for carefully segmented planning to obtain optimum results. This paper deals Executive Officer, Prasar Bharati to Broadcast with all these aspects in some detail. CableSat magazine wherein he has said: “FM …. is incentives and relaxations have been provided in the best alternative at present since medium-wave Introduction i.e. Phase-IV. The other radio broadcasting sectors Phase-III policy in the interest of growth of radio and short-wave are on the way out …. . All India like the Public Broadcaster- All India Radio, Radio should direct its resources to strengthening FM It is a matter of great satisfaction for people connected industry. Some of the major provisions in this Community Radio and Education are also poised for direction are, allowing of broadcast of news bulletins broadcasts, particularly as even mobile phones and with radio to note that radio continues to maintain its growth. Naturally, these growing demands on FM car radios could catch these signals.” AIR should, primacy over other electronic media in providing of All India Radio, networking by the entity within the radio will need augmentation of spectrum for FM country, multiple ownership of channels in A+ and A therefore, be expected to add large number of FM information and education through out the length and Broadcasting. In addition, it will also call for carefully transmitters in its network in near future. In addition, breadth of the country by virtue of its reach and ease categories of cities, increase of period of license from segmented planning and frequency allocations 10 years to 15 years, and certain relaxations to give AIR may also decide to strengthen its concept of of listening both in static and mobile conditions keeping in view the type and technical parameters of Local Radio with low power FM stations- a concept besides its great quality of non-insistence on fillip to radio broadcasting in N-E and J & K regions. . various services, to achieve optimum usage of It is expected that, with the completion of Phase-III, that had gathered strength in its seventh plan period exclusive attention.It is because of these attributes of spectrum without wasting the precious resource. with the introduction of FM broadcasting. AIR will, radio, that the Prime Minister of India has chosen this 38 percent of India's population will come under the ambit of private broadcasting. thus, also require spectrum beyond 100- 104 MHZ, medium for talking to people of the country. Radio's 2. Ground covered so far and Road ahead which is presently available to it. popularity, which at one time seemed to be declining 2.1. Phase-IV- Creation of a new category of cities in urban areas, has got a big impetus with the A turning point in the history of radio broadcasting 2.3. Community Radios introduction of FM Broadcasting. Radio has, thus, came up on July 1, 1999 when the Government It is hoped that incentives and relaxations provided in demolished the myth that it is only a rural opened the doors of FM broadcasting to private Phase-III policy will go a long way in making Phase- The clamor for community Radios, which are low phenomenon, as is seen from the growing clamour for broadcasters by ushering in the first phase of private III a success and will lead to the launch of Phase-IV of power stations with a maximum ERP of 100 more FM channels in urban areas. The Telecom broadcasting. It is no secret that even though only 22 private broadcasting in near future. Phase-IV will watt and EHHAT of 30 meters, is increasing day by Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has also channels could come up during that phase and that too hopefully aim at extending the reach of private FM to day. As it is, about 175 community radio stations are recommended release of FM channels with 400 KHZ in only 12 cities, they revolutionized the scene of large number of towns with population less than 1 in operation in the country and more than 200 channel spacing within a city instead of the present radio listening in the country. Phase-II, thereafter, was lakh, which may bring nearly 300 more cities under applications are under scrutiny. The increasing 800 one to increase availability of FM channels in a great success with 225 channels coming up in two private FM broadcasting. In terms of technical number of community radio stations is already various cities. The Government, on its part, is also years time, making the total number of operational parameters, a new category of cities (say E) may have putting strain on the frequency managers in managing keen on releasing more channels using 400 KHZ channels as 245 in 87 cities. The success of to be created for meeting the coverage requirements within the three frequency slots of 90.4, 90.8 and channel separation and is examining various issues Phase-II has paved way for Phase-III, which is going of these smaller cities, as also to provide frequencies 107.8 MHZ (91.2 MHZ also being given in some associated with it before doing so. to be a very ambitious scheme aiming to bring 226 at lesser distances. A suggestive combination of places), that have been allocated to them. A broader new cities under the ambit of private broadcasting by technical parameters could be an ERP of 1 KW and allocation, therefore, seems necessary for them, if Besides the demand for more FM channels at the adding 839 channels, inclusive of 135 additional EHAAT of 30 M, which would be capable of their growth is to be sustained. existing centers, requests are also pouring in for channels to be provided in the cities, where private providing 54 dBµ(0.5mv/m) stereophonic coverage 2.4. Education bringing many more new cities in the ambit of private FM is already present. Phase-III has been planned to (Rural Area) up to a radial distance of 12 Kms. FM broadcasting than what have been included in cater to all the cities with a population of 1 lakh and In addition to catering to private (commercial) Phase-III. These demands will, hopefully, be taken above. Phase-III will also provide a taste of FM radio The matters connected with content need also to be broadcasting, Phase-III policy has also earmarked a care of in the next phase of private FM broadcasting to the border areas of the country. Side by side, certain given a fresh look. It is generally felt that a saturation channel in each of the cities for education/public

6 7 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 point has reached in listeners' interest that calls for Private FM Broadcasting Phase-III and diversification of programmes. There also seems to be a need to revisit the concept of niche channels, which Beyond Augmentation of Spectrum has remained neglected so far. The sum total of all these aspirations is going to result in demand for more channels in many of the cities, which will have to be & Segmented Planning met by planners and frequency managers. B P Srivastava 2.2. AIR FM-Poised for growth Abstract:- Phase-III of Private FM Broadcasting is in offing. Seen from the clamour for more channels at existing FM centres and demand for bringing more cities under the ambit of private broadcasting, Phase-IV The FM service of the Public Broadcaster- All India can be expected to follow soon. Side by side the other broadcasters like All India Radio, Community Radios Radio (AIR) is poised for growth, as is indicative of and Education are also poised for growth. Naturally all these developments will require additional the message given by Shri Jawahar Sircar, Chief spectrum and will also call for carefully segmented planning to obtain optimum results. This paper deals Executive Officer, Prasar Bharati to Broadcast with all these aspects in some detail. CableSat magazine wherein he has said: “FM …. is incentives and relaxations have been provided in the best alternative at present since medium-wave Introduction i.e. Phase-IV. The other radio broadcasting sectors Phase-III policy in the interest of growth of radio and short-wave are on the way out …. . All India like the Public Broadcaster- All India Radio, Radio should direct its resources to strengthening FM It is a matter of great satisfaction for people connected industry. Some of the major provisions in this Community Radio and Education are also poised for direction are, allowing of broadcast of news bulletins broadcasts, particularly as even mobile phones and with radio to note that radio continues to maintain its growth. Naturally, these growing demands on FM car radios could catch these signals.” AIR should, primacy over other electronic media in providing of All India Radio, networking by the entity within the radio will need augmentation of spectrum for FM country, multiple ownership of channels in A+ and A therefore, be expected to add large number of FM information and education through out the length and Broadcasting. In addition, it will also call for carefully transmitters in its network in near future. In addition, breadth of the country by virtue of its reach and ease categories of cities, increase of period of license from segmented planning and frequency allocations 10 years to 15 years, and certain relaxations to give AIR may also decide to strengthen its concept of of listening both in static and mobile conditions keeping in view the type and technical parameters of Local Radio with low power FM stations- a concept besides its great quality of non-insistence on fillip to radio broadcasting in N-E and J & K regions. . various services, to achieve optimum usage of It is expected that, with the completion of Phase-III, that had gathered strength in its seventh plan period exclusive attention.It is because of these attributes of spectrum without wasting the precious resource. with the introduction of FM broadcasting. AIR will, radio, that the Prime Minister of India has chosen this 38 percent of India's population will come under the ambit of private broadcasting. thus, also require spectrum beyond 100- 104 MHZ, medium for talking to people of the country. Radio's 2. Ground covered so far and Road ahead which is presently available to it. popularity, which at one time seemed to be declining 2.1. Phase-IV- Creation of a new category of cities in urban areas, has got a big impetus with the A turning point in the history of radio broadcasting 2.3. Community Radios introduction of FM Broadcasting. Radio has, thus, came up on July 1, 1999 when the Government It is hoped that incentives and relaxations provided in demolished the myth that it is only a rural opened the doors of FM broadcasting to private Phase-III policy will go a long way in making Phase- The clamor for community Radios, which are low phenomenon, as is seen from the growing clamour for broadcasters by ushering in the first phase of private III a success and will lead to the launch of Phase-IV of power stations with a maximum ERP of 100 more FM channels in urban areas. The Telecom broadcasting. It is no secret that even though only 22 private broadcasting in near future. Phase-IV will watt and EHHAT of 30 meters, is increasing day by Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has also channels could come up during that phase and that too hopefully aim at extending the reach of private FM to day. As it is, about 175 community radio stations are recommended release of FM channels with 400 KHZ in only 12 cities, they revolutionized the scene of large number of towns with population less than 1 in operation in the country and more than 200 channel spacing within a city instead of the present radio listening in the country. Phase-II, thereafter, was lakh, which may bring nearly 300 more cities under applications are under scrutiny. The increasing 800 one to increase availability of FM channels in a great success with 225 channels coming up in two private FM broadcasting. In terms of technical number of community radio stations is already various cities. The Government, on its part, is also years time, making the total number of operational parameters, a new category of cities (say E) may have putting strain on the frequency managers in managing keen on releasing more channels using 400 KHZ channels as 245 in 87 cities. The success of to be created for meeting the coverage requirements within the three frequency slots of 90.4, 90.8 and channel separation and is examining various issues Phase-II has paved way for Phase-III, which is going of these smaller cities, as also to provide frequencies 107.8 MHZ (91.2 MHZ also being given in some associated with it before doing so. to be a very ambitious scheme aiming to bring 226 at lesser distances. A suggestive combination of places), that have been allocated to them. A broader new cities under the ambit of private broadcasting by technical parameters could be an ERP of 1 KW and allocation, therefore, seems necessary for them, if Besides the demand for more FM channels at the adding 839 channels, inclusive of 135 additional EHAAT of 30 M, which would be capable of their growth is to be sustained. existing centers, requests are also pouring in for channels to be provided in the cities, where private providing 54 dBµ(0.5mv/m) stereophonic coverage 2.4. Education bringing many more new cities in the ambit of private FM is already present. Phase-III has been planned to (Rural Area) up to a radial distance of 12 Kms. FM broadcasting than what have been included in cater to all the cities with a population of 1 lakh and In addition to catering to private (commercial) Phase-III. These demands will, hopefully, be taken above. Phase-III will also provide a taste of FM radio The matters connected with content need also to be broadcasting, Phase-III policy has also earmarked a care of in the next phase of private FM broadcasting to the border areas of the country. Side by side, certain given a fresh look. It is generally felt that a saturation channel in each of the cities for education/public

6 7 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 service. It is expected that allotments will be made 4. Availability of Spectrum only in NFAP 2002 with the advent of Private FM broadcaster and the entire spectrum for radio under this provision during this phase that will add to Phase-II). It would also be seen that frequency bands broadcasting was at its disposal. However, with the the existing allotments of a channel each in 40 cities For the purpose of international frequency 87-91.5 MHZ and 95-100 MHZ are shared bands in opening up of broadcasting sector to private operators made under Phase-I to IGNOU. Hopefully, IGNOU's allocations, the world has been divided into 3 regions, which the requirements of FM Broadcasting are and other agencies, it became necessary to take into requirements will be met with single frequency India falling under Region 3. Based on the considered on case to case basis. It is under this consideration differing roles and objectives of various operation (105.6 MHZ) or else additional slot may international frequency allocations made by ITU provision that certain frequency spots have been services and adopt different planning approaches for have to be found for it. (International Telecommunication Union), the allocated to broadcasting services such as 91.1 MHZ them. It was with this objective that whereas universal national Administrations evolve their national plans to Radio City, 98.3 MHZ to Radio Mirchi besides 90.4 planning approach was adopted for All India Radio in 3. Technical Parameters and 400 KHZ Channel for allocating different frequency bands and sub- MHZ, 90.8 MHZ and 91.2 MHZ for community view of its responsibility of covering the entire Spacing bands to one or more radio services of the country. radios. In overall terms, therefore, FM Broadcasting country, city centric approach has been used for These allocations are reviewed after every 3 years, the The technical parameters and technical standards in India seems to be in disadvantageous position when Private Broadcasting. Similarly a quite different latest applicable being that of NFAP-11. A compared to other regions of the world. The reason approach was adopted for Community Radios taking specified under Phase-III are almost the same as were comparative statement of spectrum availability for specified under Phase-II. The ERP and EHAAT of for this may be the late entry of FM Broadcasting in into consideration their role of serving a specific FM broadcasting in various regions, as it stands today, India. community. The available radio spectrum was also, various categories of cities will, therefore, remain the is given below: same as they were in Phase-II. An eye has been kept, accordingly, broadly segmented to cater to different Now that FM Broadcasting has taken wings in India planning approaches as follows: in this phase also, on the need of introduction of 400 ITU Region-1 ITU Region-2 ITU Region-3 and is poised for all round growth, there seems to be a KHZ spacing within a city. Co-location of (Europe and (North & South India- National case for augmentation of spectrum meant exclusively transmission facilities, therefore, continues to be a Africa) America) NFAP-2011 S.No. Service Frequency Band/Slots for broadcasting for meeting its growing needs. The mandatory requirement for all the cities. " It has been 76-88 MHZ 75.4-85 MHZ case for such an expansion is taken up in various 1. All India Radio 100-104 MHZ specifically mentioned in the policy that co-location FIXED MOBILE FIXED BROADCASTING MOBILE NFAPs where consolidated requirements of 2. Private Broadcasting 91.5-95 MHZ104-108 MHZ will be mandatory irrespective of the fact whether broadcasting sector are projected but allocations to Prasar Bharati infrastructure is available or not". 87.5- 100 MHZ 88-100 MHZ 87-100 MHZ 3. Education Single Frequency-105.6 MHZ BROADCASTING BROADCASTING FIXED MOBILE Broadcasting have not reached up to the desired level 4. Community Radio Specific slots BROADCASTING so far. A case seems to be ripe for an overall review of 90.4, 90.8, and 107.9 MHZ As far as 400 KHZ channel separation is concerned, (IND 13, IND 14, IND 15) allocations and actual usage of 75.4-87 MHZ, 87-91.5 (Also 91.2 MHZ in some cases) the Government and its agencies had been alive to the 100-108 MHZ 100-108 MHZ 100-108 MHZ need of introducing it right from the inception of BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING MHZ and 95-100 MHZ bands by various FIXED and (IND 15) private FM broadcasting as demand for channels MOBILE services. It is at the time of such reviews Such a broad segmentation has borne fruits, as is seen increase and quality of ordinary receivers improve to that monitoring of assignments plays an important from the smooth expansion that has taken place in discriminate the narrowly spaced channels. It is for IND 13- The requirements of FM Broadcasting will role in getting information about the extent of actual various sectors of FM Broadcasting in the country. this reason that co-location of all the transmitters be considered in the frequency band 87-91.5 MHZ usage of assignments as compared to what exist on The frequency managers had also got a shot in arm by serving the common service area, which is a and 95-100 MHZ on case to case basis. paper. Based on the information obtained from such a the voluntary choice of many of the private mandatory technical requirement for 400 KHZ monitoring and review, re-allocation of frequency broadcasters for their brand frequencies, even while IND 14- The frequency band 91.5-95 MHZ is bands may have to be undertaken and some of the tolerating certain amount of interference. The channel spacing, was mandated in Phase-I itself in earmarked for FM Broadcasting. metro cities, where demand for more channels was services shifted elsewhere, so as to make the entire 87 segmented approach has, therefore, to be continued MHZ-108 MHZ band exclusively available for even when additional spectrum is made available to anticipated at that stage of country's economy. Later IND 15- Frequency spots in the frequency bands 88- BROADCASTING, as is the case in other regions. Broadcasting. on, the concept of co-location was extended to all 100 MHZ and 103.8-108 MHZ have been specifically categories of cities in Phase-II, even though only 800 identified. 6. Need for Segmented Planning for optimum 7. Suggestive Future Allocation of Spectrum for KHZ spaced channels were offered therein. However, usage of Spectrum various Broadcasting Services for the sake of quick roll out of the scheme, use of 5. Need for Augmentation of Spectrum for Prasar Bharati towers, wherever they were available, Broadcasting Radio spectrum is a precious commodity and even As mentioned above, there is a need for looking into was mandated in Phase-II, many of which did not though it is not consumed, it is not to be wasted. It is, the allocations made to different services in its totality It would be seen from the above table that while the have a further slot needed to hold 400 KHZ separated therefore, necessary that planning is carried out in in 75.4-108 MHZ band so as to make frequency band total frequency band 87.5-108 MHZ is exclusively channels alternatively in the principle of antenna such a manner that spectrum is put to its optimum use. 87-108 MHZ available exclusively for Broadcasting. allocated to FM Broadcasting in Region 1 and diversity. Since a further vacant slot is not available in It is here that the role of service planner and frequency While it would be necessary to continue with the corresponding band 88-108 MHZ band to FM any of these towers, new towers with 2 slots will have manager assumes importance. In the case of our present segmented approach for different services, it Broadcasting in Region 2, exclusive allocation to FM to be constructed at all such cities where it is decided country, this aspect had come to the fore with the may also be beneficial in certain cases to club together Broadcasting in India is limited to 91.5-95 MHZ and to introduce 400 KHZ separated channels. introduction of Private broadcasting in the country, certain low power operations for the purpose of 100-108 MHZ (91.5 -95 MHZ having been added before which All India Radio was the only frequency allocations, even if they belong to different

8 9 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 service. It is expected that allotments will be made 4. Availability of Spectrum only in NFAP 2002 with the advent of Private FM broadcaster and the entire spectrum for radio under this provision during this phase that will add to Phase-II). It would also be seen that frequency bands broadcasting was at its disposal. However, with the the existing allotments of a channel each in 40 cities For the purpose of international frequency 87-91.5 MHZ and 95-100 MHZ are shared bands in opening up of broadcasting sector to private operators made under Phase-I to IGNOU. Hopefully, IGNOU's allocations, the world has been divided into 3 regions, which the requirements of FM Broadcasting are and other agencies, it became necessary to take into requirements will be met with single frequency India falling under Region 3. Based on the considered on case to case basis. It is under this consideration differing roles and objectives of various operation (105.6 MHZ) or else additional slot may international frequency allocations made by ITU provision that certain frequency spots have been services and adopt different planning approaches for have to be found for it. (International Telecommunication Union), the allocated to broadcasting services such as 91.1 MHZ them. It was with this objective that whereas universal national Administrations evolve their national plans to Radio City, 98.3 MHZ to Radio Mirchi besides 90.4 planning approach was adopted for All India Radio in 3. Technical Parameters and 400 KHZ Channel for allocating different frequency bands and sub- MHZ, 90.8 MHZ and 91.2 MHZ for community view of its responsibility of covering the entire Spacing bands to one or more radio services of the country. radios. In overall terms, therefore, FM Broadcasting country, city centric approach has been used for These allocations are reviewed after every 3 years, the The technical parameters and technical standards in India seems to be in disadvantageous position when Private Broadcasting. Similarly a quite different latest applicable being that of NFAP-11. A compared to other regions of the world. The reason approach was adopted for Community Radios taking specified under Phase-III are almost the same as were comparative statement of spectrum availability for specified under Phase-II. The ERP and EHAAT of for this may be the late entry of FM Broadcasting in into consideration their role of serving a specific FM broadcasting in various regions, as it stands today, India. community. The available radio spectrum was also, various categories of cities will, therefore, remain the is given below: same as they were in Phase-II. An eye has been kept, accordingly, broadly segmented to cater to different Now that FM Broadcasting has taken wings in India planning approaches as follows: in this phase also, on the need of introduction of 400 ITU Region-1 ITU Region-2 ITU Region-3 and is poised for all round growth, there seems to be a KHZ spacing within a city. Co-location of (Europe and (North & South India- National case for augmentation of spectrum meant exclusively transmission facilities, therefore, continues to be a Africa) America) NFAP-2011 S.No. Service Frequency Band/Slots for broadcasting for meeting its growing needs. The mandatory requirement for all the cities. " It has been 76-88 MHZ 75.4-85 MHZ case for such an expansion is taken up in various 1. All India Radio 100-104 MHZ specifically mentioned in the policy that co-location FIXED MOBILE FIXED BROADCASTING MOBILE NFAPs where consolidated requirements of 2. Private Broadcasting 91.5-95 MHZ104-108 MHZ will be mandatory irrespective of the fact whether broadcasting sector are projected but allocations to Prasar Bharati infrastructure is available or not". 87.5- 100 MHZ 88-100 MHZ 87-100 MHZ 3. Education Single Frequency-105.6 MHZ BROADCASTING BROADCASTING FIXED MOBILE Broadcasting have not reached up to the desired level 4. Community Radio Specific slots BROADCASTING so far. A case seems to be ripe for an overall review of 90.4, 90.8, and 107.9 MHZ As far as 400 KHZ channel separation is concerned, (IND 13, IND 14, IND 15) allocations and actual usage of 75.4-87 MHZ, 87-91.5 (Also 91.2 MHZ in some cases) the Government and its agencies had been alive to the 100-108 MHZ 100-108 MHZ 100-108 MHZ need of introducing it right from the inception of BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING MHZ and 95-100 MHZ bands by various FIXED and (IND 15) private FM broadcasting as demand for channels MOBILE services. It is at the time of such reviews Such a broad segmentation has borne fruits, as is seen increase and quality of ordinary receivers improve to that monitoring of assignments plays an important from the smooth expansion that has taken place in discriminate the narrowly spaced channels. It is for IND 13- The requirements of FM Broadcasting will role in getting information about the extent of actual various sectors of FM Broadcasting in the country. this reason that co-location of all the transmitters be considered in the frequency band 87-91.5 MHZ usage of assignments as compared to what exist on The frequency managers had also got a shot in arm by serving the common service area, which is a and 95-100 MHZ on case to case basis. paper. Based on the information obtained from such a the voluntary choice of many of the private mandatory technical requirement for 400 KHZ monitoring and review, re-allocation of frequency broadcasters for their brand frequencies, even while IND 14- The frequency band 91.5-95 MHZ is bands may have to be undertaken and some of the tolerating certain amount of interference. The channel spacing, was mandated in Phase-I itself in earmarked for FM Broadcasting. metro cities, where demand for more channels was services shifted elsewhere, so as to make the entire 87 segmented approach has, therefore, to be continued MHZ-108 MHZ band exclusively available for even when additional spectrum is made available to anticipated at that stage of country's economy. Later IND 15- Frequency spots in the frequency bands 88- BROADCASTING, as is the case in other regions. Broadcasting. on, the concept of co-location was extended to all 100 MHZ and 103.8-108 MHZ have been specifically categories of cities in Phase-II, even though only 800 identified. 6. Need for Segmented Planning for optimum 7. Suggestive Future Allocation of Spectrum for KHZ spaced channels were offered therein. However, usage of Spectrum various Broadcasting Services for the sake of quick roll out of the scheme, use of 5. Need for Augmentation of Spectrum for Prasar Bharati towers, wherever they were available, Broadcasting Radio spectrum is a precious commodity and even As mentioned above, there is a need for looking into was mandated in Phase-II, many of which did not though it is not consumed, it is not to be wasted. It is, the allocations made to different services in its totality It would be seen from the above table that while the have a further slot needed to hold 400 KHZ separated therefore, necessary that planning is carried out in in 75.4-108 MHZ band so as to make frequency band total frequency band 87.5-108 MHZ is exclusively channels alternatively in the principle of antenna such a manner that spectrum is put to its optimum use. 87-108 MHZ available exclusively for Broadcasting. allocated to FM Broadcasting in Region 1 and diversity. Since a further vacant slot is not available in It is here that the role of service planner and frequency While it would be necessary to continue with the corresponding band 88-108 MHZ band to FM any of these towers, new towers with 2 slots will have manager assumes importance. In the case of our present segmented approach for different services, it Broadcasting in Region 2, exclusive allocation to FM to be constructed at all such cities where it is decided country, this aspect had come to the fore with the may also be beneficial in certain cases to club together Broadcasting in India is limited to 91.5-95 MHZ and to introduce 400 KHZ separated channels. introduction of Private broadcasting in the country, certain low power operations for the purpose of 100-108 MHZ (91.5 -95 MHZ having been added before which All India Radio was the only frequency allocations, even if they belong to different

8 9 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 services, so as to keep low power operations away 8. Concluding from the high power ones. It may, accordingly be MakeDigital India in India worthwhile to club low power assignments of All Time has come around full circle. Radio has to quite India Radio with those of Community Radios and some extent attained and is in the process of further allocate a frequency band for them. A suggestive attaining its old glory because of its ease of listening using TV White Spaces and quality of non-insistence on exclusive attention, break up of allocations in the ultimate run up could be Hemant Mallapur as follows: which is so important in the era of hectic activity and busy schedule. Gone are the days when people had Digital India: Vision question-and-answer sessions with the teacher. S.No. Frequency Band Service time to be glued to their TV sets or newspapers. Teachers are also able to track students' Moreover increase in commuting time between The vision of the Government of India for creating a understanding through discreet and casual quizzes 1. 87MHZ-91.5 MHZ Community Radios and places of work and residence has added to the “Digital India” has brought to fore-front, the issue of Low power stations of answered on-line by every student and sent over All India Radio dependence on radio for news and information. Radio providing digital connectivity in our country. While interactive link to a central server. Effectiveness of broadcasting is, thus, poised for significant growth. Telecom players compete for the urban share of this students' learning is measured to fine tune the 2. 91.5 MHZ-99 MHZ. Private FM And since analog mode of radio is expected to stay for digital connectivity pie, the major challenge is in teaching material based on that. Today the main 3. 99 MHZ-104 MHZ All India Radio some more time, addition to the exclusive frequency reaching the large semi-urban and rural population. hurdle in this unique program is the lack of 100% broadband digital connectivity to every school that 4. 104 MHZ-108 MHZ Private FM including allocations for FM Broadcasting is an unavoidable One could define Digital India as ubiquitous data 105.6 MHZ for Education would make interactivity possible. While DSL necessity. However, till it is possible to allocate the connectivity where people in every single village in broadband can connect about 30-50% of these rural entire 87- 108 MHZ band exclusively to India have internet access in each school, healthcare schools today, the remaining schools are not Meanwhile in view of immediate upcoming demands BROADCASTING, it appears necessary, as an center, farmer, small business and eventually every reachable due to the difficulty in drawing up a of Private Broadcasting, it is suggested that a interim measure, to allocate a further chunk of 95 to home! copper line to reach a single school located 20- frequency band 95 MHZ- 97.5 MHZ may be made 97.5 MHZ to Private Broadcasting to take care of its immediate needs. Side by side with the allocation of Benefits to Rural India 30Km away. Clearly bridging this digital divide can available to Private Broadcasting in NFAP- make a big difference to the lives of the most 2014 itself on the lines of NFAP-2002 wherein 91.5- additional spectrum, it is necessary to continue with the segmented planning of services and allocation of When other basic infrastructure is lacking in rural India disadvantaged student. 95 MHZ was allocated to private broadcasting. This a question would naturally come up: Why is Digital frequency bands, keeping in view differing nature of additional allocation will go a long way in meeting the connectivity so important? The simple answer is that it • Healthcare various services, so as to achieve optimum utilization immediate requirements of Private Broadcasting. can become the best leveler in today's digitally divided Tele-medicine is an upcoming application of digital of spectrum without wasting the precious resource. society. Lack of access to the internet is a big connectivity that allows benefits of expert disadvantage today and affects all aspects of life. Let us healthcare professionals from urban areas to look at how digital access can help improve the quality interactively diagnose and treat patients in far-flung of life of rural population in the following ways: About The Author rural areas. Shri B P Srivastava has now been associated with radio broadcast engineering for 60 years and • Education IISc (Indian Institute of Science), Bangalore is specifically with FM since its inception in All India Radio in late eighties, a sphere in which he Lack of well-trained teachers and teaching materials developing an infant health monitoring device that continues to be actively engaged in the capacity of Advisor to BECIL. He had been decorated is the single biggest disadvantage faced by children can automatically report vital health parameters with “Akashvani Annual Award for Technical Excellence” while in All India Radio and now, in rural government schools. While broadcast TV (temperature, heartbeat, saturation) of neo-natal very recently, with “Life Time Achievement Award” at Radio Congress 2011 by AROI has been around for decades in India it is not suited babies during the first 1-2 weeks at a primary health (Association of Private Operators of India). Besides his major stint with All India Radio, he has for primary education where children need a lot of care center in rural areas. In case of any adverse been engaged in number of other assignments including one international; assignment on behalf hand-holding which can only come from changes in parameters the central monitoring of ABU (Asia Pacific Broadcast Union) and two international assignments on behalf of AIBD interactivity. system would trigger alerts for action. Such (Asia Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development). He has also been associated with the study of various aspects technology can clearly help in improving infant of tropospheric propagation, in his capacity as member of CCIR's interim Working Party ( IWP-5) set up for it. IIM-Bangalore's unique interactive education mortality rates in far-flung corners of the country. program SAME, which is operational in 1000 Similarly telemedicine could enable preliminary schools of Karnataka plans to overcome this by diagnosis of diseases for patients of all ages by introducing interaction with teachers. In this expert healthcare professionals located in cities. program a teacher conducts a live-session with well-thought-out education material in the student's • E-Governance mother tongue and this is broadcast over satellite. Many state governments run e-governance projects What makes this program unique is the element of that cater to needs of the rural population within interactivity which makes it possible to have

10 11 April’15 - June’15 April'14 - September’14 April’15 - June’15 services, so as to keep low power operations away 8. Concluding from the high power ones. It may, accordingly be MakeDigital India in India worthwhile to club low power assignments of All Time has come around full circle. Radio has to quite India Radio with those of Community Radios and some extent attained and is in the process of further allocate a frequency band for them. A suggestive attaining its old glory because of its ease of listening using TV White Spaces and quality of non-insistence on exclusive attention, break up of allocations in the ultimate run up could be Hemant Mallapur as follows: which is so important in the era of hectic activity and busy schedule. Gone are the days when people had Digital India: Vision question-and-answer sessions with the teacher. S.No. Frequency Band Service time to be glued to their TV sets or newspapers. Teachers are also able to track students' Moreover increase in commuting time between The vision of the Government of India for creating a understanding through discreet and casual quizzes 1. 87MHZ-91.5 MHZ Community Radios and places of work and residence has added to the “Digital India” has brought to fore-front, the issue of Low power stations of answered on-line by every student and sent over All India Radio dependence on radio for news and information. Radio providing digital connectivity in our country. While interactive link to a central server. Effectiveness of broadcasting is, thus, poised for significant growth. Telecom players compete for the urban share of this students' learning is measured to fine tune the 2. 91.5 MHZ-99 MHZ. Private FM And since analog mode of radio is expected to stay for digital connectivity pie, the major challenge is in teaching material based on that. Today the main 3. 99 MHZ-104 MHZ All India Radio some more time, addition to the exclusive frequency reaching the large semi-urban and rural population. hurdle in this unique program is the lack of 100% broadband digital connectivity to every school that 4. 104 MHZ-108 MHZ Private FM including allocations for FM Broadcasting is an unavoidable One could define Digital India as ubiquitous data 105.6 MHZ for Education would make interactivity possible. While DSL necessity. However, till it is possible to allocate the connectivity where people in every single village in broadband can connect about 30-50% of these rural entire 87- 108 MHZ band exclusively to India have internet access in each school, healthcare schools today, the remaining schools are not Meanwhile in view of immediate upcoming demands BROADCASTING, it appears necessary, as an center, farmer, small business and eventually every reachable due to the difficulty in drawing up a of Private Broadcasting, it is suggested that a interim measure, to allocate a further chunk of 95 to home! copper line to reach a single school located 20- frequency band 95 MHZ- 97.5 MHZ may be made 97.5 MHZ to Private Broadcasting to take care of its immediate needs. Side by side with the allocation of Benefits to Rural India 30Km away. Clearly bridging this digital divide can available to Private Broadcasting in NFAP- make a big difference to the lives of the most 2014 itself on the lines of NFAP-2002 wherein 91.5- additional spectrum, it is necessary to continue with the segmented planning of services and allocation of When other basic infrastructure is lacking in rural India disadvantaged student. 95 MHZ was allocated to private broadcasting. This a question would naturally come up: Why is Digital frequency bands, keeping in view differing nature of additional allocation will go a long way in meeting the connectivity so important? The simple answer is that it • Healthcare various services, so as to achieve optimum utilization immediate requirements of Private Broadcasting. can become the best leveler in today's digitally divided Tele-medicine is an upcoming application of digital of spectrum without wasting the precious resource. society. Lack of access to the internet is a big connectivity that allows benefits of expert disadvantage today and affects all aspects of life. Let us healthcare professionals from urban areas to look at how digital access can help improve the quality interactively diagnose and treat patients in far-flung of life of rural population in the following ways: About The Author rural areas. Shri B P Srivastava has now been associated with radio broadcast engineering for 60 years and • Education IISc (Indian Institute of Science), Bangalore is specifically with FM since its inception in All India Radio in late eighties, a sphere in which he Lack of well-trained teachers and teaching materials developing an infant health monitoring device that continues to be actively engaged in the capacity of Advisor to BECIL. He had been decorated is the single biggest disadvantage faced by children can automatically report vital health parameters with “Akashvani Annual Award for Technical Excellence” while in All India Radio and now, in rural government schools. While broadcast TV (temperature, heartbeat, saturation) of neo-natal very recently, with “Life Time Achievement Award” at Radio Congress 2011 by AROI has been around for decades in India it is not suited babies during the first 1-2 weeks at a primary health (Association of Private Operators of India). Besides his major stint with All India Radio, he has for primary education where children need a lot of care center in rural areas. In case of any adverse been engaged in number of other assignments including one international; assignment on behalf hand-holding which can only come from changes in parameters the central monitoring of ABU (Asia Pacific Broadcast Union) and two international assignments on behalf of AIBD interactivity. system would trigger alerts for action. Such (Asia Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development). He has also been associated with the study of various aspects technology can clearly help in improving infant of tropospheric propagation, in his capacity as member of CCIR's interim Working Party ( IWP-5) set up for it. IIM-Bangalore's unique interactive education mortality rates in far-flung corners of the country. program SAME, which is operational in 1000 Similarly telemedicine could enable preliminary schools of Karnataka plans to overcome this by diagnosis of diseases for patients of all ages by introducing interaction with teachers. In this expert healthcare professionals located in cities. program a teacher conducts a live-session with well-thought-out education material in the student's • E-Governance mother tongue and this is broadcast over satellite. Many state governments run e-governance projects What makes this program unique is the element of that cater to needs of the rural population within interactivity which makes it possible to have

10 11 April’15 - June’15 April'14 - September’14 April’15 - June’15 accessible distances. Kiosks are set up at to deliver solve the most crucial “Last Mile” connectivity to Also the remaining 3.5 Lakh villages which will not be definition content (progressive scan 1080 lines x 1920 services from a single-window approach for variety village households, schools and primary healthcare covered by NOFN also need to be reached through other pixels) to be aired with up to 6 times better image of departments from land records, bill/tax centres etc. So unless the rural user is connected to this means. resolution than analog TV (interlaced scan 576 lines x payments, transport authority certificates, vast infrastructure we will continue to encounter what is 720 pixels). Further it allows mobile-TV transmission birth/death registration. Such reach is not available called the “dark fiber” issue – where fiber is laid but is Digital Divide: A Global issue (as in DVB-T2-Lite), advanced features like Electronic to all villages today and a major hurdle is lack of not “lit-up” because there is no user traffic going Program Guide and provision for interactivity. The issue of rural connectivity is not peculiar to India. pan-India digital connectivity. With it these services through it! The NOFN initiative is an excellent launch Even developed countries like US, UK have significant could be extended to each Gram Panchayat level in pad, but a truly Digital India will only be fulfilled when What are TV White Spaces? chunk of rural population that does not have digital every state. connectivity bridges the last mile gap to every end user connectivity. The FCC of US in a report last year said Digital TV requires fewer bands than analog TV even in every village! • Agriculture “An estimated 15 million Americans, primarily in rural after accommodating larger number of programs and A 'Typical' Gram Panchayat needs connectivity for communities, don't even have access to entry-level high-definition content. This frees up bands in the VHF Krishi Vikas Kendras in each and every gram broadband in their homes. Forty-one percent of and UHF range and these unused gaps in spectrum are Panchayat can provide agriculture related • 4 schools, 1 Public Health Center, 1 Krushi Vikas American's rural schools couldn't get a high-speed called TV White Spaces. The exact bands that get freed- information and education to farmers for better Kendra, 1 e-Governance center, 2 e-Kiosks and 500 connection if they tried.“ up vary from region to region as per usage and productivity and crop planning. Digital households regulations. The illustration below shows TV White connectivity can enable better pricing, demand It is estimated that World-wide nearly half of the Space bands around Digital Terrestrial Transmission forecasting and supply information for farmers. • Spread over 10-20 square Km population is still not connected which means the (DTT) bands and some Local usage bands. Portals like ITC's e-chaupal are examples of this. problem is shared by 3 Billion people! • How do you reach these economically? • E-commerce & E-banking TV White Spaces: An introduction Rural Last-mile v/s Urban Last-mile In today's world e-commerce is a big business Transition from Analog to Digital TV How do we bridge this “Last-Mile” gap in rural areas? enabler but it is dominated by consumer (buy-side) What works in urban areas for last mile will not be cost- Terrestrial TV transmission is carried out in designated connectivity to markets. But a far more impactful effective in rural areas. The main difference is the bands VHF (30 to 300MHz) and UHF (300 to 900MHz) trend is the sell-side market access. Portals like India also has availability of unused terrestrial TV population density in rural areas is much lower regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.Traditionally AliBaba now enable a small village business in bands! IIT-Bombay has studied potential for TV White compared to urban areas. Due to the sparse population terrestrial TV signal is transmitted using Analog China from putting up his goods for sale to any Spaces in India in its paper. density in villages the so-called Last-mile gap would modulation schemes like PAL in India/Europe, NTSC in corner of the world. This aspect can revolutionize actually turn out to be the “Last-10Km” gap. Cellular US and SECAM in France/Russia.The bandwidth for rural industry and businesses by eliminating White Space policy regulation towers have a range of 2 to 4Km which would require a each TV channel is divided into 6, 7 or 8MHz bands intermediaries and providing direct market access. large number of towers to be installed to cover a smaller depending on the country. Each band could carry one As part of migration to Digital Terrestrial Transmission Similarly schemes like rural e-banking via Jan- population. Terrain in rural areas also tends to have thick program (or TV channel) in analog transmission mode. (DTT) world-wide it was recognized that the freed-up DhanYojana require digital connectivity to be foliage or uneven terrain (hills etc.) which shrinks the Terrestrial TV is the “traditional” TV reception that was spectrum (also called “Digital Dividend”) could be put effective. area served by each tower. done using Roof-top Yagi antennas. to new use. While some of this spectrum was licensed to Digital Connectivity: Status Telecom players, it was also recognized that some part Rural ARPU's (Average Revenue Per User) will be During the last decade most countries have decided to of this freed-up spectrum should be reserved for Today there is a reasonably good backbone lower than urban ARPU. So while urban areas can be use, started using or testing Digital TV modulation unlicensed operation that could enable innovative infrastructure for digital connectivity extending up to covered cost-effectively through 4G or 3G Cellular standards like DVB-T2/DVB-T in India/Europe/Africa, consumer applications – these unused gaps of spectrum District and Block/Taluka levels in rural areas of India. Broadband technologies, they will not be viable for rural ATSC in USA/South Korea, DTMB in China and ISDB- are called TV White Spaces. Every such telephone exchange has Optical Fiber areas. T in Japan/Brazil. Some countries have both analog and connectivity of 1 Gbps data rate. The newly sanctioned digital transmissions ongoing today and some countries The Economic potential of White Spaces Clearly bridging the Rural Last-mile requires a different NOFN (National Optical Fiber Network) program aims (like USA) have switched-off analog TV transmission approach. It was already evident that de-licensing of 2.4GHz to extend the fiber connectivity through GPON altogether or have announced dates for future analog switch-off. spectrum for WiFi had produced a tremendous social technology to 2.5 Lakh Gram Panchayats (GP). Gaps in the Fiber impact that allowed creation of a large number of The advantage of digital TV transmission is that it offers wireless connectivity applications. In astudy published Hurdles to a truly Digital India Laying fiber to 2.5 Lakh GP's is an onerous task and in highly efficient usage of the spectrum because by Professors at Stanford University they note that many places it will encounter logistical difficulties such The Last-Mile Gap compression technology (MPEG2/4/H.264) which unlicensed spectrum led to WiFi and RFID applications as Right-of-way issues through private land, thickly allows up to 20 TV programs to be packed in one 8MHz that contribute to an economic value of 16 to 37 Billion forested areas and hilly terrain. Such areas will need a NOFN program addresses the backbone infrastructure band which would fit only a single TV program with US Dollars every yearin US alone! solution that can help span such large areas through but it will only extend connectivity to GP. It does not analog transmission. Digital TV now allows high- minimal installation. In US, the Federal Communications Commission

