Histoire Et Archéologie Des Sociétés Médiévales, Mondes Chrétiens Et Musulmans » ENS De Lyon UMR 5642 2014–2015 2 Ème Session Soutenu Le 24 Juin

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Histoire Et Archéologie Des Sociétés Médiévales, Mondes Chrétiens Et Musulmans » ENS De Lyon UMR 5642 2014–2015 2 Ème Session Soutenu Le 24 Juin Spécialité de master : « Histoire et Archéologie des sociétés médiévales, mondes chrétiens et musulmans » ENS de Lyon UMR 5642 2014–2015 2 ème session Soutenu le 24 juin Le sentiment national de Côme de Prague dans la Chronica Boemorum Mémoire de 1 e année Présenté par Arthur Perodeau Sous la direction de Pierre Monnet (EHESS) Pour l'obtention du diplôme national de Master délivré en cohabilitation par les établissements : Université Lumière Lyon II, Université Jean Moulin Lyon III, Université de Savoie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. Tous mes remerciements vont à Pierre Monnet, Sylvain Gouguenheim et Martin Nejedlý pour m'avoir accordé leur confiance et guidé dans l'élaboration de ce mémoire, ainsi qu'à Patrick Clastres, Marie-Madeleine de Cevins et Olivier Marin pour leur participation à l'élaboration de ce projet. Merci également à Gisèle Besson pour son aide précieuse et aux différents relecteurs (Christelle et Christine Bourienne, Louise Granat, Lorcan Charonnat et Aurélia Szczepocki). Sommaire Introduction 6 1. Le contexte historique 6 2. Vie de Côme de Prague 14 3. Manuscrits et éditions de la Chronica Boemorum 26 4. La postérité de la Chronica Boemorum 32 I/ Présentation formelle de la Chronica Boemorum 43 1. Les soubassements de la Chronica Boemorum 44 2. Le récit et sa structure 56 II/ La Chronica Boemorum : une œuvre politique 68 1. Le monde religieux 68 2. Le monde laïque 82 III/ La nation de Côme de Prague : étude lexicale 100 1. L'introuvable natio boemorum 101 2. Les Bohèmes comme gens et comme populus 102 3. La question de la lingua 106 4. Terra et patria : l'attachement à la terre de Bohême 108 5. Le sentiment de nous 114 Conclusion 118 Bibliographie 125 Annexes 132 1. Traduction des préfaces 132 3 2. Résumé synthétique de la Chronica Boemorum 137 3. Arbre généalogique de la dynastie des P řemyslide (édition de Lisa Wolverton) 156 4. Cartes (issues de l'édition de Lisa Wolverton) 157 5. Iconographie de la Chronica Boemorum 160 4 Note préliminaire sur la traduction des noms propres Notre perspective étant d'ouvrir la recherche française à un domaine qu'elle a jusqu'à présent très peu exploré, à savoir la Bohême sous les P řemyslide, nous avons jugé opportun d'essayer de traduire, autant que cela est possible, les noms latins en Français afin de faciliter l'appropriation de l'objet d'étude. Néanmoins, la plupart des noms n'ont pas d'équivalent en Français. Nous avons donc souvent privilégié une traduction en Tchèque ou en Allemand selon l'origine des personnages en question. 5 Introduction 1. Le contexte historique a. Les conflits dynastiques au sein de la famille ducale au début du XIIe siècle L'entreprise d'écriture de la Chronica Boemorum s'inscrit dans un contexte de crise de succession à la tête du duché de Bohême. Entre la mort du duc B řetislav II (1092-1100) et l'accession au trône de Sob ěslav Ier en 1125, quelques mois avant la mort de Côme de Prague (v.1045-1125), qui correspond à peu près à la fin de la chronique, la Bohême connaît une période d'instabilité politique violente. Cette crise de vingt-cinq ans n'est pas seulement conjoncturelle, elle est l'émanation de problèmes structurels, qui prennent racine dans la construction politique du duché de Bohême aux Xe et au XIe siècles. Aussi loin que l'on puisse remonter la généalogie des P řemyslide, la dynastie qui instaure peu à peu sa domination sur ce qui devient le duché de Bohême, des règnes stables et incontestés alternent avec des périodes de troubles, de disputes pour le trône. Pour comprendre la crise traversée par la Bohême dans le premier quart du XIIe siècle, il faut donc revenir à la construction progressive du duché, à partir du IXe siècle. L'histoire de la constitution du duché de Bohême est indissociable de l'essor des P řemyslide. Au IXe siècle, elle est l'une des nombreuses familles de chefs de tribus qui se partagent la région. La présence de quatorze ducs Bohèmes à une réunion d'Empire en 845 à Ratisbonne atteste assez de la division politique du pays. À partir de la fin du IXe siècle, la famille Přemyslide étend son influence à un territoire toujours plus grand et elle finit par imposer sa domination sur un espace s'étendant sur toute la Bohême, la Moravie et périodiquement d’autres territoires, la Silésie notamment. Pour parvenir à cela, elle soumet les familles rivales ou n'hésite pas à les éliminer en cas de besoin. La famille Slavníkide, sa