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The Routledge Research Companion to John Gower

Ana Sáez-Hidalgo, Brian Gastle, R.F. Yeager

Gower and rhetoric

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613109.ch3 Kim Zarins Published online on: 12 Apr 2017

How to cite :- Kim Zarins. 12 Apr 2017, Gower and rhetoric from: The Routledge Research Companion to John Gower Routledge Accessed on: 01 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613109.ch3

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gifts these are voices marginalized grace Gower oe n uhn eodteshlrhparaymnindaoe o example, For above. mentioned already scholarship Gower the characters, beyond Chaucerian unlike pushing others among and studies, Gower disability and ality, ple oGwrsuis nldn t ykolde,itretoa tde htbridge that Whitaker studies J. intersectional Cord knowledge), Gower. my and (to race, including rhetoric, studies, Gower to applied e owith do men ieaue speci literature, dnia huhaesmnial rgamtclydi grammatically or semantically are though identical aaoial al ot ht,addmainclsfrhredemption. forth binaries: calls of damnation opposition and apparent white, the forth complicate calls that paradoxically metaphors polysemous of eprso rhetoric of parts ve Elocutio le n icelhv oe h nossec ewe Genius between inconsistency the noted have Mitchell and Allen nescin freoi n te ra finquiry of areas other and rhetoric of Intersections ubro uhitretoa tde aentytbe ietyo su or directly been yet not have studies intersectional such of number A memoria rsyehsalne coal itr,bta etoe bv,raesof readers above, mentioned as but history, scholarly longer a has style or fi tlsi practices stylistic c ieriche rime rmmr,and memory, or fi fi al in cally al pl oGwr oai a bydsusdGwrand Gower discussed ably has Donavin Gower. to apply cally ’ ’ otaitr htrca oe yGloa n tes u with but others, and Galloway by noted as rhetoric contradictory s power s ’ da xml,Gwrprevsteptnile potential the perceives Gower example, ideal s – ’ akn fryigeitoh,i hc h hm od appear words rhyme the which in epistrophe, rhyming of kind (a tl ral,btteei loagetne o nunderstanding an for need great a also is there but broadly, style s h igo Tars of King The inventio – fi oe hti rae hnayhr rstone or herb any than greater is that power a eti hne ecpino Gower of perception changed this ne – pronunciatio rsbetmatter, subject or htrcltoe and tropes rhetorical – ’ ec n harmony. and peace s hc oilgop r ie rhetorical given are groups social which ’ oe lvt hi peha uha Gower as much as speech their elevate women s eoae ihGwrsuiswe espeaks he when studies Gower with resonates , – rdlvr,teei o uhwr nhow on work much not is there delivery, or ’ oko htrc ae n ideEnglish Middle and race, rhetoric, on work s ’ a ieieyednwisgt nreading in insights new yield likewise can rnhadLtnper,tecomplexity the poetry, Latin and French s dispositio ff – fi erent). dispositio gures ff uha edr ae ls,sexu- class, race, gender, as such r mn opru oewhen love pursue to Amans ers fi ue?T htetn does extent what To gures? 83 rarrangement, or – , owa xetde this does extent what To coshstrelanguages three his across memoria oe n rhetoric and Gower ’ tl.Mroe,as Moreover, style. s ’ xmlr morals, exemplary ff and , c feloquence of ect ” 84 – uhatten- Such “ pronunciatio 82 gifts, htwhen that elocutio ffi inventio ciently “ ” black and 51 or ’ s , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:27 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781315613109, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613109.ch3 17 16 15 14 Notes 52 fi sawrigpe.Sc