12 13 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 accessible distances. Kiosks are set up at to deliver solve the most crucial “Last Mile” connectivity to Also the remaining 3.5 Lakh villages which will not be definition content (progressive scan 1080 lines x 1920 services from a single-window approach for variety village households, schools and primary healthcare covered by NOFN also need to be reached through other pixels) to be aired with up to 6 times better image of departments from land records, bill/tax centres etc. So unless the rural user is connected to this means. resolution than analog TV (interlaced scan 576 lines x payments, transport authority certificates, vast infrastructure we will continue to encounter what is 720 pixels). Further it allows mobile-TV transmission birth/death registration. Such reach is not available called the “dark fiber” issue – where fiber is laid but is Digital Divide: A Global issue (as in DVB-T2-Lite), advanced features like Electronic to all villages today and a major hurdle is lack of not “lit-up” because there is no user traffic going Program Guide and provision for interactivity. The issue of rural connectivity is not peculiar to India. pan-India digital connectivity. With it these services through it! The NOFN initiative is an excellent launch Even developed countries like US, UK have significant could be extended to each Gram Panchayat level in pad, but a truly Digital India will only be fulfilled when What are TV White Spaces? chunk of rural population that does not have digital every state. connectivity bridges the last mile gap to every end user connectivity. The FCC of US in a report last year said Digital TV requires fewer bands than analog TV even in every village! • Agriculture “An estimated 15 million Americans, primarily in rural after accommodating larger number of programs and A 'Typical' Gram Panchayat needs connectivity for communities, don't even have access to entry-level high-definition content. This frees up bands in the VHF Krishi Vikas Kendras in each and every gram broadband in their homes. Forty-one percent of and UHF range and these unused gaps in spectrum are Panchayat can provide agriculture related • 4 schools, 1 Public Health Center, 1 Krushi Vikas American's rural schools couldn't get a high-speed called TV White Spaces. The exact bands that get freed- information and education to farmers for better Kendra, 1 e-Governance center, 2 e-Kiosks and 500 connection if they tried.“ up vary from region to region as per usage and productivity and crop planning. Digital households regulations. The illustration below shows TV White connectivity can enable better pricing, demand It is estimated that World-wide nearly half of the Space bands around Digital Terrestrial Transmission forecasting and supply information for farmers. • Spread over 10-20 square Km population is still not connected which means the (DTT) bands and some Local usage bands. Portals like ITC's e-chaupal are examples of this. problem is shared by 3 Billion people! • How do you reach these economically? • E-commerce & E-banking TV White Spaces: An introduction Rural Last-mile v/s Urban Last-mile In today's world e-commerce is a big business Transition from Analog to Digital TV How do we bridge this “Last-Mile” gap in rural areas? enabler but it is dominated by consumer (buy-side) What works in urban areas for last mile will not be cost- Terrestrial TV transmission is carried out in designated connectivity to markets. But a far more impactful effective in rural areas. The main difference is the bands VHF (30 to 300MHz) and UHF (300 to 900MHz) trend is the sell-side market access. Portals like India also has availability of unused terrestrial TV population density in rural areas is much lower regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.Traditionally AliBaba now enable a small village business in bands! IIT-Bombay has studied potential for TV White compared to urban areas. Due to the sparse population terrestrial TV signal is transmitted using Analog China from putting up his goods for sale to any Spaces in India in its paper. density in villages the so-called Last-mile gap would modulation schemes like PAL in India/Europe, NTSC in corner of the world. This aspect can revolutionize actually turn out to be the “Last-10Km” gap. Cellular US and SECAM in France/Russia.The bandwidth for rural industry and businesses by eliminating White Space policy regulation towers have a range of 2 to 4Km which would require a each TV channel is divided into 6, 7 or 8MHz bands intermediaries and providing direct market access. large number of towers to be installed to cover a smaller depending on the country. Each band could carry one As part of migration to Digital Terrestrial Transmission Similarly schemes like rural e-banking via Jan- population. Terrain in rural areas also tends to have thick program (or TV channel) in analog transmission mode. (DTT) world-wide it was recognized that the freed-up DhanYojana require digital connectivity to be foliage or uneven terrain (hills etc.) which shrinks the Terrestrial TV is the “traditional” TV reception that was spectrum (also called “Digital Dividend”) could be put effective. area served by each tower. done using Roof-top Yagi antennas. to new use. While some of this spectrum was licensed to Digital Connectivity: Status Telecom players, it was also recognized that some part Rural ARPU's (Average Revenue Per User) will be During the last decade most countries have decided to of this freed-up spectrum should be reserved for Today there is a reasonably good backbone lower than urban ARPU. So while urban areas can be use, started using or testing Digital TV modulation unlicensed operation that could enable innovative infrastructure for digital connectivity extending up to covered cost-effectively through 4G or 3G Cellular standards like DVB-T2/DVB-T in India/Europe/Africa, consumer applications – these unused gaps of spectrum District and Block/Taluka levels in rural areas of India. Broadband technologies, they will not be viable for rural ATSC in USA/South Korea, DTMB in China and ISDB- are called TV White Spaces. Every such telephone exchange has Optical Fiber areas. T in Japan/Brazil. Some countries have both analog and connectivity of 1 Gbps data rate. The newly sanctioned digital transmissions ongoing today and some countries The Economic potential of White Spaces Clearly bridging the Rural Last-mile requires a different NOFN (National Optical Fiber Network) program aims (like USA) have switched-off analog TV transmission approach. It was already evident that de-licensing of 2.4GHz to extend the fiber connectivity through GPON altogether or have announced dates for future analog switch-off. spectrum for WiFi had produced a tremendous social technology to 2.5 Lakh Gram Panchayats (GP). Gaps in the Fiber impact that allowed creation of a large number of The advantage of digital TV transmission is that it offers wireless connectivity applications. In astudy published Hurdles to a truly Digital India Laying fiber to 2.5 Lakh GP's is an onerous task and in highly efficient usage of the spectrum because by Professors at Stanford University they note that many places it will encounter logistical difficulties such The Last-Mile Gap compression technology (MPEG2/4/H.264) which unlicensed spectrum led to WiFi and RFID applications as Right-of-way issues through private land, thickly allows up to 20 TV programs to be packed in one 8MHz that contribute to an economic value of 16 to 37 Billion forested areas and hilly terrain. Such areas will need a NOFN program addresses the backbone infrastructure band which would fit only a single TV program with US Dollars every yearin US alone! solution that can help span such large areas through but it will only extend connectivity to GP. It does not analog transmission. Digital TV now allows high- minimal installation. In US, the Federal Communications Commission

12 13 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 (FCC) - which is their national regulator of spectrum. Station has a bi-directional RF interface (Up-link and Benefit of White Space over alternatives communications – established a regulation to enable use Down-link) compliant to the IEEE 802.22 standard. of TV White Spaces for Wireless Rural Broadband. It This RF signal interfaces over a coaxial cable to a tower- A Launchpad for Triple-play Services also set up a database administration for the entire US mountedomni-directional antenna that will transmit the Together with DTT, TV White Spaces offer an excellent that recorded usage of TV spectrum by geographical wireless broadband signal to multiple user mode to deliver triple-play services to rural areas. location and in real-time allowed users to query which equipmentwithin a range of 10 to 100Km depending on Broadcasting companies can now offer not only bands could be used as TV White Space for unlicensed antenna height and transmitted power. User premises Broadcast TV or Mobile TV but also Broadband and operation. will have directional Yagi-type antennas mounted on Voice using VOIP technology. roof-tops and which will feed the Customer Premise Earlier this year UK's regulator OFCOM has also Equipment or Modem compliant to IEEE 802.22 Lower Capex costs established a TV White Space policy.Similarly standard. The Modem will then distribute the broadband regulators in Japan, Singapore, South Africa, Korea, Figure TV White Space Non-LOS communication within the user premises using standard LAN protocols Rural areas are characterized by sparse population [image credit: Carlson Wireless Inc] China and Philippines have established or are in the such as Ethernet or WiFi. density, where small population is spread over a large process of establishing similar policies. Advantages of Sub-Giga Hertz Signals area. Long distance reach of White Space technology Wireless Rural Broadband using TV White Space allow a smaller number of Base Stations to cover such Co-existence with Terrestrial Transmission Long-distance Communication √ users, compared to shorter range technologies such as

Base Station & Roof Top Mast Antenna Cellular 3G/4G.Due to this it is estimated that White Regulatory authorities like FCC and OFCOMhave Antenna Optical UHF and VHF signals in sub Giga-Hertz (frequency < Fiber Roof Top Antenna Space infrastructure would incur one-tenth the cost of specifications for TV White Space devices to avoid Village-3 Gram Panchayat CPE 1GHz) spectrum have favorable properties that makes Modem Village-1 deployment. interference from White Space devices into terrestrial CPE long-range (10 to 100Km) communication possible. At Modem TV receivers or devices like wireless mikes. Roof Top these wavelengths a signal transmitted at a given power- Antenna Lower Opex costs

Village-1 Communication Standards& Industry level suffers lower attenuation and hence can be CPE received intelligibly at receivers further out from Modem Due to its lower power consumption TVWS broadband An important aspect of actualizing communication transmitter. As an example: a sub-GHz TV signal at equipment could be solar-powered which would reduce equipment is establishing industry-driven 30dBm (=1W) radiated power (EIRP) can reach 10Km White Space to fill gaps in Fiber to un-reached its operating expenses as well. communication standards for TV White Spaces. This whereas a 2.4GHz WiFi at 30dBm can only reach 100m villages Ease of installation/maintenance allows multiple vendors to provide equipment that in outdoor conditions. while competing will also inter-operate. Industry body TVWS technology can help reach broadband to villages Because it is a Wireless technology there are no issues IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Non Line-of-Sight propagation √ that do not have an Optical Fiber reaching them. Here with right-of-way or cost of digging, repair or has established two communication standards for TV TVWS will operate as a wireless relay in Point-to-point replacement that would occur with Optical Fiber Sub Giga Hertz signals can also undergo diffraction White Spaces: (P2P) mode of operation. In this mode at each relay installation. (bending) around corners/edges of obstructing features location there would be a TVWS Relay equipment that a) IEEE 802.22 standard for Wireless Regional such as buildings, trees and hilly terrain in the inner would communicate with the back-haul (towards Why not WiFi for Last-mile? Area Network (WRAN) Fresnel zone. This allows Non-Line-of-Sight (N-LOS) optical network) and with the front-haul that would communication, i.e. signal can be received even when reach the remote village. Multiple TVWS Relays can WiFi standard was designed primarily for indoor LAN This standard is created for Wireless Fixed Rural there is no direct straight line path (i.e. it is obscured by operate in cascaded fashion to reach difficulties of usage with short distance coverage (100 meter range). Broadband applications that can cover distances objects of certain size) between transmitter and receiver. terrain. Some solutions attempt long range outdoor coverage by ranging from 1Km to 100Km.It is designed for increasing radiated power which apart from creating efficient sharing of bandwidth among users. TV White Space: the master-stroke needed for Gram Panchayats TVWS BTS health-hazards does not achieve the kind of range Digital India required for rural coverage. Due to its operation at b) IEEE 802.11af standard for Wireless Local Area TVWS H/H connectivity 2.4GHz it is not capable of propagating well through Network (WLAN) White Space for Last-Mile Rural Broadband Incremental OFC walls, forests, hilly terrain. Another major drawback PoP It is for extending range beyond traditional WLAN As per NOFN plan a GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical (At Block Level) with WiFi is that it operates on the CSMA/CA protocol (“Listen-before-talk”) due to which more than 5-10 technologies like WiFi and can work within a Network) will terminate at each Gram Panchayat (GP) Existing OFC Splitters building or across short distances within 1Km. building. The diagram below shows how a TV White users leads to fast degradation of service and poor data Space (TVWS) solution can enable wireless broadband Challenging rate due to increased “collisions” between user traffic. Joint Points There arealso two Global industry associations called Terrain This leads to poor end-user data rates. connectivity for individual user premises spread across Tapping is proposed White Space Alliance (WSA) and Dynamic Spectrum the village. At the GP a TV White Space (TVWS) Base at Joint point Alliance (DSA). WSApromotes development & Why not Cellular for last mile? Station will be fed by the optical backhaul equipment Existing Dark Fiber to be made available to deployment of broadband solutions using White Spaces. NOFN by participating Companies Optical Line Terminal (OLT) which would give out a OFC not laid 3G/4G Cellular technologies were designed for city DSA advocates laws and regulations for efficient use of 100M/1G Ethernet to a TVWS Base Station. The Base Incremental OFC TVWS Serviced Homes

14 15 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 (FCC) - which is their national regulator of spectrum. Station has a bi-directional RF interface (Up-link and Benefit of White Space over alternatives communications – established a regulation to enable use Down-link) compliant to the IEEE 802.22 standard. of TV White Spaces for Wireless Rural Broadband. It This RF signal interfaces over a coaxial cable to a tower- A Launchpad for Triple-play Services also set up a database administration for the entire US mountedomni-directional antenna that will transmit the Together with DTT, TV White Spaces offer an excellent that recorded usage of TV spectrum by geographical wireless broadband signal to multiple user mode to deliver triple-play services to rural areas. location and in real-time allowed users to query which equipmentwithin a range of 10 to 100Km depending on Broadcasting companies can now offer not only bands could be used as TV White Space for unlicensed antenna height and transmitted power. User premises Broadcast TV or Mobile TV but also Broadband and operation. will have directional Yagi-type antennas mounted on Voice using VOIP technology. roof-tops and which will feed the Customer Premise Earlier this year UK's regulator OFCOM has also Equipment or Modem compliant to IEEE 802.22 Lower Capex costs established a TV White Space policy.Similarly standard. The Modem will then distribute the broadband regulators in Japan, Singapore, South Africa, Korea, Figure TV White Space Non-LOS communication within the user premises using standard LAN protocols Rural areas are characterized by sparse population [image credit: Carlson Wireless Inc] China and Philippines have established or are in the such as Ethernet or WiFi. density, where small population is spread over a large process of establishing similar policies. Advantages of Sub-Giga Hertz Signals area. Long distance reach of White Space technology Wireless Rural Broadband using TV White Space allow a smaller number of Base Stations to cover such Co-existence with Terrestrial Transmission Long-distance Communication √ users, compared to shorter range technologies such as

14 15 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 usage with high-density coverage. These base-stations As the rural broadband gap is a world-wide issue India Conclusions References have a short-range, so it would need a large number of can not only cater to its domestic market but also export base-stations to cover sparsely populated rural areas. these products to countries like USA, UK, Korea, ¨ Digital India cannot be a reality without 1. “Closing the Digital Divide in Rural America” This means larger investments are required to reach Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, Singapore. bridging the Last-Mile Gap in NOFN by Tom Wheeler, FCC Chairman rural users. Even developed countries like US with good ¨ TV White Space Technology provides an 2. http://WhiteSpaceAlliance.org cellular network coverage in cities have rural India leads in 802.22 & TV White Space! excellent avenuetorealize a truly Digital India! populations that have zero coverage because telecom 3. www.saankhyalabs.com • Indian academia and companies have been early companies find it unviable!This is one reason for adopters of IEEE 802.22 TVWS standard ¨ Provides excellent reach for sparse rural 4. “Saankhya Labs launches world's first TV White emergence of TV White Space technology to address populations in difficult terrains Space Baseband Radio Module”, Read their rural broadband coverage issue. • White Space Alliance has an active India Chapter more:http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/257074 ¨ Huge economic benefits for Rural India 7#ixzz3dVuz3cUu An umbrella of Drones, Balloons and Satellites…? • IIT-Bombay, IIT-Delhi, IIT-Hyderabad, IIIT- Bangalore, IIT-Madras have done pioneering work ¨ Needs a fraction of the capex&opexof other 5. “Quality Assessment of TV White Space in There are other futuristic options being investigated to and are collaborating on TV White Spaces for rural technologies India” paper published by Prof Abhay address the Last-mile gap. Facebook is exploring use of broadband Karandikar et. al, IIT Bombay an umbrella of Drones and Satellites. Google is looking ¨ Made-in-India TVWS solutions can help in 6. “The Case for Unlicensed Spectrum” Prof. Paul to use high-altitude Balloons. However all of these are • IIM-Bangalore, and IISc have excellent rural completing the Digital India Vision! Milgromet. al. Stanford University not near-term solutions and even if they succeed will initiatives in Education & Healthcarethat would take 10 years to mature and be available at affordable benefit from TVWS technology costs. • Saankhya Labs has recently launched World's first About The Author Make Digital India in India! TV White Space products based on IEEE 802.22 Mr. Hemant Mallapur is a Co-founder and Vice President of Engineering at Saankhya standard Perhaps for the first time in history India has a lead in Labs - an innovative Indian startup developing its own wireless communication products.Saankhyahas developed World's first TV White Space based wireless rural developing a Telecom standard like TV White Space. • These products are entirely manufactured in India Indian academia and industries have played an broadbandproducts compliant to IEEE802.22 standardusing its own semiconductor and will not only be made but also developed in chipsets.It is privately-held and funded by Intel Capital and holds many key patents for important role in development of TV White Space India its Software Defined Radio technology. standards and have already developed products for the world market. Hemant has over 22 years of industry experience in semiconductor and electronic product development. He was one of the early members of semiconductor company Sage Inc. which went public in 1999 (later merged into Genesis Microchip & ST Microelectronics) where he led the development of award-winning chipsets for HDTV's & LCD Displays. He was nominated for the EDN ASIA Innovator Award in 2000. He has been granted 3 US patents and co-authored 3 papers in international conferences.

16 17 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 usage with high-density coverage. These base-stations As the rural broadband gap is a world-wide issue India Conclusions References have a short-range, so it would need a large number of can not only cater to its domestic market but also export base-stations to cover sparsely populated rural areas. these products to countries like USA, UK, Korea, ¨ Digital India cannot be a reality without 1. “Closing the Digital Divide in Rural America” This means larger investments are required to reach Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, Singapore. bridging the Last-Mile Gap in NOFN by Tom Wheeler, FCC Chairman rural users. Even developed countries like US with good ¨ TV White Space Technology provides an 2. http://WhiteSpaceAlliance.org cellular network coverage in cities have rural India leads in 802.22 & TV White Space! excellent avenuetorealize a truly Digital India! populations that have zero coverage because telecom 3. www.saankhyalabs.com • Indian academia and companies have been early companies find it unviable!This is one reason for adopters of IEEE 802.22 TVWS standard ¨ Provides excellent reach for sparse rural 4. “Saankhya Labs launches world's first TV White emergence of TV White Space technology to address populations in difficult terrains Space Baseband Radio Module”, Read their rural broadband coverage issue. • White Space Alliance has an active India Chapter more:http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/257074 ¨ Huge economic benefits for Rural India 7#ixzz3dVuz3cUu An umbrella of Drones, Balloons and Satellites…? • IIT-Bombay, IIT-Delhi, IIT-Hyderabad, IIIT- Bangalore, IIT-Madras have done pioneering work ¨ Needs a fraction of the capex&opexof other 5. “Quality Assessment of TV White Space in There are other futuristic options being investigated to and are collaborating on TV White Spaces for rural technologies India” paper published by Prof Abhay address the Last-mile gap. Facebook is exploring use of broadband Karandikar et. al, IIT Bombay an umbrella of Drones and Satellites. Google is looking ¨ Made-in-India TVWS solutions can help in 6. “The Case for Unlicensed Spectrum” Prof. Paul to use high-altitude Balloons. However all of these are • IIM-Bangalore, and IISc have excellent rural completing the Digital India Vision! Milgromet. al. Stanford University not near-term solutions and even if they succeed will initiatives in Education & Healthcarethat would take 10 years to mature and be available at affordable benefit from TVWS technology costs. • Saankhya Labs has recently launched World's first About The Author Make Digital India in India! TV White Space products based on IEEE 802.22 Mr. Hemant Mallapur is a Co-founder and Vice President of Engineering at Saankhya standard Perhaps for the first time in history India has a lead in Labs - an innovative Indian startup developing its own wireless communication products.Saankhyahas developed World's first TV White Space based wireless rural developing a Telecom standard like TV White Space. • These products are entirely manufactured in India Indian academia and industries have played an broadbandproducts compliant to IEEE802.22 standardusing its own semiconductor and will not only be made but also developed in chipsets.It is privately-held and funded by Intel Capital and holds many key patents for important role in development of TV White Space India its Software Defined Radio technology. standards and have already developed products for the world market. Hemant has over 22 years of industry experience in semiconductor and electronic product development. He was one of the early members of semiconductor company Sage Inc. which went public in 1999 (later merged into Genesis Microchip & ST Microelectronics) where he led the development of award-winning chipsets for HDTV's & LCD Displays. He was nominated for the EDN ASIA Innovator Award in 2000. He has been granted 3 US patents and co-authored 3 papers in international conferences.

16 17 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 and rescue teams in time. • Ham Radio local communications is not disrupted by collapsing of Repeater Sites, or Trunking Radio Ham Radio, a lifeline • Exchange continuous vital information with the repeater sites. SDMA & NDMA about the updates on aftershocks, search & rescue operations, need for additional • Ham Communication gear is portable. A local or during Disasters help, etc. National communication station can be setup and Ankur Puranik • Facilitate local communication between the activated at any location on the planet in less than emergency services on Ham Radios VHF network 30 minutes. Antennae used for National or A brief intro to Amateur Radio / Ham Radio an indefinite period, depending on the type of disaster, within Kathmandu and near vicinity. International Communications (HF) could be as whether manmade or natural and its severity. Manmade simple as two pieces of copper wire of “Amateur Radio” or more popularly known as “Ham disasters like bomb blasts, terror attacks or riots cause • Lastly it also brought some sad news to the approximately 33 feet in length, connected Radio” is more than a century old hobby, enjoyed temporary jamming of the public communication families of the deceased. together in a configuration to form a half wave worldwide by millions of electronics & radio networks whereas in case of natural disasters the dipole antenna. The same dipole antenna can work Why Ham Radio network is still known to be the communication enthusiasts. Its certainly a thrilling network may be non-functional for a couple of days to across the entire HF Ham Bands like 10 Meters, 20 most effective mode of communication in time of a experience to have your own station and get “ON AIR” even a month, thus leaving the place of disaster isolated Meters, 40 Meters bands etc. if coupled with an disaster ? / Advantages of Ham Radio over other to make contacts with so many Ham Radio Operators from the rest of the world. additional apparatus called the antenna tuner. alternative communication modes. all around the world & “ragchew” with common topics Hence the need for having separate antenna for of interests. Japan has about twelve lakh ham radio The Nepal Earthquake & Ham Radio each band is eliminated during a disaster. operators, the USA has about seven and a half lakhs, • THE INDIAN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHS, (AMATEUR SERVICE)RULES, 1978, while India has only about twenty thousand. In India, The recent Nepal earthquake is an ideal example to • Many Hams, especially members of D.A.R.E.S. Notification : G.S.R No. 1499/78-Clause under Ham Radio operators or simply “ Hams” as they are explain the utility of ham radio & how it turned out to be associated with the Disaster Management section II ( 2)- d – (3) of “The Indian Telegraph Act, called as, have to clear the Amateur Station Operator’s of great help to the families & the victims of the Authorities are equipped with solar operated power 1885 (13 of 1885);” officially authorizes Ham Certificate (ASOC) examinations conducted by the earthquake. It also proved to be of great utility to the packs and or hand cranking kits that facilitate them Radio Operators or Hams to associate with the State Wireless Planning & Coordination wing of the Ministry Government agencies who could pass on important to charge their batteries for operation even during or National Disaster Management Authorities to of Communications & IT, (Govt. of India) to obtain a messages timely, via the Ham Radio network, when all long duration power outage situations. valid license to posses & operate amateur two way radio modes of communications were disrupted. No providing emergency wireless communications equipment. Cellphones, landlines, internet, whatsapp or twitter was during disasters. • Many Hams who are members or associated with working. The only mode of communications to survive State or National Disaster Management • Every city, town or district has at least a few active With advent and boom of IP based social networking during that time was the Ham Radio. When the Authorities are always ready to mobilize to the Ham’s who possess all the necessary sites, smartphones & mobile apps like whatsapp, earthquake struck Nepal, many Ham Radio stations disaster location on short notice with their ready communication gear that facilitate them to get facebook, twitter etc, Ham Radio has received a major instantly came up on AIR and stormed the Airwaves manpacks, that are fully equipped with all the “ON AIR” instantly. Hams have sufficient setback due to its comparatively much complicated and with emergency information. necessary communication gear, nutrition food scattered population throughout the country. time consuming licensing procedures, thereby limiting packets & mini first aid kits for self care. 9N1AA (Phonetically, Niner November Uno Alpha its pursuers to only those who possess true interest in • Unlike other emergency services, Hams do not Alpha) is the ham call sign of Mr. Satish Kharel, the • Using a VHF/HF Radio, and a Laptop or Mobile radio communications & technology. Today IP based operate on spot frequencies, but instead, have Ham Hero of the Nepal disaster, who kept beaming vital phone Hams can effectively broadcast long text social networking has become very easy, affordable & various assigned slots in the HF,VHF & UHF information from Kathmandu on the HF Radio on the 20 messages, pictures and send an email even in accessible to the common man, thereby facilitating bands, and have ample frequencies available at meter band throughout the disaster and even after. He absence of any cellular network or internet worldwide communication that includes voice, text their disposal for local, national or international was the only point of contact between Nepal and the rest connection. Modulation techniques like Phase messaging, data transfers, sharing pictures, videos, communication. group broadcasts, etc. without having the need to clear of the world ! Shift Keying ( PSK 31Baud) for sending text and, any examinations or possess a license. Slow Scan TV ( SSTV),for sending images, are Ham Radio was able to… • Hams do not necessarily require repeaters for long range communication. used to directly modulate the carrier waves, AM & But the dying hobby still alive all across the globe in • Unite lost families FM both, simply by injecting the modulated signals spite of better alternatives, why? • With just 1 to 5 Watts of Power on VHF (NBFM into the “mic in” jack. Emailing requires an • Relay information about head counts of various Mode) and an external antenna one is able to easily additional packet radio modem to send and receive Although better communication alternatives exist, Ham categories.i.e; dead / alive/ injured etc to the communicate within the entire city or sometimes email. Radio still tops the global list by being recognized as the NDMA and other Govt. authorities. even further. HF communication utilises only reliable & effective means of communication ionospheric propagation and one is able to • No Air Time Charges ! Apart from the nominal known to mankind in times of disasters, when all normal • Bring a smile on the face of families who’s near and lifetime license fee, a ham radio operator does not dear ones were alive and safe. communicate globally with just 30 to 50 Watts of modes of communications fail. During a disaster, the Power ( SSB Mode) using a simple wire dipole have to pay any air time charges or any heavy communication networks may collapse for a definite or • Call for the appropriate aid, medical help & search antenna. charges for using the radio spectrum.

18 19 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 and rescue teams in time. • Ham Radio local communications is not disrupted by collapsing of Repeater Sites, or Trunking Radio Ham Radio, a lifeline • Exchange continuous vital information with the repeater sites. SDMA & NDMA about the updates on aftershocks, search & rescue operations, need for additional • Ham Communication gear is portable. A local or during Disasters help, etc. National communication station can be setup and Ankur Puranik • Facilitate local communication between the activated at any location on the planet in less than emergency services on Ham Radios VHF network 30 minutes. Antennae used for National or A brief intro to Amateur Radio / Ham Radio an indefinite period, depending on the type of disaster, within Kathmandu and near vicinity. International Communications (HF) could be as whether manmade or natural and its severity. Manmade simple as two pieces of copper wire of “Amateur Radio” or more popularly known as “Ham disasters like bomb blasts, terror attacks or riots cause • Lastly it also brought some sad news to the approximately 33 feet in length, connected Radio” is more than a century old hobby, enjoyed temporary jamming of the public communication families of the deceased. together in a configuration to form a half wave worldwide by millions of electronics & radio networks whereas in case of natural disasters the dipole antenna. The same dipole antenna can work Why Ham Radio network is still known to be the communication enthusiasts. Its certainly a thrilling network may be non-functional for a couple of days to across the entire HF Ham Bands like 10 Meters, 20 most effective mode of communication in time of a experience to have your own station and get “ON AIR” even a month, thus leaving the place of disaster isolated Meters, 40 Meters bands etc. if coupled with an disaster ? / Advantages of Ham Radio over other to make contacts with so many Ham Radio Operators from the rest of the world. additional apparatus called the antenna tuner. alternative communication modes. all around the world & “ragchew” with common topics Hence the need for having separate antenna for of interests. Japan has about twelve lakh ham radio The Nepal Earthquake & Ham Radio each band is eliminated during a disaster. operators, the USA has about seven and a half lakhs, • THE INDIAN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHS, (AMATEUR SERVICE)RULES, 1978, while India has only about twenty thousand. In India, The recent Nepal earthquake is an ideal example to • Many Hams, especially members of D.A.R.E.S. Notification : G.S.R No. 1499/78-Clause under Ham Radio operators or simply “ Hams” as they are explain the utility of ham radio & how it turned out to be associated with the Disaster Management section II ( 2)- d – (3) of “The Indian Telegraph Act, called as, have to clear the Amateur Station Operator’s of great help to the families & the victims of the Authorities are equipped with solar operated power 1885 (13 of 1885);” officially authorizes Ham Certificate (ASOC) examinations conducted by the earthquake. It also proved to be of great utility to the packs and or hand cranking kits that facilitate them Radio Operators or Hams to associate with the State Wireless Planning & Coordination wing of the Ministry Government agencies who could pass on important to charge their batteries for operation even during or National Disaster Management Authorities to of Communications & IT, (Govt. of India) to obtain a messages timely, via the Ham Radio network, when all long duration power outage situations. valid license to posses & operate amateur two way radio modes of communications were disrupted. No providing emergency wireless communications equipment. Cellphones, landlines, internet, whatsapp or twitter was during disasters. • Many Hams who are members or associated with working. The only mode of communications to survive State or National Disaster Management • Every city, town or district has at least a few active With advent and boom of IP based social networking during that time was the Ham Radio. When the Authorities are always ready to mobilize to the Ham’s who possess all the necessary sites, smartphones & mobile apps like whatsapp, earthquake struck Nepal, many Ham Radio stations disaster location on short notice with their ready communication gear that facilitate them to get facebook, twitter etc, Ham Radio has received a major instantly came up on AIR and stormed the Airwaves manpacks, that are fully equipped with all the “ON AIR” instantly. Hams have sufficient setback due to its comparatively much complicated and with emergency information. necessary communication gear, nutrition food scattered population throughout the country. time consuming licensing procedures, thereby limiting packets & mini first aid kits for self care. 9N1AA (Phonetically, Niner November Uno Alpha its pursuers to only those who possess true interest in • Unlike other emergency services, Hams do not Alpha) is the ham call sign of Mr. Satish Kharel, the • Using a VHF/HF Radio, and a Laptop or Mobile radio communications & technology. Today IP based operate on spot frequencies, but instead, have Ham Hero of the Nepal disaster, who kept beaming vital phone Hams can effectively broadcast long text social networking has become very easy, affordable & various assigned slots in the HF,VHF & UHF information from Kathmandu on the HF Radio on the 20 messages, pictures and send an email even in accessible to the common man, thereby facilitating bands, and have ample frequencies available at meter band throughout the disaster and even after. He absence of any cellular network or internet worldwide communication that includes voice, text their disposal for local, national or international was the only point of contact between Nepal and the rest connection. Modulation techniques like Phase messaging, data transfers, sharing pictures, videos, communication. group broadcasts, etc. without having the need to clear of the world ! Shift Keying ( PSK 31Baud) for sending text and, any examinations or possess a license. Slow Scan TV ( SSTV),for sending images, are Ham Radio was able to… • Hams do not necessarily require repeaters for long range communication. used to directly modulate the carrier waves, AM & But the dying hobby still alive all across the globe in • Unite lost families FM both, simply by injecting the modulated signals spite of better alternatives, why? • With just 1 to 5 Watts of Power on VHF (NBFM into the “mic in” jack. Emailing requires an • Relay information about head counts of various Mode) and an external antenna one is able to easily additional packet radio modem to send and receive Although better communication alternatives exist, Ham categories.i.e; dead / alive/ injured etc to the communicate within the entire city or sometimes email. Radio still tops the global list by being recognized as the NDMA and other Govt. authorities. even further. HF communication utilises only reliable & effective means of communication ionospheric propagation and one is able to • No Air Time Charges ! Apart from the nominal known to mankind in times of disasters, when all normal • Bring a smile on the face of families who’s near and lifetime license fee, a ham radio operator does not dear ones were alive and safe. communicate globally with just 30 to 50 Watts of modes of communications fail. During a disaster, the Power ( SSB Mode) using a simple wire dipole have to pay any air time charges or any heavy communication networks may collapse for a definite or • Call for the appropriate aid, medical help & search antenna. charges for using the radio spectrum.

