Instituting Environmental Protection: from Red to Green in Poland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Instituting Environmental Protection: from Red to Green in Poland Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Books by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 1998 Instituting Environmental Protection: From Red to Green in Poland Daniel H. Cole Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facbooks Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Cole, Daniel H., "Instituting Environmental Protection: From Red to Green in Poland" (1998). Books by Maurer Faculty. 153. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facbooks/153 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INSTITUTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION From Red to Green in Poland Daniel H. Cole Instituting Environmental Protection Instituting Environmental Protection From Red to Green in Poland Daniel H. Cole Originally published, 1998, Macmillan and St. Martin’s Press. Republished, 2015, under Creative Commons License. Creative Commons License For my family and in memory of my grandfather, Harry D. Pierce Contents List of Tables, Figures and Boxes xi Preface to the 2016 Creative Commons Edition xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 A Failed Promise: Socialist Environmental Protection 1 Subject and Object 2 Marxist Ideology and the Socialist System 3 Socialist Legal Analysis 5 The Parameters 6 A Road Map to the Analysis 7 1 Poland’s Ecological Crisis 11 1.1 Pollution and Communism in Poland 11 1.2 Poland’s Geography, Climate and Resource Base 12 1.3 Ecological Danger Zones 13 1.4 Sources of Pollution in Poland 14 1.5 The Environmental Consequences 16 2 A History of Environmental Law in Poland 25 2.1 Pre-Socialism 25 2.2 1945–1960 28 2.3 The 1960s 34 2.4 The 1970s 37 2.5 The 1980 Environmental Protection and Development Act 41 2.6 The Administration of Environmental Protection in Poland: 1980–8 51 2.7 Conclusion 57 3 The ‘Enforceability’ of Poland’s Environmental Laws 61 3.1 Law Enforcement and Enforceability 61 3.2 Legal Ambiguities 62 vii viii Contents 3.3 Lax Environmental Standards in Polish Law 66 3.4 Weak Penalties 71 3.5 Limited Citizens’ Participation Rights 73 3.6 Exceptions that Swallowed the Rules 76 3.7 Conclusion 80 4 Enforcement Problems I: Party Politics 85 4.1 The Underenforcement of Environmental Law in People’s Poland 85 4.2 Absolute Power, Environmental Corruption 86 4.3 Industrial Interests versus Environmental Protection in the Party/State’s Administrative Hierarchy 94 4.4 Environmental Law Enforcement and the Judicial System 96 4.5 Environmental Information, State Secrets and Censorship 101 4.6 Summary and Conclusion 106 5 Enforcement Problems II: Socialist Economics 109 5.1 An Introduction to Poland’s Socialist Economic System 109 5.2 Economic Stagnation and the Underenforcement of Environmental Law in People’s Poland 121 5.3 The Extensive Nature of Economic Production under Socialism 125 5.4 Systemic Impediments to Resource Conservation 133 5.5 Socialist Property Relations, Regulatory Confl icts of Interest and Soft Budget Constraints 139 5.6 Conclusion 145 6 The Ideological Dimension: Marxism and the Environment 149 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Marx, Engels and Lenin on the Relationship between Humans and Nature 150 6.3 Property Relations in Natural Resources and the Means of Production 153 6.4 Marx’s Labor Theory of Value 157 6.5 Marxist–Leninist Theories of Law and the State 159 6.6 Conclusion: From Marxism to Eco-Socialism 170 7 Environmental Protection in Transition 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Poland’s Political-Economic Transformation 176 7.3 Systemic Transformation, Economic Recession and Environmental Protection in Post-Communist Poland 182 7.4 Environmental Policies, Systemic Reforms and Pollution Reductions 185 Contents ix 7.5 The Fragmentation and Maturation of Poland’s Independent Environmental Movement 203 7.6 The Future of Environmental Protection in Poland 208 8 Institutional Implications 215 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 Extrapolating from the Polish Case 216 8.3 The Ambiguous Goal of ‘Effective’ Environmental Protection 216 8.4 Property Rights and Regulatory Confl icts of Interest 217 8.5 Valuing Scarcity 227 8.6 The Rule of (Environmental) Law 229 8.7 Is There a “Capitalist Imperative” for Environmental Protection? 