rcinmksGwradhssac nreoi l the all rhetoric on stance his and Gower makes friction attention. of incon- Such notes, worthy or poet. application Galloway and disconnect practical working complex some as his a more be and yet as to rhetoric and seems of it sciences, acknowledgment there of practical theoretical So Latini his rhetoric. and Brunetto between on theoretical than sistency emphasis the role his larger of elides a division Gower rhetoric his gave in Gower did that demonstrated has Copeland 13 12 11 10 1 9 4 3 2 6 5 7 8 ial,teei oet esi bu Gower about said be to more is there Finally, uihetfrloiga goddess a at looking for punishment a omdt Acteon to doomed Gower in 1388 of ment Astell, Irvin, eivlLtnadMdl nls ieaue sasi ooro ilMann Jill of Honour 126. in 2011), Brewer, Essays D.S. Literature: (Cambridge: Yeager, Nolan English Maura Middle and Cannon and Latin Medieval Nolan, Maura Arion New o hi aeu edakt hscatrtruhu h ulcto rcs.Rt Copeland, Rita process. publication the throughout chapter this to feedback “ volume careful the their thank for to like would I Cmrde ..Bee,21) 9 e loRF Yeager, R.F. also See 69. 2014), Brewer, D.S. (Cambridge: Irvin, W. Matthew 10. 1999), Copeland, in Astell, translations W. bracketed Ann medieval with linear, quoted for a 1949); Rhetoric, in; than Press, participate model University appealing can Harvard hence times study. and all rhetorical accessible of to Cicero, more contributors people historical a which of seemed narrative in chronological myth story rhetoric, origin of an scholars involving one as Copeland, Murphy, James nls Language, English Philology Germanic and English of Journal h almn fFoules Mi of Parlement The 156. 2006), Brill, (Leiden: Murphy, Ward J. O. James John and Cox Virginia Johnston, Well, D. Mark edr,Contexts 400 Readers, Images, the of Gower in Making on the totelianism 1998); and Press, Rhetoric, University Meditation, Culture Thought: Medieval of for in Craft especially Memory See of subject. Study vast a is 1899 Rhetoric Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Macaulay Gower, John nrwGalloway, Andrew n h otc fMratl conigi iada Literature, Galloway, Ricardian in 109. Accounting (2011): Mercantile 33 of Poetics the and itr fReoi n the and Rhetoric of History i Zarins Kim ffl n 97,1. 1987), in, ’” otcVoices Poetic oiia Allegory Political in onGower John einventione De ” “ “ h htrco ieoi t eivladEryRnisneCmetr Tradition Commentary Renaissance Early and Medieval Its in Cicero of Rhetoric The Cmrde ..Bee,19) 242. 1990), Brewer, D.S. (Cambridge: 187. itr fRhetoric, of History con okadteTreasure, the and Book Account ofsi Amantis Confessio “ oiia leoyi aeMdea England Medieval Late in Allegory Political htrci h ideAges Middle the in Rhetoric h otc fCtsrpe vda luini Gower in Allusion Ovidian Catastrophe: of Poetics The d at ra Trhu:Beos 09,155 2009), Brepols, (Turnhout: Urban Malte ed. , 73. , ’ ” “ ofsi Amantis Confessio ae(Richard fate s “ ’ onGower John Poetic s h otcVie fJh oe:Pltc n esnei h ofsi Amantis Confessio the in Personae and Politics Gower: John of Voices Poetic The hllgclQuarterly Philological h con okadteTesr:GletMaghfeld Gilbert Treasure: the and Book Account The 1 te oia eeecsrnefo eeec oteMriesParlia- Merciless the to reference a from range references topical Other 91. , “ rn.HM ubl,Le lsia irr Cmrde MA: (Cambridge, Library Classical Loeb Hubbell, H.M. trans. , ieoinReoi n tis odc ieaueand Literature Conduct Ethics: and Rhetoric Ciceronian ’ rieo ieooe asr oRcada super a as Richard to Caesar, over Cicero of praise s in 238. , h iesd Chaucer Riverside The ogeDurée: Longue ’ ” s ’ ,in mlm h ht at steaia centasom noas into transforms Acteon animal the is hart, white the emblem, s ’ ofsi Amantis Confessio 8.Cpln lbrtso hscneto yhcnarrative mythic of concept this on elaborates Copeland 186. dtr,RF egr n ázHdlo n ra Gastle, Brian and Sáez-Hidalgo, Ana Yeager, R.F. editors, s ’ ’ ramn of Treatment s s ’ Cmrde abig nvriyPes 90,and 1990), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: s h opeeWrso onGower John of Works Complete The inventio fl s n o h iietuhbyn htsurface). that beyond truth divine the not and esh 0: 20) 185. (2007): 106:2 1(92:401 (1962): 41 – Bree:Uiest fClfri rs,18) 3. 1981), Press, California of University (Berkeley: 92,Vl 3. Vol. 1902), memoria ” erin Donavin, Georgiana , ieoinMt n t eivlAfterlives, Medieval Its and Myth Ciceronian 109 d ar esn(otn A Houghton MA: (Boston, Benson Larry ed. , ’ otiuint h itr frhetoric. of history the to contribution s – n h is icsino htrci the in Rhetoric of Discussion First the and ayCarruthers, Mary , 11. ‘ Rhetorique, – Ihc,N:CrelUiest Press, University Cornell NY: (Ithaca, 11. onGower John – ’” 1200 ” tde nteAeo Chaucer of Age the in Studies in – “ 73. htrclGwr Aris- Gower: Rhetorical onGwr Manuscripts, Gower: John ’ Cmrde Cambridge (Cambridge: h oko eoy A Memory: of Book The otc h erhfra for Search The Poetic: s fi ’ s ilrae potentially reader cial os d G.C. ed. vols, 4 , ’ eta Economy Textual s o Clamantis Vox d Christopher ed. , “ itr of History ‘ Speaking eds. , , ” The in ” Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:27 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781315613109, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613109.ch3 25 24 38 37 23 22 21 20 19 18 26 29 28 27 31 30 36 35 32 34 33 ate ar iad-lms n at uire orge,wt n ázHdlo 33:1 in Sáez-Hidalgo, noted Ana been with has Rodríguez, point The Gutiérrez Marta 65. and (2012): Filardo-Llamas, Readings Laura Socio-Historical and Gastle, Literary Linguistic, Scribal, Urban, Malte Culture, 1350 Rhetorical of Norms and admdr)reoia terminology. rhetorical speci modern) (and Itô, 1962). Washington, Gower, John Itô, su nhsdslyo nossece sta eisde o emaaeo i w limitations. own his of aware seem 2 one not chapters but does esp. tale, Genius 2004), exemplary that to is Mitchell, moral inconsistencies Allan pairing of J. of display complexity his underlying in the issue underscore turn 241 in 1986), tions Press, University Fordham uneven an as Genius Wetherbee, Gower explored and John have and Wetherbee laudianus Winthrop and Simpson authority James example, For Copeland, Rita Hoccleve Johnson, and Usk, Gower, 123. Chaucer, 2006), Press, Johnson, University Eleanor Yale CT: Haven, (New Copeland, Rita sttlydpneto h iteo t maker, its of virtue Watt, the Diane on dependent totally as fawr a t de Itô (as word a of ino mrc,21) 172 2011), Amantis America, of tion Gower John of h ae o hs et oefo iaCpln n nk Sluiter, Ineke and Copeland Rita from come texts these for dates The 21. 2003), Press, Woods, Europe Renaissance Woods, 300 Curry D. Marjorie A. Theory, ix. Literary 2012), and Arts Language Rhetoric: eeiinwt h aeqaiisa Ito as de qualities about same the with repetition fCcr nIsMdea n al easac omnayTradition Commentary 289 Murphy, Renaissance 2006), See Early Brill, and (Leiden: Medieval Ward O. Its in Cicero of Mehtonen, Päivi 93,968. 