18 19 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Image 1 : • One has to restrict himself from sending long idea that one of my dear ham friend (Mr. Gaurav, LEO weather satellite. Hams all over the globe have messages or long conversations, which is actually Callsign :VU3BTZ), happened to share with me the been successful in decoding images sent by the NOAA Above is a block diagram of a typical setup of a Ham very much a need of the hour during a disaster. other day. I am discussing it here as it is linked with the satellite every day. This activity is very useful at a Radio network that is used during a disaster situation. It • Message broadcasting is not possible to multiple article from the previous issue. The idea was about disaster location to get an idea of the weather and cloud explains how the disaster site can be well connected locations. establishing a Ham Radio Station at the broadcast cover, in absence of connectivity with the IMD. One locally as well as with the rest of the world. During a • Noticeable propagation delay is experienced if the station site itself, either permanently or temporarily such image decoded a Ham Mahesh Vatkar, callsign : disaster hundreds of hams are scanning the bands and hop is via a geo-synchronous satellite. during a disaster. This would ensure two way VU2IIA from Mumbai is displayed above. are present on stand-by/listening mode to relay any • Not feasible to use for quick local communication connectivity between the broadcast station and the messages if two stations happen to fall into the “Skip”, disaster management authorities in times of crisis, when Indian Disasters where Ham Radio has proved its thereby ensuring 100% connectivity all the times. Other within City. utility. • Cannot be operated from indoors. the mobile phones and landlines are jammed or not parameters like the day / night and the seasonal working. Further this would ensure that the broadcast • Dependant on Satellite Network & its footprint. • Latur Earthquake ( 1993) variations also tend to affect the ionospheric station is also linked with Indian Meteorological propagation, thereby affecting the HF long distance • The Bhuj Earthquake ( 2001) Many Ham Radio Clubs and associations conduct Department (IMD), and other important Government communication. This is when these ham relay stations • Mumbai Train Blasts (2006) regular training classes and field simulation exercises to authorities for relaying important warning messages or play an important role of relaying messages to and fro to keep their crew members well oiled with the emergency even broadcasting and announcing names of people lost • Tsunamis of the Andamans ( 2004) the stations falling into skip or beyond the footprint of operating procedures and protocols to be followed while or rescued in a event of a disaster. DARES is already in • Mumbai Rain Floods of 26 July.(2005) the transmitting station. One such station, who played a rendering their voluntary services to the Government. talks with the University of Mumbai for having a • Recent Earthquake of Nepal (2015) vital role of Relay Satation during the Nepal Disaster is permanent Ham Radio Station at the university’s callsign VU2JAU , Shri. Jayant Bhide. He is also the Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services, Mumbai community FM Radio Station. But Community Radios (Image 3) Picture of the Communication gear used for international coordinator for disaster communication all is one such voluntary, non-profit organisation run by have limitations like restricted transmission power that communication. This mainly includes, VHF India appointed by ARSI. Hams who come from different walks of life. It was limit its coverage or footprint to a certain area within the Transceivers, HF Transceivers, Walkie Talkies. established with a core purpose of providing wireless city. However this idea could also be implemented at the communications support to the Government agencies Govts. AIR station. AIR signals are able to penetrate during emergencies & disasters. Unlike other Ham every corner of the city(FM) and or the state (AM). Radio clubs, organisations or associations that may Awareness about Ham Radio could also be created conduct many fun Ham activities throughout the year, amongst the listeners via the AIR programs. D.A.R.E.S. is purely committed to disaster communications and a one point of contact for the Weather Satellite imagery: (Image : 2) As a Government. During the recent Nepal earthquake, homebrewing activity, many Hams build their own D.A.R.E.S. had set up a temporary communication WBFM radio sets to receive images from the NOAA station in the State Disaster Control Room at the state ( National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration ) headquarters, Mantralaya. A lot of information was exchanged with the earthquake affected Nepal which included information like list of missing, lost and found (Image 4) Picture of Solar Operation of Ham Station. people from the state of Maharashtra etc. Impressed (Courtesy, D.A.R.E.S.) with the functioning, efficiency and utility of Ham Radio during disasters, the Director of the State Disaster Are Satellite Phones a substitute to Ham Radio for Management Authority Shri. Suhas Diwse expressed Disaster Communications? the State Government’s interest to sign up an M.O.U. with D.A.R.E.S. to set up permanent Ham Radio Satellite Phones may sound as an attractive alternative Communication stations at all the 36 District Collector for communication during a disaster, however it has offices in Maharashtra State. This would ensure certain drawbacks like the ones mentioned below. permanent and a sure shot connectivity with the important nodes in times of crisis. • Satellite phones are expensive hence cannot be liberally given to all. I happened to come across this wonderful article that • They are generally difficult to maintain in functional spoke about broadcasting in times of disaster in one of condition keeping into mind that its only application the past issues of BES Magazine. It certainly was a very is during disasters. informative article and the idea expressed therein was • Call charges are exhorbitant. brilliant. In addition to that, I would like to express an

20 21 January'15 - March’15 January'15 - March’15 Image 1 : • One has to restrict himself from sending long idea that one of my dear ham friend (Mr. Gaurav, LEO weather satellite. Hams all over the globe have messages or long conversations, which is actually Callsign :VU3BTZ), happened to share with me the been successful in decoding images sent by the NOAA Above is a block diagram of a typical setup of a Ham very much a need of the hour during a disaster. other day. I am discussing it here as it is linked with the satellite every day. This activity is very useful at a Radio network that is used during a disaster situation. It • Message broadcasting is not possible to multiple article from the previous issue. The idea was about disaster location to get an idea of the weather and cloud explains how the disaster site can be well connected locations. establishing a Ham Radio Station at the broadcast cover, in absence of connectivity with the IMD. One locally as well as with the rest of the world. During a • Noticeable propagation delay is experienced if the station site itself, either permanently or temporarily such image decoded a Ham Mahesh Vatkar, callsign : disaster hundreds of hams are scanning the bands and hop is via a geo-synchronous satellite. during a disaster. This would ensure two way VU2IIA from Mumbai is displayed above. are present on stand-by/listening mode to relay any • Not feasible to use for quick local communication connectivity between the broadcast station and the messages if two stations happen to fall into the “Skip”, disaster management authorities in times of crisis, when Indian Disasters where Ham Radio has proved its thereby ensuring 100% connectivity all the times. Other within City. utility. • Cannot be operated from indoors. the mobile phones and landlines are jammed or not parameters like the day / night and the seasonal working. Further this would ensure that the broadcast • Dependant on Satellite Network & its footprint. • Latur Earthquake ( 1993) variations also tend to affect the ionospheric station is also linked with Indian Meteorological propagation, thereby affecting the HF long distance • The Bhuj Earthquake ( 2001) Many Ham Radio Clubs and associations conduct Department (IMD), and other important Government communication. This is when these ham relay stations • Mumbai Train Blasts (2006) regular training classes and field simulation exercises to authorities for relaying important warning messages or play an important role of relaying messages to and fro to keep their crew members well oiled with the emergency even broadcasting and announcing names of people lost • Tsunamis of the Andamans ( 2004) the stations falling into skip or beyond the footprint of operating procedures and protocols to be followed while or rescued in a event of a disaster. DARES is already in • Mumbai Rain Floods of 26 July.(2005) the transmitting station. One such station, who played a rendering their voluntary services to the Government. talks with the University of Mumbai for having a • Recent Earthquake of Nepal (2015) vital role of Relay Satation during the Nepal Disaster is permanent Ham Radio Station at the university’s callsign VU2JAU , Shri. Jayant Bhide. He is also the Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services, Mumbai community FM Radio Station. But Community Radios (Image 3) Picture of the Communication gear used for international coordinator for disaster communication all is one such voluntary, non-profit organisation run by have limitations like restricted transmission power that communication. This mainly includes, VHF India appointed by ARSI. Hams who come from different walks of life. It was limit its coverage or footprint to a certain area within the Transceivers, HF Transceivers, Walkie Talkies. established with a core purpose of providing wireless city. However this idea could also be implemented at the communications support to the Government agencies Govts. AIR station. AIR signals are able to penetrate during emergencies & disasters. Unlike other Ham every corner of the city(FM) and or the state (AM). Radio clubs, organisations or associations that may Awareness about Ham Radio could also be created conduct many fun Ham activities throughout the year, amongst the listeners via the AIR programs. D.A.R.E.S. is purely committed to disaster communications and a one point of contact for the Weather Satellite imagery: (Image : 2) As a Government. During the recent Nepal earthquake, homebrewing activity, many Hams build their own D.A.R.E.S. had set up a temporary communication WBFM radio sets to receive images from the NOAA station in the State Disaster Control Room at the state ( National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration ) headquarters, Mantralaya. A lot of information was exchanged with the earthquake affected Nepal which included information like list of missing, lost and found (Image 4) Picture of Solar Operation of Ham Station. people from the state of Maharashtra etc. Impressed (Courtesy, D.A.R.E.S.) with the functioning, efficiency and utility of Ham Radio during disasters, the Director of the State Disaster Are Satellite Phones a substitute to Ham Radio for Management Authority Shri. Suhas Diwse expressed Disaster Communications? the State Government’s interest to sign up an M.O.U. with D.A.R.E.S. to set up permanent Ham Radio Satellite Phones may sound as an attractive alternative Communication stations at all the 36 District Collector for communication during a disaster, however it has offices in Maharashtra State. This would ensure certain drawbacks like the ones mentioned below. permanent and a sure shot connectivity with the important nodes in times of crisis. • Satellite phones are expensive hence cannot be liberally given to all. I happened to come across this wonderful article that • They are generally difficult to maintain in functional spoke about broadcasting in times of disaster in one of condition keeping into mind that its only application the past issues of BES Magazine. It certainly was a very is during disasters. informative article and the idea expressed therein was • Call charges are exhorbitant. brilliant. In addition to that, I would like to express an

20 21 January'15 - March’15 January'15 - March’15 • Use of FDMA & GMSK digital voice & data protocols. • 128 Kbps data transmissions including internet Acronyms & Terminologies access.( Requires a Repeater / Data Node) facilitating, faster data transmission, image transmission and packet radio transmissions. Awareness about Ham Radio / Amateur Radio AIR : All India Radio We have read about the utility and effectiveness of the Ragchew : A terminology used by hams to represent “ chit-chat” Ham Radio in times of disasters. There is presently no SDMA : State Disaster Management Authority Communication with International Space Station : equivalent substitute for Ham Radio. However as mentioned at the beginning of this article, the hobby is NDMA : National Disaster Management Authority The international Space station (ISS) too has an on fading. As a responsible citizen of India it is vital to board Amatur Radio Equipment for the astronauts who understand the importance and utility of Ham Radio in HF : High Frequency in context to the Radio Spectrum are radio amateurs. The ISS astronauts conduct planned disasters. Various Ham Radio organisations like communication sessions with school students who are D.A.R.E.S, NIAR ( National Institute for Amateur VHF : Very High Frequency in context to the Radio Spectrum accompanied by an authorised Ham as part of Radio ) Hyderabad, ARSI etc conduct regular public UHF : Ultra High Frequency in context to the Radio Spectrum educational activity for the students. They even awareness programs for enrolling in new Hams. Hams otherwise occasionally beam signals to the planet earth work selflessly for the Nation and risk their lives for DARES : Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services to talk to their fellow Ham friends around the globe. expecting nothing in return. Hams offer these services Another exciting event of Image Transmission by ISS is voluntarily. All a Ham expects is during his lifetime he Homebrewing : Act of constructing your own equipment like radios, antennae etc. enjoyed by millions of hams across the world by is at least able to create a few new Hams to take over for decoding the images sent by the Astronauts on board the the coming generations. ON AIR : Transmitting on Radio Frequency. ISS using SSTV Protocol on the 2 meters band ( 145.800 PSK 31 : Phase Shift Keying with 31 Baud Rate, used for text transmission. Mhz, NBFM). This is just an educational & fun activity. Seminar on Role of Ham Radio in Disasters Some Popular Indian Ham Personalities A half day free-seminar is being organized by the FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access - a multiple access technique. Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services in the • Late PM of India Shri. Rajiv Gandhi - Callsign month of July 2015 in Mumbai. A presentation will be GMSK : Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying - a modulation technique VU2RG delivered by Shri Jayant Bhide, who is presently the SSTV : Slow Scan TV. • Superstar Shri. Amitabh Bachchan, Callsign National coordinator for disaster communications in VU2AMY India for Ham Radio appointed by ARSI. Various NBFM : Narrow Band Frequency Modulation. • Superstar Shri. Kamal Hasam , Callsign - VU2HAS important dignitaries from the Government who are • Late Indian-American Astronaut , Ms. Kalpana associated with the Disaster Management will also be SSB : Single sideband, a modulation technique. Chawla, Callsign - KD5ESI attending this event along with Hams. This seminar will ISS : International Space Station. Advancements Amateur Radio, be open for general public. For registration & more details on the seminar, venue and date please log on to NOAA : National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. • D - S t a r Te c h n o l o g y f a c i l i t a t e s d i g i t a l www.dares-hamradio.org communication using Ham Radio. Skip : Shadow zone where one ham station is unable to reach the other ham station due to signals having broader angles of propagation About The Author ARSI : Amateur Radio Society of India. Mr. Ankur Puranik is MBA ( Entrepreneurship), B.E. (Electronics &Telecommunications) Mumbai Univ., D.E. ( Electronics & Telecommunications ) MSBTE . Presently Working as LEO Satellite : Low Earth Orbiting Satellite. CEO & CTO of Om Energy Savers. Voluntarily working as Chief of Engineering & Wireless section of the Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services. Mumbai Been a Ham associated with Disaster Communications and the Govt. since last 10 years. ( Since 2004). He introduced Solar & hand cranking Technology for charging batteries of Ham Radio operators equipments. Trainer and lecturer for course of Amateur Radio Emergency Services.

22 23 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 • Use of FDMA & GMSK digital voice & data protocols. • 128 Kbps data transmissions including internet Acronyms & Terminologies access.( Requires a Repeater / Data Node) facilitating, faster data transmission, image transmission and packet radio transmissions. Awareness about Ham Radio / Amateur Radio AIR : All India Radio We have read about the utility and effectiveness of the Ragchew : A terminology used by hams to represent “ chit-chat” Ham Radio in times of disasters. There is presently no SDMA : State Disaster Management Authority Communication with International Space Station : equivalent substitute for Ham Radio. However as mentioned at the beginning of this article, the hobby is NDMA : National Disaster Management Authority The international Space station (ISS) too has an on fading. As a responsible citizen of India it is vital to board Amatur Radio Equipment for the astronauts who understand the importance and utility of Ham Radio in HF : High Frequency in context to the Radio Spectrum are radio amateurs. The ISS astronauts conduct planned disasters. Various Ham Radio organisations like communication sessions with school students who are D.A.R.E.S, NIAR ( National Institute for Amateur VHF : Very High Frequency in context to the Radio Spectrum accompanied by an authorised Ham as part of Radio ) Hyderabad, ARSI etc conduct regular public UHF : Ultra High Frequency in context to the Radio Spectrum educational activity for the students. They even awareness programs for enrolling in new Hams. Hams otherwise occasionally beam signals to the planet earth work selflessly for the Nation and risk their lives for DARES : Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services to talk to their fellow Ham friends around the globe. expecting nothing in return. Hams offer these services Another exciting event of Image Transmission by ISS is voluntarily. All a Ham expects is during his lifetime he Homebrewing : Act of constructing your own equipment like radios, antennae etc. enjoyed by millions of hams across the world by is at least able to create a few new Hams to take over for decoding the images sent by the Astronauts on board the the coming generations. ON AIR : Transmitting on Radio Frequency. ISS using SSTV Protocol on the 2 meters band ( 145.800 PSK 31 : Phase Shift Keying with 31 Baud Rate, used for text transmission. Mhz, NBFM). This is just an educational & fun activity. Seminar on Role of Ham Radio in Disasters Some Popular Indian Ham Personalities A half day free-seminar is being organized by the FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access - a multiple access technique. Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services in the • Late PM of India Shri. Rajiv Gandhi - Callsign month of July 2015 in Mumbai. A presentation will be GMSK : Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying - a modulation technique VU2RG delivered by Shri Jayant Bhide, who is presently the SSTV : Slow Scan TV. • Superstar Shri. Amitabh Bachchan, Callsign National coordinator for disaster communications in VU2AMY India for Ham Radio appointed by ARSI. Various NBFM : Narrow Band Frequency Modulation. • Superstar Shri. Kamal Hasam , Callsign - VU2HAS important dignitaries from the Government who are • Late Indian-American Astronaut , Ms. Kalpana associated with the Disaster Management will also be SSB : Single sideband, a modulation technique. Chawla, Callsign - KD5ESI attending this event along with Hams. This seminar will ISS : International Space Station. Advancements Amateur Radio, be open for general public. For registration & more details on the seminar, venue and date please log on to NOAA : National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. • D - S t a r Te c h n o l o g y f a c i l i t a t e s d i g i t a l www.dares-hamradio.org communication using Ham Radio. Skip : Shadow zone where one ham station is unable to reach the other ham station due to signals having broader angles of propagation About The Author ARSI : Amateur Radio Society of India. Mr. Ankur Puranik is MBA ( Entrepreneurship), B.E. (Electronics &Telecommunications) Mumbai Univ., D.E. ( Electronics & Telecommunications ) MSBTE . Presently Working as LEO Satellite : Low Earth Orbiting Satellite. CEO & CTO of Om Energy Savers. Voluntarily working as Chief of Engineering & Wireless section of the Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services. Mumbai Been a Ham associated with Disaster Communications and the Govt. since last 10 years. ( Since 2004). He introduced Solar & hand cranking Technology for charging batteries of Ham Radio operators equipments. Trainer and lecturer for course of Amateur Radio Emergency Services.

22 23 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 FM is bad. Simply because FM is a local solution and reduce their services. India, China, South Korea, its coverage is limited. This is a fact. To cover the Malaysia, Australia, Taiwan and Japan replaced part of Radio is alive and well in whole of India, possibly, about 3,000 FM their infrastructure in the past 10 years and continue to transmitters would be necessary. do so. Indonesia, Vietnam, Pakistan, Bangladesh are starting to get their head around digital, with a So the spectrum and energy arguments are absolutely in India and The World! particular interest in DRM and what it can offer. favour of digital. The stark reality (also backed up by Ruxandra Obreja They have legacy shortwave and medium wave figures from some developed media markets) is that if infrastructure and are also looking at FM. In India FM Radio's Continued Resilience “ there is no new compelling business model for you cannot grow FM and renew it; eventually its reach digital radio” or that “ there are not enough was the saviour of radio and now phase III is being Despite all the occasional comments to the contrary, and the revenue it is generating will tail off. Research receivers”. An undeniable argument is that analogue, slowly implemented. The struggle for implementation figures from advanced media markets point to the shows that in the UK a typical AM/FM listener listens to and especially FM, still works very well. It is the first will be harder as the business case has been stronger in increasing popularity of radio, due to its well-known 2.9 stations a week. With the addition of digital radio and still very robust global standard, deployed large metros attracting the advertisers than in smaller attributes: universality, mobility, intimacy and, lately, that goes up to 3.5. More content, more choice and everywhere and used by billions of listeners. After 70 cities. Still FM will come. But why do we have to also due the introduction of digital. Terrestrial more revenue. years of constant improvement the medium is truly have FM analogue first and digital afterwards? Why broadcast delivery is the only free-to-air and cost- widespread and the receivers are plentiful and cheap. Digital in parallel with FM Expansion can't FM be introduced at the same time with its digital effective method for truly mobile reception, particularly version, DRM+? In the end digital FM (DRM+) can FM was born and ignored many decades ago. It really So give digital radio a real chance on the back of in cars. And terrestrial radio is holding its own in a offer more capacity, larger coverage with less energy took off in a lot of countries in the 70s. It brought expanding FM in India and existing AM (shortwave fragmented world. Radio remains the best medium for costs. Building DRM capacity while introducing FM good sound and a lot of music to its avid audiences. The and medium wave, that is) infrastructure! Do not live relaying of news and information, as already transmitters (which can be DRM ready) also very revival of radio in India can be attributed to FM and abandon AM in the name of FM, as there is a lot of recognized by the Indian Prime Minister (and, not guarantees that, once everything is digital, radio on the new commercial radio sector. But the ever popular investment made in hardware and people already. so long ago, his guest President Obama) with his FM can transit, digitise, without the need for costly FM is becoming constrained by an increasing lack of Broadcasting in digital is complex and involves more successful “Mann ki Baat”. replacements and upgrades. Give the commercial available spectrum. Maybe this is not such a powerful than just transmitters and energy. Moreover, if you sector the chance to learn about digital, experiment If radio has great attributes, it also needs changing and argument in India. More importantly though, FM is just remember your grandmother's old radio, digital and exploit the DRM option for FM. This could reinventing. In digital broadcasting symposium very energy hungry, quite limited in its coverage and radio is very far from the old crackly, “uncool” and accelerate the whole broadcast digitisation process. organized in Malaysia by the Asia Broadcasting Union the choice it is offering to listeners. antiquated AM radio. the warning was stark: digitize radio to future proof Introducing the FM - DRM+ capable transmitters, at a It has been reliably calculated that to cover an area of The new digital version offers excellent sound quality it and also save the scarce spectrum resource or radio stroke, creates a lot of new broadcast capacity and can about 235.000 square kilometers or an area of about (FM quality over large areas). You could have 2-3 will die. ensure healthy competition, creativity, variety, 600 kilometres in diameter you would need 15 FM stations or programmes with different content and in increased revenue streams. At least this is the Any change is hard and change from analogue to digital transmitters of 10kW pumping in the air one single different languages simultaneously, where there is experience so far of some countries like Australia, is painful; it also seems quite lengthy and costly. programme. A DRM medium wave transmitter with the now only one programme, one language in analogue, Germany and UK. While analogue is one of the technical wonders of the same installed power (100 kW), a transmitter not or nothing at all at the moment. Your two to three th 20 century, an excellent achievement of the past dissimilar to the ones All India Radio has acquired programmes in digital AM or FM could be If the desire is to acquire a lot of FM transmitters, why 100 years, digital radio is the future. already, is emanating into the atmosphere a power of accompanied by a constant stream of data on the not make them DRM+ capable already and look at only 40 KW. This one efficient transmitter would do In a digital world, a world of digital TV, mobiles, IP, screen of the receiver giving you anything from onion the digitisation of the FM band with more the same job as the 15 FM transmitters and offer the how can the analogue radio island survive? The prices, cricket scores, government information or programmes on the same frequency? same coverage with the same audio quality, if not multi-purpose digital content, practices and disaster warning. better, with about one third of the power. So we Moreover, if you do not have internet or broadband or experiences will by-pass analogue radio and make it consume 50 kW and broadcast three programmes Forget about AM and FM as digital is a big unifier. even electricity to turn on the TV or put on the light slowly die. Digital is driven by the need to save energy, covering about a quarter of a million square kilometers DRM is the only digital standard that can offer a in the evening, digital radio (battery or solar- costs and spectrum, while giving more choice and, instead of using 15 FM transmitters, consuming uniformly clear sound in the medium, short wave and powered) could link you to the world of internet, in the case of India, offering all (Indian) citizens, or st 250kW and broadcasting one single programme or VHF or FM too. So no more talk of AM, old-fashioned give you a chance to connect to the 21 century and voters and taxpayers, the same access to information, channel. and unloved. Let us just talk about digital radio or be part of it. Digital radio is the ultimate multimedia education and entertainment, whether they are in smart radio for clever people! integrator. Still, enough said about the excellent audio Delhi or a small village in Orissa. Moreover, some of the DRM transmitters delivering quality, text and internet feeds that can be displayed on this excellent service have been already acquired by Do Not Throw the Baby with the Bathwater FM or Digital? the radio screen. How about the ability to deliver India following the Indian government's decision and As radio has such a long history the reality is that, while emergency/disaster warnings and signals to populations Involved as I am with the only global, all-band digital using Indian taxpayers' money. The many FM traditional analogue short wave and medium wave faced with floods, drought, earthquakes, terrorist acts? audio broadcasting standard, Digital Radio Mondiale transmitters to cover part of India are to come and to be transmissions have lost attractiveness in well Or using DRM (or rather the FM variety, DRM+) to (DRM), I often hear that FM is the next bright thing, paid still. When Phase III will be finished FM will still developed areas of Europe and North America (some finally give the country the traffic messages that can that “ digitising radio is not an imperative” , that leave about 40% of the country uncovered. Not because think even in India), many countries in Asia did not save time and lives while on the road? Can you

24 1125 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 FM is bad. Simply because FM is a local solution and reduce their services. India, China, South Korea, its coverage is limited. This is a fact. To cover the Malaysia, Australia, Taiwan and Japan replaced part of Radio is alive and well in whole of India, possibly, about 3,000 FM their infrastructure in the past 10 years and continue to transmitters would be necessary. do so. Indonesia, Vietnam, Pakistan, Bangladesh are starting to get their head around digital, with a So the spectrum and energy arguments are absolutely in India and The World! particular interest in DRM and what it can offer. favour of digital. The stark reality (also backed up by Ruxandra Obreja They have legacy shortwave and medium wave figures from some developed media markets) is that if infrastructure and are also looking at FM. In India FM Radio's Continued Resilience “ there is no new compelling business model for you cannot grow FM and renew it; eventually its reach digital radio” or that “ there are not enough was the saviour of radio and now phase III is being Despite all the occasional comments to the contrary, and the revenue it is generating will tail off. Research receivers”. An undeniable argument is that analogue, slowly implemented. The struggle for implementation figures from advanced media markets point to the shows that in the UK a typical AM/FM listener listens to and especially FM, still works very well. It is the first will be harder as the business case has been stronger in increasing popularity of radio, due to its well-known 2.9 stations a week. With the addition of digital radio and still very robust global standard, deployed large metros attracting the advertisers than in smaller attributes: universality, mobility, intimacy and, lately, that goes up to 3.5. More content, more choice and everywhere and used by billions of listeners. After 70 cities. Still FM will come. But why do we have to also due the introduction of digital. Terrestrial more revenue. years of constant improvement the medium is truly have FM analogue first and digital afterwards? Why broadcast delivery is the only free-to-air and cost- widespread and the receivers are plentiful and cheap. Digital in parallel with FM Expansion can't FM be introduced at the same time with its digital effective method for truly mobile reception, particularly version, DRM+? In the end digital FM (DRM+) can FM was born and ignored many decades ago. It really So give digital radio a real chance on the back of in cars. And terrestrial radio is holding its own in a offer more capacity, larger coverage with less energy took off in a lot of countries in the 70s. It brought expanding FM in India and existing AM (shortwave fragmented world. Radio remains the best medium for costs. Building DRM capacity while introducing FM good sound and a lot of music to its avid audiences. The and medium wave, that is) infrastructure! Do not live relaying of news and information, as already transmitters (which can be DRM ready) also very revival of radio in India can be attributed to FM and abandon AM in the name of FM, as there is a lot of recognized by the Indian Prime Minister (and, not guarantees that, once everything is digital, radio on the new commercial radio sector. But the ever popular investment made in hardware and people already. so long ago, his guest President Obama) with his FM can transit, digitise, without the need for costly FM is becoming constrained by an increasing lack of Broadcasting in digital is complex and involves more successful “Mann ki Baat”. replacements and upgrades. Give the commercial available spectrum. Maybe this is not such a powerful than just transmitters and energy. Moreover, if you sector the chance to learn about digital, experiment If radio has great attributes, it also needs changing and argument in India. More importantly though, FM is just remember your grandmother's old radio, digital and exploit the DRM option for FM. This could reinventing. In digital broadcasting symposium very energy hungry, quite limited in its coverage and radio is very far from the old crackly, “uncool” and accelerate the whole broadcast digitisation process. organized in Malaysia by the Asia Broadcasting Union the choice it is offering to listeners. antiquated AM radio. the warning was stark: digitize radio to future proof Introducing the FM - DRM+ capable transmitters, at a It has been reliably calculated that to cover an area of The new digital version offers excellent sound quality it and also save the scarce spectrum resource or radio stroke, creates a lot of new broadcast capacity and can about 235.000 square kilometers or an area of about (FM quality over large areas). You could have 2-3 will die. ensure healthy competition, creativity, variety, 600 kilometres in diameter you would need 15 FM stations or programmes with different content and in increased revenue streams. At least this is the Any change is hard and change from analogue to digital transmitters of 10kW pumping in the air one single different languages simultaneously, where there is experience so far of some countries like Australia, is painful; it also seems quite lengthy and costly. programme. A DRM medium wave transmitter with the now only one programme, one language in analogue, Germany and UK. While analogue is one of the technical wonders of the same installed power (100 kW), a transmitter not or nothing at all at the moment. Your two to three th 20 century, an excellent achievement of the past dissimilar to the ones All India Radio has acquired programmes in digital AM or FM could be If the desire is to acquire a lot of FM transmitters, why 100 years, digital radio is the future. already, is emanating into the atmosphere a power of accompanied by a constant stream of data on the not make them DRM+ capable already and look at only 40 KW. This one efficient transmitter would do In a digital world, a world of digital TV, mobiles, IP, screen of the receiver giving you anything from onion the digitisation of the FM band with more the same job as the 15 FM transmitters and offer the how can the analogue radio island survive? The prices, cricket scores, government information or programmes on the same frequency? same coverage with the same audio quality, if not multi-purpose digital content, practices and disaster warning. better, with about one third of the power. So we Moreover, if you do not have internet or broadband or experiences will by-pass analogue radio and make it consume 50 kW and broadcast three programmes Forget about AM and FM as digital is a big unifier. even electricity to turn on the TV or put on the light slowly die. Digital is driven by the need to save energy, covering about a quarter of a million square kilometers DRM is the only digital standard that can offer a in the evening, digital radio (battery or solar- costs and spectrum, while giving more choice and, instead of using 15 FM transmitters, consuming uniformly clear sound in the medium, short wave and powered) could link you to the world of internet, in the case of India, offering all (Indian) citizens, or st 250kW and broadcasting one single programme or VHF or FM too. So no more talk of AM, old-fashioned give you a chance to connect to the 21 century and voters and taxpayers, the same access to information, channel. and unloved. Let us just talk about digital radio or be part of it. Digital radio is the ultimate multimedia education and entertainment, whether they are in smart radio for clever people! integrator. Still, enough said about the excellent audio Delhi or a small village in Orissa. Moreover, some of the DRM transmitters delivering quality, text and internet feeds that can be displayed on this excellent service have been already acquired by Do Not Throw the Baby with the Bathwater FM or Digital? the radio screen. How about the ability to deliver India following the Indian government's decision and As radio has such a long history the reality is that, while emergency/disaster warnings and signals to populations Involved as I am with the only global, all-band digital using Indian taxpayers' money. The many FM traditional analogue short wave and medium wave faced with floods, drought, earthquakes, terrorist acts? audio broadcasting standard, Digital Radio Mondiale transmitters to cover part of India are to come and to be transmissions have lost attractiveness in well Or using DRM (or rather the FM variety, DRM+) to (DRM), I often hear that FM is the next bright thing, paid still. When Phase III will be finished FM will still developed areas of Europe and North America (some finally give the country the traffic messages that can that “ digitising radio is not an imperative” , that leave about 40% of the country uncovered. Not because think even in India), many countries in Asia did not save time and lives while on the road? Can you

24 1125 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 imagine driving from Delhi to Jaipur, say, and have are working hard to install new and expensive information on the road traffic and maybe even transmitters. Now the clear messages have to be DTH - An innovative tool for excellent music and news on your dashboard? Digital communicated to the industry to stimulate the can deliver it. manufacturing of cheap Indian receivers. This joined up effort will ultimately be aimed at the Indian listeners Where Are the Receivers? Educational Evolution in India who will have to become consumers and decide to part Dr. Shivaraj Shastri Herur In all this there is “a but”: the DRM receivers. The with their hard-earned rupiahs to acquire an object of chipsets are now available and plentiful, while their desire: a digital radio. And this digital receiver can sit It was a pleasant noon on monday the 5th may 2014, as it Television Channels On Driect To Home Service price is continuing to come down. Chipsets are the in your kitchen or, more probably, in your car, can had rained on previous night, the day was not so hot and i heart of the receiver and the signs are therefore be inserted in your mobile or tablet. For all this to was sitting on a stool feeling the day's cool. I took the The television channels which are spreading the promising. The Indian ITC is well aware of this and is happen the messages have to be consistent, the content remote in my hand, and switched on the television set, fragrance of Indian cuture and literature, education, looking forward to creating new products and new has to be fresh and good. Give people AIR news, music, which works with the DTH (direct to home) box. As I spiritual and Indian heritage all over the world can be revenue streams. One young Indian entrepreneur, sport across the country, save their homes and lives am a visually challenged person ,I began to listen, not to mentioned as follows: Sanskar, Disha And Aastha are bowled over by the sound of DRM which he heard by with the emergency disaster messages delivered by watch T.V programmes . the important channels which are dedicated to serve for chance on a trip abroad, decided to make from scratch a digital radio, ease their trips along the long roads of the evolution of Indian culture, literature and DRM receiver with all the features (like images, India, teach them in their own language, show them DTH- direct to home spirituality. Many Devotional, Spiritual, Ethical and , ), - - Cultural programmes will be continuously broadcasted data disaster warning to create a real state of the simple messages that enrich their lives! A number of valuable national and international T.V and art receiver. Not many people gave him a chance but through these channels .The relationship between God There is no contradiction but a continuum from radio channels are available on DTH , the DTH box he did it within a year and will start commercial and devotees, the process of emerging athma and analogue to digital, from shortwave, medium wave and which is as small as a palm ,is really an innovative tool in production in a matter of weeks. An Indian digital paramathma. Service to all living beings are the main FM to one single standard and enhanced experience: the information and broadcasting sector. Local , essence of Indian culture and philosophy. This essence receiver manufactured in India according to the highest National and International news ,folk and classical that offered by digital radio. is spread in all the directions by these particular specifications but with Indian flair and for the Indian music, cultural and educational programmes can be . channels of television. Vyas T.V and Gyandarshan are tastes He is not alone, as manufacturers in India and Digital radio means excellent signal quality with new viewed and listened by every household, at free of cost. , the two important channels which have been dedicated abroad are watching and expecting a clear sign that features electronic newspapers, images and low bit what a tremendous countribution by the goverement of “ ” , . themselves for the educational progarmmes. The digital India and Make in India is more than a video streams as demonstrated by DRM already India… slogan. With the right communication and programmes related to formal and non-formal education This is not the radio of old but one that sits right at the encouragement a new audio broadcasting era can open will be broadcast round the clock. A number of heart of a connected new media space, where the “In the information and broadcasting field. DTH, which up in India too. An analogue FM receiver probably programmes on the development of science and radio is in mobiles and in cars. At the end of the day it is stands for direct to home is a way of broadcasting and keeps Chinese workers in jobs. A digital receiver could technology,historical and cultural values, Socio- not about technology but good content, the will to viewing directly to homes. DTH in India has grown offer a chance to young entrepreneurs, ICT economic and philosophical programmes are mainly succeed and the right communication and support for tremendously since its inception in the year 2005. Today manufactures, workers and salesmen in India. there are 6 DTH service providers in our country, with focused through these important channels. The glory of the digital implementation on multi-standard receivers Indian heritage and Indian nationality will always be What is needed to Succeed? or platforms. an overall viewership of approximately 22 million. Today the DTH market share is 20% of the overall focused by the prominent channels like DD National, Apart from confidence and patience, a lot of good Digital is not cheap, it requires money, effort, market of 135 million. DD News, DD Bharati, DD Chandana, News 24, content, excellent communciation and leadership. intelligence, leadership and lots of work but its benefits Loksabha and Rajyasabha , Gaining the popularity of Direct to home (DTH) and an The engineers have done their job they have looked can be incalculable. Invest today for the right return Three international channels like NHK world, Russia at all the options, have made the best choice for India, tomorrow. increase in the number of subscribers day by day reflects the quality and enhanced viewing experience of today and France 24 are dedicated for the broadcasting About The Author the customer. All this is possible because of the of socio-cultural heritage and economic,environmental technological changes in the information and and philosophical glory of foreign countries like France, Ruxandra Obreja is Head of Digital Radio Development in the BBC World Service, BBC Global News, Russia and Japan etc……. currently concentrating her efforts in leading the DRM Consortium, a not for profit organisation of which broadcasting sector. Dish connected at the roof top the BBC is an important stakeholder. which collects digital DTH signals from the satellites Radio Channels on DTH (direct to home service) and deliver quality experience to our homes.”(courtesy: Ruxandra first joined the BBC in 1985 as a journalist and was appointed Head of the BBC Romanian Service in 1990. In 1997 Ruxandra was appointed Editor for the BBC European Region and later became a wikipedia). Twenty first century or this contemprory era is the era of electronic media. Such as computers, smartphones, i- Commissioning Editor with BBC English Networks and News in the World Service. In 2006 Ruxandra "Where there is DTH connection there will be digital became Head of Business Development, BBC World Service and started getting involved in the work of pads, i-phones, tablets,etc,.. have become the the DRM Consortium. quality sound and clear vision." undividiable part of each and every individual's life. Since March 2008 Ruxandra has been Chairman of the DRM Consortium. The aim of the organisation is to Sixty unique television channels and about thirty radio The whole world has come in palm of our hand by the achieve the global and mass scale take up of the DRM standard. Ruxandra has published articles on digital radio, has channels are available in this direct to home service. participated in events, conferences, workshops and trials all over the world. advancement in technology as well as in

2610 1127 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 imagine driving from Delhi to Jaipur, say, and have are working hard to install new and expensive information on the road traffic and maybe even transmitters. Now the clear messages have to be DTH - An innovative tool for excellent music and news on your dashboard? Digital communicated to the industry to stimulate the can deliver it. manufacturing of cheap Indian receivers. This joined up effort will ultimately be aimed at the Indian listeners Where Are the Receivers? Educational Evolution in India who will have to become consumers and decide to part Dr. Shivaraj Shastri Herur In all this there is “a but”: the DRM receivers. The with their hard-earned rupiahs to acquire an object of chipsets are now available and plentiful, while their desire: a digital radio. And this digital receiver can sit It was a pleasant noon on monday the 5th may 2014, as it Television Channels On Driect To Home Service price is continuing to come down. Chipsets are the in your kitchen or, more probably, in your car, can had rained on previous night, the day was not so hot and i heart of the receiver and the signs are therefore be inserted in your mobile or tablet. For all this to was sitting on a stool feeling the day's cool. I took the The television channels which are spreading the promising. The Indian ITC is well aware of this and is happen the messages have to be consistent, the content remote in my hand, and switched on the television set, fragrance of Indian cuture and literature, education, looking forward to creating new products and new has to be fresh and good. Give people AIR news, music, which works with the DTH (direct to home) box. As I spiritual and Indian heritage all over the world can be revenue streams. One young Indian entrepreneur, sport across the country, save their homes and lives am a visually challenged person ,I began to listen, not to mentioned as follows: Sanskar, Disha And Aastha are bowled over by the sound of DRM which he heard by with the emergency disaster messages delivered by watch T.V programmes . the important channels which are dedicated to serve for chance on a trip abroad, decided to make from scratch a digital radio, ease their trips along the long roads of the evolution of Indian culture, literature and DRM receiver with all the features (like images, India, teach them in their own language, show them DTH- direct to home spirituality. Many Devotional, Spiritual, Ethical and , ), - - Cultural programmes will be continuously broadcasted data disaster warning to create a real state of the simple messages that enrich their lives! A number of valuable national and international T.V and art receiver. Not many people gave him a chance but through these channels .The relationship between God There is no contradiction but a continuum from radio channels are available on DTH , the DTH box he did it within a year and will start commercial and devotees, the process of emerging athma and analogue to digital, from shortwave, medium wave and which is as small as a palm ,is really an innovative tool in production in a matter of weeks. An Indian digital paramathma. Service to all living beings are the main FM to one single standard and enhanced experience: the information and broadcasting sector. Local , essence of Indian culture and philosophy. This essence receiver manufactured in India according to the highest National and International news ,folk and classical that offered by digital radio. is spread in all the directions by these particular specifications but with Indian flair and for the Indian music, cultural and educational programmes can be . channels of television. Vyas T.V and Gyandarshan are tastes He is not alone, as manufacturers in India and Digital radio means excellent signal quality with new viewed and listened by every household, at free of cost. , the two important channels which have been dedicated abroad are watching and expecting a clear sign that features electronic newspapers, images and low bit what a tremendous countribution by the goverement of “ ” , . themselves for the educational progarmmes. The digital India and Make in India is more than a video streams as demonstrated by DRM already India… slogan. With the right communication and programmes related to formal and non-formal education This is not the radio of old but one that sits right at the encouragement a new audio broadcasting era can open will be broadcast round the clock. A number of heart of a connected new media space, where the “In the information and broadcasting field. DTH, which up in India too. An analogue FM receiver probably programmes on the development of science and radio is in mobiles and in cars. At the end of the day it is stands for direct to home is a way of broadcasting and keeps Chinese workers in jobs. A digital receiver could technology,historical and cultural values, Socio- not about technology but good content, the will to viewing directly to homes. DTH in India has grown offer a chance to young entrepreneurs, ICT economic and philosophical programmes are mainly succeed and the right communication and support for tremendously since its inception in the year 2005. Today manufactures, workers and salesmen in India. there are 6 DTH service providers in our country, with focused through these important channels. The glory of the digital implementation on multi-standard receivers Indian heritage and Indian nationality will always be What is needed to Succeed? or platforms. an overall viewership of approximately 22 million. Today the DTH market share is 20% of the overall focused by the prominent channels like DD National, Apart from confidence and patience, a lot of good Digital is not cheap, it requires money, effort, market of 135 million. DD News, DD Bharati, DD Chandana, News 24, content, excellent communciation and leadership. intelligence, leadership and lots of work but its benefits Loksabha and Rajyasabha , Gaining the popularity of Direct to home (DTH) and an The engineers have done their job they have looked can be incalculable. Invest today for the right return Three international channels like NHK world, Russia at all the options, have made the best choice for India, tomorrow. increase in the number of subscribers day by day reflects the quality and enhanced viewing experience of today and France 24 are dedicated for the broadcasting About The Author the customer. All this is possible because of the of socio-cultural heritage and economic,environmental technological changes in the information and and philosophical glory of foreign countries like France, Ruxandra Obreja is Head of Digital Radio Development in the BBC World Service, BBC Global News, Russia and Japan etc……. currently concentrating her efforts in leading the DRM Consortium, a not for profit organisation of which broadcasting sector. Dish connected at the roof top the BBC is an important stakeholder. which collects digital DTH signals from the satellites Radio Channels on DTH (direct to home service) and deliver quality experience to our homes.”(courtesy: Ruxandra first joined the BBC in 1985 as a journalist and was appointed Head of the BBC Romanian Service in 1990. In 1997 Ruxandra was appointed Editor for the BBC European Region and later became a wikipedia). Twenty first century or this contemprory era is the era of electronic media. Such as computers, smartphones, i- Commissioning Editor with BBC English Networks and News in the World Service. In 2006 Ruxandra "Where there is DTH connection there will be digital became Head of Business Development, BBC World Service and started getting involved in the work of pads, i-phones, tablets,etc,.. have become the the DRM Consortium. quality sound and clear vision." undividiable part of each and every individual's life. Since March 2008 Ruxandra has been Chairman of the DRM Consortium. The aim of the organisation is to Sixty unique television channels and about thirty radio The whole world has come in palm of our hand by the achieve the global and mass scale take up of the DRM standard. Ruxandra has published articles on digital radio, has channels are available in this direct to home service. participated in events, conferences, workshops and trials all over the world. advancement in technology as well as in