236 Bibliography 241 I Statutes and Regulations 241 II Polish Government and Communist Party Publications 248 III Books and Articles 249 IV Newspapers and Popular Magazines 284 Subject Index 295 Author Index 307 About the Author 313 Tables, Figures and Boxes Table 1.1 Percentage share of environmental costs by sector 21 Table 3.1 Comparison of selected ambient air quality standards in People’s Poland and the United States in 1980 67 Table 5.1 Average and annual rates of GNP growth in People’s Poland, 1965–88 122 Table 5.2 Rates of economic growth, environmental investments and sulphur dioxide air pollution emissions in People’s Poland, 1976–88 123 Table 5.3 Average percentage of gross national product invested in environmental protection in Poland and other selected countries, 1971–85 125 Figure 5.1 Environmental stress at different levels of economic development 128 Table 5.4 Natural resources invested per unit of national product in socialist Europe and the European Community in the 1980s 131 Table 5.5 Share of factor productivity in the growth of output: international comparison 131 Table 5.6 Percentage losses of natural resources in the extraction process in the USSR 133 Table 5.7 The pollution intensity of GDP in socialist European countries and the EC in the 1980s 133 Table 7.1 Percentage change in GDP, industrial production and air pollution emissions in Poland, 1990–5 184 Table 7.2 General structure of expenses for environmental protection in nine sectors of the Polish economy, 1900 and 1991 189 Table 7.3 Percentage cost increases for environmental protection in nine Polish industries from 1990 (mean values) to the fi rst term of 1991 189 Table 7.4 Pollution intensity of electricity generation in Poland, 1989–91 190 Table 7.5 Changes in emissions fees for selected air pollutants 191 Table 7.6 Environmental fi nes, 1990–3 192 xi xii Tables, Figures and Boxes Table 7.7 Economic growth and environmental investments in Poland, 1976–93 198 Box 7.1 The Story of Poland’s Żarnowiec Nuclear Power Plant 206 Preface to the 2016 Creative Commons Edition This book initially was published by Macmillan and St. Martin’s Press in 1998. In 2014, at my request, the publisher returned to me all publication rights. Not sur- prisingly, Palgrave Macmillan concluded that the book no longer had any profi t potential. Given that, why would I want to recover publication rights? Well, cer- tainly not for economic profi t (after all, I’ve placed the book into the Creative Commons). But I do believe the book can still profi tably be read by environmental policy makers in China and other countries for whom this book’s lessons remain relevant. Ostensibly, it is a book about the failure of environmental protection in Com- munist Poland. But it was never just a book about Poland. Poland was merely the object case to illustrate more general, systemic impediments to pollution control in single-party states with socialist economic systems. Those impediments include, most prominently, endemic soft budget constraints of state-owned enterprises, con- fl icts of interest faced by environmental regulators attempting to control emissions from enterprises in which the state has a direct fi nancial stake, and bureaucratic career incentives that always seem to favor economic production over environ- mental protection in single-party states. Consider China. For decades now, China has proclaimed improved environ- mental protection as a high-level national goal. New policies are announced, which receive widespread media attention. And it is taken as an article of faith that Chi- na’s Communist Party can more or less easily accomplish whatever policy goals it enunciates. That is simply not the case. This seventeen-year-old book about Poland provides an ongoing cautionary tale for China. It shows that even well-intentioned environmental policies of totali- tarian states are likely to face substantial, systemic impediments. The combination of soft budget constraints and regulatory confl icts of interest presents a formidable obstacle that Communist Poland was unable to overcome, and so far has stymied China’s Communist Party/state. Of course, China in 2016 is not Poland in 1985. The differences are too numerous to mention, ranging from the cultural to the structural. For instance, most sectors of China’s economy have been opened to competition among private producers—something that did not happen in Poland before the fall of the Com- munist Party. To the extent China’s markets are subject to market competition, the xiii xiv Preface to the 2015 Creative Commons Edition problems identifi ed in this book have little relevance. But, and this is the crucial point, several of the most heavily polluting sectors of the Chinese economy, includ- ing for example energy production and steel manufacturing, remain dominated by state-owned enterprises, which are not subject to competitive pressures. With respect to those sectors—the last vestiges of China’s socialist economic system— there is every reason to believe that the experiences of Communist Poland have at least some relevance. The Chinese Communist Party has, in fact, found it dif- fi cult to make environmental penalties stick against its biggest polluters and to create career incentives for the bureaucrats that manage big polluters (China’s ver- sion of Poland’s nomenklatura) to implement offi cial state environmental policy.
