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Home , Cantonese, Pinghua, Sichuanese dialects, Sinitic languages, Yong River (Guangxi)

Nanning and — their Tai-ness and non-Tai-ness

Hilário Sousa! ERC SINOTYPE project! École des hautes études en sciences sociales! [email protected]! [email protected]!

1 Setting: Sinitic

(Lang atlas of ) 6)**2*'$ 12*'3")$ !"#$%#&'&$()*+,*#-#.$ 78$ 45$ /0$ 2 Setting: Non-

9:);<)2$ =)*'")'#-$ 3 In 南寧 Nanning, schematically: Northern (indegenous) Southern Pinghua (!1000 years) Cantonese (!100 years) 邕江

Southern Zhuang (indegenous) 4 In this talk: How Nanning Cantonese and Nanning Pinghua resemble and not resemble Tai languages.!

Not in this talk: How the Zhuang languages resemble Sinitic languages. (see, .g., (1962), Dai (1992), (2004), Sybesma (2008), (2008))

5 Source of Tai-ness Nanning Pinghua: their Zhuang neighbours Nanning Cantonese: 1.! they already had strong Tai- substratum before their move into Nanning (e.g. Bauer 1996)

6 !" Genetics •! , et al. 2008 dendogram clustering of Chinese branches and other East Asian phyla:

A Dendogram of Y chromosome haplogroups B Dendogram of mtDNA haplogroups Han- Daic Han- Hmong-Mien Han-Gan Han-Pinghua Han- Han- Tibeto-Burman Han- Han-Mandarin Han-Mandarin Han-Min Han-Wu Han-Yue Han-Xiang Tibeto-Burman Han-Hakka Han-Hui Hmong-Mien Han-Gan Austro-Asiatic Han-Jin Han-Pinghua Han-Xiang Daic Altaic Austronesian Austronesian Altaic Austro-Asiatic

Note: ‘Han-Pinghua’ = Northern Pinghua Source of Tai-ness Nanning Pinghua: had strong taboo of intermarriage with their Zhuang neighbours Zhuang Nanning Cantonese: 1.! they already had strong Tai- substratum before their move into Nanning (e.g. Bauer 1996) 2.! shift of Zhuang into Nanning Cantonese (e.g. Qin & Wu 2009, Kwok 2010) 8 Onsets Wuming N Zhuang Yongning S Zhuang p t k ! pl kj kw p t k ! pl kl kw p) t) k) p)l k)l k)w " # m n $ ml m n $ ml f % & ' h f h hl t* t*) l w + l j (j (w ,

Zhuang phonological data from et al. (1999)

9 Nanning Pinghua Nanning Cantonese p t k kw p t k kw p) t) k) k)w p) t) k) k)w

m n - $ m n $ f * h f * h t* t* t*) t*) l j w l j w

, , •! poor in sibilants (Sinitic languages typically have at least sibilants at two places of articulations); •! The CG|VC structure resembles CC|VC in Tai rather than the usual C|GVC in Sinitic languages. 10 (c.f. the C|GVC phonotactics of, e.g. Mandarin) i u ü a ia ua o uo b p m f e ie üe d t n l ai uai g k h ei uei j q x iao c s iou zh ch sh r an ian uan üan en in uen ün ang iang uang eng ing ueng ong iong er 11 Rhymes

Wuming N Zhuang! a! "! i! u! #! $! a%j! aj! "&j! u&j! $%j! a%w! aw! i&w! #%w! a'! a%p! ap! i&p! ip! u&p! up! #%p! $%p! op! a%m! am! i&m! im! u&m! um! #%m! $%m! om! a%t! at! "&t! "t! i&t! it! u&t! ut! #%t! $%t! ot! a%n! an! "&n! "n! i&n! in! u&n! un! #%n! $%n! on! a%k! ak! "k! i&k! ik! u&k! uk! #%k! $%k! ok! a%(! a(! "(! i&(! i(! u&(! u(! #%(! $%(! o(!

