DOCSLIB.ORG

Chromosome Differentiation and the Radiation of the Butterfly Subgenus Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatus) – a Molecular Phylogenetic Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chromosome Differentiation and the Radiation of the Butterfly Subgenus Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatus) – a Molecular Phylogenetic Approach Chromosome differentiation and the radiation of the butterfly subgenus Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatus) – a molecular phylogenetic approach Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Martin Wiemers aus Münster (Westf.) Bonn – September 2003 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Clas M. Naumann 2. Referent: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Bernhard Misof Tag der Promotion: _________________ 2 Contents CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 5 SCOPE AND AIMS................................................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2: NEW KARYOLOGICAL RESULTS IN AGRODIAETUS...................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 9 MATERIAL AND METHODS................................................................................................................................... 9 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 Karyotype photographs of Agrodiaetus....................................................................................................... 11 Overview of karyotypes in the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 .......................................................... 15 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3: A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF AGRODIAETUS ......................................................... 33 MATERIAL AND METHODS................................................................................................................................. 33 Material....................................................................................................................................................... 33 Selection of taxa .......................................................................................................................................... 36 DNA extraction............................................................................................................................................ 37 Selection of genes ........................................................................................................................................ 37 PCR and sequencing.................................................................................................................................... 38 Sequence alignment..................................................................................................................................... 39 Choice of methods for phylogenetic inference............................................................................................. 40 Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic inference..................................................................................... 41 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 Sequences and alignment............................................................................................................................. 43 Base composition and sequence divergence................................................................................................ 43 Bayesian inference of phylogeny ................................................................................................................. 48 Maximum parsimony analysis ..................................................................................................................... 60 Statistical parsimony networks.................................................................................................................... 74 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................................... 87 Comparisons with traditional systematics................................................................................................... 87 Congruence between gene trees and species trees in outgroups................................................................. 90 Comparison with allozyme results............................................................................................................... 94 Hybridization in Agrodiaetus ...................................................................................................................... 94 Radiation of Agrodiaetus and the colonization of Europe........................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 4: SYSTEMATICS OF AGRODIAETUS BASED ON MOLECULAR EVIDENCE ............... 97 CHAPTER 5: EVOLUTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN AGRODIAETUS............................. 107 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 107 MATERIAL AND METHODS............................................................................................................................... 107 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 108 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................... 110 SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 6: THE ROLE OF CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN THE RADIATION OF AGRODIAETUS ................................................................................................................................................ 113 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 113 MATERIAL AND METHODS............................................................................................................................... 113 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 114 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................... 116 SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................................... 119 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 120 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .................................................................................................................................. 120 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................................. 121 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................. 123 HILFSMITTEL................................................................................................................................................. 143 3 Contents APPENDIX 1. KARYOLOGICAL RESULTS IN AGRODIAETUS....................................................... 145 APPENDIX 2. LIST OF MATERIAL............................................................................................. 149 APPENDIX 3. SEQUENCE DATA ............................................................................................... 165 PLATES. AGRODIAETUS WINGS ............................................................................................... 201 4 Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction The Holarctic butterfly genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 consists of approximately 120-180 species (HÄUSER & ECKWEILER 1997), many of which have been placed into subgroups which are considered separate genera according to numerous authors (e.g. the subgenera Meleageria, Cyaniris, Plebicula, Sublysandra, Neolysandra). The subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822, which is distributed in the southern Palaearctic, is the most rich in species. ECKWEILER & HÄUSER (1997) recognize between 56 and 84 species whereas BÁLINT & JOHNSON (1997) list 102 species (including 8 species placed under Paragrodiaetus Rose & Schurian, 1977). Since 1997 alone, 23 further species rank taxa have been described from Anatolia and Iran. The distribution of this subgenus ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to northern Pakistan and Central Mongolia, but the majority of species is found in Anatolia, Transcaucasia and Iran. The characteristic morphological feature of this subgenus is the almost complete reduction of the submarginal elements