Recommended publications
  • Political Ideas and Movements That Created the Modern World
    harri+b.cov 27/5/03 4:15 pm Page 1 UNDERSTANDINGPOLITICS Understanding RITTEN with the A2 component of the GCE WGovernment and Politics A level in mind, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the political ideas and movements that created the modern world. Underpinned by the work of major thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, Marx, Mill, Weber and others, the first half of the book looks at core political concepts including the British and European political issues state and sovereignty, the nation, democracy, representation and legitimacy, freedom, equality and rights, obligation and citizenship. The role of ideology in modern politics and society is also discussed. The second half of the book addresses established ideologies such as Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism and Nationalism, before moving on to more recent movements such as Environmentalism and Ecologism, Fascism, and Feminism. The subject is covered in a clear, accessible style, including Understanding a number of student-friendly features, such as chapter summaries, key points to consider, definitions and tips for further sources of information. There is a definite need for a text of this kind. It will be invaluable for students of Government and Politics on introductory courses, whether they be A level candidates or undergraduates. political ideas KEVIN HARRISON IS A LECTURER IN POLITICS AND HISTORY AT MANCHESTER COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY. HE IS ALSO AN ASSOCIATE McNAUGHTON LECTURER IN SOCIAL SCIENCES WITH THE OPEN UNIVERSITY. HE HAS WRITTEN ARTICLES ON POLITICS AND HISTORY AND IS JOINT AUTHOR, WITH TONY BOYD, OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION: EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION? and TONY BOYD WAS FORMERLY HEAD OF GENERAL STUDIES AT XAVERIAN VI FORM COLLEGE, MANCHESTER, WHERE HE TAUGHT POLITICS AND HISTORY.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobilization Chains Under Communist Rule — Comparing Regime Transitions in China and Poland
    ASIEN 138 (Januar 2016), S. 126–148 Mobilization Chains under Communist Rule — Comparing Regime Transitions in China and Poland Ewelina Karas Summary This paper examines the impact of societal mobilization on regime transitions from Communism in China (between 1949 and 1989) and Poland (between 1945 and 1989) respectively. One of the main theoretical arguments put forward by this article is that of a dynamic model of dialectical interactions between a mobilizing society and a nondemocratic regime. I argue that China and Poland share a unique political culture in the form of a mobilizing society that is able to generate meaningful resistance even under highly repressive conditions. The second puzzle addressed in this paper is why, given their similar domestic environments, the Polish regime collapsed in 1989 whereas the one in China — despite facing intense mobilization in the same year — was able to survive. These differences in transition outcomes will be explained by a number of independent variables: different modes of regime establishment (authentic revolutionary in China versus imposed in Poland), elite and opposition attitudes to democracy, regime cross-case learning, economic development, and the role of the religion. Keywords: Regime transitions, societal challenge, post-Communism in Eastern Europe and China, social movements, authoritarianism Ewelina Karas is a Ph.D. student at the City University of Hong Kong. Mobilization Chains under Communist Rule 127 Introduction China and Poland once shared a common communist regime type, and furthermore have both faced repeated mass protests: in 1956, 1968, 1970, 1976, 1980, and 1988/89 in Poland (Kamiński 2009), and in 1976, 1978–79, 1986–87, and 1989 in China (Baum 1994, Goldman 2001, 2005;).
