A PHP Implementation Built on Graalvm
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The LLVM Instruction Set and Compilation Strategy
The LLVM Instruction Set and Compilation Strategy Chris Lattner Vikram Adve University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign lattner,vadve ¡ @cs.uiuc.edu Abstract This document introduces the LLVM compiler infrastructure and instruction set, a simple approach that enables sophisticated code transformations at link time, runtime, and in the field. It is a pragmatic approach to compilation, interfering with programmers and tools as little as possible, while still retaining extensive high-level information from source-level compilers for later stages of an application’s lifetime. We describe the LLVM instruction set, the design of the LLVM system, and some of its key components. 1 Introduction Modern programming languages and software practices aim to support more reliable, flexible, and powerful software applications, increase programmer productivity, and provide higher level semantic information to the compiler. Un- fortunately, traditional approaches to compilation either fail to extract sufficient performance from the program (by not using interprocedural analysis or profile information) or interfere with the build process substantially (by requiring build scripts to be modified for either profiling or interprocedural optimization). Furthermore, they do not support optimization either at runtime or after an application has been installed at an end-user’s site, when the most relevant information about actual usage patterns would be available. The LLVM Compilation Strategy is designed to enable effective multi-stage optimization (at compile-time, link-time, runtime, and offline) and more effective profile-driven optimization, and to do so without changes to the traditional build process or programmer intervention. LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) is a compilation strategy that uses a low-level virtual instruction set with rich type information as a common code representation for all phases of compilation. -
Architectural Support for Scripting Languages
Architectural Support for Scripting Languages By Dibakar Gope A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical and Computer Engineering) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON 2017 Date of final oral examination: 6/7/2017 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Mikko H. Lipasti, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Gurindar S. Sohi, Professor, Computer Sciences Parameswaran Ramanathan, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Jing Li, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Aws Albarghouthi, Assistant Professor, Computer Sciences © Copyright by Dibakar Gope 2017 All Rights Reserved i This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Monoranjan Gope and Sati Gope. ii acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents, Sri Monoranjan Gope, and Smt. Sati Gope for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout my doctoral studies which I believe to be the single most important contribution towards achieving my goal of receiving a Ph.D. Second, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Prof. Mikko Lipasti for his mentorship and continuous support throughout the course of my graduate studies. I am extremely grateful to him for guiding me with such dedication and consideration and never failing to pay attention to any details of my work. His insights, encouragement, and overall optimism have been instrumental in organizing my otherwise vague ideas into some meaningful contributions in this thesis. This thesis would never have been accomplished without his technical and editorial advice. I find myself fortunate to have met and had the opportunity to work with such an all-around nice person in addition to being a great professor. -
Constrained Polymorphic Types for a Calculus with Name Variables∗
Constrained Polymorphic Types for a Calculus with Name Variables∗ Davide Ancona1, Paola Giannini†2, and Elena Zucca3 1 DIBRIS, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 35, Genova, Italy [email protected] 2 DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy [email protected] 3 DIBRIS, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 35, Genova, Italy [email protected] Abstract We extend the simply-typed lambda-calculus with a mechanism for dynamic rebinding of code based on parametric nominal interfaces. That is, we introduce values which represent single fragments, or families of named fragments, of open code, where free variables are associated with names which do not obey α-equivalence. In this way, code fragments can be passed as function arguments and manipulated, through their nominal interface, by operators such as rebinding, overriding and renaming. Moreover, by using name variables, it is possible to write terms which are parametric in their nominal interface and/or in the way it is adapted, greatly enhancing expressivity. However, in order to prevent conflicts when instantiating name variables, the name- polymorphic types of such terms need to be equipped with simple inequality constraints. We show soundness of the type system. 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.3.1 Programming Languages: Formal Definitions and The- ory, D.3.3 Programming Languages: Language Constructs and Features Keywords and phrases open code, incremental rebinding, name polymorphism, metaprogram- ming Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.TYPES.2015.4 1 Introduction We propose an extension of the simply-typed lambda-calculus with a mechanism for dynamic and incremental rebinding of code based on parametric nominal interfaces. -