1993), Poetics nls Language, English Itô, 5, chapter especially Works English Chaucer Camargo, Martin aaoh Itô, Masayoshi Woods, onGower John Gower John onGower John fi – d lxPeigradTVF rgn(rneo,N:PictnUiest Press: University Princeton NJ: (Princeton, Brogan T.V.F. and Preminger Alex ed. , al oe that notes cally .1500 c. , 4(02:17 e loRbrsnBlorDaniels, Balfour Robertson also See 197. (2012): 34 ’” lsro Commentaries Classroom lsro Commentaries Classroom fi rciigLtrr Theory Literary Practicing iin hnuigayo hs terms. these of any using when nitions fi in ue e Simpson, see gure; d ..Yae n ra .Gsl NwYr:Mdr agaeAssocia- Language Modern York: (New Gastle W. Brian and Yeager R.F. ed. , aitrRgs tde nHnro oetEr Kaske Earl Robert of Honor in Studies Regis: Magister mrlGwr agae e,adPolitics and Sex, Language, Gower: Amoral d ee rw Ofr:BakelPbihn,20) 569 2007), Publishing, Blackwell (Oxford: Brown Peter ed. , h ao ai ok fJh Gower John of Works Latin Major The upbihddsetto,Yl nvriy 94,82 1934), University, Yale dissertation, (unpublished “ “ 0.Pes oeta emnlg sntuiomars lsia n medieval and classical across uniform not is terminology that note Please 203. , 0,27 212. 207, 204, , 203 , onGwr h eivlPoet Medieval The Gower, John onGower John rcsadFsue:Gower Fissures: and Cracks “ “ “ “ hue n Rhetoric, and Chaucer tisadEepayNraiei hue n Gower and Chaucer in Narrative Exemplary and Ethics hue n Rhetoric, and Chaucer oe ecigOi n h Classics, the and Ovid Teaching Gower ” otc,Nrain n mtto:Reoi as Rhetoric Imitation: and Narration, Poetics, “ Clmu:Oi nvriyPes 2010). Press, University Ohio (Columbus: rciigLtrr hoyi h ideAe:Ehc n h ie omin Form Mixed the and Ethics Ages: Middle the in Theory Literary Practicing h xodRnisneo nl-ai Rhetoric, Anglo-Latin of Renaissance Oxford The hllgclQuarterly Philological – fi “ 4. e t,btohrreoiin qaetewr to word the equate rhetoricians other but it), nes – Gower traductio ;qoea 36 at quote 3; ’ lsro omnais ecigtePeraNv cosMdea and Medieval across Nova Poetria the Teaching Commentaries: Classroom ofsi Amantis Confessio s ’ – ’ s nweg of Knowledge s otcVoices Poetic ;adWetherbee, and 9; sde as ofsi Amantis Confessio 14. , ,34 cecsadteSl nMdea oty lno Lille of Alan Poetry: Medieval in Self the and Sciences 191. , Ciao nvriyo hcg rs,21) 169. 2013), Press, Chicago of University (Chicago: ” – fi – 5. in 1;se294. see 312; e yQitla n tesetistesml repetition simple the entails others and Quintilian by ned – – .Seas his also See 7. opno oMdea nls ieaueadCluec. Culture and Literature English Medieval to Companion A ’ 0 Genius 60. s 1(92:401 (1962): 41 h e rneo nylpdao otyadPoetics and Poetry of Encyclopedia Princeton New The ” ” annominatio yIvn h bevsthat observes who Irvin, by 125. in ’ Cmrde abig nvriyPes 1995); Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: otc nteEdge, the on Poetics s oti Nova Poetria Tko hnzk hrn 96,22 n see and 202, 1976), Shorin, Shinozaki (Tokyo: h aeCmaint Chaucer to Companion Yale The ” ” n h is icsino htrci the in Rhetoric of Discussion First the and 239 “ rn.Ei tctn(etl:Uiest of University (Seattle: Stockton Eric trans. , ’ eisadItrrtto nthe in Interpretation and Genius h e rneo nylpdao otyand Poetry of Encyclopedia Princeton New The paetyiaeut rfre moraliza- forced or inadequate apparently Hence . – – [ eit eFllgaInglesa Filología de Revista “ 40. 1475 – Mnepls nvriyo Minnesota of University (Minneapolis: onGwradJh ygt:Forms Lydgate: John and Gower John 11. , ” ” Ofr:Ofr nvriyPress, University Oxford (Oxford: in 272 “ iue fReoi nJh Gower John in Rhetoric of Figures n hudteeoeb explicit be therefore should one d rhrGos(e York: (New Groos Arthur ed. , prahst ecigtePoetry the Teaching to Approaches – r Aplicabilis Ars 90. d ignaCxadJohn and Cox Virginia ed. , – 3. Cmrde ..Brewer, D.S. (Cambridge: ” oe n rhetoric and Gower “ in eispsslanguage poses Genius ” polyptoton eivlGamrand Grammar