    [Show full text]
  • IS IT BAD for the ECONOMY? a Non-Technical Summary of the Literature
    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: IS IT BAD FOR THE ECONOMY? A Non-Technical Summary of the Literature by Frank S. Arnold Applied Microeconomics Incorporated with the assistance of Anne S. Forrest and Stephen R. Dujack Environmental Law Institute July 9, 1999 Prepared under EPA Cooperative Agreement CR822795-01 with the Office of Economy and Environment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460 Project Officer Alan Carlin Office of Economy and Environment, Office of Policy U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460 Environmental Law Institute 1616 P Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Disclaimer Although the information in this report has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement No. CR822795-01 with the Environmental Law Institute, it does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: IS IT BAD FOR THE ECONOMY? A Non-Technical Summary of the Literature Summary Environmental regulation in the United States stands accused of causing a broad array of undesirable economic consequences. It is said that environmental regulation is too expensive, reduces economic growth, hurts international competitiveness, and causes widespread layoffs and plant closures. Sometimes, it is said, it even forces businesses to flee to more accommodating countries. The view that environmental regulation seriously harms the U.S. economy is so firmly established that it has become the centerpiece in the series of attempts over the last few years to roll back the very rules that have produced such dramatic improvements in environmental quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Solidarnosc: Polish Company Union For·CIA and Bankers
    A Spartacist Pamphlet $1.00 Solidarnosc: Polish Company Union for· CIA and Bankers -.~~, )(-523 Spartacist Publishing Co., Box 1377, GPO, New York, N.Y. 10116 2 Table of Contents Introduction As Lech Walesa struts before the ly progressive socialized property in Solidarnosc conference displaying his Poland, all the more so since the Madonna lapel pin and boasting how he discredited Stalinists manifestly cannot. Introduction ....... '..... , ...... 2 could easily have secured 90 percent of The call for "communist unity against the vote, the U.S. imperialists see their imperialism through political revolu­ Wall Street Journal Loves revanchist appetites for capitalist resto­ tion," first raised by the Spartacist Poland's Company Union .. 4 ration in Eastern Europe coming closer tendency at the time of the Sino-Soviet and closer to fruition. And the "crisis of split, acquires even greater urgency as Time Runs Out in Poland proletarian leadership" described by the Polish crisis underlines the need for Stop Solidarity's Trotsky Qearly a half-century ago is revolutionary unity of the Polish and Counterrevolution! ........... 7 starkly illuminated in the response of Russian workers to defeat U.S. imperi­ Walesa Brings "Mr. AFL-CIA" those in Poland and abroad who claim alism's bloody designs for bringing to Poland the right to lead the working class. Poland into the "free world" as a club I rving Brown: Stalinism has squandered the socialist against the USSR, military/industrial Cold War Criminal ..........13 and internationalist historic legacy of powerhouse of the deformed workers the Polish workers movement, demoral­ states. Solidarity Leaders Against izing the working class in the face of This pamphlet documents the Sparta­ Planned Economy resurgent Pilsudskiite reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 27 Epilogue How Far Does the Past Dominate Polish Politics Today? 'Choose the Future' Election Slogan of Alexander K
    - 1 - Lecture 27 Epilogue How far does the past dominate Polish politics today? ‘Choose the future’ Election slogan of Alexander Kwaśniewski in 1996. ‘We are today in the position of Andrzej Gołota: after seven rounds, we are winning on points against our historical fatalism. As rarely in our past - today almost everything depends on us ourselves... In the next few years, Poland’s fate for the succeeding half- century will be decided. And yet Poland has the chance - like Andrzej Gołota, to waste its opportunity. We will not enter NATO of the European Union if we are a country beset by a domestic cold war, a nation so at odds with itself that one half wants to destroy the other. Adam Michnik, ‘Syndrom Gołoty’, Gazeta Świąteczna, 22 December 1996 ‘I do not fear the return of communism, but there is a danger of new conflicts between chauvinism and nationalist extremism on the one hand and tolerance, liberalism and Christian values on the other’ Władysław Bartoszewski on the award to him of the Heinrich Heine prize, December 1996 1. Introduction: History as the Means for Articulating Political Orientations In Poland, as in most countries which have been compelled to struggle to regain their lost independence, an obsessive involvement with the past and a desire to derive from it lessons of contemporary relevance have long been principal characteristics of the political culture. Polish romantic nationalism owed much to Lelewel’s concept of the natural Polish predilection for democratic values. The Polish nation was bound, he felt, to struggle as ‘ambassador to humanity’ and, through its suffering, usher in an era on universal liberty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Communist Party Sweden
