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Replace This with the Actual Title Using All Caps EARTHQUAKE REHABILITATION AND VULNERABILITY REDUCTION: URBAN PLANNING IN A WESTERN INDIAN TOWN A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Reshmi Krishnan Theckethil August 2012 iii © 2012 Reshmi Krishnan Theckethil iii EARTHQUAKE REHABILITATION AND VULNERABILITY REDUCTION: URBAN PLANNING IN A WESTERN INDIAN TOWN Reshmi Krishnan Theckethil, Ph.D. Cornell University 2012 This dissertation analyzes recovery efforts in the town of Bhuj in the State of Gujarat in western India after a devastating earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.7 on January 26, 2001. It provides a nuanced description of the technical, administrative, and political complexities associated with long-term recovery, specifically those related to post-disaster planning and the reconstruction of public infrastructure and private homes. The dissertation explores how post-disaster interventions that focus on physical rebuilding interact with existing patterns of vulnerability to influence the recovery of affected populations, especially the most socially and economically marginalized. The inherently political nature of the urban planning process, compounded in this case by systemic administrative vulnerabilities (lack of resources, previous unregulated growth, lax enforcement of building regulations, and dated records some of which were lost in the earthquake), complicated the process of rehabilitating a badly damaged town. At the same time, an event as momentous as an earthquake offered an opportunity for renewal that would not have taken place otherwise. In Bhuj, where the urban rehabilitation program heavily emphasized infrastructure iii development and the reconstruction of houses, long-term disaster management relied on several regulatory mechanisms: a Development Plan (DP), Town Planning Schemes (TPSs), Development Control Regulations (DCR), and building codes to reduce vulnerability in case of future incidents. These governmental efforts were accompanied by the creation of new institutions for short-term rehabilitation, long- term urban planning, and land management. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the city of Bhuj was able to transform its dense, medieval urban core into a disaster- resistant center city with modern amenities. Bhuj‘s transformation is one of the focal points of this study. The dissertation considers the complexities of disaster recovery—its humanitarian aspects, the resiliencies of affected populations, and pressure to produce results in a short time span. It explores how policies and plans formulated at higher levels of government were made to work in Bhuj, where those who lacked resources required socio-technical support. The analysis aims to understand both the challenges and the opportunities in urban planning initiatives for long-term disaster recovery. iv BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Reshmi Theckethil received her bachelor of technology degree in civil engineering from the University of Kerala, India. She worked for an information technology firm for two and a half years before beginning graduate school in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to pursue a master’s degree in urban planning. Subsequently, she joined the graduate program in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Cornell University where she pursued a doctorate in city and regional planning with a minor in development sociology. For her doctoral research, she explored the application of urban planning mechanisms for the recovery and rehabilitation of disaster-affected areas, and wrote a dissertation on post-disaster urban planning in Western India after the devastating earthquake of 2001. Through an ethnographic investigation of the planning process in Bhuj, in the western Indian State of Gujarat, her dissertation examines the dynamics of the processes of preparation and implementation of particular planning mechanisms in the reconstruction of an earthquake-affected area. It emphasizes the need to understand and analyze the challenges and opportunities that a post-disaster context offers to planners and development practitioners for faster recovery and long-term vulnerability reduction of urban residents. iii Reshmi Theckethil has worked as a consultant to the World Bank Institute in Washington, DC. She has also worked with NGOs in Bhuj and Ahmedabad, India, advocating for effective planning techniques as well as sustainable ways of providing affordable housing and services to marginalized urban populations who are often most vulnerable to disasters. She works with the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations Development Programme, as a Regional Programme Associate in the South and Southwest Asia Regional Office in New Delhi, India. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation marks a significant milestone in a long intellectual journey. The work I accomplished would not have been possible without the constant guidance and support of the committee members who encouraged me to find my voice in telling the story of Bhuj in a language that spoke to scholars and practitioners beyond disciplinary boundaries. I thank Committee Chair John Forester for having faith in my ability to undertake this journey and his reassurance of a ―life after dissertation‖ as I muddled through. I express my immense gratitude to Shelley Feldman for teaching me that the best way to learn is to ask questions for yourself, for constantly reminding me not to be bogged down by ―categories‖ or research proposals in the pursuit of intellectual excellence, and for giving me the confidence that a civil engineer turned urban planner could combine her interests and knowledge of technology (engineering) and city planning with sociology, with greater results. I am thankful to Neema Kudva for her patient efforts to make me a better writer and for her constructive criticism, scholarship on urbanization in India, and familiarity with the socio-political context that helped give my research its rootedness in the realities of the Indian Subcontinent. I am also grateful to Ann-Margaret Esnard for her guidance and support during my initial days at Cornell University. In Bhuj, I owe my deepest gratitude to Mohammedhussain B Khatri for introducing v me to the city and its people, to his family who provided me a home away from home, and to Abdul Jabbar for his lasting friendship. I am also thankful to Umiyashankar Ajani, Naresh Antani, Chirag Bhatt, Haresh Dholakia, Kundanlal Dholakia, Ilias Ghanchi, Hirji, Sushma Iyengar, Yusuf Jat, Pramod Jethi, Navin Joshi, Kirti Khatri, D. V. Maheswari, Haresh Mehta, Jayesh Mehta, A. A. Munshi, Dilip Pomal, Sawaliya, Prashant Solanki, Ram Sonderwal, Arvind Thacker, Shashikanth Thacker, Nita Thakkar, Nalin Upadhay, Dilip Vaidya, Sandeep Virmani, and Fatima Vora. The staff of Bhuj Area Development Authority, Bhuj Municipality, Environmental Planning Collaborative (Ahmebadad), Hunnarshaala (Abhiyan, Bhuj), Kutch Mitra, and the Office of the District Inspector of Land Records provided data and valuable commentary on the post-earthquake rehabilitation process. I benefited from the insights of B. R. Balachandran, Bipin Bhatt, Nivedita De‘Lima, Anil Mukim, Darshan Parikh, P. V. C. Prasad, Shailesh Rathod, Vivek Rawal, Maheshwar Sahu, Pradeep Sharma, Shyamaben, Nidhi Tewari, K. B. Thanki, Azhar Tyabji, and Ashtosh Dhar of Gujarat Urban Development Company and V. Thiruppugazh of Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority. I am indebted to the residents of Bhuj who shared their painful memories of the earthquake, their sense of loss in the difficult and uncertain times that followed, and the stories of their journeys to permanent homes. I express my sincere thanks to Nalinbhai Upadhyay for being a constant source of inspiration, for his passion, relentless efforts, and unfailing commitment to make a positive difference in the lives of people of Bhuj. I am grateful to Krishna S. Vatsa for his encouragement and vi support in bringing this body of work to a fruitful completion. Friends and colleagues at Cornell University, especially Sudeshna, Andreas, Razack, Ally, Sade, and Kiran shared friendship, dinner conversations, and several beautiful memories of Ithaca, that sustained me during the long haul. I owe my gratitude to Ekta for being there for me at every step of the process and cheering from the sidelines as I ran the marathon. I am eternally grateful to my family members for their unfaltering love and support as I pursued my dreams. I dedicate this work to Sarat for his unconditional love, companionship, and sense of humor. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v LIST OF MAPS xi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv Chapter I. DISASTER RECOVERY IN URBAN AREAS 1 Introduction 1 Literature Review 6 Notes on Methodology 15 II. BHUJ, NEAR THE EPICENTER 18 The Gujarat Earthquake 18 Disasters, Development, and Space-making in Bhuj, Kachchh 23 Rehabilitation Through Town Planning 37 III. INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES TO REBUILDING OF KACHCHH 45 Damage, Assessment, and Response in Kachchh 45 Comprehensive Recovery Planning 57 Institutional Framework for GERRP 64 Post-earthquake Urban Rehabilitation 76 viii IV. MAKING TOWN PLANNING WORK IN BHUJ 88 Development Plan of Bhuj 88 Restructuring the Walled City: Town Planning Schemes 99 Relocation Sites of Bhuj 126 V. POLITICAL PROCESS OF URBAN PLANNING IN BHUJ 146 Challenges to the Implementation of Plans 149 Having the ―Right‖
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