principale concurrente, est presque entièrement éliminée en 997 et les Vršovici le au début du XIIe siècle. Si l'assassinat du duc Venceslas, vraisemblablement en 929, par Boleslav Ier (929-967) marque la première succession violente connue dans l'histoire de la famille, les problèmes de partage du pouvoir apparaissent plus nettement au siècle suivant. Il n'y a apparemment pas de règle de succession clairement établie mais le fils aîné du défunt duc prend généralement sa suite. Le premier grand conflit de succession apparaît à la 6 mort de Boleslav II, en 999. Ses trois fils, Boleslav III (999-1004), Jaromír (1004-1012) et Old řich (1012-1037) 1 se disputent le trône, ce qui fait le jeu de la Pologne 2. Selon Côme, la crise ne se résout que parce qu'à la mort d'Old řich, Jaromír accepte que son neveu prenne la succession. Le nouveau duc, B řetislav Ier (1037-1055), tente d'imposer la règle du séniorat pour présider à la succession mais les cadets de famille ont des revendications et les ducs sont contraints de leur céder des apanages en Moravie pour faire accepter la succession. Cette politique d'apanage permet un temps de faire taire la contestation. Mais elle a pour contrepartie de permettre le développement de pouvoirs rivaux capables d'en imposer au duc. Vratislav II (1061-1092) en fait les frais : lorsque ses frères Otton et Conrad (1092) appuient les prétentions de leur dernier frère Jaromír à l'épiscopat de Prague, il est contraint de s'incliner. Les déçus du règlement de la succession s'exilent souvent afin de chercher du soutien auprès des puissances voisines. Les ducs doivent aussi composer avec les grands du duché qui donnent leur accord dans le processus de désignation du successeur et qui ne manquent certainement pas de tirer des avantages de ce privilège. On voit bien le caractère instable des solutions adoptés au XIe siècle. La succession se fait au prix de compromis qui débouchent sur un équilibre précaire. Si Côme encense B řetislav II (1092-1100), on peut cependant faire remonter le début de la crise de succession à son accession au trône. A la mort de son oncle, le duc Conrad (1092), il revient de son exil hongrois et prend le pouvoir, au détriment de son aîné Old řich, le fils de Conrad. Le fait d'avoir violé la règle du séniorat est vecteur d'instabilité. B řetislav II est assassiné par un membre de la famille Vršovici, vieille ennemie de la dynastie ducale, en 1100 et son frère Bo řivoj (1100-1107 et 1117-1120) lui succède. Mais ce dernier n'est pas reconnu par ses cousins qui opposent au principe de primogéniture celui du séniorat, que Břetislav Ier avait voulu imposer. Bo řivoj parvient à défaire son cousin Old řich en 1101 sans pour autant s'assurer le contrôle intégral de la Moravie. Svatopluk, un autre cousin le renverse et devient duc en 1107. Mais ce dernier est à son tour assassiné par un partisan des Vršovici (que Svatopluk avait lui-même fait assassiner pour la plupart) en 1109 et l'empereur exige alors que son frère Otton lui succède. Pourtant, c'est Vladislav Ier (1109-1117 et 1120-1125), 1 Les dates de règnes sont incertaines. On reprend ici celles avancées par Côme de Prague. 2 Nous reviendrons plus en détail sur le rôle de la Pologne dans ces conflits de succession dans la prochaine sous-partie. 7 un autre frère de B řetislav II, qui s'impose sur le trône. Mais ses deux frères, Bo řivoj II et Sob ěslav II (1125-1140) continuent de disputer son pouvoir et le premier parvient même à remonter sur le trône entre 1117 et 1120 avant que Vladislav Ier ne l'en expulse. Peu avant son trépas, Vladislav Ier désigne Sob ěslav pour lui succéder, Bo řivoj étant lui-même mort l'année précédente. Le pouvoir de Sob ěslav Ier est toujours contesté par plusieurs de ses cousins mais sa main ferme et son talent militaire lui permettent de rester au pouvoir jusqu'à sa mort, quinze ans plus tard, et de rétablir une certaine stabilité. Ces conflits violents ont ravagé la Bohême pendant vingt-cinq ans au détriment des populations civiles. Côme est révolté par ces conflits internes pour les maux qu'ils font endurer aux Bohèmes mais aussi parce que l'affaiblissement du duché fait le jeu des puissances voisines, ce sur quoi nous allons nous attarder dans les lignes suivantes. Avoir le contexte de guerre civile en tête est essentiel pour comprendre la Chronica Boemorum , notamment parce que cette dernière s'écrit en réaction à cette situation. b. La Bohême et les puissances voisines Au début du XIIe siècle, le duché de Bohême est entouré par la Pologne, la Hongrie et l'Empire. La Bohême entretient un rapport complexe avec ce dernier puisque le duc de Bohême doit hommage à l'empereur sans que son duché soit intégré à l'Empire.
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