    INTERNATIONAL GUESTS GREETING MESSAGES 18 TH CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY SWEDEN Guests and Greetings from Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republik, Denmark, El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Honduras, DPR Korea, Lao PDR, Norway, Palestine, Philippines, Poland, Schwitzerland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Syria, US, Venezuela, Vietnam and WFTU All international guests were welcome on stage at the first day of the congress. International guests and greeting messages The Communist Party, Sweden, has friends Cuba: Embassy of Cuba all over the world. It was clearly visible on Denmark : Danish Communist Party at the 18 th congress 5-7 th of January 2017 El Salvador : Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) with many international guests present and France : Pole of Communist Revival in France, many greeting messages sent to the con - PRCF gress. DPR Korea: Embassy of DPR Korea 13 international delegations attended the congress in Laos : Embassy of Lao PDR Göteborg. They were representing organizations in Palestine : Popular Front for the Liberation of twelve countries in Europe, Middle East, Asia and Palestine (PFLP) South and Central America. Philippines : National Democratic Front (NDF) Among the guests were Communists, anti-imperi - Sri Lanka : People's Liberation Front (JVP) alists and other forces that play a progressive role in Syria: Syrian Communist Party (United) their countries. Like British Trade Unionists Against UK : Trade Unionists Against the EU the EU which for decades has worked for Britain to Venezuela: Embassy of Bolivarian republic of leave the EU and in the referendum in June last year Venezuelan was on the winning side. In addition to organizations that the guests represent, The following international guests were present in the Communist Party received greetings from seve - the congress premises in Göteborg: ral organizations from all over the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Czechoslovak-Polish Relations 1918-1968: the Prospects for Mutual Support in the Case of Revolt
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1977 Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt Stephen Edward Medvec The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Medvec, Stephen Edward, "Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt" (1977). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5197. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5197 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CZECHOSLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONS, 191(3-1968: THE PROSPECTS FOR MUTUAL SUPPORT IN THE CASE OF REVOLT By Stephen E. Medvec B. A. , University of Montana,. 1972. Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1977 Approved by: ^ .'■\4 i Chairman, Board of Examiners raduat'e School Date UMI Number: EP40661 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • An Awakening in Sweden: Contemporary Discourses of Swedish Cultural and National Identity
    An Awakening in Sweden: Contemporary Discourses of Swedish Cultural and National Identity Kaitlin Elizabeth May Department of Anthropology Undergraduate Honors Thesis University of Colorado Boulder Spring 2018 Thesis Advisor Alison Cool | Department of Anthropology Committee Members Carla Jones | Department of Anthropology Benjamin R. Teitelbaum | Department of Ethnomusicology For my Mothers Grandmothers Mödrar Mormödrar Around the world i Acknowledgements I am very lucky to have so many people who have supported me along this journey. Alison, you are an amazing advisor. You have been so patient and supportive in helping me to figure out this challenge and learn new skills. Thank you for pushing me to think of new ideas and produce more pages. I hope that I can be an Anthropologist like you some day. Carla, thank you for being both my cheerleader and my reality check. For the past year you have given me so much of your time and been supportive, encouraging, and firm. Thank you to Professor Teitelbaum for helping me to prepare my fieldwork and agreeing to be on my committee despite being on paternity leave for the semester. Your support and knowledge has been very influential throughout my research. Tack till min svenska lärare Merete för hennes tålamod och vägledning. Tack till min svenska familj och vänner: Josephine, Ove, Malte, Alice, Cajsa, Tommy, Ann-Britt, Anna, Linnea, Ulla, Niklas, Cajsa, Anders, Marie, Felicia, och Maxe. Jag saknar alla otroligt mycket. Mom and Dad, thank you for supporting me as I switched between academic worlds. You have put so much effort into listening and learning about Anthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1984
    Vol. Ul No. 38 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 16,1984 25 cents House committee sets hearings for Faithful mourn Patriarch Josyf famine study bill WASHINGTON - The House Sub­ committee on International Operations has set October 3 as the date for hearings on H.R. 4459, the bill that would establish a congressional com­ mission to investigate the Great Famine in Ukraine (1932-33), reported the Newark-based Americans for Human Rights in Ukraine. The hearings will be held at 2 p.m. in Room 2200 in the Sam Rayburn House Office Building. The chairman of the subcommittee, which is part of the Foreign Affairs Committee, is Rep. Dan Mica (D-Fla.). The bill, which calls for the formation of a 21-member investigative commission to study the famine, which killed an esUmated ^7.^ million UkrdtftUllk. yif ітіІДЯДІШ'' House last year by Rep. James Florio (D-N.J.). The Senate version of the measure, S. 2456, is currently in the Foreign Rela­ tions Committee, which held hearings on the bill on August I. The committee is expected to rule on the measure this month. In the House. H.R. 4459 has been in the Subcommittee on International Operations and the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East since last November. According to AHRU, which has lobbied extensively on behalf of the legislation, since one subcommittee has Marta Kolomaysls scheduled hearings, the other, as has St. George Ukrainian Catholic Church in New Yoric City and parish priests the Revs, Leo Goldade and Taras become custom, will most likely waive was but one of the many Ulcrainian Catholic churches Prokopiw served a panakhyda after a liturgy at St.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism and Ecological Economics