12 Rhymes

Yongning S Zhuang! a! &! i! u! #! $! a%j! aj! &%j! u%j! ej! $%j! a%w! aw! i%w! #%w! ow! a%p! ap! &p! i%p! )p! #%p! $%p! a%m! am! &%m! &m! i%m! )m! #%m! $%m! a%t! at! &t! i%t! u%t! *t! #%t! $%t! ot! a%n! an! &n! i%n! u%n! *n! #%n! $%n! on! a%k! ak! &%k! &k! )k! u%k! *k! #%k! $%k! ok! a%(! a(! &%(! &(! )(! u%(! *(! #%(! $%(! o(!

13 Nanning Shangyao Pinghua! Nanning Cantonese! a! +! i! u! #! $! a! i! u! #! $! œ! y! aj! ,-j! +j! uj! $j! aj! ,-j! uj! $j! aw! ,-w! +w! iw! #w! aw! ,-w! iw! #w! ap! ,-p! ip! ap! ,-p! ip! #p! am! ,-m! im! am! ,-m! im! #m! m.! at! ,-t! +t! it! ut! #t! $t! at! ,-t! it! ut! #t! $t! œt! yt! an! ,-n! +n! in! un! #n! $n! an! ,-n! in! un! #n! $n! yn! ak! ,-k! )-k! *-k! #k! ak! ,-k! )-k! *-k! #k! $k! œk! a(! ,-(! )-(! *-(! #(! a(! ,-(! )-(! *-(! #(! $(! œ(! (/!

•! some length contrasts (very rare in other Sinitic lngs); •! conservative with –p –t –k –m –n –$ codas; •! most Southern Pinghua have /./ and/or ///; •! not many Yue dialects have front rounded . 14 Tones

Wuming N Zhuang tones *A *B *C *DS *DL

*VOICELESS ) * $ $ *

*VOICED & ! + ! +

Yongning S Zhuang tones *A *B *C *DS *DL *ASPIRATED, ! " # " *GLOTTALISED $ *UNASPIRATED $ # % #

*VOICED & " '( ! " 15 Tones

Nanning/ Standard Cantonese tones *level *rising *departing *entering (*A) (*C) (*B) (*D)

*VOICELESS $ % ! $S !L

*VOICED ' # , ,

•! contrast for the entering in vast majority of Yue dialects and some Southern Pinghua dialects (unique in Sinitic languages);

16 Tones

Nanning (Xinxu/Shangyao) Pinghua tones *level *rising *departing *entering (*A) (*C) (*B) (*D) *ASPIRATED % - ! ! *UNASPIRATED $

*NASAL . ' # , *VOICED ORAL ,

•! by contrast, Pinghua dialects typically does not have vowel length contrast in the entering tone; •! the other conditioning factors—aspiration and nasal/oral of

the onset—are not uncommon in Sinitic languages. 17 Lexicon

Southern Pinghua lexicon often resembles Cantonese. However, when they differ, Southern Pinghua often has a Tai-loan or a Mandarin-sounding word instead. (Cantonese already has many Tai words; Pinghua has even more.) A few examples:

18 Lexicon

Nanning Pinghua Northern Zhuang c.f. Standard Cantonese w0n1 (-t2i3 隊) wun1 ‘(other) people’ (no distinction) 1PL.INCL h0i4 (5) ‘give’ h./5 ‘give’ 畀 pei4 j.n6 ‘cold’ P-Tai *!jenA ‘cool’ ( 1977) 凍 t7$8 ‘cold’ h0$4 ‘too non-tact. hot’ h/$4 ‘hot weather’ ? ,0k8 ‘a few’ %ak5 ‘a few’ 幾 kei4 ‘a few’ n0m5 ‘stupid’ nam9 ‘slow’ 蠢 ts):n4 ‘stupid’ ,0n1 ‘shiver’ %an1 ‘shiver’ 震 ts0n8 ‘shake’ h0n6 ‘play’ fan6 ‘play’ 玩 wan4 ‘play’ p7k3 (-tsi8 子) ‘pomelo’ (mak-) puk8 ‘pomelo’ 碌柚 l7k5j0u4 ‘pomelo’