1 Lecture 25
I. Goals of This Lecture Lecture 25 • Beyond static compilation • Example of a complete system Dynamic Compilation • Use of data flow techniques in a new context • Experimental approach I. Motivation & Background II. Overview III. Compilation Policy IV. Partial Method Compilation V. Partial Dead Code Elimination VI. Escape Analysis VII. Results “Partial Method Compilation Using Dynamic Profile Information”, John Whaley, OOPSLA 01 (Slide content courtesy of John Whaley & Monica Lam.) Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon Todd C. Mowry 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 1 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 2 Todd C. Mowry Static/Dynamic High-Level/Binary • Compiler: high-level à binary, static • Binary translator: Binary-binary; mostly dynamic • Interpreter: high-level, emulate, dynamic – Run “as-is” – Software migration • Dynamic compilation: high-level à binary, dynamic (x86 à alpha, sun, transmeta; 68000 à powerPC à x86) – machine-independent, dynamic loading – Virtualization (make hardware virtualizable) – cross-module optimization – Dynamic optimization (Dynamo Rio) – specialize program using runtime information – Security (execute out of code in a cache that is “protected”) • without profiling Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 3 Todd C. Mowry 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 4 Todd C. Mowry 1 Closed-world vs. Open-world II. Overview of Dynamic Compilation • Closed-world assumption (most static compilers) • Interpretation/Compilation policy decisions – all code is available a priori for analysis and compilation. – Choosing what and how to compile • Open-world assumption (most dynamic compilers) • Collecting runtime information – code is not available – Instrumentation – arbitrary code can be loaded at run time. – Sampling • Open-world assumption precludes many optimization opportunities. • Exploiting runtime information – Solution: Optimistically assume the best case, but provide a way out – frequently-executed code paths if necessary. -
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages Don Stewart PhD Dissertation School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales 2010 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Manuel M. T. Chakravarty Co-supervisor: Dr. Gabriele Keller Abstract We present a solution to the problem of dynamic extension in statically typed functional languages with type erasure. The presented solution re- tains the benefits of static checking, including type safety, aggressive op- timizations, and native code compilation of components, while allowing extensibility of programs at runtime. Our approach is based on a framework for dynamic extension in a stat- ically typed setting, combining dynamic linking, runtime type checking, first class modules and code hot swapping. We show that this framework is sufficient to allow a broad class of dynamic extension capabilities in any statically typed functional language with type erasure semantics. Uniquely, we employ the full compile-time type system to perform run- time type checking of dynamic components, and emphasize the use of na- tive code extension to ensure that the performance benefits of static typing are retained in a dynamic environment. We also develop the concept of fully dynamic software architectures, where the static core is minimal and all code is hot swappable. Benefits of the approach include hot swappable code and sophisticated application extension via embedded domain specific languages. We instantiate the concepts of the framework via a full implementation in the Haskell programming language: providing rich mechanisms for dy- namic linking, loading, hot swapping, and runtime type checking in Haskell for the first time. We demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture through a number of novel applications: an extensible text editor; a plugin-based network chat bot; a simulator for polymer chemistry; and xmonad, an ex- tensible window manager. -
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages; Course Lecture Notes