2610 1127 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 nanotechnology but radio has remained as an powerful 2008. This community radio station is named as media of audio, even in this fast growing electronic “ANTHARVANI”. As our voice is from the depth of Customization of Technology to revolutionary age. heart i.e, internal voice will come from the wave. in this sense the name “ANTHARVANI” is aptly said. There are three main dimensions of radio, they are: ANTHARVANI 90.8 is the first and only one Suit our Unique Nation : India 1. Public radio/All India Radio(akashvani) (MW)., community radio station in Hyderabad Karnataka Mitali Chatterjee region.A number of programmes related to health, 2. Commercial Radio (FM) and education, music , culture,agriculture and environment Preface reach for many families in rural as well as urban areas, 3. Community Radio (FM). whose earnings are meager. In some coastal and hilly are being regularly broadcast for the enlightment of In todays world, where life is moving at a fast pace the people. “ANTHARVANI” is becoming the voice of regions that witness heavy rains and wind, Ku-band A few years ago there were only all India Radio's in our thing that changes even faster is the Technology. Field voiceless people by broadcasting many useful transmission suffers attenuation making the picture country, hence it was the only powerful electronic media of Broadcasting and Entertainment is not an programmes. quality vulnerable. IP and OTT services are in nascent for the rural and urban communities for entertainment , exception either, where as soon as a new technology is form and are available in limited areas because of news and to know about various schemes of introduced to the customer, yet another technology However, private, commercial and community radio non-availability of required infrastructure and also government. Having a radio set at home was the most with a new set of temptations and assurance to channels will not be available on DTH services. due to affordability issues of end-users. IP services are prestigious thing during that time and radio set was the provide even better audio visual experience with costlier compared to OTT but assure a minimum indication of richness. The All India Radio Stations which are situated in the lesser price is in pipeline. World has witnessed the quality of service with their customized capital city of every state has been inserted on DTH, changes from Analog to Digital, then HD, 3D, UHD, Commercial radio : a number of commercial radio hardware/software & dedicated links, whereas OTT considering as the representative voice of that particular Streaming video, Video over IP, 3G, 4G, DVB-T2, stations have been established throughout the country has more flexibility in terms of accommodating state. DAB+, OTT, LTE and so on, which in turn created a due to the change of information and broadcasting different types of devices that can be used by difficult scene for Policy makers, Standardization policies by the government of India. The main objective Now, there are thirty channels available on DTH a few subscribers. Business models are still in process of Organizations, Broadcasters, Distributors and finally of commercial radio stations is to generate more and of them are as follows: AIR VBS , AIR RAGAM , FM making because Service providers have to struggle End users who sometimes do not get a clear direction more profit. RAINBOW , FM GOLD, AIR NE , GYANVANI and hard to break even the expenditure involved in in which to proceed. Another important aspect that is all state radio channels of all languages are available on development and creation of apps and content to be Community radio : perhaps in the year 2003 and also closely associated with these technological DTH. The waves of all these channels on DTH will provided for such services. Cable network though 2004 the government of India decided to setup more and advancements is the Business model for Content bring the sweetness of culture, literature, classical music established itself in these years is now undergoing more community radio stations all over India. In this Provider, Backend Software Developer and and folklore to the hearts of millions and millions of digitalization and faces problem of infrastructure connection, ministry for information and broadcasting Hardware manufacturer in the form of Royalty, listeners across the country. built-up in lowly populated, difficult terrains. had invited applications for starting community radio License fee and maintenance support for closed and Traditional Terrestrial Transmission has suffered a stations from NGO'S , educational institutions and My sincere thanks will go to PRASAR BHARATI, customized units. Since, lot of money and power is at downswing due to factors like; not so attractive agricultural institutions, now there are nearly hundred M I N S T R Y F O R I N F O R M AT I O N A N D stake for such ventures it is crucial for a nation like programme content, un-aware user, non-availability and fifty(150) functional communityradio stations in BROADCASTING, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. For India, with other compelling issues such as food, of receive equipment in Indian market, tough India. facilitating all these valuable Television and radio medicine, shelter, education, national unity and competition from other counterparts and an overall channels at free of cost for the benefit of every security, to adopt correct technology and proper Trade Infact, it is the matter of proud and privilege that household. apathy for this technology. SHARANABASVESHWARA VIDYA VARDHAKA agreement with manufacturers because once a SANGHA has started a community radio in the year particular standard is accepted there can hardly be any The Cable and DTH market has already matured and flexibility to switch-over to a different standard at reached a saturation point, however there is About The Author later date. enthusiasm in viewers for availing customized content over Mobiles, Tablets, Laptops etc. In this article effort has been made to analyze the Dr Shivaraj Shastri Herur, Assistant Professor, Sharanabasveshwar College of Arts, Technological wonders are happening at many fronts potential of various existing as well as futuristic Gulbarga. Dr Shastri is a visually challenged person and his write up on a professional subject like introduction of DVB-S2 in satellite broadcast Broadcast technologies from view point of India. like DTH deserves due appreciation. technology to pack more channels in the same Present Scene of Broadcasting in India transponder bandwidth, or introduction of MPEG-4, HEVC compression to reduce number of bits required At present, India has got a mix of technologies in for encoding Audio-Video, DVB-T2/T2Lite versions Audio-Visual broadcasting such as, DTH (paid as in DTT field to provide new dimension to Terrestrial well as free DTH), IP services provided by different transmission, evolution of connected devices, smart Telcos, OTT services, Cable Services and Terrestrial phones and iTVs, the choices are mind boggling and services ( free and provided only by DD). DTH is continuously in a flux of betterment. With such a tizzy popular in cities and parts of villages but still out of

2810 29 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 nanotechnology but radio has remained as an powerful 2008. This community radio station is named as media of audio, even in this fast growing electronic “ANTHARVANI”. As our voice is from the depth of Customization of Technology to revolutionary age. heart i.e, internal voice will come from the wave. in this sense the name “ANTHARVANI” is aptly said. There are three main dimensions of radio, they are: ANTHARVANI 90.8 is the first and only one Suit our Unique Nation : India 1. Public radio/All India Radio(akashvani) (MW)., community radio station in Hyderabad Karnataka Mitali Chatterjee region.A number of programmes related to health, 2. Commercial Radio (FM) and education, music , culture,agriculture and environment Preface reach for many families in rural as well as urban areas, 3. Community Radio (FM). whose earnings are meager. In some coastal and hilly are being regularly broadcast for the enlightment of In todays world, where life is moving at a fast pace the people. “ANTHARVANI” is becoming the voice of regions that witness heavy rains and wind, Ku-band A few years ago there were only all India Radio's in our thing that changes even faster is the Technology. Field voiceless people by broadcasting many useful transmission suffers attenuation making the picture country, hence it was the only powerful electronic media of Broadcasting and Entertainment is not an programmes. quality vulnerable. IP and OTT services are in nascent for the rural and urban communities for entertainment , exception either, where as soon as a new technology is form and are available in limited areas because of news and to know about various schemes of introduced to the customer, yet another technology However, private, commercial and community radio non-availability of required infrastructure and also government. Having a radio set at home was the most with a new set of temptations and assurance to channels will not be available on DTH services. due to affordability issues of end-users. IP services are prestigious thing during that time and radio set was the provide even better audio visual experience with costlier compared to OTT but assure a minimum indication of richness. The All India Radio Stations which are situated in the lesser price is in pipeline. World has witnessed the quality of service with their customized capital city of every state has been inserted on DTH, changes from Analog to Digital, then HD, 3D, UHD, Commercial radio : a number of commercial radio hardware/software & dedicated links, whereas OTT considering as the representative voice of that particular Streaming video, Video over IP, 3G, 4G, DVB-T2, stations have been established throughout the country has more flexibility in terms of accommodating state. DAB+, OTT, LTE and so on, which in turn created a due to the change of information and broadcasting different types of devices that can be used by difficult scene for Policy makers, Standardization policies by the government of India. The main objective Now, there are thirty channels available on DTH a few subscribers. Business models are still in process of Organizations, Broadcasters, Distributors and finally of commercial radio stations is to generate more and of them are as follows: AIR VBS , AIR RAGAM , FM making because Service providers have to struggle End users who sometimes do not get a clear direction more profit. RAINBOW , FM GOLD, AIR NE , GYANVANI and hard to break even the expenditure involved in in which to proceed. Another important aspect that is all state radio channels of all languages are available on development and creation of apps and content to be Community radio : perhaps in the year 2003 and also closely associated with these technological DTH. The waves of all these channels on DTH will provided for such services. Cable network though 2004 the government of India decided to setup more and advancements is the Business model for Content bring the sweetness of culture, literature, classical music established itself in these years is now undergoing more community radio stations all over India. In this Provider, Backend Software Developer and and folklore to the hearts of millions and millions of digitalization and faces problem of infrastructure connection, ministry for information and broadcasting Hardware manufacturer in the form of Royalty, listeners across the country. built-up in lowly populated, difficult terrains. had invited applications for starting community radio License fee and maintenance support for closed and Traditional Terrestrial Transmission has suffered a stations from NGO'S , educational institutions and My sincere thanks will go to PRASAR BHARATI, customized units. Since, lot of money and power is at downswing due to factors like; not so attractive agricultural institutions, now there are nearly hundred M I N S T R Y F O R I N F O R M AT I O N A N D stake for such ventures it is crucial for a nation like programme content, un-aware user, non-availability and fifty(150) functional communityradio stations in BROADCASTING, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. For India, with other compelling issues such as food, of receive equipment in Indian market, tough India. facilitating all these valuable Television and radio medicine, shelter, education, national unity and competition from other counterparts and an overall channels at free of cost for the benefit of every security, to adopt correct technology and proper Trade Infact, it is the matter of proud and privilege that household. apathy for this technology. SHARANABASVESHWARA VIDYA VARDHAKA agreement with manufacturers because once a SANGHA has started a community radio in the year particular standard is accepted there can hardly be any The Cable and DTH market has already matured and flexibility to switch-over to a different standard at reached a saturation point, however there is About The Author later date. enthusiasm in viewers for availing customized content over Mobiles, Tablets, Laptops etc. In this article effort has been made to analyze the Dr Shivaraj Shastri Herur, Assistant Professor, Sharanabasveshwar College of Arts, Technological wonders are happening at many fronts potential of various existing as well as futuristic Gulbarga. Dr Shastri is a visually challenged person and his write up on a professional subject like introduction of DVB-S2 in satellite broadcast Broadcast technologies from view point of India. like DTH deserves due appreciation. technology to pack more channels in the same Present Scene of Broadcasting in India transponder bandwidth, or introduction of MPEG-4, HEVC compression to reduce number of bits required At present, India has got a mix of technologies in for encoding Audio-Video, DVB-T2/T2Lite versions Audio-Visual broadcasting such as, DTH (paid as in DTT field to provide new dimension to Terrestrial well as free DTH), IP services provided by different transmission, evolution of connected devices, smart Telcos, OTT services, Cable Services and Terrestrial phones and iTVs, the choices are mind boggling and services ( free and provided only by DD). DTH is continuously in a flux of betterment. With such a tizzy popular in cities and parts of villages but still out of

2810 29 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 situation the attention span of viewers have also of the programmes that are actually relevant to their plan to implement latest over-layed hybrid services of “Unity in Diversity”: narrowed, who are not ready to compromise on lives like carrier advise, local employment news, area similar to LTE+ over digital Terrestrial transmission 1. India is unique and different from other nations quality and are impatient for getting more. This keeps specific cultural and sports activities, Skill for enhancing value added services, faster with a extreme Geographical terrains that makes it content providers & apps developers on their toes to development, Government policies, Agriculture and downloading of data, limited internet access and on essential to deploy different strategies in different develop fastest and intelligent search engines weather related news and they are eager to have local demand video with zero recurring cost to consumers. regions. For overall uplift of the nation, interest of the optimized to locate and present the chosen content to content in regional language. All this can easily be Scope for coexistence of various technologies larger section of deprived and poor people are also to audience with minimum possible hassle. furnished through existing distributed network of be given importance to make them connected to the Terrestrial transmitters that will give an edge to the India is blessed with a diverse terrain, weather India being a unique country with it's own set of main stream. Area specific customized programmes Public Broadcaster. Apart from TV services, 'info- conditions and socio-economically varying requirements, problems and socio-economic like Kisan channel dubbed in local language, casting' and 'data-casting' services can be used for population base, so there is scope for coexistence of constraints it is specially crucial for Public Service employment opportunities, regional folk art etc. can providing much needed information on traffic variety of technologies for broadcasting audio video Broadcaster to make a perfect blend of existing and be aired from transmitter that can be received by all congestion on roads, accident occurrence, Organ content to cater to the needs of all. Technologies like futuristic technologies so as to achieve the best without fear of network congestion any recurring transplant (timely info to nearby hospital), train and Broadband IP services, OTT, 4G etc, which were solution for our citizen; “Bahujan Hitay, Bahujan expenditure by viewers. Since such programmes bus information, weather report etc on initially meant for point to point connectivity rather Sukhay” and uphold the supreme goal; “Satyam require a lot of research and time with no appreciable mobile/portable devices through customized apps, in than point to multipoint as required in broadcasting, Shivam Sundaram.” revenue generation the ultimate responsibility lies collaboration with other Government and Semi have inherent limitation of congested network when with public broadcaster. Remodeling Objectives in tune of Changing Government organizations like Local Traffic Police, consumer base increases at the same time such Aspirations of Public Hospitals, Railways, Meteorological Department etc. nonlinear broadcasting is a boon for busy executives 2. Public sentiments are greatly influenced by media, To cater to the needs of younger generations, and metro dwellers, who don't have luxury to watch therefore convoluted presentation on certain sensitive With time broadcasting policies have undergone a provision can also be made for providing on demand their favourite TV programmes in real time and would topics may throw the situation out of control and can sea-change. Today, instead of one way code based information downloading on like to watch it at their convenience. For younger be used by trouble makers for creating disturbance & communication it has become two way interactive employments, entertainment, News etc. that too generation availability of TV on mobile phones is an destruction. In a democratic setup there is no direct communication. Viewers have power to select and totally free and in fast mode. There also is possibility exciting option, whereas for rural and not so control over media houses so they should adhere on watch Programme as per their preferred time-zones of revenue generation through advertisements on privileged places free TV available on DTH and broadcasting only authentic news devoid of and TV programmes are available even in mobile local hotels, sales, cultural events etc. This distributed Terrestrial mode may be only choice of people. sensational items and should provide useful conditions over phones, Tablets and Laptops. With network can be used at a greater advantage for information for benefit of citizen. For example entry of new players like Telcos, ISPs into Broadcast DVB-T2 & T2Lite standards in Terrestrial mode have disaster management during natural and manmade during mis-happenings like train accidents, terrorist field a healthy competition is expected to benefit many advantages over it's past predecessors and can calamities for uniting the nation and also for attacks it is more important to inform public about the humanity in terms of good connectivity, be used for providing number of good quality TV and providing host of other niche services like customized incident in a controlled manner by displaying hospital entertainment and information exchange with radio channels alongwith mobile reception facility. Telemedicine, region specific Agricultural advise and details and other useful information instead of economically attractive schemes. It is high time for DD has installed DVB-T2 transmitters in Metros but other useful data to public for free. showing gory pictures of accidents. public broadcaster to take stock of the situation and requisite momentum in popularity could not be stay focused to fulfill it's responsibility towards Above targets are fully attainable but only with micro gained with existing programming schedules and 3. Satellite system is robust and reliable but are we nation by preserving the rich cultural heritage, planning, lot of hardwork and non-compromising improper launching policies. Today, Terrestrial prepared to fight the disasters like malfunctioning or disseminating information and education to even the attitude for best technical quality and programme transmission in India is fighting for its existence and purposeful jamming of satellite, which will at once remotest corner of the country, joining people of content. The Public Broadcaster already have several mocked upon as a white elephant and a redundant create a total blackout of signal in whole country. The different culture to make a united India and providing platforms at it's disposal like DTH, Terrestrial, Social system in the presence of DTH. Also, short term mobile network has the tendency to reach saturation programmes on agriculture, technology and Media, Web Streaming etc. The capacity of DTH has advantages like freeing of government property by within seconds due to panic stricken calls. In such Government welfare policies that may not fetch quick already been enhanced and new DVB-T2 transmitters dismantling transmitters and re-allocation of freed situation government owned distributed network of revenue but are essential to bind and uplift all Indians. also have the capability to provide approximately 10 broadcast bandwidth to starving Mobile networks transmitters can be used at an advantage for As of now AIR & DD both have a huge traditional channels in T2-Lite alongwith more than 50 Radio seem quite interesting. But in long run closure of broadcasting correct information from Government broadcast infrastructure alongwith a partial channels and host of multimedia and data services. Terrestrial network may result in a huge loss of agency that can be received by whole nation for broadcasting in new technology mediums like Social Placement of transmitters may be planned in such a national infrastructure, which still has the potential of controlling the situation and stop rumors. But we Media, Internet streaming etc. But it can't be denied way as to provide coverage and mobile data services being utilized as a lifeline for this nation just by need to make people aware about such facility so that that with time Terrestrial penetration that was the in isolated and less privileged strategic locations like changing the scope and objective to keep pace with they stay safe and calm during such emergencies. bastion of Public Broadcaster has reduced Terrorism stricken places and border areas where changing requirement of viewers. At this juncture it 4. Can we anticipate the reason, why all the developed considerably in the villages and remote areas. As per people feel cutoff from mainstream and are will be better to contemplate upon few pertinent as well as developing nations, having a higher per Audience Survey Reports though DTH in rural areas vulnerable to get astray and engage into wrong points concerning the safety and integrity of this capita income and much better infrastructure of have grown but low income viewers are still deprived activities out of frustration. Doordarshan can even nation, which is sewn together by the delicate notion broadband and Internet are still operating and

2630 31 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 situation the attention span of viewers have also of the programmes that are actually relevant to their plan to implement latest over-layed hybrid services of “Unity in Diversity”: narrowed, who are not ready to compromise on lives like carrier advise, local employment news, area similar to LTE+ over digital Terrestrial transmission 1. India is unique and different from other nations quality and are impatient for getting more. This keeps specific cultural and sports activities, Skill for enhancing value added services, faster with a extreme Geographical terrains that makes it content providers & apps developers on their toes to development, Government policies, Agriculture and downloading of data, limited internet access and on essential to deploy different strategies in different develop fastest and intelligent search engines weather related news and they are eager to have local demand video with zero recurring cost to consumers. regions. For overall uplift of the nation, interest of the optimized to locate and present the chosen content to content in regional language. All this can easily be Scope for coexistence of various technologies larger section of deprived and poor people are also to audience with minimum possible hassle. furnished through existing distributed network of be given importance to make them connected to the Terrestrial transmitters that will give an edge to the India is blessed with a diverse terrain, weather India being a unique country with it's own set of main stream. Area specific customized programmes Public Broadcaster. Apart from TV services, 'info- conditions and socio-economically varying requirements, problems and socio-economic like Kisan channel dubbed in local language, casting' and 'data-casting' services can be used for population base, so there is scope for coexistence of constraints it is specially crucial for Public Service employment opportunities, regional folk art etc. can providing much needed information on traffic variety of technologies for broadcasting audio video Broadcaster to make a perfect blend of existing and be aired from transmitter that can be received by all congestion on roads, accident occurrence, Organ content to cater to the needs of all. Technologies like futuristic technologies so as to achieve the best without fear of network congestion any recurring transplant (timely info to nearby hospital), train and Broadband IP services, OTT, 4G etc, which were solution for our citizen; “Bahujan Hitay, Bahujan expenditure by viewers. Since such programmes bus information, weather report etc on initially meant for point to point connectivity rather Sukhay” and uphold the supreme goal; “Satyam require a lot of research and time with no appreciable mobile/portable devices through customized apps, in than point to multipoint as required in broadcasting, Shivam Sundaram.” revenue generation the ultimate responsibility lies collaboration with other Government and Semi have inherent limitation of congested network when with public broadcaster. Remodeling Objectives in tune of Changing Government organizations like Local Traffic Police, consumer base increases at the same time such Aspirations of Public Hospitals, Railways, Meteorological Department etc. nonlinear broadcasting is a boon for busy executives 2. Public sentiments are greatly influenced by media, To cater to the needs of younger generations, and metro dwellers, who don't have luxury to watch therefore convoluted presentation on certain sensitive With time broadcasting policies have undergone a provision can also be made for providing on demand their favourite TV programmes in real time and would topics may throw the situation out of control and can sea-change. Today, instead of one way code based information downloading on like to watch it at their convenience. For younger be used by trouble makers for creating disturbance & communication it has become two way interactive employments, entertainment, News etc. that too generation availability of TV on mobile phones is an destruction. In a democratic setup there is no direct communication. Viewers have power to select and totally free and in fast mode. There also is possibility exciting option, whereas for rural and not so control over media houses so they should adhere on watch Programme as per their preferred time-zones of revenue generation through advertisements on privileged places free TV available on DTH and broadcasting only authentic news devoid of and TV programmes are available even in mobile local hotels, sales, cultural events etc. This distributed Terrestrial mode may be only choice of people. sensational items and should provide useful conditions over phones, Tablets and Laptops. With network can be used at a greater advantage for information for benefit of citizen. For example entry of new players like Telcos, ISPs into Broadcast DVB-T2 & T2Lite standards in Terrestrial mode have disaster management during natural and manmade during mis-happenings like train accidents, terrorist field a healthy competition is expected to benefit many advantages over it's past predecessors and can calamities for uniting the nation and also for attacks it is more important to inform public about the humanity in terms of good connectivity, be used for providing number of good quality TV and providing host of other niche services like customized incident in a controlled manner by displaying hospital entertainment and information exchange with radio channels alongwith mobile reception facility. Telemedicine, region specific Agricultural advise and details and other useful information instead of economically attractive schemes. It is high time for DD has installed DVB-T2 transmitters in Metros but other useful data to public for free. showing gory pictures of accidents. public broadcaster to take stock of the situation and requisite momentum in popularity could not be stay focused to fulfill it's responsibility towards Above targets are fully attainable but only with micro gained with existing programming schedules and 3. Satellite system is robust and reliable but are we nation by preserving the rich cultural heritage, planning, lot of hardwork and non-compromising improper launching policies. Today, Terrestrial prepared to fight the disasters like malfunctioning or disseminating information and education to even the attitude for best technical quality and programme transmission in India is fighting for its existence and purposeful jamming of satellite, which will at once remotest corner of the country, joining people of content. The Public Broadcaster already have several mocked upon as a white elephant and a redundant create a total blackout of signal in whole country. The different culture to make a united India and providing platforms at it's disposal like DTH, Terrestrial, Social system in the presence of DTH. Also, short term mobile network has the tendency to reach saturation programmes on agriculture, technology and Media, Web Streaming etc. The capacity of DTH has advantages like freeing of government property by within seconds due to panic stricken calls. In such Government welfare policies that may not fetch quick already been enhanced and new DVB-T2 transmitters dismantling transmitters and re-allocation of freed situation government owned distributed network of revenue but are essential to bind and uplift all Indians. also have the capability to provide approximately 10 broadcast bandwidth to starving Mobile networks transmitters can be used at an advantage for As of now AIR & DD both have a huge traditional channels in T2-Lite alongwith more than 50 Radio seem quite interesting. But in long run closure of broadcasting correct information from Government broadcast infrastructure alongwith a partial channels and host of multimedia and data services. Terrestrial network may result in a huge loss of agency that can be received by whole nation for broadcasting in new technology mediums like Social Placement of transmitters may be planned in such a national infrastructure, which still has the potential of controlling the situation and stop rumors. But we Media, Internet streaming etc. But it can't be denied way as to provide coverage and mobile data services being utilized as a lifeline for this nation just by need to make people aware about such facility so that that with time Terrestrial penetration that was the in isolated and less privileged strategic locations like changing the scope and objective to keep pace with they stay safe and calm during such emergencies. bastion of Public Broadcaster has reduced Terrorism stricken places and border areas where changing requirement of viewers. At this juncture it 4. Can we anticipate the reason, why all the developed considerably in the villages and remote areas. As per people feel cutoff from mainstream and are will be better to contemplate upon few pertinent as well as developing nations, having a higher per Audience Survey Reports though DTH in rural areas vulnerable to get astray and engage into wrong points concerning the safety and integrity of this capita income and much better infrastructure of have grown but low income viewers are still deprived activities out of frustration. Doordarshan can even nation, which is sewn together by the delicate notion broadband and Internet are still operating and

2630 31 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 upgrading their Terrestrial Broadcast network ? Not a industry as well as Bright students, who are not able to reception due to low-performance receive antennas at with hardware manufacturers and service providers to single nation has abandoned the terrestrial network implement their innovative ideas due to limited variable orientation and in motion, so network launch customized receive equipment including TV rather they are investing in it in the form of Technical resources at colleges and lack of knowledge on planning is to be done accordingly with placement of sets, Mobile phones, laptops and STBs, Antenna, up-gradation, free distribution of antennas, practical field experience and business trends. Not repeaters etc. to avoid shadow zones. Normally, field Dongle as per certain mandatory technical subsidized STBs etc for reaping advantages of better necessarily, such ventures will succeed every time but strengths required for mobile reception is approx specifications like done in other countries. The sale terrestrial network. even a small percentage of success will be beneficial 30dB higher than that required for fixed-reception. In of these sets should be allowed only after thorough for the nation. Also, there should be sharp monitoring big cities with high rise buildings a single-frequency testing and certification by some standard If we have logical and valid answers to all the above of outputs and strict timelines and system of patenting network (SFN) consisting of number of low-power organization in India. This will ensure availability of questions then we can safely go ahead for closing for such projects to avoid any slackness. transmitters in the desired coverage area can provide a good quality and reliable reception equipment at a down the Terrestrial network completely, but if not consistent signal strength for good reception because competitive price. In-house technical testing facility then lot of hard work and planning is required to make Good and innovative content is the key to reach hearts of multi directional signals. For small cities and rural can be readily setup in already existing offices like it a reliable communication medium in case of any of viewers. For techno-savvy younger generation area even a single High Power transmitter can fulfill R&D and NABM. They can compare various natural or man-made calamity, otherwise this with access to mobiles and laptops, DD can provide the reception criterion leading to cost reduction. technologies as per national requirement and give thriving, costly and unique National facility may turn interactive educative progrmmes like quiz, games, Locations for installation of new Digital Terrestrial reports to the policy and decision makers. There needs into a junk with no alternative arrangement in place UGC produced tailor made programmes for science, transmitter may be planned judiciously so that to be foolproof plans in terms of signing MoUs with which may turn out to be disastrous for our Nation in maths etc. Niche broadcasting in local languages isolated areas are covered by more number of Technology provider for sustaining support to the long term. targeted for small ethnic groups can be extremely transmitters and repeaters as compared to big cities infrastructure for sufficiently longer time with beneficial for national integration and sense of Introspection on Public Broadcasting Strategy and metros that are well covered by the Mobile & reasonable and economical spare availability, wellbeing. For sensitive, less developed and genuine fiber networks. The regions in Orissa, North East, technology updates, liscences related to maintenance places government can even distribute customized In the beginning DD was the sole broadcaster of TV in Kashmir, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Bihar, of network. Potential of new experiments like LTE+ receive handsets enabled for receiving DD India with an objective to cover entire population, Madhya Pradesh etc, which are prone to poverty, overlay, Infrastructure sharing with Telcos like BSNL programmes only, to Gram panchayats, Schools, which was achieved through installation of an array of Naxalism, Terrorism and hostile bordering neighbors, may also be explored for establishing hybrid network Angan-wadi etc. This can built-up a national Terrestrial Transmitters all over the country. But after can be covered with strong terrestrial network to for reaching maximum population. DD can earn terrestrial infrastructure with available low-cost, introduction of Cable Network, viewers were connect and bind them to National main stream. revenue by means of media download, on demand sturdy and portable reception devices that can also be attracted to it as they got a bunch of channels on video because it has a wealth of good recorded utilized for region specific disaster alerts in coastal, Business Aspect in Broadcasting payment of monthly subscription compared to single programmes that are in demand outside India. These channel on Terrestrial. Soon after DTH entered in hilly and disturbed sensitive zones for minimizing Business aspect is closely intertwined with every new can be distributed to foreign countries in attractive broadcasting arena and became an instant hit. Today damages by taking proactive steps by authorities and concept or technology in the form of license, patent packaging using services of reliable web performance varied choices are available to privileged viewers but people in time. To make DD programmes popular it is fee , royalty etc. With advancement of technology enhancers, who also provide useful information on on realistic ground a large section of population is still also necessary to increase awareness of viewers by business strategies have also changed and have content popularity, density of interested viewers in dependent on Public Broadcaster for availing free proper propaganda/advertisement of the programme become more target oriented and specific. It is different countries & business models for revenue entertainment and news. schedule in an attractive way and well in advance so imperative to choose latest and open ended sharing. that people are inquisitive for watching it. Apart from technology that will fulfill the basic need of proper Today, DD channels are available in different delivery DD programmes, MoUs can be signed-up with In a nutshell there are enough opportunities and scope reception of the signal in varied geographical modes including New media technologies and popular private channels in region specific manner for all technologies to thrive in a competitive conditions with easily available reception equipment. popular social media like YouTube. In this using beneficial business models. Local state environment and for benefit of all. The large consumer base of this country can be used competitive world, end user is the king so it is government and other agencies can also be by Government and policy makers to negotiate terms essential to deliver content through our own coordinated for including and sharing their customized apps, which can work efficiently with information for public welfare. different makes and models of reception equipment. With setups like NABM and Research Department For reaping full advantage of Terrestrial, optimum About The Author already in place, Public broadcaster can think of working of technical infrastructure must be ensured through extensive field testing of signal strength Mrs. Mitali Chatterjee is presently working as Dy. Director General in Doordarshan roping in bright students of Engineering colleges, Directorate, New Delhi and looking after the Maintenance and Operations of Doordarshan Government IT units like NIC & CDAC & under all circumstances, which may affect the Transmitters. She has more than 25 years of experience in Broadcast Field and has worked in the manufacturing units like MSME to collaborate for transmission adversely like; presence of high rise fields of Satellite Transmission, Research & Development and Transmitter wings of Public developing prototypes, testing and do research for buildings, metro tunnels, high density trees etc. Also, Service Broadcaster of India. selecting best option as per national requirement. commercial availability of robust and economic She graduated with Masters in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering(with Developing indigenous hardware and software may reception device is a must for success of such specialization in Digital Systems) from MNREC, Allahabad. She has got several technical result in saving of lot of foreign revenue and paving services. Reception of signal in portable and mobile publications in various magazines and is a Member of IETE. way for young entrepreneurs. This will benefit both devices involves more complexity than fixed

32 33 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 upgrading their Terrestrial Broadcast network ? Not a industry as well as Bright students, who are not able to reception due to low-performance receive antennas at with hardware manufacturers and service providers to single nation has abandoned the terrestrial network implement their innovative ideas due to limited variable orientation and in motion, so network launch customized receive equipment including TV rather they are investing in it in the form of Technical resources at colleges and lack of knowledge on planning is to be done accordingly with placement of sets, Mobile phones, laptops and STBs, Antenna, up-gradation, free distribution of antennas, practical field experience and business trends. Not repeaters etc. to avoid shadow zones. Normally, field Dongle as per certain mandatory technical subsidized STBs etc for reaping advantages of better necessarily, such ventures will succeed every time but strengths required for mobile reception is approx specifications like done in other countries. The sale terrestrial network. even a small percentage of success will be beneficial 30dB higher than that required for fixed-reception. In of these sets should be allowed only after thorough for the nation. Also, there should be sharp monitoring big cities with high rise buildings a single-frequency testing and certification by some standard If we have logical and valid answers to all the above of outputs and strict timelines and system of patenting network (SFN) consisting of number of low-power organization in India. This will ensure availability of questions then we can safely go ahead for closing for such projects to avoid any slackness. transmitters in the desired coverage area can provide a good quality and reliable reception equipment at a down the Terrestrial network completely, but if not consistent signal strength for good reception because competitive price. In-house technical testing facility then lot of hard work and planning is required to make Good and innovative content is the key to reach hearts of multi directional signals. For small cities and rural can be readily setup in already existing offices like it a reliable communication medium in case of any of viewers. For techno-savvy younger generation area even a single High Power transmitter can fulfill R&D and NABM. They can compare various natural or man-made calamity, otherwise this with access to mobiles and laptops, DD can provide the reception criterion leading to cost reduction. technologies as per national requirement and give thriving, costly and unique National facility may turn interactive educative progrmmes like quiz, games, Locations for installation of new Digital Terrestrial reports to the policy and decision makers. There needs into a junk with no alternative arrangement in place UGC produced tailor made programmes for science, transmitter may be planned judiciously so that to be foolproof plans in terms of signing MoUs with which may turn out to be disastrous for our Nation in maths etc. Niche broadcasting in local languages isolated areas are covered by more number of Technology provider for sustaining support to the long term. targeted for small ethnic groups can be extremely transmitters and repeaters as compared to big cities infrastructure for sufficiently longer time with beneficial for national integration and sense of Introspection on Public Broadcasting Strategy and metros that are well covered by the Mobile & reasonable and economical spare availability, wellbeing. For sensitive, less developed and genuine fiber networks. The regions in Orissa, North East, technology updates, liscences related to maintenance places government can even distribute customized In the beginning DD was the sole broadcaster of TV in Kashmir, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Bihar, of network. Potential of new experiments like LTE+ receive handsets enabled for receiving DD India with an objective to cover entire population, Madhya Pradesh etc, which are prone to poverty, overlay, Infrastructure sharing with Telcos like BSNL programmes only, to Gram panchayats, Schools, which was achieved through installation of an array of Naxalism, Terrorism and hostile bordering neighbors, may also be explored for establishing hybrid network Angan-wadi etc. This can built-up a national Terrestrial Transmitters all over the country. But after can be covered with strong terrestrial network to for reaching maximum population. DD can earn terrestrial infrastructure with available low-cost, introduction of Cable Network, viewers were connect and bind them to National main stream. revenue by means of media download, on demand sturdy and portable reception devices that can also be attracted to it as they got a bunch of channels on video because it has a wealth of good recorded utilized for region specific disaster alerts in coastal, Business Aspect in Broadcasting payment of monthly subscription compared to single programmes that are in demand outside India. These channel on Terrestrial. Soon after DTH entered in hilly and disturbed sensitive zones for minimizing Business aspect is closely intertwined with every new can be distributed to foreign countries in attractive broadcasting arena and became an instant hit. Today damages by taking proactive steps by authorities and concept or technology in the form of license, patent packaging using services of reliable web performance varied choices are available to privileged viewers but people in time. To make DD programmes popular it is fee , royalty etc. With advancement of technology enhancers, who also provide useful information on on realistic ground a large section of population is still also necessary to increase awareness of viewers by business strategies have also changed and have content popularity, density of interested viewers in dependent on Public Broadcaster for availing free proper propaganda/advertisement of the programme become more target oriented and specific. It is different countries & business models for revenue entertainment and news. schedule in an attractive way and well in advance so imperative to choose latest and open ended sharing. that people are inquisitive for watching it. Apart from technology that will fulfill the basic need of proper Today, DD channels are available in different delivery DD programmes, MoUs can be signed-up with In a nutshell there are enough opportunities and scope reception of the signal in varied geographical modes including New media technologies and popular private channels in region specific manner for all technologies to thrive in a competitive conditions with easily available reception equipment. popular social media like YouTube. In this using beneficial business models. Local state environment and for benefit of all. The large consumer base of this country can be used competitive world, end user is the king so it is government and other agencies can also be by Government and policy makers to negotiate terms essential to deliver content through our own coordinated for including and sharing their customized apps, which can work efficiently with information for public welfare. different makes and models of reception equipment. With setups like NABM and Research Department For reaping full advantage of Terrestrial, optimum About The Author already in place, Public broadcaster can think of working of technical infrastructure must be ensured through extensive field testing of signal strength Mrs. Mitali Chatterjee is presently working as Dy. Director General in Doordarshan roping in bright students of Engineering colleges, Directorate, New Delhi and looking after the Maintenance and Operations of Doordarshan Government IT units like NIC & CDAC & under all circumstances, which may affect the Transmitters. She has more than 25 years of experience in Broadcast Field and has worked in the manufacturing units like MSME to collaborate for transmission adversely like; presence of high rise fields of Satellite Transmission, Research & Development and Transmitter wings of Public developing prototypes, testing and do research for buildings, metro tunnels, high density trees etc. Also, Service Broadcaster of India. selecting best option as per national requirement. commercial availability of robust and economic She graduated with Masters in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering(with Developing indigenous hardware and software may reception device is a must for success of such specialization in Digital Systems) from MNREC, Allahabad. She has got several technical result in saving of lot of foreign revenue and paving services. Reception of signal in portable and mobile publications in various magazines and is a Member of IETE. way for young entrepreneurs. This will benefit both devices involves more complexity than fixed

32 33 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 LTE Evolution of mobile data usage and emergence of new applications such as MMOG (Multimedia Online Gaming), mobile Morse to LTE - Evolution LTE, also called EUTRA, introduced by 3GPP is a 3rd TV, Web 2.0, streaming contents have motivated the 3rd S. Venkataraman generation mobile communication standard. The most Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on the Wireless communication is not a modern concept but an Evolution of Mobile Services frequent rival of LTE is the 802.16e standard, also called Long-Term Evolution (LTE) on the way towards fourth- ancient concept known to human beings long ago. Man WiMAX that was developed by IEEE. The main generation mobile. The main goal of LTE is to provide a knows voice travels from a mouth to an ear through air. The first public mobile telephone service used in 25 objectives of this evolution are improvements in data high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio He also knows that data or information can be cities in the United States in 1946 had a single high rate, spectral efficiency, power consumption of the access technology supporting flexible bandwidth transferred through wireless media in the form of power transmitter and large tower. In the 1950s and terminal, cell edge bit rate; and reductions in deployments. Also its network architecture has been signals like smoke, flags and other visual signals. 1960s, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) transmission latency, connection establishment latency designed with the goal to support packet-switched Certain primitive methods are employed even in was developed. The Advanced Mobile Phone System and cost. Release 8 is the first LTE release and was traffic with seamless mobility and great quality of modern world. In the 1700s, people used primitive (AMPS) can be considered as the first U.S. cellular published in 2008. Release 9 includes SAES service. LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 methods for transferring information and messages telephone system that was established by Ameritech in enhancement, WiMAX and LTE interoperability. times performance improvement and much better from one place to another, but these methods varied Chicago. The first U.S. digital cellular (USDC) system Release 10 is to satisfy International Mobile spectral efficiency to cellular networks. according to the distance. hardware was installed in major U.S. cities in 1991 Telecommunications (IMT)-advanced requirements for 4thgeneration broadband mobile communications. The LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for Evolution of Communication main objective of IMT-Advanced is to develop a the services such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming wireless communication technology that supports high multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed The first visual telegraph systems, called semaphores, data rates with high mobility. cellular modem. were built in 1792. In 1838, the Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail proposed a version of the electrical telegraph To understand what is LTE and how does it differ from that included a logging device to record the message on other cellular systems, we will have a quick look at the paper tape. This turning point in the development of the specifications which can provide many answers. LTE telegraph led to construction of millions kilometers of can be seen to provide for further evolution of telegraph lines throughout the globe for carrying voice functionality, increased speeds and general improved and message. performance. LTE Technologies

