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Overlooked Fisheries of Baduwa't: an Oral History Study Exploring the Environmental and Cultural Histories of Eulachon And

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Overlooked Fisheries of Baduwa't: an Oral History Study Exploring the Environmental and Cultural Histories of Eulachon And OVERLOOKED FISHERIES OF BADUWA’T: AN ORAL HISTORY STUDY EXPLORING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL HISTORIES OF EULACHON AND PACIFIC LAMPREY IN THE MAD RIVER BASIN, A WIYOT WATERSHED By Kara Lindsay Simpson A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Science: Environment and Community Committee Membership Dr. Laurie Richmond, Committee Chair Dr. Yvonne Everett, Committee Member Michelle Fuller, Committee Member Dr. Mark Baker, Graduate Coordinator December 2019 ABSTRACT OVERLOOKED FISHERIES OF BADUWA’T: AN ORAL HISTORY STUDY EXPLORING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL HISTORIES OF EULACHON AND PACIFIC LAMPREY IN THE MAD RIVER BASIN, A WIYOT WATERSHED Kara Lindsay Simpson Eulachon and Pacific lamprey fisheries of the Mad River are significant for Indigenous peoples of the region, but they remain data-poor and underfunded even though eulachon is listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act and Pacific lamprey is recognized as a species of concern by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The lower Mad River and Humboldt Bay region lie in the traditional territory of the Wiyot and are home to Indigenous people who have maintained subsistence eulachon and Pacific lamprey fisheries. This research primarily draws from 13 oral history interviews with local Indigenous people, 18 key informant interviews with experts in relevant fields, and archival research, to understand the historic and current state of eulachon and Pacific lamprey fisheries and the reciprocal socio-ecological relationships between fish, people, and the watershed. Oral histories demonstrate a strong cultural connection to the larger smelt family, including eulachon. Eulachon runs on the Mad and Eel Rivers were observed in the past, but not since the 1960s. Respondents recounted robust Pacific lamprey populations historically, numbers that gradually dwindled. Interviews uncovered important cultural connections to eulachon, Pacific lamprey, and other smelt species ii through stories of fishing, gathering, eating, and sharing. With their Native foods and resources largely controlled by U.S. governmental agencies, local tribes are persistent in their efforts to protect eulachon and Pacific lamprey. This research reveals how cultural connections to these species remain important, and the need for resource managers to expand research and restoration to include this overlooked river and these fish species. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to share my sincerest gratitude with the Wiyot People, whose beautiful, ancestral lands I am fortunate to live and work on. I would like to thank the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria, the Blue Lake Rancheria, and the Wiyot Tribe, for supporting this research project by providing Tribal Council approval, oversight, and support. I will forever be indebted to my Thesis Chair, Laurie Richmond, Associate Professor of Environmental Planning in the Department of Environmental Science and Management at HSU, who has always shown up with a smile, fantastic enthusiasm, and a can-do attitude. Professor Richmond has patiently and fully supported me through every step of this research. Her commitment to me and this research is humbling, and a quality I hope to emulate. I am deeply grateful to Yvonne Everett, Professor of Environmental Planning in the Department of Environmental Science and Management at HSU, for providing her valuable expertise, experience, and oversight on this project. As a scholar whose work and research I greatly admire, I have felt incredibly lucky to have Professor Everett sit on my committee. I would like to share my sincerest thanks with Michelle Fuller, Environmental Programs Director at the Blue Lake Rancheria, for helping to bring this research topic to HSU and for committing her time and efforts to sitting as a reader on my committee. I would also like to share my gratitude with Michelle, who acted as a liaison to the Blue Lake Rancheria, helping me obtain Council approval and connecting me with research participants. It has been an incredible and humbling experience to have three people who I admire and learn so much from iv supporting, encouraging, and providing invaluable oversight through every step of this process. I would like to express my gratitude to all the research participants who took the time to share their knowledge and stories with me. This project would not have been possible without the 31 research collaborators, who were willing to trust me to share their stories and perspectives fairly and accurately. I would like thank Edwin Smith, Vice