Medieval oe nContext(s): in Gower tde nteAeof Age the in Studies – 84. , d ehLerer Seth ed. , ” ,e.BinW. Brian ed. ], in – h Rhetoric The essentially ‘ Confessio ’ Antic- s 53 ’ s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:27 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781315613109, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613109.ch3 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 40 39 54 62 61 60 59 42 41 49 48 47 46 43 51 50 45 44 ila utnWlo,tas n ac isnVnBa,rv trans., rev. Baak, Van Wilson Nancy and trans. Wilson, Burton William Itô, Itô, Itô, Itô, Itô, Itô, Daniels, allusion). ironical or Klmzo I eivlIsiuePbiain,18) 113 1989), Publications, Institute Medieval MI: (Kalamazoo, oti oao Geo 1962). of Champion, Nova Honoré Poetria Librairie (Paris: Faral Edmond Geo alwyhsntdti rmnn lse fcult swl,i i icsino mercantile of discussion his in well, as couplets of cluster prominent this rhetoric: noted has Galloway Itô, Itô, Gower John Itô, by Mankind), of Mirror synecdoche (exaggeration), hyperbole order), versa), vice word or in whole inversion for (part (an hyperbaton periphrasis, Catastrophe, Yeager, R.F. tricks elt,atcigaman a Gower attaching that reality, argued have I 1967). Studies, Mediaeval Daniels, 1934). University, Yale Daniels, 245 Balfour 2014), Robertson Brewer, D.S. (Cambridge: Echard, Yeager R.F. and Sáez-Hidalgo Echard, Siân 16. (2007): 104 Urban, Malte nrwGloa n teshv oe,vraua etr icltn ttetm fthe of time the at As circulating charged. letters politically vernacular becomes noted, were have tradition 1381 of others this Rebellion and however, Galloway England, Andrew fourteenth-century Gower late of I 144 Millennium 2007, Book the in at Metamorphosis Essays and Play Syllabic hs rpsicueeiht n ilsisedo rprnms( names proper of instead titles and epithets include tropes These Daniels, 291 1992), Press, hmsWliga,adteecytcltesb onBl n osbyohr inf sedition signify others possibly and Galloway, Ball hands; wrong John the by in letters rhetoric cryptic and these and Walsingham, Thomas Carlson, Rigg, A.G. Contexts Readers, Manuscripts, n Galloway, and ed., Sheridan, 23 esp. 1985), America, of in sex and gender, grammar, ulum The land: i et(letaLtntx)i neetn,bcuei hw orsodnei ocsboth voices in correspondence a shows it because interesting, is Foot, text) seditious Latin and a authoritarian (albeit text his i Zarins Kim ff onGower John Gower John Gower John Gower John Gower John Gower John onGower John Gower John Gower John ” ” e fVinsauf, of rey 01(95:78 (1995): 70.1 ndcpttn ed fsaeadsapn oyprst hi w empowerment. own their to parts body swapping and state of heads decapitating in 5,17 htterbl f18,a eitdi okIo the of I Book in depicted as 1381, of rebels the that 157) 153, “ iue fRhetoric of Figures iue fRhetoric of Figures “ ogadShort, and Long “ hm itiuinCrnlg fJh Gower John of Chronology Distribution Rhyme A – ‘ Mercantilism Oxford 0 s.144 esp. 60, itr fAgoLtnLtrtr 1066 Literature Anglo-Latin of History A ” “ h lito Nature of Plaint The “ in “ h ogadteSoto It, of Short the and Long The 245. , 242 , 246. , 260. , 235. , 261. 259, 246, , 257. , 215. , 258. , “ atadPeet Gower Present: and Past i oe Write Gower Did htrco Riddling, of Rhetoric – eivlLtnadMdl nls Literature English Middle and Latin Medieval ’ 2. ide,the Riddles, ff – e fVinsauf of rey 4. oti nova Poetria – – 1 e loJnZiolkowski Jan also See 81. ’ d ..Yae Klmzo I eivlIsiuePublications), Institute Medieval MI: (Kalamazoo, Yeager R.F. ed. , ’ ehooiso rnfrain lehr ontrlzdb their by naturalized so elsewhere transformation, of technologies s .Gwri lal rtn naln-acindreoia rdto.In tradition. rhetorical long-sanctioned a in writing clearly is Gower 8. reha omthhstu esnlt;see personality; true his match to head true s 100 , 124. , “ – ” eimtbsplenam aenigmatibus – ;adMthwo edm ntemsuiedcyi oti James in foot dactylic masculine the on Vendôme of Matthew and 7; ’ lyitoue h osblt fmdfiglnug omatch to language modifying of possibility the introduces play s 260. iue fReoi nJh Gower John in Rhetoric of Figures lno Lille of Alan d at ra Trhu:Beos 09,186. 