USDC took advantage of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) instead of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), and used channel coding technology to increase the capacity to six users for 30 What is LTE ?.. Why LTE ? kHz of bandwidth. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based systems were introduced by Qualcomm LTE, Long Term Evolution, is the way forward for high Inc. and standardized by the Telecommunications speed cellular services. The maximum data rate of LTE Industry Association (TIA) as an Interim Standard (IS- varies from 100 Mbps to 300 Mbps. There has been a 95) in 1993 New standards were introduced by different rapid increase in the use of data carried by cellular companies and organizations to achieve better services, and this increase will only become larger in performance. The development of wireless what has been termed the "data explosion". To cater for Alexander Graham Bell invented the conventional communication standards is still going on today. this and the increased demands for increased data telephone system in 1876 and contributed to the transmission speeds and lower latency, further development of inter-city telephone lines in the United The first generations of mobile communication development of cellular technology have been required. States by the end of the 1880s. The world's first wireless networks were analog cellular systems that used The UMTS cellular technology upgrade has been telephone call between Bell and Charles Taiter took Frequency Modulation (FM) for radio transmission. nd dubbed LTE - Long Term Evolution. The idea is that 3G place in 1880 via modulated light beam. GSM and CDMA 2000 are two well known 2 LTE will enable much higher speeds to be achieved generation standards. GSM is based on Time Division along with much lower packet latency (a growing Marconi demonstrated the capabilities of radio Multiple Access (TDMA) while CDMA 2000 uses Code transmission by transmission of Morse code via requirement for many services these days), and that Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The 2nd generation 3GPP LTE will enable cellular communications electromagnetic waves over 3 kilometers of distance. was the beginning of the evolution toward 3G and 4G This invention caused an immense development in services to move forward to meet the needs for cellular standards. 3GPP, IEEE and 3GPP2 are three major technology to 2017 and well beyond. A rapid increase telecommunications. standard development groups. 34 35 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex): management, ideal mode UE tracking. based. Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism has been network controller is to be added to the existing GSM- OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE standardized on all interfaces. UMTS voice core. HSS contains the information on the Packet Data because it enables high data bandwidths to be Networks (PDNs) to which the UE can connect, such as Advantages of LTE LTE Operational Scenario transmitted efficiently while still providing a high Access Point Name (APN) or a PDN address PCRF degree of resilience to reflections and interference. High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in LTE has become the fastest-developing system in the performs policy control and manages charging both downlink as well as uplink. This causes high history of mobile communication. LTE is now accepted functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output): By using throughput. as the global standard for the fourth generation of Function of P-GW and authorizes QoS MIMO, multiple signals arising from the many mobile broadband (4G), and is supported by all major Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is reflections can be used to advantage and are able to be LTE Protocol Layers players in the industry. used to increase the throughput. in range of a few hundred milliseconds and power • Radio Resource Control (RRC) saving states can now be entered and exited very LTE also is benefited from the development of advanced SAE (System Architecture Evolution): A number of the • Packet Data Coverage Protocol (PDCP) quickly. automation techniques, which have made deploying, functions previously handled by the core network have and now optimizing and tuning, the technology a virtual • Radio Link Control (RLC) FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency been transferred out to the periphery. In this way latency 'plug-and-play' activity. The immediacy and quality of • Medium Access Control Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex times can be reduced and data can be routed more information available from LTE management systems (FDD), both schemes can be used on same platform. directly to its destination. LTE Bandwidths & Characteristics also mean continuous improvements can be made with a Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling high degree of certainty. Some are positioning LTE in LTE Architecture One of the key parameters associated with the use of OFDM within LTE is the choice of bandwidth. The for connection establishment and other air interface and new ways, mainly as a direct substitute or replacement LTE architecture consists of two main parts: EUTRAN available bandwidth influences a variety of decisions mobility management procedures have further for fixed broadband services. improved the user experience. Reduced latency (to 10 including the number of carriers that can be Operators can use the rich data experience of LTE to sell ms) for better user experience. accommodated in the OFDM signal and in turn this more data and develop new revenue streams. (Six influences elements including the symbol length and so Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless minute clip on LTE would consume 80MB compared forth. LTE defines a number of channel bandwidths. connection to existing networks such as GSM, CDMA with 27MB on 3G, thus driving usage). Enhanced Obviously the greater the bandwidth, the greater the and WCDMA. enterprise LTE solutions, such as videoconferencing on- channel capacity. The channel bandwidths that have the-go and remote access to business applications. been chosen for LTE are Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device. Instead system There is a perceived lack of a strong need for mobile 1.4 MHz / 3 MHz / 5 MHz /10 MHz / 15 MHz/ 20 MHz automatically recognizes the device, loads new drivers broadband speeds faster than 3G offers, in tandem with a In addition to this the subcarriers spacing is 15 kHz, i.e. for the hardware if needed, and begins to work with the lack of a clear value proposition for LTE that is distinct the LTE subcarriers are spaced 15 kHz apart from each newly connected device. from 3G. other. To maintain orthogonality, this gives a symbol rate of 1 / 15 kHz = of 66.7 µs. Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture LTE networks will give rise to more competition on low operating expenditure (OPEX). voice than at present because consumers will have more Each subcarrier is able to carry data at a maximum rate choice on how they make voice calls of 15 ksps (kilosymbols per second). This gives a 20 LTE deployment The operator with the best network and the most MHz bandwidth system a raw symbol rate of 18 Msps. 1. Data-only services on LTE In turn this is able to provide a raw data rate of 108 Mbps competitively-priced services that offer the best 2. Data-only services on LTE with 2G-3G voice perceived value will still win on ARPU and churn. as each symbol using 64QAM is able to represent six 3. Voice and data services on LTE (EUTRA Node) and EPC (Evolved Packet Core). These bits. Users will consume more data over LTE if the two nodes together comprise an Evolved Packet System Devices downloading data in 4G coverage will require In a 20MHz carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps can be experience is perceptibly better than 3G and so are more (EPS). EPS routes the IP packet with a given Quality of the same uninterrupted data rates when they roam to 3G likely to be prepared to pay to use the service more. Service (QoS), called an EPS bearer, from the Packet achieved under very good signal conditions. LTE is an coverage area, and this will increase the traffic in 3G ideal technology to support high date rates for the Offering an LTE experience with small amounts of data Data Network Gateway (P-GW) to User Equipment network zone. Therefore, 3G network coverage per month (e.g., sub 1GB) is a sound way to encourage (UE). EPC includes the Packet Data Network Gateway services such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming footprint should be changed (smaller) before 4G multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed the uptake of the service and, once the customer is (P-GW), Serving Gateway (S-GW), Mobility deployment signed up, to then encourage a greater usage of it, rather Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Service cellular modem. Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA) than expecting customers to jump to significantly higher (HSS), Policy Control and Charging Rules Function LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths as well as both speeds and data allowances than they are used to on 3G. (PCRF). P-GW can be considered as an IP anchor FDD and TDD. Which bandwidth is used depends on It is intended to provide mobile operators with the which connects UE to the external packet data network. the frequency band and the amount of spectrum ability to deliver voice and messaging services over LTE Success in LTE means getting to market quickly, with S-GW is a mobility anchor for the user plane when UE available with a network operator. access networks based on existing 3GPP Generic services that offer subscribers something more than moves between eNodeBs. MME is responsible for user Access Network (GAN) standard. VoLGA access they have today, as cost-effectively as possible authentication by interacting with HSS, bearer All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP

36 37 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex): management, ideal mode UE tracking. based. Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism has been network controller is to be added to the existing GSM- OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE standardized on all interfaces. UMTS voice core. HSS contains the information on the Packet Data because it enables high data bandwidths to be Networks (PDNs) to which the UE can connect, such as Advantages of LTE LTE Operational Scenario transmitted efficiently while still providing a high Access Point Name (APN) or a PDN address PCRF degree of resilience to reflections and interference. High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in LTE has become the fastest-developing system in the performs policy control and manages charging both downlink as well as uplink. This causes high history of mobile communication. LTE is now accepted functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output): By using throughput. as the global standard for the fourth generation of Function of P-GW and authorizes QoS MIMO, multiple signals arising from the many mobile broadband (4G), and is supported by all major Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is reflections can be used to advantage and are able to be LTE Protocol Layers players in the industry. used to increase the throughput. in range of a few hundred milliseconds and power • Radio Resource Control (RRC) saving states can now be entered and exited very LTE also is benefited from the development of advanced SAE (System Architecture Evolution): A number of the • Packet Data Coverage Protocol (PDCP) quickly. automation techniques, which have made deploying, functions previously handled by the core network have and now optimizing and tuning, the technology a virtual • Radio Link Control (RLC) FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency been transferred out to the periphery. In this way latency 'plug-and-play' activity. The immediacy and quality of • Medium Access Control Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex times can be reduced and data can be routed more information available from LTE management systems (FDD), both schemes can be used on same platform. directly to its destination. LTE Bandwidths & Characteristics also mean continuous improvements can be made with a Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling high degree of certainty. Some are positioning LTE in LTE Architecture One of the key parameters associated with the use of OFDM within LTE is the choice of bandwidth. The for connection establishment and other air interface and new ways, mainly as a direct substitute or replacement LTE architecture consists of two main parts: EUTRAN available bandwidth influences a variety of decisions mobility management procedures have further for fixed broadband services. improved the user experience. Reduced latency (to 10 including the number of carriers that can be Operators can use the rich data experience of LTE to sell ms) for better user experience. accommodated in the OFDM signal and in turn this more data and develop new revenue streams. (Six influences elements including the symbol length and so Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless minute clip on LTE would consume 80MB compared forth. LTE defines a number of channel bandwidths. connection to existing networks such as GSM, CDMA with 27MB on 3G, thus driving usage). Enhanced Obviously the greater the bandwidth, the greater the and WCDMA. enterprise LTE solutions, such as videoconferencing on- channel capacity. The channel bandwidths that have the-go and remote access to business applications. been chosen for LTE are Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device. Instead system There is a perceived lack of a strong need for mobile 1.4 MHz / 3 MHz / 5 MHz /10 MHz / 15 MHz/ 20 MHz automatically recognizes the device, loads new drivers broadband speeds faster than 3G offers, in tandem with a In addition to this the subcarriers spacing is 15 kHz, i.e. for the hardware if needed, and begins to work with the lack of a clear value proposition for LTE that is distinct the LTE subcarriers are spaced 15 kHz apart from each newly connected device. from 3G. other. To maintain orthogonality, this gives a symbol rate of 1 / 15 kHz = of 66.7 µs. Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture LTE networks will give rise to more competition on low operating expenditure (OPEX). voice than at present because consumers will have more Each subcarrier is able to carry data at a maximum rate choice on how they make voice calls of 15 ksps (kilosymbols per second). This gives a 20 LTE deployment The operator with the best network and the most MHz bandwidth system a raw symbol rate of 18 Msps. 1. Data-only services on LTE In turn this is able to provide a raw data rate of 108 Mbps competitively-priced services that offer the best 2. Data-only services on LTE with 2G-3G voice perceived value will still win on ARPU and churn. as each symbol using 64QAM is able to represent six 3. Voice and data services on LTE (EUTRA Node) and EPC (Evolved Packet Core). These bits. Users will consume more data over LTE if the two nodes together comprise an Evolved Packet System Devices downloading data in 4G coverage will require In a 20MHz carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps can be experience is perceptibly better than 3G and so are more (EPS). EPS routes the IP packet with a given Quality of the same uninterrupted data rates when they roam to 3G likely to be prepared to pay to use the service more. Service (QoS), called an EPS bearer, from the Packet achieved under very good signal conditions. LTE is an coverage area, and this will increase the traffic in 3G ideal technology to support high date rates for the Offering an LTE experience with small amounts of data Data Network Gateway (P-GW) to User Equipment network zone. Therefore, 3G network coverage per month (e.g., sub 1GB) is a sound way to encourage (UE). EPC includes the Packet Data Network Gateway services such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming footprint should be changed (smaller) before 4G multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed the uptake of the service and, once the customer is (P-GW), Serving Gateway (S-GW), Mobility deployment signed up, to then encourage a greater usage of it, rather Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Service cellular modem. Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA) than expecting customers to jump to significantly higher (HSS), Policy Control and Charging Rules Function LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths as well as both speeds and data allowances than they are used to on 3G. (PCRF). P-GW can be considered as an IP anchor FDD and TDD. Which bandwidth is used depends on It is intended to provide mobile operators with the which connects UE to the external packet data network. the frequency band and the amount of spectrum ability to deliver voice and messaging services over LTE Success in LTE means getting to market quickly, with S-GW is a mobility anchor for the user plane when UE available with a network operator. access networks based on existing 3GPP Generic services that offer subscribers something more than moves between eNodeBs. MME is responsible for user Access Network (GAN) standard. VoLGA access they have today, as cost-effectively as possible authentication by interacting with HSS, bearer All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP

36 37 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Comparison between LTE & LTE-advanced RF Spectrum & Network Plannning: Regulations, Planning Parameters and Coverages M. S. Duhan

The radio frequency spectrum is not an inexhaustible natural resource is key to economic health of resource. It is a very precious resource which must be telecommunications. It addresses international and managed to ensure efficient and equitable access for domestic components, ensures interference-free the services which use it. In India, the radio access to the radiofrequency spectrum for as many frequencies are confined between 9kHz and 3000 users and as many uses as is possible and it is a large GHz and are being used for 40 different types of revenue generator. services like fixed communication, mobile The Indian Telegraph Act 1885 and the Indian communication, broadcasting, radio navigation, Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 and related rules and radiolocation, fixed and mobile satellite service, procedures provide the legal basis for spectrum aeronautical satellite service, radio navigational management. The National Frequency Allocation satellite service etc. Frequency band (or bands) are Plan (NFAP) 1981, and subsequent revisions or not allocated to any wireless user or a service amendments, derived from the Table of Frequency provider. It is the individual frequency (or radio Allocations of the Radio Regulations, in consultation frequency channel), which is assigned by the with the national users through the forum of Standing administration for a radio station under specified Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency conditions. The application of RF Spectrum is since Allocations (SACFA), provides the basis for long time ago but World War-I brought home to assignment of frequencies. The Wireless Planning nations the strategic importance of long-distance and Coordination (WPC) Wing of the Ministry of radio in addition to its military uses in keeping contact Communication is the radio regulatory agency with its fleets and overseas forces. In this paper focus LTE Penetration around the world responsible for radio frequency spectrum is on Radio spectrum used for broadcasting with management, including licensing. While flexibility in emphasis on FM and TV spectrum issues like the use of spectrum rights is desirable it is up to the regulators, frequency spectrum, planning criterion & government to decide the degree of flexibility. Under constraints, coverage predictions etc. Section 11 Sub-section 1 Clause (a) (viii) of TRAI Regulations & Procedures: Act, the TRAI may make recommendations to DoT. Ministry of information and broadcasting looks after The regulations and procedures promulgated and the adopted by the national spectrum management authority should include steps for legal appeal of The international cooperation in telecommunications About The Author some decisions and should cover areas such as started with the creation of the International procedures for obtaining and renewing a license, Telegraph Union in Paris in 1865. The first Shri S Venkataraman started his career in P&T Department and subsequently served in DoT technical standards, equipment authorization international Radiotelegraph Conference was held in and BSNL. He had travelled along with many varied technologies right from Telegraphy, procedures, channeling plans, and operational Berlin 1906. In 1927, the Washington conference Manual/Electromechanical/Electronic/Digital/NGN telephone systems; CDMA/2G/3G requirements. A spectrum management organization established the International Radio Consultative mobile systems. He acknowledges various web resources for being the basis for this should be guided by national policies, ensuring that Committee (CCIR) to study technical radio problems. comprehensive article, which aims to give the readers an insight into LTE its regulations conform to national objectives as set In Madrid, in 1932, the plenipotentiaries decided to forth in domestic law and do not conflict with create a single organization known as the international regulations. Thus administration of a International Telecommunication Union (ITU),

6138 39 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Comparison between LTE & LTE-advanced RF Spectrum & Network Plannning: Regulations, Planning Parameters and Coverages M. S. Duhan

6138 39 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 g o v e r n e d b y a s i n g l e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Region 1 comprises Europe, Africa, the Middle East manufacturing of wireless equipment and spectrum stereophonic operation. Digital Radios are now Telecommunication Convention and supplemented west of the Persian Gulf including Iraq, the former utilization in the country. The frequencies from the becoming popular due to their higher data capacity by Telegraph Regulations, Telephone Regulations Soviet Union and Mongolia. The western boundary top end of the AM band to the bottom of the VHF and spectral efficiency. With these features the and Radio Regulations. World Radio communication is defined by Line B. Region 2 covers the Americas, television band are generally called the "Short Wave" deforestation of Towers and transmitters may be Conference World Radio communication Greenland and some of the eastern Pacific Islands. range, a historical term. Shortwave radio is radio achieved. Some comparison of FM and Digital Conferences (WRCs) establish and revise the texts of The eastern boundary is defined by Line B. India is transmission using shortwave frequencies, generally Radios is tabulated as below: the Radio Regulations, international treaty, covering part of Region 3, which contains most of non-former- 1.6–30 MHz, just above the medium wave band. the use of the radio frequency spectrum by radio Soviet-Union Asia, east of and including Iran, and Shortwave radios is used for long distance communication services. The International Telegraph most of Oceania. communication by means of skywave or skip Union was named its present name in 1932 and in propagation, in which the radio waves are reflected or ITU Structure includes: Sector ITU-T 1947, it became a specialized agency of the United refracted back to Earth from the ionosphere, allowing Telecommunication standardization - network and Nations, responsible for issues concerning communication around the curve of the Earth. service aspects (Bureau: TSB); Sector ITU-D Information and Communication Technologies. ITU Assisting implementation and operation of Propagation at MF wavelengths is via ground waves is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It has 193 telecommunications in developing countries and sky waves. Ground waves follow the curvature of Member States ,579 Sector Members ,175 Associates Television Brands: (Bureau: BDT); Sector ITU-R Radio communication the Earth. At MW wavelengths they can bend and 52 Academia. The ITU Radio Regulations and the standardization and global spectrum management (diffract) over hills, and cover a radius of several Television has four bands as VHF Band I, VHF Band Table of Frequency Allocations are revised at the (Bureau: BR). ITU is governed by the Plenipotentiary hundred miles from the transmitter, with longer III , UHF Band IV and UHF Band V. WRC-07 World Radio-communication Conference (WRC) Conference (PP) and the Administrative Council. distances over water and damp earth. Medium wave identified 698-790 MHz band/portions of UHF Band held once every 3 or years; normally it is held at (MW) ranges from 531–1,611 kHz in ITU regions 1 V for IMT. For Doordarshan total available spectrum Geneva, Switzerland, with a typical duration of 4 In the Asia Pacific Region (Region 3), the Asia Pacific and 3, with 9 kHz spacing, and 540–1610 kHz in ITU in Band I(2 Channels), III(8 Channels), IV (14 weeks, Last WRC was held in February 2012 (WRC- Telecommunity (APT) organizes Preparatory Group region 2 (the America), with 10 kHz spacing. Medium Channels) and V(limited to 8 Channels) is only 248 12) and next WRC is scheduled in October 2015 meetings (APG) to formulate common positions wave is the most heavily used band for commercial MHz , which may be used for Analogue and Digital (WRC-15) at Geneva. WRC performs a complete and among members for consideration at the WRC. A broadcasting. The ground conductivity is the most TV. The glimpse of RF spectrum for FM and TV is detailed review of the Radio Regulations (RR), and National Table of Frequency Allocations is the important factor in the transmitter's coverage area in shown as below: its Rules of Procedure (RoP). Radio communication foundation for an effective spectrum management ground wave propagation. The ground systems shall Assemblies (RA) are responsible for the structure, process because it provides – a general plan for consist of at least 120 radial wires evenly spaced and programme and approval of radio communication spectrum use; – the basic structure to ensure effective radiating out from the base of the radiating element studies. In preparation for the WRC, each regional use of the spectrum and the prevention of radio unless the design of the antenna system is such as to Administration attempts to align their position within frequency, interference between services; advice to require other configurations. Radial wires shall not be the region. The International Telecommunication manufacturers as to where in the spectrum to design smaller than no. 10 B & S gauge, and should normally Union (ITU) has divided all countries into three and build equipment; advice to users on what be buried no deeper than 20 cm in the ground for a regions; India is located in ITU Region 3 as shown frequencies are available to plan their systems. distance not less than 0.25 wavelength from the below: RF Spectrum and Limitations: antenna. Frequency Modulation (FM) was pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong and provides high- The limitation of the radio frequency spectrum is fidelity sound over broadcast radio. Throughout the mainly due to the following factors:- world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF 1. Propagation characteristics of different types of part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz radio waves. (Known as CCIR band) is used. The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned 2. Availability of technology and equipment for nominal center frequency) is usually an exact different types of radio frequency spectrum multiple of 100 kHz. In Japan, the band 76–90 MHz is The World Radiocommunication Conference in applications. used. In the former Soviet republics and some former 2015(WRC-15) will consider the award of co- 3. The suitability of frequency bands for specific Eastern Bloc countries, the older 65–74 MHz band is primary status to mobile in the band 470-694 MHz applications. also used, which is slowly being phased out in many band in region 1. The big impact will be on DTT countries into CCIR band. The transmitting services. As per EBU, the minimum limit for out of The National Table of Frequency Allocations is based equipment shall produce F3EGN emission for band emission should be -42 dBm/8 MHz for an LTE The shaded part represents tropical zones defines in on the International Table of Frequency Allocations. monophonic operation and F8EHF emission for 700 UE using 10 MHz bandwidth for the protection of Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21. The NFAP forms the basis for development and DTT fixed roof top reception.

40 41 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 g o v e r n e d b y a s i n g l e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Region 1 comprises Europe, Africa, the Middle East manufacturing of wireless equipment and spectrum stereophonic operation. Digital Radios are now Telecommunication Convention and supplemented west of the Persian Gulf including Iraq, the former utilization in the country. The frequencies from the becoming popular due to their higher data capacity by Telegraph Regulations, Telephone Regulations Soviet Union and Mongolia. The western boundary top end of the AM band to the bottom of the VHF and spectral efficiency. With these features the and Radio Regulations. World Radio communication is defined by Line B. Region 2 covers the Americas, television band are generally called the "Short Wave" deforestation of Towers and transmitters may be Conference World Radio communication Greenland and some of the eastern Pacific Islands. range, a historical term. Shortwave radio is radio achieved. Some comparison of FM and Digital Conferences (WRCs) establish and revise the texts of The eastern boundary is defined by Line B. India is transmission using shortwave frequencies, generally Radios is tabulated as below: the Radio Regulations, international treaty, covering part of Region 3, which contains most of non-former- 1.6–30 MHz, just above the medium wave band. the use of the radio frequency spectrum by radio Soviet-Union Asia, east of and including Iran, and Shortwave radios is used for long distance communication services. The International Telegraph most of Oceania. communication by means of skywave or skip Union was named its present name in 1932 and in propagation, in which the radio waves are reflected or ITU Structure includes: Sector ITU-T 1947, it became a specialized agency of the United refracted back to Earth from the ionosphere, allowing Telecommunication standardization - network and Nations, responsible for issues concerning communication around the curve of the Earth. service aspects (Bureau: TSB); Sector ITU-D Information and Communication Technologies. ITU Assisting implementation and operation of Propagation at MF wavelengths is via ground waves is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It has 193 telecommunications in developing countries and sky waves. Ground waves follow the curvature of Member States ,579 Sector Members ,175 Associates Television Brands: (Bureau: BDT); Sector ITU-R Radio communication the Earth. At MW wavelengths they can bend and 52 Academia. The ITU Radio Regulations and the standardization and global spectrum management (diffract) over hills, and cover a radius of several Television has four bands as VHF Band I, VHF Band Table of Frequency Allocations are revised at the (Bureau: BR). ITU is governed by the Plenipotentiary hundred miles from the transmitter, with longer III , UHF Band IV and UHF Band V. WRC-07 World Radio-communication Conference (WRC) Conference (PP) and the Administrative Council. distances over water and damp earth. Medium wave identified 698-790 MHz band/portions of UHF Band held once every 3 or years; normally it is held at (MW) ranges from 531–1,611 kHz in ITU regions 1 V for IMT. For Doordarshan total available spectrum Geneva, Switzerland, with a typical duration of 4 In the Asia Pacific Region (Region 3), the Asia Pacific and 3, with 9 kHz spacing, and 540–1610 kHz in ITU in Band I(2 Channels), III(8 Channels), IV (14 weeks, Last WRC was held in February 2012 (WRC- Telecommunity (APT) organizes Preparatory Group region 2 (the America), with 10 kHz spacing. Medium Channels) and V(limited to 8 Channels) is only 248 12) and next WRC is scheduled in October 2015 meetings (APG) to formulate common positions wave is the most heavily used band for commercial MHz , which may be used for Analogue and Digital (WRC-15) at Geneva. WRC performs a complete and among members for consideration at the WRC. A broadcasting. The ground conductivity is the most TV. The glimpse of RF spectrum for FM and TV is detailed review of the Radio Regulations (RR), and National Table of Frequency Allocations is the important factor in the transmitter's coverage area in shown as below: its Rules of Procedure (RoP). Radio communication foundation for an effective spectrum management ground wave propagation. The ground systems shall Assemblies (RA) are responsible for the structure, process because it provides – a general plan for consist of at least 120 radial wires evenly spaced and programme and approval of radio communication spectrum use; – the basic structure to ensure effective radiating out from the base of the radiating element studies. In preparation for the WRC, each regional use of the spectrum and the prevention of radio unless the design of the antenna system is such as to Administration attempts to align their position within frequency, interference between services; advice to require other configurations. Radial wires shall not be the region. The International Telecommunication manufacturers as to where in the spectrum to design smaller than no. 10 B & S gauge, and should normally Union (ITU) has divided all countries into three and build equipment; advice to users on what be buried no deeper than 20 cm in the ground for a regions; India is located in ITU Region 3 as shown frequencies are available to plan their systems. distance not less than 0.25 wavelength from the below: RF Spectrum and Limitations: antenna. Frequency Modulation (FM) was pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong and provides high- The limitation of the radio frequency spectrum is fidelity sound over broadcast radio. Throughout the mainly due to the following factors:- world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF 1. Propagation characteristics of different types of part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz radio waves. (Known as CCIR band) is used. The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned 2. Availability of technology and equipment for nominal center frequency) is usually an exact different types of radio frequency spectrum multiple of 100 kHz. In Japan, the band 76–90 MHz is The World Radiocommunication Conference in applications. used. In the former Soviet republics and some former 2015(WRC-15) will consider the award of co- 3. The suitability of frequency bands for specific Eastern Bloc countries, the older 65–74 MHz band is primary status to mobile in the band 470-694 MHz applications. also used, which is slowly being phased out in many band in region 1. The big impact will be on DTT countries into CCIR band. The transmitting services. As per EBU, the minimum limit for out of The National Table of Frequency Allocations is based equipment shall produce F3EGN emission for band emission should be -42 dBm/8 MHz for an LTE The shaded part represents tropical zones defines in on the International Table of Frequency Allocations. monophonic operation and F8EHF emission for 700 UE using 10 MHz bandwidth for the protection of Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21. The NFAP forms the basis for development and DTT fixed roof top reception.

40 41 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Network Planning:- point-to-area models used for predicting the signal strength of a single interfering signal Permissible receiving heights is important and the receiving strength produced by broadcasting transmitters, a value of interference Margin = Wanted signal – antennas are mainly vertically polarised, e.g. in case Planning begins with the understanding the user single prediction is given for every pixel in the grid. In Interference signal – Protection Ratio of indoor and mobile TV reception, vertical requirement which answers what service the user reality, this pixel could cover an area of perhaps 50 polarisation may be adopted. In order to take expects in time, space and service. In space, the Protection ratios: Article 1 of the RR, No. 1.170 metres by 50 metres. The signal strength would vary advantages of both, these days broadcasters use both requirement defines precisely which geographic defines protection ratio as: “The minimum value of considerably within this area. The best that any model Horizontal and vertical polarization in chosen ratio areas are to be covered; in service, the specification the wanted-to unwanted signal ratio, usually can do is to predict the mean level within any pixel. says 80:20 or 70:30. For FM circular polarization is may define the call types to be supported, the service expressed in decibels at the receiver input, The network planner must examine the confidence used. for packet transmission or the data throughput; and, in determined under specified conditions such that a with which any predictions are being made and make time defines the way the user expects the network to specified reception quality of the wanted signal is Field strength requirement an assessment. A range of propagation models are evolve. Planning progresses with detailing the user achieved at the receiver output.” The specified quality available to predict wanted and unwanted filed A minimum intensity of 25 mV/m is desirable to requirement electronically in a planning tool and then is expressed in terms of a given performance such as strength or signal levels. These vary from empirical provide a Medium Wave (MW) broadcast service to applying selected infrastructure. The specification bit error rate, the degree of impairment of the picture models (ITU-R.P 370, ITVC-R O 1546) to software the business areas/Factory Area of a city; a minimum normally includes performance parameters such as quality or the intelligibility of speech depending on tools offered by many firms. All propagation models field intensity of 5 mV/m is normally required for a path availability, confidence in achieving a particular the type of emission. are subject to some degree of uncertainty because of residential area. In AM the field-strength limited connectivity, limits to intra-network interference for simplifying assumptions in the models and limitation Protection ratios are defined in Rec. ITU-R BT.655-7 contour is defined by a field strength of at least given spectrum blocks and the like. At any stage the in the accuracy of topographic and other data used in for analogue TV and in ITU-R BT.2254 for DVB T2. 66dBµV/m for commercial radio services and is at plan can be compared with the requirement. the calculations. In predicting coverage it should be The 90th percentile for the protection ratio value least 76dBµV/m for community radio services Planning constraints: noted that the characteristics of the propagation corresponds to the protection of 90% of receivers measured 1.5 meters above ground. The interference- channel give rise to random variation in received field measured, with respect to the given frequency offset limited contour is defined by a co-channel protection In order to plan channel allotments for Radio & strength. In any given small area, at any given time, and parameter; whereas the 10th percentile for the ratio of 27 dB, and an adjacent channel (9 kHz Television some assumptions need to be made. Key the field strength varies from location to location. For overload threshold should be used to protect 90% of separation) protection ratio of 3 dB; for synchronous transmission parameters need to be assumed in any given location, within the small area it may also receivers measured. services a co-channel protection ratio of 7 dBs is used. advance of the detailed service planning so that vary with time. The variation with location is due to interference levels between services can be assessed. Polarisation Horizontal polarization causes less For Frequency Modulation, in the presence of local clutter effects (i.e. buildings, trees and other The various planning objectives are as below: ghost images in reception compared with vertical interference from industrial and domestic equipment obstructions). The variation with time is caused by polarisation Therefore with analogue TV most (for limits of radiation from such equipments refer to i. Avoid or minimize interference and disruption to change in the refractive index of the troposphere, and antennas are horizontally polarised. While ghost Recommendation ITU-R SM.433, which gives the existing Radio & Television reception and other is usually more prevalent over long propagation images are not a problem in digital TV, most countries relevant CISPR recommendations) a satisfactory services. paths. have opted for horizontal polarisation because of the service requires a median field strength (measured at ii. Identify the technology; Analogue or Digital, Important parameters existing base of horizontally polarised rooftop 10 m above ground level) not lower than the values Type of Standard, Fixed or Mobile, Indoor or antennas and the wish to reuse existing transmission given below: a. Protection ratio, PR [dB] – The required outdoor services channels that can be used installations as much as possible. If reception at low difference in dB between the level of the wanted broadcast services at sufficient ERP levels to Area Monophonic Stereophonic signal and the level of the interfering signal to (dBµV/m) (dBµV/m) achieve the desired coverage. achieve the required quality of reception Rural 48 54 iii. Plan the most efficient use of the spectrum : SFN b. Usable field strength, Eu [dBµV/m] – The Urban 60 66 or MFN required field strength of a wanted signal to Large Cities 70 74 iv. Expected Location and Time Variations achieve the required quality of reception, considering multiple interfering signals and their v. Minimize the cost to viewers and broadcasters. In the absence of interference from industrial and corresponding protection ratios domestic equipment, the field strength values vi. Suitability of existing transmission facility. c. Nuisance field strength, En [dBµV/m] – The (measured at 10 m above ground level) are No propagation model is perfect. The digital terrain equivalent required field strength of a wanted acceptable as Monophonic 34 dB(µV/m) & map itself will not be perfect, attempting as it does to signal to achieve the required quality of reception, Stereophonic 48 dB(µV/m) considered to give an sample heights at particular grid spacing. Further, considering a single interfering signal and its acceptable monophonic or stereophonic service, predictions of losses caused by phenomena such as corresponding protection ratio respectively. These field strength values apply when rain inevitable rely on historical data that might not be an outdoor antenna is used for monophonic reception d. Interferer field strength, Ei [dBµV/m] – The field a reliable forecast of future rainfall. In the case of or a directional antenna with appreciable gain for

42 43 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Network Planning:- point-to-area models used for predicting the signal strength of a single interfering signal Permissible receiving heights is important and the receiving strength produced by broadcasting transmitters, a value of interference Margin = Wanted signal – antennas are mainly vertically polarised, e.g. in case Planning begins with the understanding the user single prediction is given for every pixel in the grid. In Interference signal – Protection Ratio of indoor and mobile TV reception, vertical requirement which answers what service the user reality, this pixel could cover an area of perhaps 50 polarisation may be adopted. In order to take expects in time, space and service. In space, the Protection ratios: Article 1 of the RR, No. 1.170 metres by 50 metres. The signal strength would vary advantages of both, these days broadcasters use both requirement defines precisely which geographic defines protection ratio as: “The minimum value of considerably within this area. The best that any model Horizontal and vertical polarization in chosen ratio areas are to be covered; in service, the specification the wanted-to unwanted signal ratio, usually can do is to predict the mean level within any pixel. says 80:20 or 70:30. For FM circular polarization is may define the call types to be supported, the service expressed in decibels at the receiver input, The network planner must examine the confidence used. for packet transmission or the data throughput; and, in determined under specified conditions such that a with which any predictions are being made and make time defines the way the user expects the network to specified reception quality of the wanted signal is Field strength requirement an assessment. A range of propagation models are evolve. Planning progresses with detailing the user achieved at the receiver output.” The specified quality available to predict wanted and unwanted filed A minimum intensity of 25 mV/m is desirable to requirement electronically in a planning tool and then is expressed in terms of a given performance such as strength or signal levels. These vary from empirical provide a Medium Wave (MW) broadcast service to applying selected infrastructure. The specification bit error rate, the degree of impairment of the picture models (ITU-R.P 370, ITVC-R O 1546) to software the business areas/Factory Area of a city; a minimum normally includes performance parameters such as quality or the intelligibility of speech depending on tools offered by many firms. All propagation models field intensity of 5 mV/m is normally required for a path availability, confidence in achieving a particular the type of emission. are subject to some degree of uncertainty because of residential area. In AM the field-strength limited connectivity, limits to intra-network interference for simplifying assumptions in the models and limitation Protection ratios are defined in Rec. ITU-R BT.655-7 contour is defined by a field strength of at least given spectrum blocks and the like. At any stage the in the accuracy of topographic and other data used in for analogue TV and in ITU-R BT.2254 for DVB T2. 66dBµV/m for commercial radio services and is at plan can be compared with the requirement. the calculations. In predicting coverage it should be The 90th percentile for the protection ratio value least 76dBµV/m for community radio services Planning constraints: noted that the characteristics of the propagation corresponds to the protection of 90% of receivers measured 1.5 meters above ground. The interference- channel give rise to random variation in received field measured, with respect to the given frequency offset limited contour is defined by a co-channel protection In order to plan channel allotments for Radio & strength. In any given small area, at any given time, and parameter; whereas the 10th percentile for the ratio of 27 dB, and an adjacent channel (9 kHz Television some assumptions need to be made. Key the field strength varies from location to location. For overload threshold should be used to protect 90% of separation) protection ratio of 3 dB; for synchronous transmission parameters need to be assumed in any given location, within the small area it may also receivers measured. services a co-channel protection ratio of 7 dBs is used. advance of the detailed service planning so that vary with time. The variation with location is due to interference levels between services can be assessed. Polarisation Horizontal polarization causes less For Frequency Modulation, in the presence of local clutter effects (i.e. buildings, trees and other The various planning objectives are as below: ghost images in reception compared with vertical interference from industrial and domestic equipment obstructions). The variation with time is caused by polarisation Therefore with analogue TV most (for limits of radiation from such equipments refer to i. Avoid or minimize interference and disruption to change in the refractive index of the troposphere, and antennas are horizontally polarised. While ghost Recommendation ITU-R SM.433, which gives the existing Radio & Television reception and other is usually more prevalent over long propagation images are not a problem in digital TV, most countries relevant CISPR recommendations) a satisfactory services. paths. have opted for horizontal polarisation because of the service requires a median field strength (measured at ii. Identify the technology; Analogue or Digital, Important parameters existing base of horizontally polarised rooftop 10 m above ground level) not lower than the values Type of Standard, Fixed or Mobile, Indoor or antennas and the wish to reuse existing transmission given below: a. Protection ratio, PR [dB] – The required outdoor services channels that can be used installations as much as possible. If reception at low difference in dB between the level of the wanted broadcast services at sufficient ERP levels to Area Monophonic Stereophonic signal and the level of the interfering signal to (dBµV/m) (dBµV/m) achieve the desired coverage. achieve the required quality of reception Rural 48 54 iii. Plan the most efficient use of the spectrum : SFN b. Usable field strength, Eu [dBµV/m] – The Urban 60 66 or MFN required field strength of a wanted signal to Large Cities 70 74 iv. Expected Location and Time Variations achieve the required quality of reception, considering multiple interfering signals and their v. Minimize the cost to viewers and broadcasters. In the absence of interference from industrial and corresponding protection ratios domestic equipment, the field strength values vi. Suitability of existing transmission facility. c. Nuisance field strength, En [dBµV/m] – The (measured at 10 m above ground level) are No propagation model is perfect. The digital terrain equivalent required field strength of a wanted acceptable as Monophonic 34 dB(µV/m) & map itself will not be perfect, attempting as it does to signal to achieve the required quality of reception, Stereophonic 48 dB(µV/m) considered to give an sample heights at particular grid spacing. Further, considering a single interfering signal and its acceptable monophonic or stereophonic service, predictions of losses caused by phenomena such as corresponding protection ratio respectively. These field strength values apply when rain inevitable rely on historical data that might not be an outdoor antenna is used for monophonic reception d. Interferer field strength, Ei [dBµV/m] – The field a reliable forecast of future rainfall. In the case of or a directional antenna with appreciable gain for

42 43 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 stereophonic reception (pilot-tone system, as defined Emin (dB(µV/m)) = 62 +20 log ( f/474) Procedure for Siting Clearance and published by the administration. in Recommendation ITU-R BS.450. with f being the channel centre frequency expressed The technical evaluation is carried out by Standing b. Comparative bidding For an analogue terrestrial television service the in MHz. These values may be used to derive the Advisory Committee for Frequency Allocation This mechanism is based on the tender procedure, but recommendations of ITU-R BT.417-5 for the noise-limited sensitivity of receivers as shown in (SACFA) primarily for:- minimum signal strengths for which protection may Recommendation ITU-R BT.804. The signal strength instead of the administration assigning the spectrum • Aviation Hazard be sought in planning is as below: requirement for DVB T2 varies depending upon for free, or for a set fee, the applicants are invited to submit a cash bid in addition to meeting the combination of parameters like modulation, FEC, • Obstruction to line of sight of existing/planed requirements of the administration have published Band I III IV V FFT, Guard interval etc. For example with 256 QAM, networks. dB(µV/m) 48 55 65 70 3/4, 8K, 1/128 we may get useful data capacity of criteria. Thus, the bidders determine the cash value of about 43 Mbps and minimum field strength • Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)/ Electro- the spectrum to themselves. The introduction of the These values refer to the field strength at a height of requirement will be 53.6 dBuV/m. Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) to other existing applicants' cash valuation provides a limited 10 m above ground level. In the absence of and proposed networks. indication of the spectrum's value, but it may not be a Critical Parameters for Coverage Contours: true market valuation as parts of the applicants' interference other than noise, field strengths of the Categories of siting applications order of 40 dBµV/m in Band I, 43 dBµV/m in Band To plot contours of coverage the Critical Parameters submission, included in response to the III, 52 dBµV/m in Band IV and 58 dBµV/m in Band V are; Terrain Data, Site co-ordinates, AMSL, • Full siting clearance administrations published criteria, may have a can give satisfactory pictures. Transmitter ERP, Antenna Pattern, Fixed or Mobile, significant impact on the cash bid. To prevent Indoor or outdoor, Frequency Plans, Coverage Maps, • Mast Height Clearance - up to 30m from ground National Spectrum Management applicants forming a In arriving at the figures shown above, it has been Interference Analysis Compatibility Calculations, cartel to reduce the monetary element of their • Additional Antenna - on already cleared assumed that, in the absence of interference from Coordination Calculations, Minimum usable signal submission it is not unusual for the Government, other television transmissions and man-made noise, masts/towers s t r e n g t h , S F N / M F N , p r o t e c t i o n r a t i o , having taken an administrative decision on the the minimum field strengths at the receiving antenna Channel/Frequency Assignments, Prediction model • Mast height exemption - examination by WPC spectrum's value, to set a lower limit on the cash that will give a satisfactory grade of picture, taking etc. into consideration receiver noise, cosmic noise, Wing only. element of the submission. Lotteries antenna gain and feeder loss, are: 47 dB(µV/m) in A few plots for coverage of MW, FM and DVB T2 are Allocation Mechanism of Spectrum This mechanism can cope with a very large number of Band I, 53 in Band III, 62 in Band IV (value for the as below:- Many countries are using auctions, instead of applicants and is based on selecting the winners at centre frequency of the first channel in Band IV, random from the competing applicants. In its simplest around 474 MHz) and 67 dB in Band V (value for administrative procedures to assign spectrum rights. It is important to bear in mind that what is being form a lottery is simple, quick and transparent but channel with the centre frequency, around 842 MHz). may assign spectrum to someone who does not value For other channels in Bands IV and V, for systems auctioned is spectrum rights and not the spectrum. There are various methods to allocate spectrum to it. As there is no subjective decision required using 8 MHz channel raster, the minimum field assigning the spectrum and no need for any review of strength value should be derived as follows: various users to maximize the revenue for the Nation. Some are as below: the applicants there is little possibility of a legal challenge to the decision. a. Beauty Contest: c. Administrative pricing This mechanism is used to determine which applicant should have access to a limited quantity of spectrum The regulator may frame a formula based upon user for broadcasting systems. It is based on the competing requirements like bandwidth, coverage area etc. The applicants submitting their proposals for operating fees so arrived will be charged annually. the service; these would then be assessed by the Conclusion: administration. The proposals would typically As the radio spectrum is a limited natural resource include information on population coverage, quality which is though reusable, it has to be used efficiently of service, speed of implementation, and the and effectively in order to avoid unwanted operator's business plan. For broadcasting there interference, to maximize the benefits from its use for would be information on programmes: number of each administration and to ensure equitable access to hours of children's programmes; educational the spectrum for all existing and potential users. programming; news services. The proposals are However, the liberalization of broadcasting & usually prepared in response to criteria established