Chairman of the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria, for helping me obtain Council approval to proceed with my research, and for helping to connect me with oral history participants. I would also like to share my appreciation with Berry Brenard, Chairman of the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria, who also acted as a liaison to the Tribe, helping to connect me with Tribal Members who wanted to share their time and stories with me. I offer my sincerest gratitude to Ted Hernandez, Chairman and Cultural Director for the Wiyot Tribe, for providing oversight during the final editing process and for sharing his support and encouragement throughout the course of this research. I would like to thank Lynnika Butler, Linguist for the Wiyot Tribe, who also helped provide oversight during the final editing process and who went above and beyond in sharing her time, efforts and expertise. I share my appreciation with Tom Torma, who was the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer with the Wiyot Tribe during the time when I was conducting my preliminary research, and to Vincent DiMarzo, who was the Natural Resource Technician for the Tribe during the time when I was conducting my preliminary research, for helping me obtain Tribal Council approval and for connecting me with Tribal Members who were willing to participate in this research study. v Michelle Gilroy, District Fisheries Biologist with California Department of Fish and Wildlife, was instrumental in this research process, making sure I had access to archival and current literature available on the species, especially locally, and connecting me with key informant interview participants. I am incredibly grateful for all the time, diligence, and consideration Gilroy shared with me. I would like to thank Pat Righter, Aquatic Monitoring Coordinator for Green Diamond Resource Company, for taking the time to compile and share important research and incidental findings with me. I offer my gratitude and appreciation to Dennis Halligan, Fisheries Biologist with Stillwater Sciences, Dave Feral, Volunteer Director for the Mad River Alliance, and Jacob L. Pounds, Environmental Program Coordinator at Blue Lake Rancheria, for taking me on site visits around the lower watershed, sharing valuable environmental education, and for recommending and connecting me with key source interview participants. I would also like to thank these three invested community members for doing so much to raise awareness about the watershed and to do everything they can to protect it and its ecosystems. A special thank you to Mark Baker, Program Coordinator for the Environment & Community Program, for always believing in me and kindly encouraging perseverance. I would like to share my appreciation with Erin Kelly, Associate Professor in the Department of Forestry & Wildland Resources at HSU, and Betsy Watson, Faculty Emeritus at HSU, for taking so much time to provide support and valuable insight throughout my graduate studentship. I offer my sincerest gratitude to Terri Fisher, Graduate Studies Specialist, for continuously offering reassurance as she patiently and vi diligently helped me through the administrative processes. Many thanks to Kyle Morgan, Scholarly Communications & Digital Scholarship Librarian, for assiduously helping me work through all my technical, formatting difficulties always with kindness and a smile. I am grateful to Carly Marino, Special Collections Librarian, Louis Knecht, Special Collections Instruction Librarian, Joan Berman Librarian Emerita, for meticulously helping me comb the archives, and even though I enjoy it already, making it a fun and exciting part of the research process. Also, I extend my appreciation to Garrett Purchio, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Librarian, for meticulously helping me properly cite some very hard-to-cite sources. My family and friends have continuously made sure that I knew they were standing behind me during this entire process. Completion of this thesis and degree would not have been possible without them. One million offerings of gratitude to my partner, David Kirlin, for working overtime, doing everything he could to help me get to the finish line, including renting and running a generator during the blackouts. He is the best cheerleader I could ever ask for. I would like to thank Katie Koscielak, Lori Biondini, Wendy Willis, Marissa Schmitz, Chisa Oros, Karen Raskin, and Joanna Di Tommaso, Environment & Community Program alumni, who have served as a source of inspiration and who have offered endless encouragement and support. I will be forever thankful to Kiki Gregory, David Kirlin, and Katie Koscielak for helping me edit during various stages of development. Kiki was there to offer around-the-clock support when I was experiencing formatting issues and technical difficulties. For this, and so much more, I will forever be grateful to
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