2009), Brepols, (Turnhout: Urban Malte ed. , ohpiiee n agnlzd aeage ( argued have I marginalized. and privileged both iue fRhetoric of Figures catachresis – ,106 1, ertmphilosophorum Secretum ie 1 lines , Trno Ponti (Toronto: Es asn,M:Clege rs,1992). Press, Colleagues MI: Lansing, (East rn.Mrae .Nm Trno Ponti (Toronto: Nims F. Margaret trans. , Cento ” – 7. ’ ’ a norc s fawr) and word), a of use incorrect (an 5 htGwrwudueeim opoietyin prominently so enigma use would Gower That 85. rma fSex of Grammar s s fOdBosin Books Old of Use s – ? ” ,in 3, “ in h htrco idigi aeMdea Eng- Late-Medieval in Riddling of Rhetoric The 127 , ” onGwr eetReadings Recent Gower: John ” e rspéiusd Iee uXIesiécle XIIIe du et XIIe du poétiques Arts Les in fi or a nttt fMdavlSuis 90,70, 1980), Studies, Mediaeval of Institute cal – – onGwri nln n Iberia and England in Gower John 5 158 35, 1422 “ ’ n h ide in Riddles the and , icsino iia ly nmeter, on plays similar of discussion s ulo enigmas of full ’ s Cmrde A eivlAcademy Medieval MA: (Cambridge, o Clamantis Vox Cmrde abig University Cambridge (Cambridge: d annadNln 113 Nolan, and Cannon ed. , ’ ’ – nls Works English s ai Poetry, Latin s 9. – 2 ar Nolan, Maura 32; o Clamantis Vox Vox pronominatio ” – 0 e s.251 esp. see 60; codn ochronicler to according “ mlysimilar employ , iord l de Mirour , ” rmHa oFoot: to Head From permutatio ir Plowman Piers ” in d ..Yeager R.F. ed. , PDdissertation, (PhD tde nPhilology in Studies , fi ” nJh Gower: John On “ a nttt of Institute cal rmHa to Head From in ,metonomy, ), ’ onGower: John me(The Omme “ (allegorical otc of Poetics d Ana ed. , ff , ” . “ – knife Spec- ed. , 33. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:27 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781315613109, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613109.ch3 79 80 84 83 82 71 67 66 65 64 63 81 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 68 69 70 freoi,woerl hogoti ocryottoecmuiain.Ntol the only Not communications. those stable Riche least Rime out and carry chief the to both is becomes itself throughout language role but displays Beloved whose exaggerated the rhetoric, in explicitly reemerge of presentations, metonymic and metaphoric smooth eivlGrammar Medieval Texts Vernacular Copeland, Rita oprst i w htrc edn isi n biu ohsiaint hi ocs See voices. their to sophistication oblique and kinship a lending rhetoric, “ own his to compares d lsbt utn ihJh ie,adRF egr(abig:DS rwr 2010), Brewer, D.S. (Cambridge: Yeager R.F. and Hines, John with 239 Dutton, of Elisabeth context ed. the in V Book from passage this Midas than lology Whitaker, J. Cord Zarins, Donavin, Georgiana 67 2005), Macmillan, Palgrave Copeland, Rita rmBo ,tebo fAvarice: of book the V, Book from Zarins, nvriyPes 97,124 1997), Press, University 4. 