44 45 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 stereophonic reception (pilot-tone system, as defined Emin (dB(µV/m)) = 62 +20 log ( f/474) Procedure for Siting Clearance and published by the administration. in Recommendation ITU-R BS.450. with f being the channel centre frequency expressed The technical evaluation is carried out by Standing b. Comparative bidding For an analogue terrestrial television service the in MHz. These values may be used to derive the Advisory Committee for Frequency Allocation This mechanism is based on the tender procedure, but recommendations of ITU-R BT.417-5 for the noise-limited sensitivity of receivers as shown in (SACFA) primarily for:- minimum signal strengths for which protection may Recommendation ITU-R BT.804. The signal strength instead of the administration assigning the spectrum • Aviation Hazard be sought in planning is as below: requirement for DVB T2 varies depending upon for free, or for a set fee, the applicants are invited to submit a cash bid in addition to meeting the combination of parameters like modulation, FEC, • Obstruction to line of sight of existing/planed requirements of the administration have published Band I III IV V FFT, Guard interval etc. For example with 256 QAM, networks. dB(µV/m) 48 55 65 70 3/4, 8K, 1/128 we may get useful data capacity of criteria. Thus, the bidders determine the cash value of about 43 Mbps and minimum field strength • Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)/ Electro- the spectrum to themselves. The introduction of the These values refer to the field strength at a height of requirement will be 53.6 dBuV/m. Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) to other existing applicants' cash valuation provides a limited 10 m above ground level. In the absence of and proposed networks. indication of the spectrum's value, but it may not be a Critical Parameters for Coverage Contours: true market valuation as parts of the applicants' interference other than noise, field strengths of the Categories of siting applications order of 40 dBµV/m in Band I, 43 dBµV/m in Band To plot contours of coverage the Critical Parameters submission, included in response to the III, 52 dBµV/m in Band IV and 58 dBµV/m in Band V are; Terrain Data, Site co-ordinates, AMSL, • Full siting clearance administrations published criteria, may have a can give satisfactory pictures. Transmitter ERP, Antenna Pattern, Fixed or Mobile, significant impact on the cash bid. To prevent Indoor or outdoor, Frequency Plans, Coverage Maps, • Mast Height Clearance - up to 30m from ground National Spectrum Management applicants forming a In arriving at the figures shown above, it has been Interference Analysis Compatibility Calculations, cartel to reduce the monetary element of their • Additional Antenna - on already cleared assumed that, in the absence of interference from Coordination Calculations, Minimum usable signal submission it is not unusual for the Government, other television transmissions and man-made noise, masts/towers s t r e n g t h , S F N / M F N , p r o t e c t i o n r a t i o , having taken an administrative decision on the the minimum field strengths at the receiving antenna Channel/Frequency Assignments, Prediction model • Mast height exemption - examination by WPC spectrum's value, to set a lower limit on the cash that will give a satisfactory grade of picture, taking etc. into consideration receiver noise, cosmic noise, Wing only. element of the submission. Lotteries antenna gain and feeder loss, are: 47 dB(µV/m) in A few plots for coverage of MW, FM and DVB T2 are Allocation Mechanism of Spectrum This mechanism can cope with a very large number of Band I, 53 in Band III, 62 in Band IV (value for the as below:- Many countries are using auctions, instead of applicants and is based on selecting the winners at centre frequency of the first channel in Band IV, random from the competing applicants. In its simplest around 474 MHz) and 67 dB in Band V (value for administrative procedures to assign spectrum rights. It is important to bear in mind that what is being form a lottery is simple, quick and transparent but channel with the centre frequency, around 842 MHz). may assign spectrum to someone who does not value For other channels in Bands IV and V, for systems auctioned is spectrum rights and not the spectrum. There are various methods to allocate spectrum to it. As there is no subjective decision required using 8 MHz channel raster, the minimum field assigning the spectrum and no need for any review of strength value should be derived as follows: various users to maximize the revenue for the Nation. Some are as below: the applicants there is little possibility of a legal challenge to the decision. a. Beauty Contest: c. Administrative pricing This mechanism is used to determine which applicant should have access to a limited quantity of spectrum The regulator may frame a formula based upon user for broadcasting systems. It is based on the competing requirements like bandwidth, coverage area etc. The applicants submitting their proposals for operating fees so arrived will be charged annually. the service; these would then be assessed by the Conclusion: administration. The proposals would typically As the radio spectrum is a limited natural resource include information on population coverage, quality which is though reusable, it has to be used efficiently of service, speed of implementation, and the and effectively in order to avoid unwanted operator's business plan. For broadcasting there interference, to maximize the benefits from its use for would be information on programmes: number of each administration and to ensure equitable access to hours of children's programmes; educational the spectrum for all existing and potential users. programming; news services. The proposals are However, the liberalization of broadcasting & usually prepared in response to criteria established

44 45 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 telecommunications and ongoing technological and spectrum regulators have thus a paramount role in developments have opened the door to a variety of operation & allocation of spectrum, which has impact CAN bus (Controller Area Networking) new spectrum applications .These developments, on various services and interference need to be taken Sangeeta Upadhye though often making spectrum use more efficient, care for protection of the wanted signal and ensure have spurred greater interest and demand for the their intended target reach. ITU along with national Introduction: The CAN Bus (Controller Area 1. CAN Benefits limited spectrum resource. As a result in some regulators are working hard to study the technological Network) is an automotive bus developed by Robert geographical areas for some services and certain evolutions and set the standard limits for the signal Bosch, which has quickly gained acceptance into the frequency bands, the demand for spectrum has strengths, protection ratios, channel separations etc. automotive and aerospace industries. Though it was exceeded the available supply. The network planners initially developed for automobiles, today it has a wide range of applications. In our network the technology is used in DRM About The Author Transmitters (AIR & TV), Digital consoles (RM Sh. M. S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and 2200) etc. Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and Master of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best maintained High Power The RM2200D, Digital Broadcast Mixing System has Transmitters & DMCs. been introduced in recording studios as a part of He is keen student of RF Waves and has widely traveled in quest for study of RF waves - AM, FM and studio digitalization programme. The modules DSP Low-Cost, Lightweight Network COFDM. He has given many presentations on Digital Terrestrial TV in various conferences and seminar Frame and mixing desk are connected via CAN bus as as well as participated in TV Talk shows. He has contributed significantly in the implementation of DVB CAN provide an inexpensive, durable network that T2 Transmitters in India and finalization of BIS Standard for DVB T2- HDTV STB and iDTV. shown in the fig. He is currently posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation of TV helps multiple CAN devices communicate with one Transmitters and spectrum planning for Doordarshan. another. An advantage to this is that electronic control Email: [email protected] Phone: +9123383840 Mobile: +919013462293 units (ECUs) can have a single CAN interface rather than analog and digital inputs to every device in the system. This decreases overall cost and weight in automobiles.

Broadcast Communication Editorial Guidelines for BES Review Each of the devices on the network has a CAN Block Diagram of RM 2200 Console About The controllerAuthor chip and is therefore intelligent. All devices on the network see all transmitted messages. Each 1. Article should not exceed 3000 words. For book/website/ Conference Reviews, the word limit is 1000. Longer Articles may be considered in exceptional cases. device can decide if a message is relevant or if it should be filtered. This structure allows 2. Articles/reviews can be sent by e-mail at [email protected] or by post to The Editor, BES modifications to CAN networks with minimal Review, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 K.G. Marg, impact. Additional non-transmitting nodes can be New Delhi-110001, India. added without modification to the network. 3. Relevant figures/ tables/ photographs should be sent in hard copies preferably in 5’X7’ size, soft copies in 300dpi or with better resolution. Priority 4. Passport size photograph and brief bio-data of the author(s) must be enclosed with the article. Every message has a priority, so if two nodes try to 5. For book reviews please mention the title, name of the author(s), publisher(s), year of publication, send messages simultaneously, the one with the price, number of pages and a photograph of the cover. higher priority gets transmitted and the one with the Block Diagram of FM transmitter R&S NR 8210 lower priority gets postponed. This arbitration is non- 6. In case of conference/ workshop/ seminar reviews, please mention the theme, venue, date and name destructive and results in non-interrupted of the organizer. Please send photographs of conference/ workshop/seminar. The conference held in transmission of the highest priority message. This past 3 months of the forthcoming issue will be preferred. In FM transmitter (R& S NR 8210) interface between rack controller and other transmitter modules is also allows networks to meet deterministic timing 7. The editor reserves the right to reject, edit and adjust articles in order to conform to the format of the through CAN bus. constraints. Review.

46 47 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 telecommunications and ongoing technological and spectrum regulators have thus a paramount role in developments have opened the door to a variety of operation & allocation of spectrum, which has impact CAN bus (Controller Area Networking) new spectrum applications .These developments, on various services and interference need to be taken Sangeeta Upadhye though often making spectrum use more efficient, care for protection of the wanted signal and ensure have spurred greater interest and demand for the their intended target reach. ITU along with national Introduction: The CAN Bus (Controller Area 1. CAN Benefits limited spectrum resource. As a result in some regulators are working hard to study the technological Network) is an automotive bus developed by Robert geographical areas for some services and certain evolutions and set the standard limits for the signal Bosch, which has quickly gained acceptance into the frequency bands, the demand for spectrum has strengths, protection ratios, channel separations etc. automotive and aerospace industries. Though it was exceeded the available supply. The network planners initially developed for automobiles, today it has a wide range of applications. In our network the technology is used in DRM About The Author Transmitters (AIR & TV), Digital consoles (RM Sh. M. S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and 2200) etc. Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and Master of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best maintained High Power The RM2200D, Digital Broadcast Mixing System has Transmitters & DMCs. been introduced in recording studios as a part of He is keen student of RF Waves and has widely traveled in quest for study of RF waves - AM, FM and studio digitalization programme. The modules DSP Low-Cost, Lightweight Network COFDM. He has given many presentations on Digital Terrestrial TV in various conferences and seminar Frame and mixing desk are connected via CAN bus as as well as participated in TV Talk shows. He has contributed significantly in the implementation of DVB CAN provide an inexpensive, durable network that T2 Transmitters in India and finalization of BIS Standard for DVB T2- HDTV STB and iDTV. shown in the fig. He is currently posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation of TV helps multiple CAN devices communicate with one Transmitters and spectrum planning for Doordarshan. another. An advantage to this is that electronic control Email: [email protected] Phone: +9123383840 Mobile: +919013462293 units (ECUs) can have a single CAN interface rather than analog and digital inputs to every device in the system. This decreases overall cost and weight in automobiles.

46 47 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Error Capabilities transmit specific messages and look for specific arbitration ID of that transmitted frame, each CAN delimiter bit. The CRC field is used for error message. For this reason there is no theoretical limit to node on the network decides whether to accept the detection. The CAN specification includes a Cyclic the number of nodes although in practice it is 64. frame. If multiple nodes try to transmit a message Redundancy Code (CRC) to perform error checking • ACK (ACKnowledgement) slot – any CAN Note that no two nodes can transmit the same message onto the CAN bus at the same time, the node with the on each frame's contents. Frames with errors are controller that correctly receives the message ID as this violates the priority rules. highest priority (lowest arbitration ID) automatically disregarded by all nodes, and an error frame can be sends an ACK bit at the end of the message. The gets bus access. Lower-priority nodes must wait until transmitted to signal the error to the network. Global The specifications are as follows: transmitting node checks for the presence of the the bus becomes available before trying to transmit and local errors are differentiated by the controller, ACK bit on the bus and reattempts transmission if • 2.0A sometimes known as Basic or Standard again. In this way, you can implement CAN networks and if too many errors are detected, individual nodes no acknowledge is detected. National Instruments CAN with 11 bit message identifiers which was to ensure deterministic communication among CAN can stop transmitting errors or disconnect itself from originally specified to operated at a maximum nodes. Series 2 CAN interfaces have the capability of the network completely. frequency of 250Kbit/sec and is ISO11519. listen-only mode. Herein, the transmission of an CAN Terminology ACK bit by the monitoring hardware is CAN Applications • 2.0B known as Full CAN or extended frame CAN The basic structure of the message is the same for both suppressed to prevent it from affecting the 1. Railway applications such as streetcars, trams, with 29 bit message identifier which can be used CAN 2.0 and CAN FD .CAN devices send data across behavior of the bus. undergrounds, light railways, and long-distance at up to 1Mbit/sec and is ISO 11898. the CAN network in packets called frames. A CAN • CAN Signal – an individual piece of data trains incorporate CAN. • CAN FD increases the max throughput to 3.7 frame consists of the following sections. contained within the CAN frame data field. You Mbits/sec. It does this by retaining much of the 2.0 2. Vehicles – for example, in linking the door units or also can refer to CAN signals as channels. packet structure (and is compatible with it) but • CAN Frame -- an entire CAN transmission: brake controllers, passenger counting units, and Because the data field can contain up to 8 bytes of more. using one reserved bit to indicate that the data part arbitration ID, data bytes, acknowledge bit, and so of the packet is using the new standard. Once an data, a single CAN frame can contain 0 to 64 3. Aircraft with flight-state sensors, navigation on. Frames also are referred to as messages. FD enabled device or interface detects this it can individual signals (for 64 channels, they would all systems, and research PCs in the cockpit. do two things. Transmits/receives the data part at be binary). 4. Aerospace applications, ranging from in-flight a secondary frequency of up to 12 Mbits/sec (v In the image, there are six channels contained in data analysis to aircraft engine control systems such 1Mbits/sec for CAN 2.0) and also it allows the the data field of a single CAN frame. Each signal as fuel systems, pumps, and linear actuators. data part of the package to consist of up to 64 bytes contains 8 bits of data. 5. Medical equipment manufacturer use CAN as an (v 8 bytes for CAN 2.0). The standard CAN frame format. embedded network in medical devices. In fact, some • A weakness in the error checking of the original • SOF (start-of-frame) bit – indicates the beginning hospitals use CAN to manage complete operating specification of CAN FD was found. This is of a message with a dominant (logic 0) bit. rooms. corrected by the 2015 version of the spec. • Arbitration ID – identifies the message and Controllers conforming to this new specification 6. Hospitals control operating room components indicates the message's priority. Frames come in are described as ISO-CAN FD. The correction is such as lights, tables, cameras, X-ray machines, and two formats -- standard, which uses an 11-bit referred to as "bit stuffing enhancements". All patient beds with CAN-based systems. arbitration ID, and extended, which uses a 29-bit Peaks FD products can be switched between ISO- 7. Lifts and escalators use embedded CAN arbitration ID. networks, and hospitals use the CAN open protocol to CAN FD and NON-ISO-CAN FD for use with • IDE (identifier extension) bit – allows link lift devices, such as panels, controllers, doors, earlier prototype systems. differentiation between standard and extended and light barriers, to each other and control them. How CAN Communication Works frames. 8. CAN open also is used in nonindustrial CAN is a peer-to-peer network i.e. there is no master • RTR (remote transmission request) bit – serves to applications such as laboratory equipment, sports that controls when individual nodes have access to cameras, telescopes, automatic doors, and even differentiate a remote frame from a data frame. A read and write data on the CAN bus. When a CAN dominant (logic 0) RTR bit indicates a data frame. coffee machines. node is ready to transmit data, it checks to see if the A recessive (logic 1) RTR bit indicates a remote 1. If a logical 1 is transmitted by all transmitting CAN Bus Technology bus is busy and then simply writes a CAN frame onto frame. the network. The CAN frames that are transmitted do nodes at the same time, then a logical 1 is seen by CAN is unusual in that the entities on the network, not contain addresses of either the transmitting node • DLC (data length code) – indicates the number of all of the nodes, including both the transmitting called nodes, are not given specific addresses. or any of the intended receiving node(s). Instead, an bytes the data field contains. node(s) and receiving node(s). Instead, it is the messages themselves that have an arbitration ID that is unique throughout the network • Data Field – contains 0 to 8 bytes of data. 2.If a logical 0 is transmitted by all transmitting identifier which also determines the messages' labels the frame. All nodes on the CAN network priority. Nodes then depending on their function • CRC (cyclic redundancy check) – contains 15-bit node(s) at the same time, then a logical 0 is seen receive the CAN frame, and, depending on the cyclic redundancy check code and a recessive by all nodes.

48 49 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Error Capabilities transmit specific messages and look for specific arbitration ID of that transmitted frame, each CAN delimiter bit. The CRC field is used for error message. For this reason there is no theoretical limit to node on the network decides whether to accept the detection. The CAN specification includes a Cyclic the number of nodes although in practice it is 64. frame. If multiple nodes try to transmit a message Redundancy Code (CRC) to perform error checking • ACK (ACKnowledgement) slot – any CAN Note that no two nodes can transmit the same message onto the CAN bus at the same time, the node with the on each frame's contents. Frames with errors are controller that correctly receives the message ID as this violates the priority rules. highest priority (lowest arbitration ID) automatically disregarded by all nodes, and an error frame can be sends an ACK bit at the end of the message. The gets bus access. Lower-priority nodes must wait until transmitted to signal the error to the network. Global The specifications are as follows: transmitting node checks for the presence of the the bus becomes available before trying to transmit and local errors are differentiated by the controller, ACK bit on the bus and reattempts transmission if • 2.0A sometimes known as Basic or Standard again. In this way, you can implement CAN networks and if too many errors are detected, individual nodes no acknowledge is detected. National Instruments CAN with 11 bit message identifiers which was to ensure deterministic communication among CAN can stop transmitting errors or disconnect itself from originally specified to operated at a maximum nodes. Series 2 CAN interfaces have the capability of the network completely. frequency of 250Kbit/sec and is ISO11519. listen-only mode. Herein, the transmission of an CAN Terminology ACK bit by the monitoring hardware is CAN Applications • 2.0B known as Full CAN or extended frame CAN The basic structure of the message is the same for both suppressed to prevent it from affecting the 1. Railway applications such as streetcars, trams, with 29 bit message identifier which can be used CAN 2.0 and CAN FD .CAN devices send data across behavior of the bus. undergrounds, light railways, and long-distance at up to 1Mbit/sec and is ISO 11898. the CAN network in packets called frames. A CAN • CAN Signal – an individual piece of data trains incorporate CAN. • CAN FD increases the max throughput to 3.7 frame consists of the following sections. contained within the CAN frame data field. You Mbits/sec. It does this by retaining much of the 2.0 2. Vehicles – for example, in linking the door units or also can refer to CAN signals as channels. packet structure (and is compatible with it) but • CAN Frame -- an entire CAN transmission: brake controllers, passenger counting units, and Because the data field can contain up to 8 bytes of more. using one reserved bit to indicate that the data part arbitration ID, data bytes, acknowledge bit, and so of the packet is using the new standard. Once an data, a single CAN frame can contain 0 to 64 3. Aircraft with flight-state sensors, navigation on. Frames also are referred to as messages. FD enabled device or interface detects this it can individual signals (for 64 channels, they would all systems, and research PCs in the cockpit. do two things. Transmits/receives the data part at be binary). 4. Aerospace applications, ranging from in-flight a secondary frequency of up to 12 Mbits/sec (v In the image, there are six channels contained in data analysis to aircraft engine control systems such 1Mbits/sec for CAN 2.0) and also it allows the the data field of a single CAN frame. Each signal as fuel systems, pumps, and linear actuators. data part of the package to consist of up to 64 bytes contains 8 bits of data. 5. Medical equipment manufacturer use CAN as an (v 8 bytes for CAN 2.0). The standard CAN frame format. embedded network in medical devices. In fact, some • A weakness in the error checking of the original • SOF (start-of-frame) bit – indicates the beginning hospitals use CAN to manage complete operating specification of CAN FD was found. This is of a message with a dominant (logic 0) bit. rooms. corrected by the 2015 version of the spec. • Arbitration ID – identifies the message and Controllers conforming to this new specification 6. Hospitals control operating room components indicates the message's priority. Frames come in are described as ISO-CAN FD. The correction is such as lights, tables, cameras, X-ray machines, and two formats -- standard, which uses an 11-bit referred to as "bit stuffing enhancements". All patient beds with CAN-based systems. arbitration ID, and extended, which uses a 29-bit Peaks FD products can be switched between ISO- 7. Lifts and escalators use embedded CAN arbitration ID. networks, and hospitals use the CAN open protocol to CAN FD and NON-ISO-CAN FD for use with • IDE (identifier extension) bit – allows link lift devices, such as panels, controllers, doors, earlier prototype systems. differentiation between standard and extended and light barriers, to each other and control them. How CAN Communication Works frames. 8. CAN open also is used in nonindustrial CAN is a peer-to-peer network i.e. there is no master • RTR (remote transmission request) bit – serves to applications such as laboratory equipment, sports that controls when individual nodes have access to cameras, telescopes, automatic doors, and even differentiate a remote frame from a data frame. A read and write data on the CAN bus. When a CAN dominant (logic 0) RTR bit indicates a data frame. coffee machines. node is ready to transmit data, it checks to see if the A recessive (logic 1) RTR bit indicates a remote 1. If a logical 1 is transmitted by all transmitting CAN Bus Technology bus is busy and then simply writes a CAN frame onto frame. the network. The CAN frames that are transmitted do nodes at the same time, then a logical 1 is seen by CAN is unusual in that the entities on the network, not contain addresses of either the transmitting node • DLC (data length code) – indicates the number of all of the nodes, including both the transmitting called nodes, are not given specific addresses. or any of the intended receiving node(s). Instead, an bytes the data field contains. node(s) and receiving node(s). Instead, it is the messages themselves that have an arbitration ID that is unique throughout the network • Data Field – contains 0 to 8 bytes of data. 2.If a logical 0 is transmitted by all transmitting identifier which also determines the messages' labels the frame. All nodes on the CAN network priority. Nodes then depending on their function • CRC (cyclic redundancy check) – contains 15-bit node(s) at the same time, then a logical 0 is seen receive the CAN frame, and, depending on the cyclic redundancy check code and a recessive by all nodes.

48 49 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 3.If a logical 0 is being transmitted by one or more Message Types The Remote Frame The Error Frame consists of an Error Flag, which is 6 nodes, and a logical 1 is being transmitted by one bits of the same value (thus violating the bit-stuffing There are four different message types (or “frames”) Summary: “Hello everyone, can somebody please or more nodes, then a logical 0 is seen by all nodes rule) and an Error Delimiter, which is 8 recessive bits. on a CAN bus: produce the data labeled X?” including the node(s) transmitting the logical 1. The Error Delimiter provides some space in which the • the Data Frame, The Remote Frame is just like the Data Frame, with other nodes on the bus can send their Error Flags when When a node transmits a logical 1 but sees a two important differences: they detect the first Error Flag. logical 0, it realizes that there is a contention and it • the Remote Frame, quits transmitting. By using this process, any node • the Error Frame, and • it is explicitly marked as a Remote Frame (the The Overload Frame that transmits a logical 1 when another node RTR bit in the Arbitration Field is recessive), and • the Overload Frame. Summary: “I'm a very busy little 82526, could you transmits a logical 0 "drops out" or loses the • there is no Data Field. please wait for a moment?” arbitration. A node that loses arbitration re-queues The Data Frame its message for later transmission and the CAN Summary: “Hello everyone, here's some data The intended purpose of the Remote Frame is to The Overload Frame is mentioned here just for frame bit-stream continues without error until labeled X, hope you like it!” solicit the transmission of the corresponding Data completeness. It is very similar to the Error Frame only one node is left transmitting. This means that Frame. If, say, node A transmits a Remote Frame with with regard to the format and it is transmitted by a The Data Frame is the most common message type. It the node that transmits the first 1 loses arbitration. the Arbitration Field set to 234, then node B, if node that becomes too busy. The Overload Frame is comprises the following major parts (a few details are Since the 11 (or 29 for CAN 2.0B) bit identifier is properly initialized, might respond with a Data Frame not used very often, as today's CAN controllers are omitted for the sake of brevity): transmitted by all nodes at the start of the CAN with the Arbitration Field also set to 234. clever enough not to use it. In fact, the only controller frame, the node with the lowest identifier • The Arbitration Field, which determines the that will generate Overload Frames is the now Remote Frames can be used to implement a type of transmits more zero's at the start of the frame, and priority of the message when two or more nodes obsolete 82526. request-response type of bus traffic management. In that is the node that wins the arbitration or has the are contending for the bus. The Arbitration Field practice, however, the Remote Frame is little used. It Bus Termination highest priority. contains: is also worth noting that the CAN standard does not An ISO 11898 CAN bus must be terminated. This is  For CAN 2.0A, an 11-bit Identifier and one bit, prescribe the behaviour outlined here. Most CAN done using a resistor of 120 Ohms in each end of the the RTR bit, which is dominant for data frames. controllers can be programmed either to bus. The termination serves two purposes:  For CAN 2.0B, a 29-bit Identifier (which also automatically respond to a Remote Frame, or to notify contains two recessive bits: SRR and IDE) and the the local CPU instead. 1. Remove the signal reflections at the end of the bus. RTR bit. There's one catch with the Remote Frame: the Data • the Data Field, which contains zero to eight bytes Length Code must be set to the length of the expected 2. Ensure the bus gets correct DC levels. of data. response message. Otherwise the arbitration will not The Layout of a Bit • the CRC Field, which contains a 15-bit checksum work. Each bit on the CAN bus is, for timing purposes, For example, consider an 11-bit ID CAN network, calculated on most parts of the message. This Sometimes it is claimed that the node responding to divided into at least 4 quanta. The quanta are logically with two nodes with IDs of 15 (binary checksum is used for error detection. the Remote Frame is starting its transmission as soon divided into four groups or segments - representation, 00000001111) and 16 (binary • an Acknowledgement Slot; any CAN controller as the identifier is recognized, thereby “filling up” the representation, 00000010000). If these two nodes that has been able to correctly receive the message empty Remote Frame. This is not the case. • the Synchronization Segment transmit at the same time, each will first transmit sends an Acknowledgement bit at the end of each The Error Frame • the Propagation Segment the start bit then transmit the first six zeros of their message. The transmitter checks for the presence ID with no arbitration decision being made. of the Acknowledge bit and retransmits the Summary: (everyone, aloud) “OH DEAR, LET'S • the Phase Segment 1 TRY AGAIN” When the 8th bit is transmitted, the node with the message if no acknowledge was detected. • the Phase Segment 2 ID of 16 transmits a 1 (recessive) for its ID, and Simply put, the Error Frame is a special message that Note 1: It is worth noting that the presence of an Here is a picture of a CAN data bit: the node with the ID of 15 transmits a 0 Acknowledgement Bit on the bus does not mean that violates the framing rules of a CAN message. It is (dominant) for its ID. When this happens, the any of the intended addressees has received the transmitted when a node detects a fault and will cause node with the ID of 16 knows it transmitted a 1, message. The only thing we know is that one or more all other nodes to detect a fault – so they will send but sees a 0 and realizes that there is a collision nodes on the bus has received it correctly. Error Frames, too. The transmitter will then and it lost arbitration. Node 16 stops transmitting automatically try to retransmit the message. There is which allows the node with ID of 15 to continue Note 2: The Identifier in the Arbitration Field is not, an elaborate scheme of error counters that ensures that its transmission without any loss of data. The node despite of its name, necessarily identifying the a node can't destroy the bus traffic by repeatedly with the lowest ID will always win the arbitration, contents of the message. transmitting Error Frames. and therefore has the highest priority.

50 51 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 3.If a logical 0 is being transmitted by one or more Message Types The Remote Frame The Error Frame consists of an Error Flag, which is 6 nodes, and a logical 1 is being transmitted by one bits of the same value (thus violating the bit-stuffing There are four different message types (or “frames”) Summary: “Hello everyone, can somebody please or more nodes, then a logical 0 is seen by all nodes rule) and an Error Delimiter, which is 8 recessive bits. on a CAN bus: produce the data labeled X?” including the node(s) transmitting the logical 1. The Error Delimiter provides some space in which the • the Data Frame, The Remote Frame is just like the Data Frame, with other nodes on the bus can send their Error Flags when When a node transmits a logical 1 but sees a two important differences: they detect the first Error Flag. logical 0, it realizes that there is a contention and it • the Remote Frame, quits transmitting. By using this process, any node • the Error Frame, and • it is explicitly marked as a Remote Frame (the The Overload Frame that transmits a logical 1 when another node RTR bit in the Arbitration Field is recessive), and • the Overload Frame. Summary: “I'm a very busy little 82526, could you transmits a logical 0 "drops out" or loses the • there is no Data Field. please wait for a moment?” arbitration. A node that loses arbitration re-queues The Data Frame its message for later transmission and the CAN Summary: “Hello everyone, here's some data The intended purpose of the Remote Frame is to The Overload Frame is mentioned here just for frame bit-stream continues without error until labeled X, hope you like it!” solicit the transmission of the corresponding Data completeness. It is very similar to the Error Frame only one node is left transmitting. This means that Frame. If, say, node A transmits a Remote Frame with with regard to the format and it is transmitted by a The Data Frame is the most common message type. It the node that transmits the first 1 loses arbitration. the Arbitration Field set to 234, then node B, if node that becomes too busy. The Overload Frame is comprises the following major parts (a few details are Since the 11 (or 29 for CAN 2.0B) bit identifier is properly initialized, might respond with a Data Frame not used very often, as today's CAN controllers are omitted for the sake of brevity): transmitted by all nodes at the start of the CAN with the Arbitration Field also set to 234. clever enough not to use it. In fact, the only controller frame, the node with the lowest identifier • The Arbitration Field, which determines the that will generate Overload Frames is the now Remote Frames can be used to implement a type of transmits more zero's at the start of the frame, and priority of the message when two or more nodes obsolete 82526. request-response type of bus traffic management. In that is the node that wins the arbitration or has the are contending for the bus. The Arbitration Field practice, however, the Remote Frame is little used. It Bus Termination highest priority. contains: is also worth noting that the CAN standard does not An ISO 11898 CAN bus must be terminated. This is  For CAN 2.0A, an 11-bit Identifier and one bit, prescribe the behaviour outlined here. Most CAN done using a resistor of 120 Ohms in each end of the the RTR bit, which is dominant for data frames. controllers can be programmed either to bus. The termination serves two purposes:  For CAN 2.0B, a 29-bit Identifier (which also automatically respond to a Remote Frame, or to notify contains two recessive bits: SRR and IDE) and the the local CPU instead. 1. Remove the signal reflections at the end of the bus. RTR bit. There's one catch with the Remote Frame: the Data • the Data Field, which contains zero to eight bytes Length Code must be set to the length of the expected 2. Ensure the bus gets correct DC levels. of data. response message. Otherwise the arbitration will not The Layout of a Bit • the CRC Field, which contains a 15-bit checksum work. Each bit on the CAN bus is, for timing purposes, For example, consider an 11-bit ID CAN network, calculated on most parts of the message. This Sometimes it is claimed that the node responding to divided into at least 4 quanta. The quanta are logically with two nodes with IDs of 15 (binary checksum is used for error detection. the Remote Frame is starting its transmission as soon divided into four groups or segments - representation, 00000001111) and 16 (binary • an Acknowledgement Slot; any CAN controller as the identifier is recognized, thereby “filling up” the representation, 00000010000). If these two nodes that has been able to correctly receive the message empty Remote Frame. This is not the case. • the Synchronization Segment transmit at the same time, each will first transmit sends an Acknowledgement bit at the end of each The Error Frame • the Propagation Segment the start bit then transmit the first six zeros of their message. The transmitter checks for the presence ID with no arbitration decision being made. of the Acknowledge bit and retransmits the Summary: (everyone, aloud) “OH DEAR, LET'S • the Phase Segment 1 TRY AGAIN” When the 8th bit is transmitted, the node with the message if no acknowledge was detected. • the Phase Segment 2 ID of 16 transmits a 1 (recessive) for its ID, and Simply put, the Error Frame is a special message that Note 1: It is worth noting that the presence of an Here is a picture of a CAN data bit: the node with the ID of 15 transmits a 0 Acknowledgement Bit on the bus does not mean that violates the framing rules of a CAN message. It is (dominant) for its ID. When this happens, the any of the intended addressees has received the transmitted when a node detects a fault and will cause node with the ID of 16 knows it transmitted a 1, message. The only thing we know is that one or more all other nodes to detect a fault – so they will send but sees a 0 and realizes that there is a collision nodes on the bus has received it correctly. Error Frames, too. The transmitter will then and it lost arbitration. Node 16 stops transmitting automatically try to retransmit the message. There is which allows the node with ID of 15 to continue Note 2: The Identifier in the Arbitration Field is not, an elaborate scheme of error counters that ensures that its transmission without any loss of data. The node despite of its name, necessarily identifying the a node can't destroy the bus traffic by repeatedly with the lowest ID will always win the arbitration, contents of the message. transmitting Error Frames. and therefore has the highest priority.