    Marxism and Ecological Economics Toward a Red and Green Political Economy by Paul Burkett BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 Contents Preface .............................................................................................................. vii Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One The Value Problem in Ecological Economics: Lessons from the Physiocrats and Marx ................................................ 16 Chapter Two Values in Ecological Value Analysis: What Should We Be Learning from Contingent Valuation Studies? ........................ 56 Chapter Three Natural Capital in Ecological Economics .................... 93 Chapter Four Marxism and the Resistance to Natural Capital .......... 115 Chapter Five Entropy in Ecological Economics: A Marxist Intervention .............................................................................. 142 Chapter Six Energy, Entropy and Classical Marxism: Debunking the Podolinsky Myth ............................................................ 174 Chapter Seven Power Inequality and the Environment ...................... 208 Chapter Eight Sraffian Models of Ecological Conflict and Crisis ...... 220 Chapter Nine Towards a Marxist Approach to Ecological Conflicts and Crises .................................................................................................... 260 vi • Contents Chapter Ten Marxism, Ecological Economics, and Sustainable Human Development ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AUSTRALIAN BRIDGE FEDERATION INC. Editor: Stephen Lester [email protected] NO
    NEWSLETTER AUSTRALIAN BRIDGE FEDERATION INC. Editor: Stephen Lester [email protected] NO. 171 JANUARY 2015 Approved for Print Post S65001/00163 ABN 70 053 651 666 The Big Game over) in the Commonwealth Transnational event in Glasgow. Revenge was ours this time, however, as we Australia at the World Bridge Series in Sanya put them away easily 160 - 66. by Liam Milne We would play Ventin in the round of 16, a tough t the end of European team consisting of Sabine Auken - Roy AAugust, as I Welland playing with Upmark - Wrang from Sweden was about to jump and Ventin from Spain. on a plane to the Here is one big decision from the second segment, with Commonwealth a few IMPs on the line: Nations Bridge You hold K53, AQ3, AKQJ952, --- and hear Championships, an partner open a vulnerable weak 2 in fi rst seat. Bash email came through or science? from Sartaj Hans: “Let’s do it, guys!” Nye chose the practical 6 bid at the table, a bid I Nye Griffi ths and I agree with. This got passed around to Sabine Auken, had agreed to play who doubled. Man or mouse? with Sartaj and Nye, based on several factors, sent it back. The full Michael Whibley hand: in the World Bridge Liam and Nye Board 13, North deals, all vulnerable Series in Sanya less 4 than two months out from the event. Our team name K J 9 8 6 2 was ‘Little Meck’, a reference to the Meckwell-based 4 3 strong club system both partnerships were using.
    [Show full text]
  • Abn Correspondence Bulletin of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations
    FREEDOM FOR NATIONS ! CORRESPONDENCE FREEDOM FOR INDIVIDUALS! JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1989 CONTENTS: Carolling Ukrainian-Style ....................... 2 The Autobiography of Levko Lukyanenko ..................... 3 European Freedom Council Meeting ..............................16 Statement of the European Freedom Council .............. 16 Hon. John Wilkinson, M.P. Eastern European Policy for Western Europe .............. 19 Genevieve Aubry, M.P. Is Switzerland Ready for a New Challenge with the European Nations .......................... 26 Sir Frederic Bennett Can the Soviet Russian Empire Survive? ....................... 31 Bertil Haggman Aiding the Forces of Freedom in the Soviet Empire ................................... 34 Ukrainian Christian Democratic Front Holds Inaugural Meeting ........... 40 David Remnick Ukraine Could be Soviets’ Next Trouble Spot ..............41 Bohdan Nahaylo Specter of the Empire Haunts the Soviet Union ..........45 Appeal to the Russian Intelligentsia ......... ......................47 Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals! ABN CORRESPONDENCE BULLETIN OF THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS Publisher and Owner (Verleger und Inha­ It is not our practice to pay for contribut­ ber): American Friends of the Anti-Bolshevik ed materials. Reproduction permitted only Bloc of Nations (AF ABN), 136 Second Avenue, with indication of source (ABN Corr.). New York, N.Y. 10003, USA. Annual subscription: 27 Dollars in the Zweigstelle Deutschland: A. Dankiw, USA, and the equivalent of 27 US Dollars in Zeppelinstr. 67, 8000 München 80. all other countries. Remittances to Deutsche Editorial Staff: Board of Editors Bank, Munich, Neuhauser Str. 6, Account Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M.A. No. 3021003, Anna Dankiw. Zeppelinstr. 67 Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. 8000 München 80 Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. West Germany Zeppelinstraße 67 Articles signed with name or pseudonym 8000 München 80 do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s opinion, Telefon: 48 25 32 but that of the author.
    [Show full text]