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North Korean INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quahiy of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing ftom left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made ftom the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisftictorily by xerography. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 870000 2 Hatch, David Allen THE CULT OF PERSONALITY OF KIM IL-SONG: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A STATE MYTH The American University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms I nternsti03 nI 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Hatch, David Alien All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE CULT OF EERSOHALITY OF KIM IL-SONG FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A STATE MYTH David Allen Hatch submitted to the Faculty of the College of Public and International Affairs of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Signatures of Committee: Chairman: Ï. _ ^ p M Dean of the College ^ Date 1986 The American University (jp(j^3P \ Washington, D.C. 20016 TEE AMERICAN ÜNI7ERSITY LIBRAS? Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COPYRIGHT BY DAVID ALLBM HATCH ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1986 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT THE COLT OF PERS0RAL1TÏ OF KXfi XL-SOEG: FOHCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A STATE HITH by David Allen Hatch A Cnlt of Personality in a coaaunist nation appears to be an incongruity, the aggrandizement of an individual in a society committed to the role of the masses and a theory of historical determinism. However, a Cult has practical functions: patriotic agitation, legitim ization of a regime, policy promotion, or factional weapon. A Cult may also derive from the ego needs of a strong leader. The Cult figure usually adopts a charismatic leadership style and uses personality projection as a leadership strategy. Five characteristics differentiate a Cult of Personality from mere positive image-making or hero-worship: 1) it exists under an authoritarian regime; 2) special virtue is attributed to the subject; 3) the subject is hailed as an authority on any and a ll matters; 4} the subject has a "canon" of authorized writings; 5) most important, national experience or history is interpreted through the object's life. Social properties which abet a Cult of Personality include weak institutionalization, lack of opposition by intellectuals, strong foreign enemies, and disruptive social changes. Content analysis was applied to North Korean publications to determine the core of the mythology about Kim Il-song, to ascertain how the Cult images developed and i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. changed over time, and to discover which images might be correlated to specific events or policy changes. The Cnlt of Personality of Kim Il-song of North Korea underwent three distinct phases: from 1945-50, when basic images were developed and hero worship fostered; the Korean Har and era of reconstruction, until about 1965, when hero worship progressed to a genuine Cult of Personality; and the modern period, when the Cult assumed international dimensions and prepared for transfer to a new leadership generation. The Kim Cult performed the following functions: legitim ization of the regime, policy promotion, generation of national and personal pride, attraction of support for reunification policies, and easing of leadership succession to Kim's son. The Cult of Kim was artificially maintained and adopted characteristics and techniques from the Cults of Stalin and Mao. However, it succeded because it appealed to basic Korean societal patterns, which may have derived from Confucian ideals still prevalent in social and family organization. I X i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS A6STBACT..........................................1 1 TABLE OF C O N T E N T S................... ............... i v C hap ter I. THE COLT OF PEBSOHALITÏ... ............... 1 DIMENSIONS OF A COLT OF PEBSONALITI POLITICS IN DEVELOPING AND COMMUNIST COONTSIES STATE MYTHS AND SYMBOLS LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES THE ISSUES IN KOREAN CONTEXT PROCEDURES I I . NORTH KOREA: AN INTRODUCTION.................................. 33 A BRIEF HISTORY OF NORTH KOREA NORTH KOREAN SOCIETY NORTH KOREAN IDEOLOGY KIM IL-SONG: MAN AND CULT OBJECT I I I . THE EARLY PERIOD................. - .......................72 THE IMAGE OF THE LEADER THE GUERRILLA BACKGROUND KIM AND THE KPA IMAGES Or STALIN AND MAO COMMENTS IV . WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION........................ 138 THE IMAGE GOES TO WAR AMPLIFICATION OF THE IMAGE IMAGES OF STALIN AND MAO THE IMAGE DURING RECONSTRUCTION i v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. KOREAN BISTORY AHD THE ANTI-JAPANESE STRUGGLE BAR AMD REMEMBRANCE STALIN AND THE CULT OF PERSONALITY T. THE MODERN PERIOD............................2 2 4 THE IMAGE AND EVENTS THE IMAGE CATEGORIZED KIM AND REUNIFICATION THE GREAT FAMILY KIM CHONG-IL AND THE SUCCESSION V I. ANTECEDAHTS OF THE CULT OF PERSONALITY.. 3 1 6 STALIN MAO THE JAPANESE EMPEROR THE CONFUCIAN MODEL COMMENTS VII. CONCLUSIONS.......................... .3 5 6 APPENDIX I : NOTES ON S O U R C E S ........................ 3 9 8 APPENDIX II: A B B R E V IA T IO N S.......................400 ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY................. 403 KOREAN BIBLIOGRAPHY ................... 414 BROADCAST BIBLIOGRAPHY........................... 443 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I THE COLT OF PERSONALITY All regimes undertake public relations to promote policies and canny leaders utilize the media to project useful images. Politics offers many examples of leaders sk illfu l at turning media to their own purposes and, in fact, most successful politicians in the west are strong because they have become adept at managing events to create a preferred image. A prime example is Ronald Reagan, who shaped his media exposure to make maximum use of his acting talents, but even a politician of minimal crowd appeal such as Richard Nixon was able to control his campaign appearances to present a favorable image.* Dwight Eisenhower also manipulated his exposure to present a public image greatly different from his actual leadership s t y l e . z However, a Cult of Personality transcends mere public relations or image creation, anchoring as it does the events and history of a nation solely in terms of the life ipor details of Nixon's media manipulation, see Joe McGinnis, The Selling of the President, 1968 (New York: Trident Press, 1969). 2 Fred I . G r e e n s te in , The Hidden—Hand P r e sid e n c y : Eisenhower as Leader (New York: Basic Books, 1982}. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 aud activities of one individual. The term "Cult of Personality," originally applied to the dictatorship of Josef Stalin, although the term has acquired the wider meaning of individualistic leadership in a communist s o c i e t y . ^ it also implies separation of the leader from the masses, plus use of the "great man" theory to justify both policies and immodesty.* A Cult of Personality has been defined this way: "A huge subservient following gathered through personality or force by a top leader. A term used to describe Stalin's absolute control over the party."S One author suggested that in addition to confusion over the role of the individual in history, factors conducive to a Cult of Personality include international isolation, a threat from abroad, preparation for intensive ^Shortly after Stalin's death, Pravda employed this obscure phrase from Marx, and ironically stated that Stalin joined Marx, Engels, and Lenin in eschewing the Colt of Personality in favor of emphasizing the historic role of the masses. George Eortoli, The Death of Stalin, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975), p. 195. *R. N. Carew Hunt, A Guide to Communist Jargon
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