50 51 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Maximum Bus Speed Checksum error - Each receiving node checks CAN messages for checksum errors (different rules apply Noobs way of Developing an The maximum speed of a CAN bus, according to the for CAN 2.0 and CAN FD). standard, is 1 Mbit/second. Some CAN controllers will nevertheless handle higher speeds than 1Mbit/s Frame error - There are certain predefined bit values ANDROID Application and may be considered for special applications. that must be transmitted at certain points within any S Vadivazagan CAN Message Frame. If a receiver detects an invalid Low-speed CAN (ISO 11898-3, see above) can go up bit in one of these positions a Form Error (sometimes to 125 kbit/s. Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on • Kit Kat (4.4–4.4W.2) also known as a Format Error) will be flagged. the Linux kernel and developed by Google currently. Single-wire CAN can go up to around 50 kbit/s in its • Lollipop (5.0–5.1.1) Acknowledgement Error - If a transmitter determines Android is designed primarily for touch screen standard mode and, using a special high-speed mode that a message has not been ACKnowledged then an mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets, with Before we start developing an android application we used e.g. for ECU programming, up to around 100 ACK Error is flagged. interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars need Android Studio. It is the official Integrated kbit/s. Minimum Bus Speed (Android Auto was designed with safety in mind. Development Environment (IDE) for Android Conclusion: Some bus transceivers will not allow you to go below With a simple and intuitive interface, integrated application development, based on IntelliJ IDEA. a certain bit rate. For example, using 82C250 or CAN bus is a special real time operation system steering wheel controls and powerful new voice Even if you know any programming language it is 82C251 you can go down to 10 kbit/s without running on dedicated microcontrollers and works actions, it's designed to minimise distraction so that more than enough, if you don't know then also you can problems, but if you use the TJA1050 instead you without any PC. As the data transfer is not address user can stay focused on the road ) available in do it. can't go below around 50 kbit/s. Check the data sheet. based, the data can be used simultaneously for more Australia, United Kingdom(UK), United States of D o w n l o a d A n d r o i d s t u d i o f r o m than one node. The network protocol detects and Error checking America(USA), and wrist watches (Android Wear). It https://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html and corrects transmission errors caused by is also used in gaming console, digital cameras, and install it in Windows. Now, you are ready to develop CAN is a very reliable system with multiple error electromagnetic interference. Additional advantages other embedded electronic systems and has the largest checks (below is the CAN 2.0 the CAN FD is more of such a network are the easy configurability of the an application for android. Let us develop an installed base of all OS. Now, it is the right time to application similar to All India Radio Live available complex) overall system and the possibility of central learn more about Android, how applications are diagnosis. in Google play store which is of 8.2 MB in size and it Stuffing error - a transmitting node inserts a high after developed in android and develop an application for plays the streaming content through internet. Before five consecutive low bits (and a low after five CAN is ideally suitable for applications requiring a your Android. we start developing the application, let us collect the consecutive high). A receiving node that detects large number of short messages with high reliability The recent major Android update is under the code data required for writing the application. The main violation will flag a bit stuffing error. in rugged operating environments. name Android M which was unveiled in May 2015 four files we consider in developing any application Bit error - A transmitting node always reads back the Apart from the high transmission reliability, the low and is likely to be renamed under a confectionery- are message as it is sending. If it detects a different bit connection cost per station is a further decisive themed code name. Since April 2009, Android 1. Main.xml or activity_main.xml residing at value on the bus than the one it sent, and the bit is not argument for CAN. versions have been developed under a confectionery- res.layout folder. part of the arbitration field or in the acknowledgement themed code name and released in alphabetical order, field, an error is detected. beginning with Android 1.5 "Cupcake"; the earlier 2. Manifest.xml versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific 3. Mainactivity.java code names: 4. Strings.xml • Cupcake (1.5) About The Author Main.xml • Donut (1.6) Mrs. Sangeeta Upadhye, Assistant Director (E) has worked at AIR Pune, AIR Panaji and AIR It describes the application layout and defines the Ahmadnagar. Since 2012 she is committed to PB Parivar blog as Blog Administrator. • Éclair (2.0–2.1) visual structure for a user interface. XML is a natural She has been selected as Best Women Engineer in West Zone for Akashvani Annual Award 2013. • Froyo (2.2–2.2.3) way to express a UI's contents. It allows you, in a human- and computer-readable form, to say which • Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7) layouts and components you wish to use, and to • Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6) specify their attributes, such as size, position and colour. The ADT Plugin can then parse the XML and • Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4) generate the code that produces the actual UI. In our • Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1) application we are going to use media controller,

52 53 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Maximum Bus Speed Checksum error - Each receiving node checks CAN messages for checksum errors (different rules apply Noobs way of Developing an The maximum speed of a CAN bus, according to the for CAN 2.0 and CAN FD). standard, is 1 Mbit/second. Some CAN controllers will nevertheless handle higher speeds than 1Mbit/s Frame error - There are certain predefined bit values ANDROID Application and may be considered for special applications. that must be transmitted at certain points within any S Vadivazagan CAN Message Frame. If a receiver detects an invalid Low-speed CAN (ISO 11898-3, see above) can go up bit in one of these positions a Form Error (sometimes to 125 kbit/s. Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on • Kit Kat (4.4–4.4W.2) also known as a Format Error) will be flagged. the Linux kernel and developed by Google currently. Single-wire CAN can go up to around 50 kbit/s in its • Lollipop (5.0–5.1.1) Acknowledgement Error - If a transmitter determines Android is designed primarily for touch screen standard mode and, using a special high-speed mode that a message has not been ACKnowledged then an mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets, with Before we start developing an android application we used e.g. for ECU programming, up to around 100 ACK Error is flagged. interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars need Android Studio. It is the official Integrated kbit/s. Minimum Bus Speed (Android Auto was designed with safety in mind. Development Environment (IDE) for Android Conclusion: Some bus transceivers will not allow you to go below With a simple and intuitive interface, integrated application development, based on IntelliJ IDEA. a certain bit rate. For example, using 82C250 or CAN bus is a special real time operation system steering wheel controls and powerful new voice Even if you know any programming language it is 82C251 you can go down to 10 kbit/s without running on dedicated microcontrollers and works actions, it's designed to minimise distraction so that more than enough, if you don't know then also you can problems, but if you use the TJA1050 instead you without any PC. As the data transfer is not address user can stay focused on the road ) available in do it. can't go below around 50 kbit/s. Check the data sheet. based, the data can be used simultaneously for more Australia, United Kingdom(UK), United States of D o w n l o a d A n d r o i d s t u d i o f r o m than one node. The network protocol detects and Error checking America(USA), and wrist watches (Android Wear). It https://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html and corrects transmission errors caused by is also used in gaming console, digital cameras, and install it in Windows. Now, you are ready to develop CAN is a very reliable system with multiple error electromagnetic interference. Additional advantages other embedded electronic systems and has the largest checks (below is the CAN 2.0 the CAN FD is more of such a network are the easy configurability of the an application for android. Let us develop an installed base of all OS. Now, it is the right time to application similar to All India Radio Live available complex) overall system and the possibility of central learn more about Android, how applications are diagnosis. in Google play store which is of 8.2 MB in size and it Stuffing error - a transmitting node inserts a high after developed in android and develop an application for plays the streaming content through internet. Before five consecutive low bits (and a low after five CAN is ideally suitable for applications requiring a your Android. we start developing the application, let us collect the consecutive high). A receiving node that detects large number of short messages with high reliability The recent major Android update is under the code data required for writing the application. The main violation will flag a bit stuffing error. in rugged operating environments. name Android M which was unveiled in May 2015 four files we consider in developing any application Bit error - A transmitting node always reads back the Apart from the high transmission reliability, the low and is likely to be renamed under a confectionery- are message as it is sending. If it detects a different bit connection cost per station is a further decisive themed code name. Since April 2009, Android 1. Main.xml or activity_main.xml residing at value on the bus than the one it sent, and the bit is not argument for CAN. versions have been developed under a confectionery- res.layout folder. part of the arbitration field or in the acknowledgement themed code name and released in alphabetical order, field, an error is detected. beginning with Android 1.5 "Cupcake"; the earlier 2. Manifest.xml versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific 3. Mainactivity.java code names: 4. Strings.xml • Cupcake (1.5) About The Author Main.xml • Donut (1.6) Mrs. Sangeeta Upadhye, Assistant Director (E) has worked at AIR Pune, AIR Panaji and AIR It describes the application layout and defines the Ahmadnagar. Since 2012 she is committed to PB Parivar blog as Blog Administrator. • Éclair (2.0–2.1) visual structure for a user interface. XML is a natural She has been selected as Best Women Engineer in West Zone for Akashvani Annual Award 2013. • Froyo (2.2–2.2.3) way to express a UI's contents. It allows you, in a human- and computer-readable form, to say which • Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7) layouts and components you wish to use, and to • Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6) specify their attributes, such as size, position and colour. The ADT Plugin can then parse the XML and • Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4) generate the code that produces the actual UI. In our • Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1) application we are going to use media controller,

52 53 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 radio button and Image View and the entire main.xml permissions which it can use to restrict access to is as shown below: android:id="@+id/radio2” certain components. For running our application we need permission for INTERNET and permission for Android device doesn't go into deep sleep (which is xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools the state that you should strive for), because a given Manifest.xml determines the Security and permission "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android” android:layout_alignParentTop="true” concept in Android. The Android system installs package="com.ushavadi.www.airradio" > android:layout_alignParentRight="true” android:layout_width="wrap_content” generated user, e.g., other applications cannot access android:layout_alignParentStart="true” android:text= "vkdk’kok.kh ey;kye" /> started in its own process. android:layout_alignParentBottom="true” android:layout_width="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:text= "vkdk’kok.kh iatkch" /> Permissions have different levels. Some permission is automatically granted by the Android system, some android:name=".MainActivity” android:layout_width="269dp” these permissions shall be given to the application. android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:text= "vkdk’kok.kh ejkBh" /> If the user denies a required permission, the related android:checked="true” permission is performed during the installation and installation. android:id="@+id/radio1” android:layout_width="wrap_content” android:layout_width="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” An Android application declares the required permissions in its Android Manifest.xml android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:id="@+id/mediaController” configuration file. It can also define additional android:text="vkdk’kok.kh ,Q ,e jsucks" /> android:layout_alignParentBottom="true”

54 55 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 radio button and Image View and the entire main.xml permissions which it can use to restrict access to is as shown below: android:id="@+id/radio2” certain components. For running our application we need permission for INTERNET and permission for Android device doesn't go into deep sleep (which is xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools the state that you should strive for), because a given Manifest.xml determines the Security and permission "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android” android:layout_alignParentTop="true” concept in Android. The Android system installs package="com.ushavadi.www.airradio" > android:layout_alignParentRight="true” android:layout_width="wrap_content” generated user, e.g., other applications cannot access android:layout_alignParentStart="true” android:text= "vkdk’kok.kh ey;kye" /> started in its own process. android:layout_alignParentBottom="true” android:layout_width="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:text= "vkdk’kok.kh iatkch" /> Permissions have different levels. Some permission is automatically granted by the Android system, some android:name=".MainActivity” android:layout_width="269dp” these permissions shall be given to the application. android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:text= "vkdk’kok.kh ejkBh" /> If the user denies a required permission, the related android:checked="true” permission is performed during the installation and installation. android:id="@+id/radio1” android:layout_width="wrap_content” android:layout_width="wrap_content” android:layout_height="wrap_content” An Android application declares the required permissions in its Android Manifest.xml android:layout_height="wrap_content” android:id="@+id/mediaController” configuration file. It can also define additional android:text="vkdk’kok.kh ,Q ,e jsucks" /> android:layout_alignParentBottom="true”

54 55 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Mainactivity.java: softwares now use it to play video file lists. M3Us can MediaPlayer(); break; This file is inside the src directory. This contains the also point a media player to an online streaming audio mediaPlayer.setWakeMode(getApplicationContext() case 1: source. .java source files for your project having an activity , This case statements repeat for all the seven class that runs when your app is launched using the http://164.100.49.12/hls- PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK); remaining cases so I am not explaining the code in app icon. This is the actual application file which live/livepkgr/_definst_/airfmgold/airfmgold.m3u8 detail for others as it is self explanatory. ultimately gets converted to a Dalvik executable WifiManager.WifiLock wifiLock = ((WifiManager) http://164.100.31.234/hls- Strings.xml mainly in android version prior to Lollipop and runs live/livepkgr/_definst_/fmrainbow.m3u8 getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE)).creat your application. With the Android Runtime (ART) eWifiLock(WifiManager.WIFI_MODE_FULL, If we are creating an Android application we need to officially replacing Dalvik for improved application http://164.100.31.234/hls- "mylock");wifiLock.acquire(); write text on it. Labels, application information, performance and with changes intended to improve live/livepkgr/_definst_/vividhbharti.m3u8 fields, hints... lots of text and sentences are needed. and optimize battery. ART and Dalvik are compatible r g . s e t O n C h e c k e d C h a n g e L i s t e n e r ( n e w http://164.100.49.12/hls- OnCheckedChangeListener() { This is implemented by using the string.xml file runtimes running Dex bytecode, so apps developed live/livepkgr/_definst_/airurdu/airurdu.m3u8 inside the Resources folder. Here, all the strings are for Dalvik should work when running with ART. @Override stored so they can be retrieved in the application. However, some techniques that work on Dalvik do http://164.100.31.234/hls- not work on ART. live/livepkgr/_definst_/airgujarati.m3u8 public void onCheckedChanged(RadioGroup group, We will make one small change where the menu we int checkedId) { http://164.100.31.234/hls- display will be in Hindi rather than in English for that Before writing applications for android it is always use the Unicode letters for the words such as better to know which screen size the intended live/livepkgr/_definst_/airmalayalam.m3u8 p o s 1 = application is going to use or on which device you are rg.indexOfChild(findViewById(rg.getCheckedRadi http://164.100.31.234/hls- oButtonId())); going to run the application. To support multiple live/livepkgr/_definst_/airpunjabi.m3u8 densities we provide different resources (images) in switch (pos1) { draw folders by considering the following, http://164.100.31.234/hls- live/livepkgr/_definst_/airmarathi.m3u8 case 0: ldpi : 0.75x (Low density 120dpi) import static mediaPlayer.reset(); mdpi : 1x (Medium density 160dpi) com.ushavadi.www.airradio.R.menu.*; mediaPlayer.setAudioStreamType(AudioManager.S hdpi : 1.5x (High density 240dpi) public class MainActivity T R E A M _ M U S I C ) ; S t r i n g U r l 1 = " h t t p : / / 1 6 4 . 1 0 0 . 4 9 . 2 4 : 8 0 8 0 / h l s - xhdpi : 2x (Extra high density 320dpi, Nexus 10's extends ActionBarActivity { 300 DPI screen is xhdpi) live/livepkgr/_definst_/ddnewslive.m3u8"; RadioGroup rg xxhdpi : 3x (Extra extra high density 480dpi) try RadioButton r1; This solves the problem of different looks in different {mediaPlayer.setDataSource(Url1); phones and the application will manifest in the same int pos=0; }catch (IOException e) { manner in all the phones. int pos1=0; e.printStackTrace(); The other detail required for our application is the @Override } streaming Internet protocol (IP) addresses and M3U8 protected void onCreate(Bundle try { file extension. This file with the M3U8 file extension savedInstanceState) { is a UTF-8 Encoded Audio Playlist file. The m3u8 file mediaPlayer.prepare(); // might take long! (for format is a de facto standard playlist format suitable super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); buffering, etc) for carrying lists of media file URLs. M3U8 files can setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); be opened with Apple's iTunes program, Windows } catch (IOException e) { Media Player, as well as other media player and media rg= (RadioGroup) e.printStackTrace(); management software programs. This UTF-8 findViewById(R.id.radioGroup1); Encoded M3U, M3U is a computer file format that } contains multimedia playlists. It originally was String Url; mediaPlayer.start(); designed for audio files, such as MP3, but various final MediaPlayer mediaPlayer = new

56 57 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Mainactivity.java: softwares now use it to play video file lists. M3Us can MediaPlayer(); break; This file is inside the src directory. This contains the also point a media player to an online streaming audio mediaPlayer.setWakeMode(getApplicationContext() case 1: source. .java source files for your project having an activity , This case statements repeat for all the seven class that runs when your app is launched using the http://164.100.49.12/hls- PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK); remaining cases so I am not explaining the code in app icon. This is the actual application file which live/livepkgr/_definst_/airfmgold/airfmgold.m3u8 detail for others as it is self explanatory. ultimately gets converted to a Dalvik executable WifiManager.WifiLock wifiLock = ((WifiManager) http://164.100.31.234/hls- Strings.xml mainly in android version prior to Lollipop and runs live/livepkgr/_definst_/fmrainbow.m3u8 getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE)).creat your application. With the Android Runtime (ART) eWifiLock(WifiManager.WIFI_MODE_FULL, If we are creating an Android application we need to officially replacing Dalvik for improved application http://164.100.31.234/hls- "mylock");wifiLock.acquire(); write text on it. Labels, application information, performance and with changes intended to improve live/livepkgr/_definst_/vividhbharti.m3u8 fields, hints... lots of text and sentences are needed. and optimize battery. ART and Dalvik are compatible r g . s e t O n C h e c k e d C h a n g e L i s t e n e r ( n e w http://164.100.49.12/hls- OnCheckedChangeListener() { This is implemented by using the string.xml file runtimes running Dex bytecode, so apps developed live/livepkgr/_definst_/airurdu/airurdu.m3u8 inside the Resources folder. Here, all the strings are for Dalvik should work when running with ART. @Override stored so they can be retrieved in the application. However, some techniques that work on Dalvik do http://164.100.31.234/hls- not work on ART. live/livepkgr/_definst_/airgujarati.m3u8 public void onCheckedChanged(RadioGroup group, We will make one small change where the menu we int checkedId) { http://164.100.31.234/hls- display will be in Hindi rather than in English for that Before writing applications for android it is always use the Unicode letters for the words such as better to know which screen size the intended live/livepkgr/_definst_/airmalayalam.m3u8 p o s 1 = application is going to use or on which device you are rg.indexOfChild(findViewById(rg.getCheckedRadi http://164.100.31.234/hls- oButtonId())); going to run the application. To support multiple live/livepkgr/_definst_/airpunjabi.m3u8 densities we provide different resources (images) in switch (pos1) { draw folders by considering the following, http://164.100.31.234/hls- live/livepkgr/_definst_/airmarathi.m3u8 case 0: ldpi : 0.75x (Low density 120dpi) import static mediaPlayer.reset(); mdpi : 1x (Medium density 160dpi) com.ushavadi.www.airradio.R.menu.*; mediaPlayer.setAudioStreamType(AudioManager.S hdpi : 1.5x (High density 240dpi) public class MainActivity T R E A M _ M U S I C ) ; S t r i n g U r l 1 = " h t t p : / / 1 6 4 . 1 0 0 . 4 9 . 2 4 : 8 0 8 0 / h l s - xhdpi : 2x (Extra high density 320dpi, Nexus 10's extends ActionBarActivity { 300 DPI screen is xhdpi) live/livepkgr/_definst_/ddnewslive.m3u8"; RadioGroup rg xxhdpi : 3x (Extra extra high density 480dpi) try RadioButton r1; This solves the problem of different looks in different {mediaPlayer.setDataSource(Url1); phones and the application will manifest in the same int pos=0; }catch (IOException e) { manner in all the phones. int pos1=0; e.printStackTrace(); The other detail required for our application is the @Override } streaming Internet protocol (IP) addresses and M3U8 protected void onCreate(Bundle try { file extension. This file with the M3U8 file extension savedInstanceState) { is a UTF-8 Encoded Audio Playlist file. The m3u8 file mediaPlayer.prepare(); // might take long! (for format is a de facto standard playlist format suitable super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); buffering, etc) for carrying lists of media file URLs. M3U8 files can setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); be opened with Apple's iTunes program, Windows } catch (IOException e) { Media Player, as well as other media player and media rg= (RadioGroup) e.printStackTrace(); management software programs. This UTF-8 findViewById(R.id.radioGroup1); Encoded M3U, M3U is a computer file format that } contains multimedia playlists. It originally was String Url; mediaPlayer.start(); designed for audio files, such as MP3, but various final MediaPlayer mediaPlayer = new

56 57 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 vkdk’kok.kh instead of All India Radio and other things pay onetime fee of 25$. If you are not uploading it to in Hindi. Google play store, then this application can be installed by following the procedure. As a safety REPORT Jaipur Chapter We are not going to use the localization method where precaution, all Android devices come with the option O.P. Rajpurohit the application chooses the local language depending to install “non-market” apps disabled by default. If on the phone setting. The same can be applied to other you want to allow the installation of non-market, Seminar on “Role of ICT in Development of Smart City” languages; only thing is to use the Unicode for that third-party apps on your android phone then you'll particular language. The finished application have to follow the steps below to get your settings economic development and high quality of life by interface is like shown in the figure. configured properly. excelling in smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart living and smart The application written so far can be generated as 1: Click the MENU button signed *.apk file from menu build where we have to governance that can be done through strong ICT 2: Go to SETTINGS give the password and the year of validity for the infrastructure. 3: Click on APPLICATIONS application. The application generated is around Dr. Awdhesh Kumar (former chairman), Shri S.N. 1.2Mb and mostly contains all the necessary things 4: Make sure that “UNKNOWN SOURCES” is Jhanwar (former ADG, DD), Shri Ramesh Sharma needed for playing the streaming audio content of All checked. (HOP DDK, Jaipur), Shri O.P. Meena (Dy. Director, India Radio. The application can run in background 5: Install the APK file. This is usually the default News), Shri M.R Bhadu(Corporate) etc. also express and lacks the facility to stop the playback when the action when you tap on the APK in your file their views. It was also attended by Members of phone rings up and resume after the call, which can be browser. Society, Prominent Engineers & Experts of various implemented easily. The generated application can electronics and corporate sector. The seminar was be uploaded to Google play store where you have to well covered by electronic and print media. A half day Seminar was organized by Jaipur Chapter At the end of programme vote of thanks is presented of BES (I) on 25.06 .2015 in the conference hall of by Sh. Vijay Israni, EC Member of Chapter. About The Author Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur. The theme of seminar Shri S Vadivazagan is an officer of 1989 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios, Outside was “Role of ICT in Development of Smart city”. Broadcastings(OBs) and Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses post Graduate degree in Software Systems from BITS, Pilani, MBA in Information Technology and Microsoft Certified Solutions Hon. Secretary of Jaipur Chapter and Vice President Developer from Microsoft. His current interest is in developing embedded solution for home automation of BES(I) Shri O.P. Rajprohit welcomed the guests, and broadcasting. He is currently posted as DDG(E-HQ) in AIR, Directorate, New Delhi. delegates and audience. Shri Rajpurohit enlightened Mobile : 9868544573 and E-mail : [email protected] the attendees about the theme. Chapter Chairman Shri H.P. Meena emphasized about necessity of the ICT in development of smart city. Shri Meena also said that there are gray areas in this field is shaking the confidence of the users which is not healthy trend. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Expert and Key Note Speaker – Shri Gunjan Saxena, General Manager, BSNL said that smart city has emerged as a term to describe a city that uses technology to address service delivery challenges. ICT innovation and transformation that improves the quality of life of citizens. Smart city is not a reality but an urban development strategy and mostly technology driven future version. Smart city is a developed urban area that creates sustainable

58 59 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 vkdk’kok.kh instead of All India Radio and other things pay onetime fee of 25$. If you are not uploading it to in Hindi. Google play store, then this application can be installed by following the procedure. As a safety REPORT Jaipur Chapter We are not going to use the localization method where precaution, all Android devices come with the option O.P. Rajpurohit the application chooses the local language depending to install “non-market” apps disabled by default. If on the phone setting. The same can be applied to other you want to allow the installation of non-market, Seminar on “Role of ICT in Development of Smart City” languages; only thing is to use the Unicode for that third-party apps on your android phone then you'll particular language. The finished application have to follow the steps below to get your settings economic development and high quality of life by interface is like shown in the figure. configured properly. excelling in smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart living and smart The application written so far can be generated as 1: Click the MENU button signed *.apk file from menu build where we have to governance that can be done through strong ICT 2: Go to SETTINGS give the password and the year of validity for the infrastructure. 3: Click on APPLICATIONS application. The application generated is around Dr. Awdhesh Kumar (former chairman), Shri S.N. 1.2Mb and mostly contains all the necessary things 4: Make sure that “UNKNOWN SOURCES” is Jhanwar (former ADG, DD), Shri Ramesh Sharma needed for playing the streaming audio content of All checked. (HOP DDK, Jaipur), Shri O.P. Meena (Dy. Director, India Radio. The application can run in background 5: Install the APK file. This is usually the default News), Shri M.R Bhadu(Corporate) etc. also express and lacks the facility to stop the playback when the action when you tap on the APK in your file their views. It was also attended by Members of phone rings up and resume after the call, which can be browser. Society, Prominent Engineers & Experts of various implemented easily. The generated application can electronics and corporate sector. The seminar was be uploaded to Google play store where you have to well covered by electronic and print media. A half day Seminar was organized by Jaipur Chapter At the end of programme vote of thanks is presented of BES (I) on 25.06 .2015 in the conference hall of by Sh. Vijay Israni, EC Member of Chapter. About The Author Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur. The theme of seminar Shri S Vadivazagan is an officer of 1989 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios, Outside was “Role of ICT in Development of Smart city”. Broadcastings(OBs) and Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses post Graduate degree in Software Systems from BITS, Pilani, MBA in Information Technology and Microsoft Certified Solutions Hon. Secretary of Jaipur Chapter and Vice President Developer from Microsoft. His current interest is in developing embedded solution for home automation of BES(I) Shri O.P. Rajprohit welcomed the guests, and broadcasting. He is currently posted as DDG(E-HQ) in AIR, Directorate, New Delhi. delegates and audience. Shri Rajpurohit enlightened Mobile : 9868544573 and E-mail : [email protected] the attendees about the theme. Chapter Chairman Shri H.P. Meena emphasized about necessity of the ICT in development of smart city. Shri Meena also said that there are gray areas in this field is shaking the confidence of the users which is not healthy trend. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Expert and Key Note Speaker – Shri Gunjan Saxena, General Manager, BSNL said that smart city has emerged as a term to describe a city that uses technology to address service delivery challenges. ICT innovation and transformation that improves the quality of life of citizens. Smart city is not a reality but an urban development strategy and mostly technology driven future version. Smart city is a developed urban area that creates sustainable

58 59 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 awareness of the power of information and communication to build societies in which they can REPORTMumbai Chapter create, access, use and share information and S.C. Khasgiwal knowledge to achieve their full potential. Organizations such as UNESCO actively take part in Celebration of World Telecommunication & the day by inviting people to engage in various Information Society Day-2015 activities to promote campaigns centered on this event. societies and economies, as well as of ways to bridge the digital divide. 17 May marks the anniversary of The ITU Scretary General Mr. Houlin Zhao said in his the signing of the first International Telegraph message…. “ “The remarkable history of ITU Convention in1865 and the creation of the exemplifies its stellar role in connecting the world to International Telecommunication Union in 1969. the most advanced and innovative means of This year, 2015, marks the 150th anniversary of the communication, from the days of the telegraph to the International Telecommunication Union. Internet and mobile broadband, which now allows us to be in touch anytime, anywhere with friends, family, The Theme chosen by ITU for this year is colleagues and even things. Telecommunications and ICTs: drivers of innovation to commemorate the unique contribution that As we celebrate our 150th anniversary, we look back telecommunication and information and with pride at our accomplishments. And we look communication technologies (ICTs) have made to forward to the future as we respond to the rapid Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai drive innovation, as well as to accelerate social and changes in the global ICT environment. Chapter had organized a seminar on Celebration of economic development. The innovations with and from ICT and the “World Telecommunication & Information Society In Nov., 2005, the World Summit on Information implementation of these technologies pervade every Day-2015” jointly with IETE Mumbai Centre; aspect of our lives. ICTs are also the catalysts for IETE Navi Mumbai Centre; IEEE AES/COM India Society called upon the UN Gen. Assembly to drclare 17th May as World Information Society Dayto focus shaping the post-2015 development agenda and Chapter; IEEE (COM/SOC) Mumbai Chapter & IET achieving our goals for sustainable development….” . Mumbai Network on 17th May, 2015 at Conference on the importance of ICT and wide range of issues Hall of Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai. related to information society. Thos UN General The Chief Guest Dr. Munir Sayyad, GM delivered Assembly adopted a resolution in March 2006 his talk on the theme and mainly concentrated on The Theme given by ITU for WTISD-2015 was stipulating that World Information Society Day will th applications of Telecommunications & ICTs in the “Telecommunications and ICTs-Drivers of also be celebrated on 17 May. Combined together it area of Health Care & Agriculture; Smart Houses etc. Innovations”. called now as World Telecommunication & Information Society Day (WTISD). The Chairman of IEEE read the message of UN The Lecture on the theme was delivered by the Chief Secretary General. Dr. Ban Ki Moon said in his Guest Dr. Munir B. Sayyad, GM, Reliance JIO World Information Society Day promotes people's message that….” Telecommunications - as well as Infocom Ltd. Welcome address was given by Mr. information and communications technology - drive Sushil Thale, Chairman IETE Mumbai Centre. innovation. The digital revolution has transformed The message of International Telecommunication's our world. We communicate more easily than ever Secretary General was read by Shri S C Khasgiwal, before. But we need to be more than connected - we Chairman BES(I) Mumbai Chapter. Welcoming the need to be united. ICTs can help achieve its goal of a Invited Guests and Members of all organisers, life of dignity for all. New information and Mr. Khasgiwal said that World Telecommunication communications technology can help boost the and Information Society Day (WTISD) is economy and protect the environment….”. th celebrated every year since 17 May, 1969, and the The vote of thank was proposed by Mr. P K Sharma purpose is to help raise awareness of the possibilities Hon Secretary, BES(I) Mumbai Chapter. that the use of the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring to

60 61 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 awareness of the power of information and communication to build societies in which they can REPORTMumbai Chapter create, access, use and share information and S.C. Khasgiwal knowledge to achieve their full potential. Organizations such as UNESCO actively take part in Celebration of World Telecommunication & the day by inviting people to engage in various Information Society Day-2015 activities to promote campaigns centered on this event. societies and economies, as well as of ways to bridge the digital divide. 17 May marks the anniversary of The ITU Scretary General Mr. Houlin Zhao said in his the signing of the first International Telegraph message…. “ “The remarkable history of ITU Convention in1865 and the creation of the exemplifies its stellar role in connecting the world to International Telecommunication Union in 1969. the most advanced and innovative means of This year, 2015, marks the 150th anniversary of the communication, from the days of the telegraph to the International Telecommunication Union. Internet and mobile broadband, which now allows us to be in touch anytime, anywhere with friends, family, The Theme chosen by ITU for this year is colleagues and even things. Telecommunications and ICTs: drivers of innovation to commemorate the unique contribution that As we celebrate our 150th anniversary, we look back telecommunication and information and with pride at our accomplishments. And we look communication technologies (ICTs) have made to forward to the future as we respond to the rapid Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai drive innovation, as well as to accelerate social and changes in the global ICT environment. Chapter had organized a seminar on Celebration of economic development. The innovations with and from ICT and the “World Telecommunication & Information Society In Nov., 2005, the World Summit on Information implementation of these technologies pervade every Day-2015” jointly with IETE Mumbai Centre; aspect of our lives. ICTs are also the catalysts for IETE Navi Mumbai Centre; IEEE AES/COM India Society called upon the UN Gen. Assembly to drclare 17th May as World Information Society Dayto focus shaping the post-2015 development agenda and Chapter; IEEE (COM/SOC) Mumbai Chapter & IET achieving our goals for sustainable development….” . Mumbai Network on 17th May, 2015 at Conference on the importance of ICT and wide range of issues Hall of Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai. related to information society. Thos UN General The Chief Guest Dr. Munir Sayyad, GM delivered Assembly adopted a resolution in March 2006 his talk on the theme and mainly concentrated on The Theme given by ITU for WTISD-2015 was stipulating that World Information Society Day will th applications of Telecommunications & ICTs in the “Telecommunications and ICTs-Drivers of also be celebrated on 17 May. Combined together it area of Health Care & Agriculture; Smart Houses etc. Innovations”. called now as World Telecommunication & Information Society Day (WTISD). The Chairman of IEEE read the message of UN The Lecture on the theme was delivered by the Chief Secretary General. Dr. Ban Ki Moon said in his Guest Dr. Munir B. Sayyad, GM, Reliance JIO World Information Society Day promotes people's message that….” Telecommunications - as well as Infocom Ltd. Welcome address was given by Mr. information and communications technology - drive Sushil Thale, Chairman IETE Mumbai Centre. innovation. The digital revolution has transformed The message of International Telecommunication's our world. We communicate more easily than ever Secretary General was read by Shri S C Khasgiwal, before. But we need to be more than connected - we Chairman BES(I) Mumbai Chapter. Welcoming the need to be united. ICTs can help achieve its goal of a Invited Guests and Members of all organisers, life of dignity for all. New information and Mr. Khasgiwal said that World Telecommunication communications technology can help boost the and Information Society Day (WTISD) is economy and protect the environment….”. th celebrated every year since 17 May, 1969, and the The vote of thank was proposed by Mr. P K Sharma purpose is to help raise awareness of the possibilities Hon Secretary, BES(I) Mumbai Chapter. that the use of the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring to

60 61 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 REPORT Ahmadabad Chapter REPORT Thanjavur Chapter A. K. Gupta A. Chitra Lecture on “E-Governance initiative in state government” International Yoga Day Celebration

A lecture was planned on “E-Governance initiative in practical demo was given by the special guest/Yoga state government” (Gujrat State),on 3rd June 2015. Master Mr.S.Pargunan. The function was attended by The lecture was delivered by Ms. Neeta Shah, Ex. staff from DMC, AIR Tiruchirapalli and BES(I) Director, Gujrat Informatics Limited. members. The participants felt energetic and posed Shri J K Chandira, Chairman introduced speaker to their doubts and questions to the yoga Master. The the audience and Shri A K Gupta, Hon. Secretary whole session in very much interactive and useful.Vote welcomed the gathering. of Thanks was delivered by Mr.S.Periandavar, The lecture was very elaborative. In lecture, speaker Secretary, BES(I), Thanjavur Chapter. The function explained the journey of in E-Governance in state was ended with National Anthem government so far. Speaker explained, how state govt. focussing on delivery of sustainable development and inclusive growth, socio-economic empowerment BES(I), Thanjavur Chapter organized a session in the through digital inclusion. Government and how it is beneficial to society. The sidelines of International Day of Yoga on 24.06.2015 at session was very interactive and all members and Speaker discussed the various project implemented employees of AIR and Doordarshan enjoyed the DMC, Tiruchirapalli. The function started with lighting by state Govt. like e-health, e-education, e-admin and session. Shri Ramesh Tale, Hon Treasurer presented the lamp, Welcome address was delivered by security, e-revenue, e-agriculture and environment. the vote of Thanks. Smt.A.Chitra, Chairperson, BES(I), Thanjavur chapter. Speaker also explained the roadmap of ICT in State A speech titled “Importance of Yoga in Daily life” with

62 63 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 REPORT Ahmadabad Chapter REPORT Thanjavur Chapter A. K. Gupta A. Chitra Lecture on “E-Governance initiative in state government” International Yoga Day Celebration

62 63 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 The DVB-T2 standard includes state-of-the art technology allowing a highly efficient use of the REPORT Mumbai Chapter terrestrial spectrum. It provides higher data rate and S.C. Khasgiwal more robust signal than first generation DTT standards. DVB-T2 combines many innovations Seminar on “ Digital Surround Sound and DTT DVB-T2 including new FEC techniques and higher Digital Technology for Reception of TV on Smart phones” modulation schemes. All these innovations contribute in enhancing performances and provide a great deal of flexibility to operators opening to a wide variety of Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai new business models. The Multiple Physical Layer Chapter organized a Seminar on “ Digital Surround Pipes (M-PLP) mechanism allows different Sound and DTT DVB-T2 Digital Technology for modulation schemes and robustness for different Reception of TV on Smart phones” on 22nd May, services within a DVB-T2 multiplex. M-PLP allows 2015 in the Auditorium of Institution of Engineers operators to transmit, for example, at the same time (India) at Hajiali, Mumbai. The Seminar was Mr. Hemant Batra from Sony Corporation & Sony HD services for reception by a rooftop antenna and inaugurated by the Chief Guest Mr. Ajay Gupta, India and Mr. Ashok of AB Innovators on DVB-T2 SD services for portable indoor reception. M-PLP is ADG (E-WZ), AIR & Doordarshan, Mumbai. The Reception Devices was as follows: also a fantastic tool to facilitate regional TV service main speakers on DVB-T2 Technology for Reception insertion in a national wide multiplex/frequency. of TV on Smart phones were Mr. Shimizu Kazihiro of DVB-t2 Reception Devices: Sony Corporation, Japan and Mr. Hemant Batra of DVB-T2 has already achieved incredible success for Doordarshan have recently installed 4 no. of HDTV Sony (India). Demo of Reception Device (Dongle delivering digital terrestrial television. More than 28 DVB-T2 Transmitters for Metro Cities in India at with a small Antenna) was given by Mr. Ashok of AB countries around the world have selected it for their Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Doordarshan Innovators, New Delhi. Mr. Sushant Rai of Dolby DTT standard. The first deployment was in the United had earlier experimented DVB-T Transmitters in Laboratories, New Delhi was the Speaker on Digital Kingdom in December 2009. 2010 and 2011 saw the these cities and this experiment promoted to adopt Surround Sound. launch of DVB-T2 services in Sweden, Finland and DVB-T2 Technology due to its higher capacity and robustness of signal. The Chairman of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and Italy. Both new rollouts and trials are planned for the rest of 2011 in Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia. National Chairman of New Member Induction Mr. Shimizu mentioned that Sony has introduced a Committee at BES(I), New Delhi Mr. S.C.Khasgiwal DVB-T2 is the world's most advanced DTT system offering higher efficiency, robustness and flexibility. Digital TV Tuner module for Mobile Devices which Rtd. ADG(E-WZ) welcomed the invited Guests and Mr. Satyajeet Das, DDG(E), DDK, Mumbai & Mr. can be incorporated inside a Smart Phone BES Members attending the Seminar and gave the M.S. Thomas, ADG(P), AIR, Mumbai gave an It greatly increases the channel transmission capacity to meet HD and 3D bandwidth alternatively Reception Device (a Dongle with a details of activities of BES(I).. He expressed that the overview of DVB-T2 Digital Technology adopted by small telescopic antenna) can be manufactured using trend for all the Broadcasters is to go Digital and Doordarshan and brief details of Digital Transmitter demands and offers flexibility through a range of this module chip which can be connected to a smart keeping with this Doordarshan has drawn up an installed interalia at DDK, Mumbai. business models using Multiple Physical Layer Pipe phone like a data card to receive the DVB-T2 signals ambitious plan for going in for Digital Transmission. Among the Dignitories who graced the Seminar were (M-PLP) technology, which provides services- from the DTT Terrestrial Transmitters. Recently Doordarshan has installed a DTT with specific robustness. DVBT-2 Technology and this will become popular Mr. Ajay Gupta ADG(E) as Chief Guest for the only when awareness will come for the reception Seminar; Mr. S.R. Aggarwal Formerly E-in-C of devices. So we thought it will be apt for the BES to A.I.R. & Formerly Secretary General of IETE; Mr. arrange a seminar on this topic and digital surround A.K.Bhatnagar Formerly E-in-C of Doordarshan; Mr. sound which has also been deployed in TV Networks. R. Krishnan Formerly ADG(E-WZ), AIR & Doordarshan, Mumbai. All of them spoke on the Sony Corporation, Dolby Laboratories & AB seminar topic and appreciated the efforts made by Innovators agreed to our requests to participate in the BES Mumbai Chapter for arranging the seminar on seminar so we could arrange this today. This is in topical subject. The seminar was attended by keeping with the aims & objectives of BES. It also Broadcast Professionals from Doordarshan, Private helps us to provide a platform for interaction between TV & FM Channels, and media representatives and broadcast professionals and broadcast industries. Corporate members from Broadcast Industries. The gist of presentations made by Mr. Shimizu Kazihiro &

64 65 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 The DVB-T2 standard includes state-of-the art technology allowing a highly efficient use of the REPORT Mumbai Chapter terrestrial spectrum. It provides higher data rate and S.C. Khasgiwal more robust signal than first generation DTT standards. DVB-T2 combines many innovations Seminar on “ Digital Surround Sound and DTT DVB-T2 including new FEC techniques and higher Digital Technology for Reception of TV on Smart phones” modulation schemes. All these innovations contribute in enhancing performances and provide a great deal of flexibility to operators opening to a wide variety of Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai new business models. The Multiple Physical Layer Chapter organized a Seminar on “ Digital Surround Pipes (M-PLP) mechanism allows different Sound and DTT DVB-T2 Digital Technology for modulation schemes and robustness for different Reception of TV on Smart phones” on 22nd May, services within a DVB-T2 multiplex. M-PLP allows 2015 in the Auditorium of Institution of Engineers operators to transmit, for example, at the same time (India) at Hajiali, Mumbai. The Seminar was Mr. Hemant Batra from Sony Corporation & Sony HD services for reception by a rooftop antenna and inaugurated by the Chief Guest Mr. Ajay Gupta, India and Mr. Ashok of AB Innovators on DVB-T2 SD services for portable indoor reception. M-PLP is ADG (E-WZ), AIR & Doordarshan, Mumbai. The Reception Devices was as follows: also a fantastic tool to facilitate regional TV service main speakers on DVB-T2 Technology for Reception insertion in a national wide multiplex/frequency. of TV on Smart phones were Mr. Shimizu Kazihiro of DVB-t2 Reception Devices: Sony Corporation, Japan and Mr. Hemant Batra of DVB-T2 has already achieved incredible success for Doordarshan have recently installed 4 no. of HDTV Sony (India). Demo of Reception Device (Dongle delivering digital terrestrial television. More than 28 DVB-T2 Transmitters for Metro Cities in India at with a small Antenna) was given by Mr. Ashok of AB countries around the world have selected it for their Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Doordarshan Innovators, New Delhi. Mr. Sushant Rai of Dolby DTT standard. The first deployment was in the United had earlier experimented DVB-T Transmitters in Laboratories, New Delhi was the Speaker on Digital Kingdom in December 2009. 2010 and 2011 saw the these cities and this experiment promoted to adopt Surround Sound. launch of DVB-T2 services in Sweden, Finland and DVB-T2 Technology due to its higher capacity and robustness of signal. The Chairman of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and Italy. Both new rollouts and trials are planned for the rest of 2011 in Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia. National Chairman of New Member Induction Mr. Shimizu mentioned that Sony has introduced a Committee at BES(I), New Delhi Mr. S.C.Khasgiwal DVB-T2 is the world's most advanced DTT system offering higher efficiency, robustness and flexibility. Digital TV Tuner module for Mobile Devices which Rtd. ADG(E-WZ) welcomed the invited Guests and Mr. Satyajeet Das, DDG(E), DDK, Mumbai & Mr. can be incorporated inside a Smart Phone BES Members attending the Seminar and gave the M.S. Thomas, ADG(P), AIR, Mumbai gave an It greatly increases the channel transmission capacity to meet HD and 3D bandwidth alternatively Reception Device (a Dongle with a details of activities of BES(I).. He expressed that the overview of DVB-T2 Digital Technology adopted by small telescopic antenna) can be manufactured using trend for all the Broadcasters is to go Digital and Doordarshan and brief details of Digital Transmitter demands and offers flexibility through a range of this module chip which can be connected to a smart keeping with this Doordarshan has drawn up an installed interalia at DDK, Mumbai. business models using Multiple Physical Layer Pipe phone like a data card to receive the DVB-T2 signals ambitious plan for going in for Digital Transmission. Among the Dignitories who graced the Seminar were (M-PLP) technology, which provides services- from the DTT Terrestrial Transmitters. Recently Doordarshan has installed a DTT with specific robustness. DVBT-2 Technology and this will become popular Mr. Ajay Gupta ADG(E) as Chief Guest for the only when awareness will come for the reception Seminar; Mr. S.R. Aggarwal Formerly E-in-C of devices. So we thought it will be apt for the BES to A.I.R. & Formerly Secretary General of IETE; Mr. arrange a seminar on this topic and digital surround A.K.Bhatnagar Formerly E-in-C of Doordarshan; Mr. sound which has also been deployed in TV Networks. R. Krishnan Formerly ADG(E-WZ), AIR & Doordarshan, Mumbai. All of them spoke on the Sony Corporation, Dolby Laboratories & AB seminar topic and appreciated the efforts made by Innovators agreed to our requests to participate in the BES Mumbai Chapter for arranging the seminar on seminar so we could arrange this today. This is in topical subject. The seminar was attended by keeping with the aims & objectives of BES. It also Broadcast Professionals from Doordarshan, Private helps us to provide a platform for interaction between TV & FM Channels, and media representatives and broadcast professionals and broadcast industries. Corporate members from Broadcast Industries. The gist of presentations made by Mr. Shimizu Kazihiro &

64 65 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 Digital Surround Sound applications where bandwidth is more limited, so that even built-in speakers deliver natural, louder, such as broadcast, streaming, and mobile. It distortion-free sound. Dolby Audio is a set of robust technologies that automatically optimizes sound for your playback deliver rich, clear, powerful sound in the cinema, at system, from discrete 7.1 all the way to mono. • Download your files or streaming videos faster home, and on the go. It makes entertainment more and more reliably. compelling by providing a vibrant audio experience • Dolby Digital is a worldwide standard for discrete 5.1 TV broadcast. • Experience surround sound through your For content that is broadcast, downloaded, streamed, headphones or built-in speakers with the played in cinemas, or enjoyed via disc. • Dolby TrueHD is a "lossless" format—what you Surround Virtualizer. hear is bit-for-bit identical to what was created in With Dolby Audio, one get sound that improves the the sound studio for the movie soundtrack or • Hear every word with the Dialogue Enhancer. audio experience in a number of ways for movies, TV concert. Dolby True HD provides up to 7.1 shows, music, and games. Dolby Audio delivers up to • Keep the volume constant across all your content channels of discrete surround sound. It's ideally and applications with the Volume Leveler. 7.1 channels of surround sound—including virtual suited to Blu-ray Disc and perfectly complements Demo was also arranged to show the reception on surround over any headphones—from any source. the high-definition video that Blu-ray provides. • Connect your device directly to a home theater for mobile smart phones using this dongle for receiving a full surround sound experience with Dolby It also clarifies and enhances dialogue to help you Additional Benefits for Mobile Devices Doordarshan DTT Transmitter signals. hear every word. With Dolby Audio, the volume level Digital pass-through. In addition to above small portable wi-fi device won't jump around from one program to the next. And When incorporated into a mobile device, Dolby A demo was also arranged to hear the Dolby antenna was also demonstrated which can be kept on a one get faster downloads for the streaming videos. It Digital Plus adds post-processing technologies that processed sound for listening on the Headphones. moving car or inside a Room and receive the DTT even turns the mobile phone into a high-quality home dramatically improve the device's audio capabilities signals from the DTT Transmitter on mobile smart theater source that can play audio over home setup. and your whole entertainment experience. Devices with Dolby Digital Plus have been specifically tuned phones. Demo was arranged using wi-fi device to Dolby Audio brings together content that has been receive DD DTT signals in the auditorium. mastered in a Dolby format—such as Dolby Digital Sony claims that the DTV tuner module adopts a Plus in broadcast or Dolby True HD in Blu-ray small size and superior reception along with low discs—with complementary playback technology in power consumption, which makes it an optimal devices such as set-top boxes, mobile phones and candidate for inclusion into mobile devices. The tablets, and home audio systems. The result is a SMT-EW100 series is the DVB-T2 compatible consistent, high quality audio experience—wherever module, especially designed to be incorporated in the and however you enjoy your entertainment. mobile devices and is the first module from Sony Each of the technologies in Dolby Audio has been specialised for mobile usage. designed with specific media in mind, to provide the The tuner module supports various types of digital best possible sound that those can deliver: terrestrial TV broadcast systems, including DVB-T, • Dolby Digital Plus was developed for DVB-T2, DVB-T2 Lite, ISDB-T and ISDB-Tmm. Sony India will also offer the antenna along with software and technical support. Mobile device manufacturers will be able to incorporate a DTV feature into their products as well. The experience, experiments and expectations with DVB-T2 and T2-Lite are of great interest in India. The viewing experience with HDTV will be great and if attractive content is transmitted, terrestrial TV will become boom to the nation to have multiple channels for fixed TV and mobile reception in Smart phones, PC, moving vehicles and Radio and that too in plenty with a single transmitter.

