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Král Vratislav Ve Svědectví Soudobých Pramenů

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Král Vratislav Ve Svědectví Soudobých Pramenů Masarykova univerzita v Brně Filozofická fakulta Historický ústav Král Vratislav ve svědectví soudobých pramenů Lukáš Reitinger Historie - ĉeské dějiny Školitel: Prof. PhDr. Martin Wihoda, Ph. D. Brno 2015 1 OBSAH I. ÚVOD..………………………………….………………...……..…. 5 HLEDÁNÍ KRÁLE…………………………..…………………….…… 6 II. KOSMŮV LABYRINT …….………………………..…………….. 20 VRATISLAV V KOSMOVĚ KRONICE I MIMO NI…………….……....…… 21 Lstivá lińka a mstivý medvěd………………...…………… 24 „Řád koruny“……………………………...………….…… 35 Rok 1091…..……………………………...………….…… 46 Syn, který zradil………………………..…………….…… 62 KOSMŦV ROK 1086……………………………..….………………… 70 KRÁL ĈESKÝ A POLSKÝ……………………….…….………………… 82 Co Kosmas mohl vědět a co chtěl vědět……………..…… 86 Census de terra Polonie……………….……………..…… 90 „Kdyņ si s pomocí Boņí podrobil celé Polsko“…………… 96 Druhý zakladatel polské poplatnosti……………………… 100 Meĉonoń……………………..……………………….…… 108 Vratislav jako pán poplatných Polanŧ?……………....…… 111 III. VYŠEHRAD A JINÉ VZPOMÍNKY …………….………..……. 113 KRÁL ZAKLÁDÁ A KRÁL DARUJE………………………….…….…… 114 Olomouc a Kláńterní Hradisko……………...…….….…… 116 Sázava…………….…………………………...………...… 127 Ostrov…………….………………………...…………...… 132 Král a svatý Vavřinec.…………………...……………...… 136 Král s nŧńí.………………………………..…..................… 146 PSAL TZV. KANOVNÍK VYŃEHRADSKÝ NA VYŃEHRADĚ?……………… 153 Stopy vedoucí na Vyńehrad….…….……………..…......… 155 Světci a biskupové…………….…...…............................… 161 Fundátorka a hroby mocných.………..............................… 168 2 „Cronica Pragensis“…………………..……..................… 173 PRIVILEGIA VYŃEHRADSKÝCH FUNDÁTORŦ……………………...…… 181 Listiny Soběslava I. ………….……….…….……..........… 182 Listiny Vratislava II. ………….………..........................… 192 Listina papeņe Alexandra a dalńí vyńehradské vzpomínky…………………………………………..…….. 203 CANONIC REGIS WRATIZLAI………………………….………….…… 218 Matka hradŧ, hlava kostelŧ a králŧv nesplněný sen? ……..221 Královi svatí a slovanský Vyńehrad…………….............… 236 Královna bez království a královské sídlo bez krále…....… 249 IV. VĚHLAS KRÁLE ZA HRANICEMI ……………………………. 264 VNĚJŃÍ POZOROVATELÉ…………..………………………..…….…… 265 Göttweig a Weihenstephan….……………………….…… 266 Pověst Vratislavových zbraní….……….…………….…… 272 Majestát krále v říńských kronikách a letopisech…….…… 279 „Fratizlaus regalem lanceam Rudolfi adeptus est“….…… 287 ZÁHADA JEDENÁCTI LISTŦ…….……………………………………… 295 Řím – Mohuĉ – Praha – Krakov…………….……….…… 297 „Skoti“ z Řezna………………………….………….…… 304 Prosby z Hersfeldu………………………………….…… 313 Zasvěcený diktátor ĉi zasvěcené předlohy?………….…… 318 KRÁL VE VZPOMÍNKÁCH PEGAVSKÝCH MNICHŦ……………….…… 324 Ĉeská stopa v pegavských nekrologiích a kalendáriích… 326 Přemyslovńtí exulanti na Grojĉi a v Pegau………….…… 328 Království za tři sta bojovníkŧ a ĉtyři tisíce hřiven….…… 330 Italská bojińtě a královský sņatek…………………………. 335 Král Bougo…………………………...…...………….…… 341 Würzbursské regalis benedictio……...…………………… 356 Vzpomínky bez posloupnosti a letopoĉtŧ….…………… 365 Frutolfova kronika a její pegavńtí ĉtenáři….…………… 365 KRÁLOVSKÉ INSIGNIE Z KLÁŃTERA PEGAU…………………….…… 372 Panovnické insignie ĉi votivní koruna věĉného ņivota?.......378 3 Obětování korun……………...