19 Lexicon

Nanning Pinghua Mandarin c.f. Standard Cantonese 是 ,i3 ‘be’ 是 ;<6 ‘be’ 係 h0i3 ‘be’ 喫 h0t8 ‘eat’ 喫 =;)<5 ‘eat’ 食 s>k3 ‘eat’ 看 han4 ‘look’ 看 k)an6 ‘look’ 睇 t)0i4 ‘look’ 鼻 p?t3(Entering) ‘nose’ 鼻 @(<*Entering) ‘nose’ 鼻 pei3(Departing) ‘nose’ 了 liu9 PERFECIVE 了 l? PERFECIVE ␿ ts24 PERFECIVE 捱 $ai1 PASSIVE SW Mand. 捱 $æA 畀 pei4 PASSIVE (‘suffer’) PASSIVE (‘give’) (can be agentless) (can be agentless) (must be agented)

20 Grammar

•! Morphologically ‘isolating’; •! Word order in Sinitic languages: generally SVO, but [MOD N], [ADV V] ([REL N] and [ADV V] extremely rare for SVO languages; Dryer 2003)

21 Morphological differences between Southern Pinghua and Cantonese

22 23 (Noun markers are ubiquitous in Mandarin, but much less prevalent in Cantonese; Cantonese have a lot more monosyllabic nouns.) 24 Syntactic differences between Southern Pinghua and Cantonese

25 26 27 28 How Nanning Cantonese resembles Zhuang even further

29 30 31 32 33 Conclusion

•! #$%#&%#'&"

34 Acknowledgement

•!I would like to thank Southern Pinghua consultants. •!Research funded by the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement nº 230388.

35 Bibliography

Ansaldo, Umberto. 2010. “Surpass in Sinitic and beyond”. Linguistics 48(4): 919-950. Bauer, S. 1996. “Identifying the Tai substratum in Cantonese”. In Pan-Asiatic Linguistics. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics V: 1806–1844. Bangkok: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. Dai, Qinxia (ed.). 1992. Hanyu yu Shaoshuminzu Yuyan Gailun [General outline of the relation between Chinese and the minority languages]. : Central University for Nationalities Press. Dryer, Matthew S. 2003. “Word Order in Sino-Tibetan Languages from a Typological and Geographical Perspective”. In Thurgood, Graham and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.). The Sino- Tibetan Languages: 43–55. London; : Routledge. Gan, Rui-Jing, Shang-Ling Pan et al. 2008. Pinghua population as an exception of ’s coherent genetic structure. Journal of Human Genetics 53: 303-313. Kwok, Bit-Chee. 2010. “Grammatical change in language contact: on the origin of the “verb + object + complement” construction in Nanning Yue”. In , Hung-nin Samuel and Hing (eds.). Diachronic Change and Language Contact: Dialects in South East China. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph 24: 201-216. , Yi and Fengyu Qin. 2008. !anning Baihua Yanjiu [Studies of Guangxi Nanning Cantonese]. : Guangxi Normal University.

36 Bibliography

Qin, Fengyu and Fuxiang Wang. 2009. Nanning Baihua “” de liangzhong teshu yongfa [Two special uses of “guo” in Nanning Cantonese]. Minzu Yuwen 2009(3): 16-29. Qin, Xiaohang. 1995. Zhuangyu Teshu Yufaxianxiang Yanjiu [Studies of Special Syntactic Phenomena in Zhuang]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. Qin, Xiaohang. 2004. Zhuang Lexicology. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House. Sio, Joanna Ut-seong and Rint Sybesma. 2008. “The nominal phrase in Northern Zhuang: a descriptive study”. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 3(1): 175-225. Sybesma, Rint. 2008. “Zhuang: a Tai language with some Sinitic characteristics: Postverbal ‘can’ in Zhuang, Cantonese, Vietnamese and Lao”. In Muysken, Pieter (ed.). From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics: 221-274. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Wang, Jun. 1962. “Zhuangyu de Hanyu jieci” [Chinese in Zhuang]. Zhongguo Yuwen 1962(6): 251-264. , Jingyun and Xiaohang Qin. 2006. Zhuangyu Tonglun [General Introduction to Zhuang Language]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press. Zhang, Junru et al. 1999. Zhuangyu Yanjiu [Study of Zhuang Dialects]. : Nationalities Press. Zhao, Jing. 2008. Han Zhuang mingcizu yuxu de bijiao yanjiu/ The comparative study of nominal group between Chinese and Zhuang language. Masters thesis. .

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