2012), Craun, Press, D. Edwin University Syracuse NY: (Syracuse, Coley, K. David Galloway, 29 esp. 1992), Penguin, Burrow, J.A. Itô, lzbt Allen, Elizabeth Quarterly Language Modern Nolan, England Medieval 214 in Donavin, 2013), Literary Press, University the Lady, Watt, State my of Ohio have, your may Idea (Columbus: write I burdens. Galloway The that will my end I Style: alleviate the heart; will Answerable to my you ability, Nolan, poor obey humbly, my completely you Maura to will name will. according I thus can, good I and I your best tongue, if as my that names prepare you blessed will in hope I such Therefore, have I 36 For especially see 2012), “ Press, America of Donavin, University Catholic DC: (Washington, Donavin, Georgiana Bardus sequent utdb Coley, by Quoted hnei aeMdea nln:Vraua hooy h xodTasainDbt,and Debate, Translation Oxford the Theology, Vernacular Arundel England: Late-Medieval in Change 1381, Aers, David fIa orc ntikn oe oprsterat fvoec nhaso tt ihviolent rebels with the state riddles, of graphic heads on his violence in of feet acts and their heads compares Gower syllabic thinking with in play correct am I If edt Foot, to Head ay o h eebac fyu oo n orpesr,Iwn owieyu names. your write to want I pleasure, your and honor your of remembrance the for Lady, O – onGower John 3 s.242 esp. 53, ” 1: Arl 03:177. 2013): (April, 112:2 mrlGower Amoral ” “ otenReview Southern “ “ ’ “ ( osiuin f1409, of Constitutions s ihWords, Rich ihWords, Rich gnyadtePeiso Sensation, of Poetics the and Agency CA aeo h egr n h Pasties the and Beggars the of Tale cii Mater Scribit Mater Scribit “ nDaai Action, Dramatic in ’ con okadteTreasure, the and Book Account gold. “ .4937 V. iada oty hue,Gwr agad n the and Langland, Gower, Chaucer, Poetry: Ricardian ersnain fthe of Representations 263. , ” ” Cmrde abig nvriyPes 91,207 1991), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: “ htrc emnuis n rnlto nteMdl gs cdmcTaiin and Traditions Academic Ages: Middle the in Translation and Hermeneutics, Rhetoric, – as alsadEepayTuhi ae ideEgihLiterature English Middle Later in Truth Exemplary and Fables False “ h he fLnug:Rpeetn pehi ideEgihPer,1377 Poetry, English Middle in Speech Representing Language: of Wheel The ,834 144 gnyadtePeiso esto nGower in Sensation of Poetics the and Agency is lne,adOseiyi eivlEgihLiterature English Medieval in Obscenity and Slander, Lies, iord l de Mirour ” 3. ygt,Hws n h cec fReoi nteLt ideAges, Middle Late the in Rhetoric of Science the and Hawes, Lydgate, “ e Galloway, See 43. , he fLanguage of Wheel lc eahr nthe in Metaphors Black – cii ae:Mr n h agaeAt nteLtrtr fMdea England Medieval of Literature the in Arts Language the and Mary Mater: Scribit “ 40. , 39. , ” ” – 60. – htrclGower. Rhetorical 5162). 5. 43 6(93:335 (1983): 16 – 246. 31. – 3(ac 92:57 1992): (March 53 – .Gower 5. ’ 5. Omme ” – 70. in ” onGwr rlnulPe:Lnug,Tasain n Tradition and Translation, Language, Poet: Trilingual Gower, John Speculum “ 395. , con okadteTreasure, the and Book Account ’ “ plcto of application s aeo h w Co Two the of Tale 2 rmNclsWatson, Nicolas from 12, , – ‘ hr Estate Third 49. ” ” 0(95:842 (1995): 70 ieriche rime igo Tars of King ” ( ” CA 109. – 216. 82. .2391 V. ’ e i Zarins, Kim see , oilCon Social : ieriche rime , ” – – ff ora fEgihadGrai Phi- Germanic and English of Journal 3. 4) n the and 441), ers d rn rd n Andrew and Grady Frank ed. , – sepcal eln ntretales three in telling especially is ” 3 233. 43, ’ ( htrci oehn Gower something is rhetoric “ CA fl Gawain c n t iiuaround Milieu Its and ict – ’ “ ‘ s good, 1 oeadadSluiter, and Copeland 11; esrhpadCultural and Censorship ” oe n rhetoric and Gower .2273 V. Cmrde Cambridge (Cambridge: iord l de Mirour “ 0 o icsinof discussion a For 10. ihWrs Gower Words: Rich “ ” ’ aeo dinand Adrian of Tale oeptn even potent more Poet – 9) h sub- the 390), – NwYork: (New NwYork: (New ’ 45. Omme – , 1422 ” 55 in ’ ” s ,