…...……………………… 381 Kam se poděla koruna krále Vratislava….……...…...…… 391 Králŧv zeť………………………….….…...…...………… 403 Osud mnoha královských insignií…….…..……………… 407 V. ZÁVĚR…………………..…………………………………………. 409 KRÁL V ODRAZU POKŘIVENÝCH ZRCADEL….……………..…….…… 410 PRAMENY A LITERATURA……………….……..…………..…….…… 418 Prameny rukopisné…………………………….………… 418 Prameny vydané……..……………….…………………… 419 Literatura…………………….…………….……….…… 428 Summary-----------------------------------------------------------473 4 Král v Vratislav v české i zahraniční historiografii O první zhodnocení ņivota a vlády Vratislava se snahou shromáņdit rŧznorodé prameny se uņ roku 1700 pokusil kanovník a rektor praņského kněņského semináře Jana Floriána Hammerschmidt ve svém rozsáhlém díle o dějinách vyńehradské kapituly.1 Do svého spisu barokní úĉenec samozřejmě zahrnul i líbivé báchorky Václava Hájka z Liboĉan. V jeho práci ovńem také nalezneme několik od jinud neznámých detailŧ ke středověkým dějinám kolegiáty sv. Petra a Pavla na Vyńehradě. Zástupci kritického dějepisectví jim víceméně nevěnovali pozornost a připoĉetli je k hájkovským bajkách, které zaplnily mnoho stran Hammerschmidtovy knihy. Skepse je zde sice samozřejmě zcela na místě. Nicméně, jak je potřebné i ke středověkému Vyńehradu a jeho přemyslovským podporovatelŧm nutné ĉíst i dílo tohoto barokního historika a jeho souputníkŧ, zjistíme, kdyņ zalistujeme vyńehradskými archivními inventáři z let 1719 a 1725.2 Nalezneme zde totiņ záznamy o středověkých písemnostech, které jsou dnes nenávratně ztraceny. K nim patří generální rejstřík z roku 1482, jenņ se stal nezvěstným teprve aņ někdy po roce 1835 a obsahoval zásadní informace k nejstarńím vyńehradským listinám, nebo vyńehradské nekrologium které měl jeńtě v ruce Frantińek Pubiĉka (1722–1807), jenņ z něho odcitoval záznam o smrti Vratislavovy manņelky, královny Svatavy. Tento seĉtělý autor svazkŧ Chronologische Geschichte Böhmens jiņ vládu Vratislava II. popsal na základě kritického zhodnocení pramenŧ. Na řadě míst Pubiĉka upřesnil i chronologii jednotlivých událostí a ĉetné jeho vývody jeńtě o více neņ 1 HAMMERSCHMIDT, Joannes Florianus: Gloria et Majestas sacro-sanctae regiae exemptae et nullius diaecesis Wissehradensis ecclesiae ss. Apostolorum Petri et Pauli. Vetero-Pragae 1700. 2 Národní archiv. Archiv kolegiátní kapituly vyńehradské, inv. ĉ. 1, kniha 1a, 1b; tamtéņ, inv. ĉ. 2, kniha 2. 5 století později respektoval Václav Novotný. Zároveņ stavovský historiograf dokázal Kosmově kronice pokládat některé otázky, jeņ byly následně vysloveny aņ Duńanem Třeńtíkem v 60. letech 20. století. Ocenit také musíme, ņe pro nańe dějepisectví objevil bohemikální zmínky v letopisech z kláńtera Pegau, které se ovńem u následných ĉeských badatelŧ dostaly na okraj zájmu.3 Nelze ovńem zamlĉet i stinné stránky Pubiĉkovy historiografické ĉinnosti, které netkvěly pouze v jeho vyostřeném sporu s Gelasiem Dobnerem. Pubiĉka a jeho souputník Leopold Jan Ńerńník se neostýchali si v praņském Klementinu shromaņćovat cenné rukopisy, z nichņ některé následně zpronevěřili.4 K nenávratně ztraceným vzácným manuskriptŧm například patřil jakýsi starý rukopis Kosmovy kroniky (ein schöner uralter Codex von Cosmas Pragensis) a zřejmě i vzpomínané vyńehradské nekrologium, neboť