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages, COMP6411 Lecture Notes, Revision 1.9 Joey Paquet Serguei A. Mokhov (Eds.) August 5, 2010 arXiv:1007.2123v6 [cs.PL] 4 Aug 2010 2 Preface Lecture notes for the Comparative Studies of Programming Languages course, COMP6411, taught at the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. These notes include a compiled book of primarily related articles from the Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [24], as well as Comparative Programming Languages book [7] and other resources, including our own. The original notes were compiled by Dr. Paquet [14] 3 4 Contents 1 Brief History and Genealogy of Programming Languages 7 1.1 Introduction . 7 1.1.1 Subreferences . 7 1.2 History . 7 1.2.1 Pre-computer era . 7 1.2.2 Subreferences . 8 1.2.3 Early computer era . 8 1.2.4 Subreferences . 8 1.2.5 Modern/Structured programming languages . 9 1.3 References . 19 2 Programming Paradigms 21 2.1 Introduction . 21 2.2 History . 21 2.2.1 Low-level: binary, assembly . 21 2.2.2 Procedural programming . 22 2.2.3 Object-oriented programming . 23 2.2.4 Declarative programming . 27 3 Program Evaluation 33 3.1 Program analysis and translation phases . 33 3.1.1 Front end . 33 3.1.2 Back end . 34 3.2 Compilation vs. interpretation . 34 3.2.1 Compilation . 34 3.2.2 Interpretation . 36 3.2.3 Subreferences . 37 3.3 Type System . 38 3.3.1 Type checking . 38 3.4 Memory management . -
Bohm2013.Pdf (3.003Mb)
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Speeding up Dynamic Compilation Concurrent and Parallel Dynamic Compilation Igor B¨ohm I V N E R U S E I T H Y T O H F G E R D I N B U Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Computing Systems Architecture School of Informatics University of Edinburgh 2013 Abstract The main challenge faced by a dynamic compilation system is to detect and translate frequently executed program regions into highly efficient native code as fast as possible. To efficiently reduce dynamic compilation latency, a dy- namic compilation system must improve its workload throughput, i.e. com- pile more application hotspots per time. As time for dynamic compilation adds to the overall execution time, the dynamic compiler is often decoupled and operates in a separate thread independent from the main execution loop to reduce the overhead of dynamic compilation. -
4500/6500 Programming Languages Name, Binding and Scope Binding
Name, Binding and Scope !! A name is exactly what you think it is CSCI: 4500/6500 Programming »! Most names are identifiers Languages »! symbols (like '+') can also be names !! A binding is an association between two things, such as a name and the thing it names Names, Scopes (review) and Binding »! Example: the association of Reflecting on the Concepts –! values with identifiers !! The scope of a binding is the part of the program (textually) in which the binding is active 1 Maria Hybinette, UGA Maria Hybinette, UGA 2 Binding Time Bind Time: Language System View !! When the “binding” is created or, more !! language design time generally, the point at which any »! bind operator symbols (e.g., * + …) to operations implementation decision is made (multiplication, addition, …) »! Set of primitive types »! language design time »! language implementation time !! language implementation time »! bind data type, such as int in C to the range of »! program writing time possible values (determined by number of bits and »! compile time affect the precision) »! link time –! Considerations: arithmetic overflow, precision of fundamental type, coupling of I/O to the OS’ notion of »! load time files »! run time Maria Hybinette, UGA 3 Maria Hybinette, UGA 4 Bind Time: User View Bind Time: User View !! program writing time !! run time (dynamically) »! Programmers choose algorithms, data structures »! value/variable bindings, sizes of strings and names. »! subsumes !! compile time –! program start-up time »! plan for data layout (bind a variable to a data type in –! module entry time Java or C) –! elaboration time (point a which a declaration is first "seen") !! link time –! procedure entry time »! layout of whole program in memory (names of –! block entry time separate modules (libraries) are finalized. -
Language and Compiler Support for Dynamic Code Generation by Massimiliano A
Language and Compiler Support for Dynamic Code Generation by Massimiliano A. Poletto S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1995) M.Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1995) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 1999 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1999. All rights reserved. A u th or ............................................................................ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science June 23, 1999 Certified by...............,. ...*V .,., . .* N . .. .*. *.* . -. *.... M. Frans Kaashoek Associate Pro essor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Supervisor A ccepted by ................ ..... ............ ............................. Arthur C. Smith Chairman, Departmental CommitteA on Graduate Students me 2 Language and Compiler Support for Dynamic Code Generation by Massimiliano A. Poletto Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on June 23, 1999, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Dynamic code generation, also called run-time code generation or dynamic compilation, is the cre- ation of executable code for an application while that application is running. Dynamic compilation can significantly improve the performance of software by giving the compiler access to run-time infor- mation that is not available to a traditional static compiler. A well-designed programming interface to dynamic compilation can also simplify the creation of important classes of computer programs. Until recently, however, no system combined efficient dynamic generation of high-performance code with a powerful and portable language interface. This thesis describes a system that meets these requirements, and discusses several applications of dynamic compilation. -