66 67 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15

REPORTGlobal Exhibition on Services REPORT

A 3 day the Global Exhibition on Services was held at “AIBD/RTM In-Country Workshop on DVB-T2 Transmission” Pragati Maidan from 23.04.15 to 25.04.15. Doordarshan demonstrated DVB-T2 capabilities and at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Archives in Hall No. 14, stall No. 80. For this , environment, concept of Guard interval, PAPR and Doordarshan constituted a team of 4 DD Engineers to orthogonality, Generation of COFDM, Modulation demonstrate the DVB-T2 signal at the exhibition. Error Ratio, MER due to I-Q imbalances, Mode Members of the team were as under: their choices for stationery/portable and mobile 1) Shri Rajesh Kumar Sharma, DDE , O/o ADG(NZ), reception. COFDM bandwidth, Shoulder & mask New Delhi in DVB-T2, concept of extended carrier mode, 2) Shri D. N. Mishra, AE, Doordarshan Directorate, Scattered pilot pattern, continual pilot and their New Delhi choices, Guard interval in DVB-T2 and their choice 3) Shri R.K. Jain , AE , HPT Pithampura, New Delhi for different situations 4) Smt. Meena, AE, R&D, New Delhi Doordarshan to the visitors during this exhibition. • FEC, Bit interleaving, Cell interleaving, time The exhibition domain was very vast & spread across T h e t e a m a r r a n g e d i n t e g r a t e d d i g i t a l interleaving and frequency interleaving in DVB- many halls. Visitors had shown keen interest in Television(iDTV), STBs, and Dongles for T2, DVBT-2 Frame structure. watching TV and listening Radio programmes in smartphones and tablets. The Doordarshan exhibition tablets and smartphones as well as in iDTV connected • Base Band processing, L1 signalling and multiple stall was primarily aimed towards promoting directly to yagi antenna & DD Engineers explained Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development Physical Layer Pipes DD/AIR Archive services and demonstrations of about DVB-T2 technology and receiving systems. organized “AIBD/RTM In-Country Workshop on reception of the DVB-T2 signal being transmitted DVB-T2 Transmission” at Kuala Lumpur from • Gateway from HPT Pitampura on latest smart phones, iDTV One of the representative of Tanzanian Public 11/05/2015 to 15/05/2015 for the Enigneers of Radio • Spectral and power effeciency of DVB-T2 and Tablets and explained to the future plans of broadcaster visited DD stall and he shown keen & TV, Malaysia. Shri M.S. Duhan, Deputy Director transmitters and digital transmitter measurements. interest in the DVB-T2 technology and discussed General(E) and Shri Surender Singh, Director(E) plans of his organization in terms of evolving from Doordarshan India were resource persons • Frequency and Network Coverage Planning of technologies. He was amazed by the growth of besides Engineers from M/s R&S. DVB T2 Transmitters for SFN and MFN Network broadcasting industry in India. The schedule for 5 day workshop was nicely • Opportunities and Challenges in DVB T2 and T2 A few visitors asked about the time frame of structured with mix of theory , videos and practical Lite including receiving ecosystem commencing of DVB-T2 (especially in rural India) demonstrations. The tutorials on DVB T2 Technology The theory of DVB T2 Technology and its and composition of bouquet of channels in DVB-T2. were highly useful to the delegates from RTM . There applications for business models and network Mostly were amazed by the capability of the DVB-T2 is a 5 kW DVB T Transmitter available with RTM and planning & coverage was well covered during the 5 and started comparing it with the similar technologies the delegates may further practise on this transmitter day workshop. The visit at R&S Transmitter was quite like hot star, DITTO TV etc. Few of visitors from SSI to know more insights of technology. useful to the delegates. (Small Scale Industry) enquired about possibilities of business relationship with DD in respect of DVB-T2 Following topics were discussed during the This workshop was highly effective. receivers. workshop: CEO of PB (Shri Jawahar Sircar) visited stall on • Forward Error Correction, different modulation 25.04.2015 . He was impressed by the usage of dongle patterns in DVB-T2 & their impact on the coverage in android based smart phone and tablets and through of transmitter, robust of signal to noise and required Wi-Fi. He was highly impressed with the nice C/N ratio for the reception, rotated constellation explanations and demonstrations of DVB –T2 technique and its choice for different types of Technology by DD Engineers lead by Sh. Rajesh channels and modulation schemes Sharma DDE and appreciated their excellent work. • Multicarrier system and their usefulness for mobile

68 69 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 REPORTGlobal Exhibition on Services REPORT

68 69 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD NewsWORLD fromNEWS FROMBroadcasting BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS W FROMorld BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD ByNEWS Meenakshi FROM Singhvi BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING sustainable ecosystem for digital TV in the future and forms and develops. While both the camera and the Deadline reached for switchover from analogue to possibilities for structured development of digital its spectrum requirements. presenter have full freedom of movement, Ncam digital TV for 119 countries in Europe, Africa, terrestrial broadcasting but also sufficient flexibilities keeps the graphics precisely fixed to a location. Middle East and Central Asia for adaptation to the changing telecommunication Ncam transforms television weather presentation The deadline for the switchover from analogue to environment. T h e We a t h e r C h a n n e l ® “We set out to create an affordable, effective and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), set at 00:01 introduced the first of its live “Today, 17 June, marks a historic landmark in the flexible real-time augmented reality system, with UTC on 17 June 2015, heralds the development of augmented reality presentations, transition from analogue to digital television latency low enough to be used in live television,” said 'all-digital' terrestrial broadcast services for sound which allow meteorologist Jim broadcasting,” said ITU Secretary-General Houlin Nic Hatch, CEO of Ncam. “The project at The and television for 119 countries belonging to ITU Cantore to interact with stunning Zhao. “The process, which began in June 2006, has Weather Channel is extremely exciting: they are Region-1 (Europe, Africa, the Middle East and 3D graphics. Giving the presenter re-envisioned the way the world watches and interacts creating very compelling television moments several Central Asia) and the Islamic Republic of Iran. and camera complete freedom of movement is Ncam with TV and opened the way for new innovations and times a day, really getting inside the weather. developments in the broadcast industry.” Live, the low latency real-time camera tracking system. Digital TV broadcasting offers many advantages over First DRM broadcast from Brazil analogue systems for end-users, operators and “We're bringing the outside into the studio,” said regulators. Apart from increasing the number of Jeremy Jones, director of television products at The On May 28th Brazil experienced programmes, digital systems can provide new Weather Channel. “If we want to explain a tornado, the first DRM broadcast in short innovative services, such as interactive TV, electronic for example, we'll have a realistic 3D graphic of it wave originating in Brazil and programme guides and mobile TV as well as transmit come to life in the studio. The presenter will be able to targeting the country. The public image and sound in high-definition (HDTV) and walk around and explain the dynamics of a tornado to broadcaster in Brazil, EBC, in ultra-high definition (UHDTV). Digital TV requires our fans live.” collaboration with DRM members, put out the broadcast with 130W in DRM at 9755 kHz. The less energy to ensure the same coverage as for The Weather Channel is the best known name in transmission system was put together with Brazilian analogue while decreasing overall costs of weather programming for television and is know how and with the assistance of EBC and key transmission. The more efficient use of radio continually striving for more engaging, more members of the DRM Brazilian Platform. The spectrum brought on by digital TV also allows for the dynamic presentation of the science behind the antenna used has 16dB gain and north-south radiation The 17 June deadline for switching off analogue so-called digital dividend resulting from the freeing weather. This was the driving force behind its pattern. The coverage area is predicted to encompass television broadcasting in the UHF band was set by up of much-needed spectrum for use by other determination to move on from the traditional North – Amazonia as well as the south of the country. I T U M e m b e r S t a t e s a t t h e R e g i o n a l services, such as mobile broadband. weather forecast style of a presenter in front of a green Despite the low power used the DRM signal has been Radiocommunication Conference in 2006, known as screen map. A symposium held at ITU marked "A milestone for already received successfully in parts of the country, the GE06 Regional Agreement. Several countries that Digital Terrestrial Television" towards establishing a are party to the GE06 Agreement, as well as many The result is that the presenter is free to move around being audible in quality in the Sao Paolo State at about more equitable, just and people-centred Information stunning graphics sequences, such as how a tornado 800km away from the transmission site in Brasilia. who are not, have already made the transition. The Society, connecting the unconnected in underserved new digital GE06 Plan provides not only new The audio of the Amazon National Radio was and remote communities, and closing the digital received there in excellent digital quality. Tests are divide. The symposium took stock of countries that continuing and more measurements and feedback are have achieved the switchover from analogue to digital to come in. broadcasting and explored the technical and regulatory frameworks required to make the U.K.'s Ofcom Brings Community Radio Up to a transition to digital TV and build a sustainable New Level ecosystem. The U.K. Office of Communications (Ofcom) has Experts from around the world explored the awarded 10 test licenses for DAB multiplex objectives of the transition from analogue to digital transmitters meant to carry small-scale digital radio broadcasting and took a look at advances in transmissions. television, such as ultra-high-definition TV “This will enable groups of community, online and (UHDTV), Integrated broadcast-broadband (IBB) local commercial radio stations to work together and ITU map of countries that have not yet started digital switchover systems, and smart TV platforms as well as building a bring new stations to local areas from Norfolk to

70 71 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD NewsWORLD fromNEWS FROMBroadcasting BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS W FROMorld BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD ByNEWS Meenakshi FROM Singhvi BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING sustainable ecosystem for digital TV in the future and forms and develops. While both the camera and the Deadline reached for switchover from analogue to possibilities for structured development of digital its spectrum requirements. presenter have full freedom of movement, Ncam digital TV for 119 countries in Europe, Africa, terrestrial broadcasting but also sufficient flexibilities keeps the graphics precisely fixed to a location. Middle East and Central Asia for adaptation to the changing telecommunication Ncam transforms television weather presentation The deadline for the switchover from analogue to environment. T h e We a t h e r C h a n n e l ® “We set out to create an affordable, effective and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), set at 00:01 introduced the first of its live “Today, 17 June, marks a historic landmark in the flexible real-time augmented reality system, with UTC on 17 June 2015, heralds the development of augmented reality presentations, transition from analogue to digital television latency low enough to be used in live television,” said 'all-digital' terrestrial broadcast services for sound which allow meteorologist Jim broadcasting,” said ITU Secretary-General Houlin Nic Hatch, CEO of Ncam. “The project at The and television for 119 countries belonging to ITU Cantore to interact with stunning Zhao. “The process, which began in June 2006, has Weather Channel is extremely exciting: they are Region-1 (Europe, Africa, the Middle East and 3D graphics. Giving the presenter re-envisioned the way the world watches and interacts creating very compelling television moments several Central Asia) and the Islamic Republic of Iran. and camera complete freedom of movement is Ncam with TV and opened the way for new innovations and times a day, really getting inside the weather. developments in the broadcast industry.” Live, the low latency real-time camera tracking system. Digital TV broadcasting offers many advantages over First DRM broadcast from Brazil analogue systems for end-users, operators and “We're bringing the outside into the studio,” said regulators. Apart from increasing the number of Jeremy Jones, director of television products at The On May 28th Brazil experienced programmes, digital systems can provide new Weather Channel. “If we want to explain a tornado, the first DRM broadcast in short innovative services, such as interactive TV, electronic for example, we'll have a realistic 3D graphic of it wave originating in Brazil and programme guides and mobile TV as well as transmit come to life in the studio. The presenter will be able to targeting the country. The public image and sound in high-definition (HDTV) and walk around and explain the dynamics of a tornado to broadcaster in Brazil, EBC, in ultra-high definition (UHDTV). Digital TV requires our fans live.” collaboration with DRM members, put out the broadcast with 130W in DRM at 9755 kHz. The less energy to ensure the same coverage as for The Weather Channel is the best known name in transmission system was put together with Brazilian analogue while decreasing overall costs of weather programming for television and is know how and with the assistance of EBC and key transmission. The more efficient use of radio continually striving for more engaging, more members of the DRM Brazilian Platform. The spectrum brought on by digital TV also allows for the dynamic presentation of the science behind the antenna used has 16dB gain and north-south radiation The 17 June deadline for switching off analogue so-called digital dividend resulting from the freeing weather. This was the driving force behind its pattern. The coverage area is predicted to encompass television broadcasting in the UHF band was set by up of much-needed spectrum for use by other determination to move on from the traditional North – Amazonia as well as the south of the country. I T U M e m b e r S t a t e s a t t h e R e g i o n a l services, such as mobile broadband. weather forecast style of a presenter in front of a green Despite the low power used the DRM signal has been Radiocommunication Conference in 2006, known as screen map. A symposium held at ITU marked "A milestone for already received successfully in parts of the country, the GE06 Regional Agreement. Several countries that Digital Terrestrial Television" towards establishing a are party to the GE06 Agreement, as well as many The result is that the presenter is free to move around being audible in quality in the Sao Paolo State at about more equitable, just and people-centred Information stunning graphics sequences, such as how a tornado 800km away from the transmission site in Brasilia. who are not, have already made the transition. The Society, connecting the unconnected in underserved new digital GE06 Plan provides not only new The audio of the Amazon National Radio was and remote communities, and closing the digital received there in excellent digital quality. Tests are divide. The symposium took stock of countries that continuing and more measurements and feedback are have achieved the switchover from analogue to digital to come in. broadcasting and explored the technical and regulatory frameworks required to make the U.K.'s Ofcom Brings Community Radio Up to a transition to digital TV and build a sustainable New Level ecosystem. The U.K. Office of Communications (Ofcom) has Experts from around the world explored the awarded 10 test licenses for DAB multiplex objectives of the transition from analogue to digital transmitters meant to carry small-scale digital radio broadcasting and took a look at advances in transmissions. television, such as ultra-high-definition TV “This will enable groups of community, online and (UHDTV), Integrated broadcast-broadband (IBB) local commercial radio stations to work together and ITU map of countries that have not yet started digital switchover systems, and smart TV platforms as well as building a bring new stations to local areas from Norfolk to

70 71 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING viewers who are spending a lot of time on AIR's initiative of going digital has brought India's smartphones and tablets. oldest broadcaster to the fastest moving technology. “Each viewer will be able to view the content through Citycable offers 80 DAB+ radio stations on cable a dongle attached to a hand-held device, which Citycable, the cable operator ultimately could be inbuilt into their system by of the city of Lausanne in hardware manufacturers like Samsung, Apple, Switzerland, is offering with Microsoft and HCL, as was done for FM radio more than 80 radio stations channels,” said JawaharSircar, Chief Executive transmitted using DAB+ Officer, PrasarBharati."The DTT (digital terrestrial technology. It is the first known cable operator to use television) technology is in a position to compete DAB+ on cable. DAB+ is usually used for terrestrial successfully against OTT (over-the-top technology) Glasgow and Cambridge to Manchester,” said broadcasting but tests have shown that it works and meet the target of seamless streaming into over Ofcom. without problems on cable TV networks. infrastructure, has released the Complete Ultra HD 200 million smartphones and tablets," Sircar said. The (UHD) Guidebook, providing industry professionals About 60 stations will begin broadcasting on digital number of smart-devices users in India is much more There are many interests of using DAB+ on cable. with a free reference tool for understanding next- radio for the first time using the 'small scale DAB' than the 180 million TV homes currently. According to Michel Belet, from Citycable: “Many generation video. approach, which could provide a more affordable way people still connect their radio receiver on cable as it PrasarBharati has written to the governing ministry of for smaller stations to broadcast via digital radio. “If offers a simple and reliable solution to listen to radio. Harmonic's new guidebook offers a detailed information and broadcasting with a blueprint of the the trials are successful, UK listeners could benefit With DAB+ we can complete our offer while keeping examination of the technological innovations and plan and is currently doing in-house tests from its from hundreds more local and community radio reception simple with good selection of receivers standards that are defining UHD video and audio, as transmitters in Delhi using imported dongles. stations on digital radio in the future,” said Ofcom. available in shops. Even if people can already listen to well as a realistic assessment of the market dynamics All India Radio Launches Mobile App radio on their TV as part of the digital offer, they still that will determine the pace at which UHD matures The cost of broadcasting on DAB is beyond the reach want to have simple standalone device with buttons and diffuses. The Complete UHD Guidebook can be of many small radio stations; but this new approach, All India Radio (AIR) has and a display to listen to radio without the need to downloaded for free at http://info.harmonicinc.com/ pioneered by Ofcom engineer Rashid Mustapha, l a u n c h e d a m o b i l e switch on their TV.”. Compared to other technologies Ebook-UHD-Guidebook. UHD video represents the means that small-scale radio stations could start application for Android used for receiving radio, DAB+ offers also: next big step in the evolution of video recording, broadcasting on DAB radio for a fraction of current users, which will be available processing and display technology. costs. The new approach is cheaper than current for a free download on the • Clear and interference free reception. systems because it uses software freely available from Google Play Store.The app Sony and Memnon Archiving Services announce • Simplified installation, people just have to partnership, extending digitisation choices for opendigitalradio.org and equipment that costs around currently includes following AIR radio channels – connect their receiver and scan. No need to content owners £6,000. While stations also have to budget for AIR FM Gold, AIR FM Rainbow, AIR FM know the frequencies anymore. operating costs — such as site rental, maintenance VividhBharati, AIR Urdu, AIR Gujarati, AIR Sony has announced a partnership with Memnon and electricity — small scale DAB is a much more Malayalam, AIR Marathi and AIR Punjabi. More • Compared to Internet radio there's no Archiving Services, a leading digital preservation affordable way for smaller stations to broadcast on radio stations will be added in the coming months.The bandwidth consumption of the home Internet digital radio. app, called 'All India Radio Live' will soon be access, less risk of cuts or dropouts. available on iOs, Windows and other platforms. Doordarshan to offer TV channels on Citycable has partnered with the Opendigitalradio smartphones without using internet "We are pleased to share that very soon AIR Live organisation for the integration of the DAB+ solution. mobile app will be available for other platforms also. It uses the ODR-mmbTools free and open source The public broadcaster is planning to provide Our IT team is continuously at work and we hope to software and works on the same principle than what is television channels directly on smartphones, without get connected through all mobile platforms shortly," used to broadcast local DAB+ stations in Switzerland. using internet or telecom broadband. As per its plan, said AIR director general FayyazSheheryar. Citycable had specific technical needs and also the viewers will get to watch 20 wanted to keep the installation compact and cost free-to-air channels and 20 radio- Earlier AIR launched its first mobile application AIR efficient. channels, without any payment or News,that brings News stories from the AIR News extra equipment. The idea is to network in India. It brings in both National and Harmonic Releases Ultra HD Guidebook catch the new age on-the-go Regional news stories in text and audio format. Harmonic, the worldwide leader in video delivery

72 73 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTINGWORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING viewers who are spending a lot of time on AIR's initiative of going digital has brought India's smartphones and tablets. oldest broadcaster to the fastest moving technology. “Each viewer will be able to view the content through Citycable offers 80 DAB+ radio stations on cable a dongle attached to a hand-held device, which Citycable, the cable operator ultimately could be inbuilt into their system by of the city of Lausanne in hardware manufacturers like Samsung, Apple, Switzerland, is offering with Microsoft and HCL, as was done for FM radio more than 80 radio stations channels,” said JawaharSircar, Chief Executive transmitted using DAB+ Officer, PrasarBharati."The DTT (digital terrestrial technology. It is the first known cable operator to use television) technology is in a position to compete DAB+ on cable. DAB+ is usually used for terrestrial successfully against OTT (over-the-top technology) Glasgow and Cambridge to Manchester,” said broadcasting but tests have shown that it works and meet the target of seamless streaming into over Ofcom. without problems on cable TV networks. infrastructure, has released the Complete Ultra HD 200 million smartphones and tablets," Sircar said. The (UHD) Guidebook, providing industry professionals About 60 stations will begin broadcasting on digital number of smart-devices users in India is much more There are many interests of using DAB+ on cable. with a free reference tool for understanding next- radio for the first time using the 'small scale DAB' than the 180 million TV homes currently. According to Michel Belet, from Citycable: “Many generation video. approach, which could provide a more affordable way people still connect their radio receiver on cable as it PrasarBharati has written to the governing ministry of for smaller stations to broadcast via digital radio. “If offers a simple and reliable solution to listen to radio. Harmonic's new guidebook offers a detailed information and broadcasting with a blueprint of the the trials are successful, UK listeners could benefit With DAB+ we can complete our offer while keeping examination of the technological innovations and plan and is currently doing in-house tests from its from hundreds more local and community radio reception simple with good selection of receivers standards that are defining UHD video and audio, as transmitters in Delhi using imported dongles. stations on digital radio in the future,” said Ofcom. available in shops. Even if people can already listen to well as a realistic assessment of the market dynamics All India Radio Launches Mobile App radio on their TV as part of the digital offer, they still that will determine the pace at which UHD matures The cost of broadcasting on DAB is beyond the reach want to have simple standalone device with buttons and diffuses. The Complete UHD Guidebook can be of many small radio stations; but this new approach, All India Radio (AIR) has and a display to listen to radio without the need to downloaded for free at http://info.harmonicinc.com/ pioneered by Ofcom engineer Rashid Mustapha, l a u n c h e d a m o b i l e switch on their TV.”. Compared to other technologies Ebook-UHD-Guidebook. UHD video represents the means that small-scale radio stations could start application for Android used for receiving radio, DAB+ offers also: next big step in the evolution of video recording, broadcasting on DAB radio for a fraction of current users, which will be available processing and display technology. costs. The new approach is cheaper than current for a free download on the • Clear and interference free reception. systems because it uses software freely available from Google Play Store.The app Sony and Memnon Archiving Services announce • Simplified installation, people just have to partnership, extending digitisation choices for opendigitalradio.org and equipment that costs around currently includes following AIR radio channels – connect their receiver and scan. No need to content owners £6,000. While stations also have to budget for AIR FM Gold, AIR FM Rainbow, AIR FM know the frequencies anymore. operating costs — such as site rental, maintenance VividhBharati, AIR Urdu, AIR Gujarati, AIR Sony has announced a partnership with Memnon and electricity — small scale DAB is a much more Malayalam, AIR Marathi and AIR Punjabi. More • Compared to Internet radio there's no Archiving Services, a leading digital preservation affordable way for smaller stations to broadcast on radio stations will be added in the coming months.The bandwidth consumption of the home Internet digital radio. app, called 'All India Radio Live' will soon be access, less risk of cuts or dropouts. available on iOs, Windows and other platforms. Doordarshan to offer TV channels on Citycable has partnered with the Opendigitalradio smartphones without using internet "We are pleased to share that very soon AIR Live organisation for the integration of the DAB+ solution. mobile app will be available for other platforms also. It uses the ODR-mmbTools free and open source The public broadcaster is planning to provide Our IT team is continuously at work and we hope to software and works on the same principle than what is television channels directly on smartphones, without get connected through all mobile platforms shortly," used to broadcast local DAB+ stations in Switzerland. using internet or telecom broadband. As per its plan, said AIR director general FayyazSheheryar. Citycable had specific technical needs and also the viewers will get to watch 20 wanted to keep the installation compact and cost free-to-air channels and 20 radio- Earlier AIR launched its first mobile application AIR efficient. channels, without any payment or News,that brings News stories from the AIR News extra equipment. The idea is to network in India. It brings in both National and Harmonic Releases Ultra HD Guidebook catch the new age on-the-go Regional news stories in text and audio format. Harmonic, the worldwide leader in video delivery

72 73 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 WORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD New Members WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING New Members NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING reusing and monetising their digital content, once it is Sr. No. Name Mem_No Design Address made readily accessible.” 1. Sh. V.K. Sugathan LM-2875 Asstt. Engg. All India Radio, Kalavoor P.O. THAT Studio Effects introduced new Adobe Alleppey 688538, Kerala Premiere Pro and After Effects Integration 2 Dr. Jagdish W. Bakal LF-2876 Principal Flat No. 202, Sai Akash CHS Ltd. Plot No. 20, Matheran Rd. Sector 12, New Panwelce THAT Studio, the San Francisco-based technology Navi Mumbai-410206, Maharashtra and postproduction company, 3 Sh. Prakash Kumar Pati LM-2877 DDG (E) RABM, AIR & DD C S Pur has showcased THAT Studio Bhubaneswar-751017, Odisha Effects, its comprehensive 4 Sh. R. S. Sharma LM- 2878 Group Head, 6, Sarthak Bunglows, New CG Road, library of practical effects and EFMG/ESSA Nr. Engg. College, Chandkheda, assets at NAB. A new THAT Ahmedabad-382424 Gujarat

Studio Effects Panel provides easy access to practical effects List of Converted Members provider responsible for digitising, restoring and and assets inside Premiere Pro 1 Sh. Mahendra Harisingh Chowdhary LM to LF-1628 Asstt. Engg. D/22 Navdeep Appt, Nr. A One School preserving more than 2,000,000 hours of audio-visual CC and After Effects CC. Editors, VFX artists, and Subhash Chowk, Ahmedabad-380052 Gujarat archives for numerous cultural institutions and independent filmmakers now have access to a 2 Sh. K. Murugan LM to LF-2258 Director Engg. (IT) B-314, PVH, Pragati Vihar, Lodi Road broadcasters around the world. complete repository of high-quality tools to enhance New Delhi-110003 their creative work that they can preview, buy, and use Michel Merten, CEO Memnon Archiving Services, within their Adobe applications. said: “The partnership will combine our expertise in How to become a Member of BES (I)? handling and digitally preserving large volumes of THAT Studio Effects offers over 100 GB of royalty- Any person fulfilling the requisite qualification can apply for the membership by filling the membership form. To sensitive, precious content of all media types (incl. free assets, comprising practically shot content, check eligibility to avail BES(I) Membership please visit our website: www.besindia.com audio, video, and film) with Sony's strong heritage custom-crafted effects, plugins, presets, audio effects, Class of member Life subscription fee and world-class knowledge around broadcast and and soundtrack music. Visual effects include snow, audio-visual technologies.” film scratches, dust, fire, smoke, and much more. The Indian Overseas new integrated panel means that filmmakers and post Organisations' needs for large-scale digital Life Member Rs. 2,100/- US $410 artists can use them directly in Adobe Premiere Pro or preservation have accelerated due to the continuous After Effects. Life Fellow -do- -do- physical deterioration of media carriers, alongside Associate Member -do- -do- on-going interoperability and technology support “The THAT Studio Effects Panel in Premiere Pro changes. Lower digital storage costs and the allows everyone who sits down at the edit station to Affiliate Member -do- -do- development of stable long-term digital storage quickly get to the footage without ever having to Student Member Rs. 1100/- US $210 formats, such as Sony's Optical Disk Archive, have move too far from the timeline,” said Ko Maruyama, Life Corporate Member Rs. 50,000/- US $2,000 prompted many organisations to consider large scale creative director and lead animator at Treelined digitisation projects. Similarly, increased asset Media. “Whether an assistant editor or a lead editor Honorary Fellow NIL NIL utilisation and new commercialisation opportunities starts the job, the huge array of footage options allow Age above 60 yrs Rs. 1100/- US $210 have enhanced the business case for customers everyone to quickly extend the potential of the cut. making this investment an immediate priority. The clips are real footage, of practical elements, and 1) The form can be downloaded from our website: www.besindia.com are unlike digitally created elements. THAT Studio “Our research suggests that only 21% of broadcasters Effects footage looks real because it is real.” 2) You can take the print of the form, fill it up and send by post alongwith the subscription fee. The copies of have completed digitisation of their tape libraries, and the relevant documents and photographs are to be sent at the following address: that the average organisation which hasn't digitised Purchase includes lifetime updates and downloads of will store more than 100,000 legacy tapes on-site,” new effects in the purchased bundle. The complete The Secretary said Baku Morikuni, Head of Sony's Media Lifecycle library is available as high-quality QuickTime files, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Service. “As a result, many content owners have which are integrated directly into an Adobe Premiere 912, Surya Kiran Building, 19, Kasturba Gandhi Marg assets that are literally depreciating, yet Pro and After Effects panel. New Delhi-110001 simultaneously have increased opportunities for Tel: + 91 11 23316709 Fax: + 91 11 23316710 Email: [email protected] 74 6175 April’15 - June’15 April’15 - June’15 WORLD WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD New Members WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING New Members NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING WORLD NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING NEWS FROM BROADCASTING reusing and monetising their digital content, once it is Sr. No. Name Mem_No Design Address made readily accessible.” 1. Sh. V.K. Sugathan LM-2875 Asstt. Engg. All India Radio, Kalavoor P.O. THAT Studio Effects introduced new Adobe Alleppey 688538, Kerala Premiere Pro and After Effects Integration 2 Dr. Jagdish W. Bakal LF-2876 Principal Flat No. 202, Sai Akash CHS Ltd. Plot No. 20, Matheran Rd. Sector 12, New Panwelce THAT Studio, the San Francisco-based technology Navi Mumbai-410206, Maharashtra and postproduction company, 3 Sh. Prakash Kumar Pati LM-2877 DDG (E) RABM, AIR & DD C S Pur has showcased THAT Studio Bhubaneswar-751017, Odisha Effects, its comprehensive 4 Sh. R. S. Sharma LM- 2878 Group Head, 6, Sarthak Bunglows, New CG Road, library of practical effects and EFMG/ESSA Nr. Engg. College, Chandkheda, assets at NAB. A new THAT Ahmedabad-382424 Gujarat

Mem. No. Name Address Mem. No. Name Address 1. LCM-01 M/s AKG Acoustics (India) Ltd. Kamal Cinema Building, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 28. LCM-30 M/s Doordarshan Doordarshan Bhavan, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi-110001 2. LCM-02 M/s Telematics Systems Ltd. Mount Poonamallee Road, Nandambakkam, Chennai- 600 089 29. LCM-31 M/s Silicon Graphics Systems (I)(P)Ltd. 228 Udog Vihar Phase-1, Gurgaon 3. LCM-03 M/s Electronics Corpn.of Tamilnadu Ltd. LLA Buildings, 735, Anna Salai, Chennai- 600 002 30. LCM-32 M/s Essel Shyam Communication Ltd FC-20, Sector 16 A, Noida-201301 4. LCM-04 M/s Hinditron Tektronix Inst.Ltd. No.5, Crescent Road, High Grounds, Bangalore - 560 001 31. LCM-33 M/s All India Radio Directorate General, Akashvani Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-1 5. LCM-05 M/s Rohde & Schwarz Liaison Office India, 244, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-III, New Delhi - 110 020 32. LCM-34 M/s The IEI Delhi State Centre Engineers Bhavan, Bahadur Shar Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2 6. LCM-06 M/s Maharashtra Elects.Corpn.Ltd. D-26, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049 33. LCM-37 M/s Trans World Radio- South Asia L-15, Green Park, New Delhi-110016 7. LCM-07 M/s Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Gurunanak Foundation Building, 15-16, Qutab Institutional Area, 34. LCM-38 M/s Kathrein India Pvt. Ltd. 4-B-4. Industry Manor, 3rd Floor, A.S.M. Marg, Prabha Devi, New Delhi - 110 067 Mumbai-25. 8. CM-09 M/s Acoustics Engineers 'VASANT' 1286 A, Shivajinagar, Opp.Balgandharava 35. LCM-39 M/s Arraycom (India) Limited B-13, 13/1 & 14, GIDC, Electronics Estate, Sector 25, Rangmandir, Pune - 411 005 Gandhinagar, Gujarat 9. LCM-10 M/s Gujarat Commns. & Elect.Ltd. G.I.D.C Industrial Estate, Makarpura, Vadodara - 390 010 36. LCM-40 M/s Sun Broadcast Equipments Pvt. Ltd. 3/31, 3rd Floor, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008 10. LCM-15 M/s Comcon Industries S-54, Functional Industrial, Estate for Electronics, Okhla Phase- 37. LCM-41 M/s Diksaat Transworld Ltd. No. 12, Balia Avenue, Luz Mylapore, Chennai-600004 II, New Delhi - 110 020 38. LCM-42 M/s Qualcomm India Pvt. Ltd. 3rd Floor, DLF Centre, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001 11. LCM-19 M/s Satcom Electronics (P) Ltd. 33, B.R.B. Bose Road, 2nd Floor, Calcutta-700001 39. LCM-43 M/s. Monarch Computers Pvt. Ltd. Monarch House, Royal Palms, Aarey Milk Colony, Goregaon (E) 12. LCM-21 M/s Army Headquarter Signal Regiment, 1, Army Headquarter, Signal Regiment, Signals Enclave, New Mumbai-400065 Delhi-110010 40. LCM-44 M/s. Setron India Private Limited E-2 Greater Kailash Enclave-1 New Delhi-110048 13. LCM-35 M/s Benchmark Microsystems Pvt. Ltd. No.140,Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi-110048 41. LCM-45 M/s. Global Institute of Technology Sitapur Jaipur-302022 14. CM-36 M/s Bharat Electronics Ltd Jalahalli, Bangalore-560013 42. LCM-46 M/s. Institute of Management Studies A-8B IMS Campus Sector-62 Noida Uttar Pradesh-201303 15. CM-25 M/s Visual Tech. India PVT.LTD. A-1, First floor, lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi-110024. 43. LCM-47 M/s. A. V. Institute of Technology Vinayaka Mission University OMR, Vinayaka Nagar, Paiyanoor 16. LCM-08 M/s Webel Mediatronics Ltd. P-1, Taratala Road, Calcutta - 700 088 Tamilnadu-603104 17. LCM-11 M/s Hindustan Photo Films Co.Ltd. Indu Nagar, Ooty, Tamilnadu-643006. 44. LCM-48 M/s. Harman International India Pvt. Ltd. RMZ, Ecospace, 3B, 301, Sarhapura Ring Road, Bengaluru-560103 Karnataka 18. LCM-14 M/s Broadcast Equipments(I) P.Ltd. 370-371/2, First Floor, Hospital Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-14 45. LCM-49 M/s. Semyung India Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. Plot No: 131, 1st street, VGP Selva nagar Extn. Velachery 19. LCM-16 M/s R & S Electronics A-1-24, Ghanshyam Ind. Estate, Veera Desai Road, Andheri 600 042 Tamilnadu (West), Mumbai-400053 20. LCM-17 M/s Swati Industries Z-40, Okhala Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020 21. LCM-20 M/s Elect. Corpn. of India Ltd. ECIL Post, Hyderabad-500062 22. LCM-23 M/s BECIL B-1, Sector 31, Noida-201301 23. LCM-24 M/s AVF Distributors (I) PVT. LTD. 208 and 12 jagani Ind. Comp., Near ATI, Chunabhatti, Mumbai- 400022. 24. LCM-26 M/s Cinecita Comoptronics Ind. Pvt. Ltd Parijat House 3rd floor, 1076, off. pr. E. moses Road, Worli, Mumbai-400018 25. LCM-27 M/s Studio Systems Sangeeta Aptts. Bldg. 6-C,Flat No. 5. Ground Floor, Behind Lido Cinema, Juhu Road, Mumbai-400049 26. LCM-28 M/s Canara Lighting Industries Ltd. Bata Compound Khopet, Pokhran Road No. 1, Thane-400601 27. LCM-29 M/s AGIV (India) Pvt. Ltd. SION Chunabhatti Road, Mumbai-400022

76 77 January'15 - March’15 January'15 - March’15 Corporate Members Corporate Members

76 77 January'15 - March’15 January'15 - March’15 Obituary

Shri Sushil Chandra, former Director (Engg), ALL India Radio breathed his last on 7-06-2015 at Noida. Shri Chandra born 1945 in Delhi. After completion his education, he joined All India Radio in 1974 as class one officer in North Zone, AIR, New Delhi and retired in 2004 as Director (E). During his service tenure he has worked in various capacities at Kolkata, North East Centres, Pune, Delhi etc. He survived with his wife, son and daughter. Shri Sunil Chandra was Life Member (LM-1698) of Broadcast Engineering Society (India). Broadcast Engineering Society prays to almighty that May God rest the departed soul in peace and give strength to the family members to bear this great loss.