po něm o pár let později jiņ marně pátral dalńí představitel osvíceneckého dějepisectví piarista Gelasius Dobner (1719–1790). I tento Pubiĉkŧv odpŧrce se výrazně dotkl problematiky prvního ĉeského krále. Předevńím jako první rozebral nejen zaujatý vztah svatovítského děkana Kosmy k Vratislavovi, ale souĉasně se dŧkladně věnoval srovnání Kosmova vyprávění s pozdějńím vykreslením korunovaného Přemyslovce v díle 3 PUBITSCHKA, Franciscus: Chronologische Geschichte Böhmens unter den ersten Prager Bischöfen III., welcher die Errichtung, und Fortgang des prager Bisthums enthält, bis auf die Krönung Wratislaws des ersten Königs in Böhmen. Leipzig – Prag 1773; TÝŅ: Chronologische Geschichte Böhmens von den ersten Königen bis auf Karl den IVten. IV.1. Von Wratislaws Krönung bis auf Ottokarn den I.ten. Prag 1778. 4 Pubiĉkovým zápŧjĉkám starých rukopisŧ a jejich následné ztrátě se naposledy věnoval Jakub Zouhar ve své biografii tohoto dějepisce. ZOUHAR, Jakub: František Pubička S. I. (1722–1807). Barokní historik ve století rozumu. Praha 2014, s. 106–109. 6 přisuzovaném Přibíku Pulkavovi z Radenína.5 Právě díky této kronice, která rozvíjí myńlenku přenesení moravského království z Moravy do Ĉech za Vratislavových ĉasŧ, se „první král“ stal i vděĉným námětem renesanĉního a barokního dějepisectví na Moravě. Pulkava zde zavdal podnět k velikáńským konstrukcím, s nimiņ se Dobner a jiní museli dlouhá léta vyrovnávat.6 Byť Dobner nepatřil k dobrým znalcŧm vyńehradského archivu a některé z tamních nejstarńích listin přehlédl, zaujaly jej tehdy jeńtě méně pońkozené peĉeti na podvrņených Vratislavových listinách a nechal je překreslit jako přílohu svého pátého svazku o hájkovských Annales Bohemorum. Tím, kdo se ve vyńehradském archivu dokázal skvěle orientovat, bezesporu byl aņ tamní kanovník a pozdějńí děkan Vojtěch Ruffer, jenņ sepsal roku 1835 Historii Vyšehradskou.7 Jeho 5 DOBNER, Gelasius: Wenceslai Hagek a Liboczan, Annales Bohemorum e Bohemica editione latine redditi a P. Victorino a S. Cruce e scholis piis nunc plurimis animadversionibus historico-chronologico-criticis, nec non diplomatibus, re genealogica, numaria, variique generis antiquis aeri incisis monumentis aucti. 5. Pragae 1777; TÝŅ: Annalium Hagecianorum animadversionibus historico-chronologico-criticis emendatorum nec non diplomatibus, re genealogica, numaria, variique generis antiquis aeri incisis monumentis. 6. Pragae 1782. K problematice ĉeského osvíceneckého dějepisectví a jeho dalńích aktérŧm srov. KUDĚLKA, Milan: Spor Gelasia Dobnera o Hájkovu kroniku. Praha 1964 (= Rozpravy ĈSAV, řada spoleĉenských věd LXXIV.11); SLAVÍK, Bedřich: Od Dobnera k Dobrovskému. Praha 1975. 6 Dále viz WIHODA, Martin: Morava v době knížecí. 906–1197. Praha 2010, s. 13nn. 7 RUFFER, W.: Historie Wyssehradská neb Wyprawowánj o hradu, o kapitole a městu hory Wyssehradu u Prahy w králowstwj Českém. Praha 1861. Dochoval se rovněņ autorský rukopis Historie Vyšehradské z roku 1835, který ovńem ukazuje, ņe v samotném tisku, jenņ vyńel aņ roku 1861, byla nedbalou sazbou některá Rufferova tvrzení zmatena. Srov. Národní archiv, Archiv Kolegiátní kapituly vyńehradské, inv. ĉ. 807, kniha 369. 7 spis je sice v mnoha rovinách krokem zpět, nekriticky
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