Curriculum of Php
CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD. CURRICULUM OF PHP CORE PHP ARRAY WITH PHP PHP INPUT MACHANISM What is an Array? INTRODUCING PHP Working with ECHO, PRINT(), Creating and Working with PRINTF() Arrays The origin of PHP MINI TASK → Integrating Creating arrays PHP for Web Development & Web HTML Viewing arrays Applications with PHP Modifying arrays PHP History MINI TASK → Integrating CSS Removing values from arrays Features of PHP with PHP Sorting Arrays How PHP works with the MINI TASK → Integrating Walking through an Array Web Server JAVASCRIPT with PHP Traversing an array manually What is SERVER & how it Using foreach to walk through an Works BASICS LANGUAGE array What is ZEND Engine Creating a simple PHP script Finding Array Size Work of ZEND Engine Naming Variables Converting Arrays into Assigning and Displaying Strings (And Vice Versa) INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING Variable Converting Variables into PHP Values Arrays (And Vice Versa) ● PHP Installation Creating variables Splitting and Merging Arrays ● MySQL Installation Displaying variable values Exchanging keys and values ● Apache Installation Writing Your First Script That Multidimensional Arrays ● WAMP Installation Uses Variables Creating multidimensional arrays ● Installing and Configuring PHP Using Variable Variables Viewing multidimensional arrays on Windows. Removing Variables ● How to design PHP applications Using multidimensional arrays in Understanding Data Types statements using Dreamweaver Assigning data types ● How to design PHP -
Naming Service Specification
Naming Service Specification Version 1.0 New edition - April 2000 Copyright 1996, AT&T/Lucent Technologies, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 AT&T/NCR Copyright 1995, 1996 BNR Europe Limited Copyright 1996, Cooperative Research Centre for Distributed Systems Technology (DSTC Pty Ltd). Copyright 1995, 1996 Digital Equipment Corporation Copyright 1996, Gradient Technologies, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Groupe Bull Copyright 1995, 1996 Hewlett-Packard Company Copyright 1995, 1996 HyperDesk Corporation Copyright 1995, 1996 ICL plc Copyright 1995, 1996 Ing. C. Olivetti & C.Sp Copyright 1995, 1996 International Business Machines Corporation Copyright 1996, International Computers Limited Copyright 1995, 1996 Iona Technologies Ltd. Copyright 1995, 1996 Itasca Systems, Inc. Copyright 1996, Nortel Limited Copyright 1995, 1996 Novell, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 02 Technologies Copyright 1995, 1996 Object Design, Inc. Copyright 1999, Object Management Group, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Objectivity, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Ontos, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Oracle Corporation Copyright 1995, 1996 Persistence Software Copyright 1995, 1996 Servio, Corp. Copyright 1995, 1996 Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG Copyright 1995, 1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 SunSoft, Inc. Copyright 1996, Sybase, Inc. Copyright 1996, Taligent, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Tandem Computers, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Teknekron Software Systems, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Tivoli Systems, Inc. Copyright 1995, 1996 Transarc Corporation Copyright 1995, 1996 Versant Object -
Zend Framework : Bien Développer En
__ g les Programmez intelligent Cahiers avec du les Pauli Cahiers Ponçon J. Programmeur du Programmeur G. Architecte certifié PHP et Zend Framework, Julien Pauli est responsable du pôle Zend Frame- Framework work/PHP chez Anaska (groupe Zend Alter Way). Contributeur de la pre- mière heure au framework en colla- En imposant des règles strictes de gestion de code et en offrant une très boration avec Zend Technologies, riche bibliothèque de composants prêts à l’emploi, le framework PHP 5 Zend conférencier et membre de l’AFUP, Framework guide le développeur web dans l’industrialisation de ses dévelop- il publie des articles sur PHP dans la pements, afin d’en garantir la fiabilité, l’évolutivité et la facilité de maintenance. presse. Fondateur et gérant de la société Cet ouvrage présente les meilleures pratiques de développement web avec OpenStates (partenaire Zend PHP 5 et le Zend Framework : design patterns, MVC, base de données, sécu- Technologies et Anaska), Bien développer en PHP rité, interopérabilité, tests unitaires, gestion des flux et des sessions, etc. Guillaume Ponçon intervient Non sans rappeler les prérequis techniques et théoriques à l’utilisation du fra- depuis plus de sept ans auprès de Julien Pauli mework, l’ouvrage aidera tant les développeurs débutants en PHP que les grands comptes sur de nom- chefs de projets ou architectes aguerris souhaitant l’utiliser en entreprise. breuses missions d’expertise, de Guillaume Ponçon conseil et de formation PHP. Ingé- nieur EPITA, expert certifié PHP et Zend Framework, il est aussi spé- cialiste des systèmes Unix/Linux et Framework Préface de Wil Sinclair pratique Java et C/C++.