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OCHRANA DENNÍCH MOTÝLŮ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE Analýza Stavu
    OCHRANA DENNÍCH MOTÝL Ů V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE Analýza stavu a dlouhodobá strategie Pro Ministerstvo životního prost ředí ČR zpracovali: Martin Konvi čka, Ji ří Beneš, Zden ěk Fric Přírodov ědecká fakulta Jiho české university (katedra zoologie) & Entomologický ústav BC AV ČR (odd ělení ekologie a ochrany p řírody) V Českých Bud ějovicích, 2010 SOUHRN Fauna českých denních motýl ů je v žalostném stavu – ze 161 autochtonních druh ů jich p řes 10 % vyhynulo, polovina zbytku ohrožená nebo zranitelná, vrší se d ůkazy o klesající po četnosti hojných druh ů. Jde o celovropský trend, ochrana motýl ů není uspokojivá ani v zemích našich soused ů. Jako nejznám ější skupina hmyzu motýli indikují špatný stav p řírody a krajiny v ůbec, jejich ú činná aktivní ochrana zast řeší ochranu v ětšiny druhového bohatství terrestrických bezobratlých. Příčinou žalostného stavu je dalekosáhlá prom ěna krajiny v posledním století. Denní motýli prosperují v krajin ě poskytující r ůznorodou nabídku zdroj ů v těsné blízkosti. Jako pro převážn ě nelesní živo čichy je pro n ě ideální jemnozrnná dynamická mozaika nejr ůzn ější typ ů vegetace, udržovaná disturbancí a následnou sukcesí. Protože sou časé taxony jsou starší než geologické období čtvrtohor, v ětšina z nich se vyvinula v prost ředí ovliv ňovaném, krom ě i dnes p ůsobících ekologických činitel ů, pastevním tlakem velkých býložravc ů. Řada velkých evropských býložravc ů b ěhem mladších čtvrtohor vyhynula, zna čnou m ěrou p řisp ěním člov ěka. Člov ěk však nahradil jejich vliv svým hospoda řením udržoval v krajin ě, jež dlouho do 20. století udrželo jemnozrnnou dynamickou mozaiku, podmínku prosperity mnoha druh ů.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria
    Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2010, 6 172 International Journal of Biological Sciences 2010; 6(2):172-186 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Research Paper The complete mitochondrial genome of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Fang Liao1,2, Lin Wang3, Song Wu4, Yu-Ping Li4, Lei Zhao1, Guo-Ming Huang2, Chun-Jing Niu2, Yan-Qun Liu4, , Ming-Gang Li1, 1. College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China 2. Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Tianjin 300457, China 3. Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing 101113, China 4. College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, Shenyang 110866, China Corresponding author: Y. Q. Liu, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, Shenyang 110866, China; Tel: 86-24-88487163; E-mail: [email protected]. Or to: M. G. Li, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tel: 86-22-23508237; E-mail: [email protected]. Received: 2010.02.03; Accepted: 2010.03.26; Published: 2010.03.29 Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) was determined. The genome is a circular molecule 15 481 bp long. It presents a typical gene organization and order for completely sequenced lepidopteran mitogenomes, but differs from the insect ancestral type for the placement of tRNAMet. The nucleotide composition of the genome is also highly A + T biased, accounting for 80.38%, with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.010), indicating the occurrence of more As than Ts, as found in the Noctuoidea species. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons, except for COI, which is tentatively designated by the CGA codon as observed in other le- pidopterans.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER Issue 4
    NEWSLETTER Issue 4 October 2008 CONTENTS Page Chairman’s Introduction 1&2 Contact Details / Dates for your Diary / EIG Website 3 A Code of Practice for Butterfly Recording and Photography in Europe 4&5 A List of European Butterflies – A Role for EIG 6,7&8 Mount Chelmos, Greece 2008 Visit 9&10 Discovering Butterflies in Turkey’s Kaçkar Mountains 11&12 EIG Surveys in Hungary May – June 2008 13,14&15 Efforts for the Conservation of the Scarce Heath in Bavaria 16,17&18 Jardins de Proserpine 19 Spring into the Algarve 20&21 INTRODUCTION EIG now has 147 members and has had a successful year. In this Newsletter there are two reports of successful trips by EIG members to Mount Chelmos in Greece (Page 9 & 10) and to Hungary (Page 11,12 & 13). These activities are beginning to influence local National Parks and it was encouraging to hear that grazing has resumed in the Latrany Valley in Hungary something that the West Midlands group that went to Hungary in 2006 recommended. It was this group that formed EIG. We are able to organize activities in Europe only if we don’t fall foul of the 1991 EU Travel Directive and the 1993 EU Package Travel Directive. This means for all EIG trips we have to either use a travel company such as Ecotours or book our own flights and accommodation as we did in Greece or to travel independently and meet up at the arranged site as we did in the Ecrins last year. There is however an insurance issue outstanding, which would cover BC from, claims from anyone participating in the same way as they are covered by BC’s insurance for a field event or work party in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontiers in Zoology Biomed Central
    Frontiers in Zoology BioMed Central Research Open Access Does the DNA barcoding gap exist? – a case study in blue butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Martin Wiemers* and Konrad Fiedler Address: Department of Population Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Email: Martin Wiemers* - [email protected]; Konrad Fiedler - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 7 March 2007 Received: 1 December 2006 Accepted: 7 March 2007 Frontiers in Zoology 2007, 4:8 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-8 This article is available from: http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/4/1/8 © 2007 Wiemers and Fiedler; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: DNA barcoding, i.e. the use of a 648 bp section of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I, has recently been promoted as useful for the rapid identification and discovery of species. Its success is dependent either on the strength of the claim that interspecific variation exceeds intraspecific variation by one order of magnitude, thus establishing a "barcoding gap", or on the reciprocal monophyly of species. Results: We present an analysis of intra- and interspecific variation in the butterfly family Lycaenidae which includes a well-sampled clade (genus Agrodiaetus) with a peculiar characteristic: most of its members are karyologically differentiated from each other which facilitates the recognition of species as reproductively isolated units even in allopatric populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Knowledge on Romanian Rhopalocera, Including
    Nota lepid. 31 (1): 3 – 23 3 Improving the knowledge on Romanian Rhopalocera, including the rediscovery of Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) (Lycaenidae) and an application of DNA-based identifi cation VLAD DINCĂ 1 & ROGER VILA 2 1 Departament de Genètica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 2 ICREA and Departament de Genètica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. From May 19th to June 8th of 2007, the authors undertook lepidopterological research in 29 localities in Romania, several of which are poorly or totally unstudied from a lepidopterological point of view. 105 taxa were identifi ed, out of which seven receive special attention in the text, with comments on their distribution, ecology and conservation status. Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) (Lycaenidae) is recorded for the fi rst time in Romania after 28 years. We provide the fi rst record from Muntenia for Cupido (Everes) decolorata (Staudinger, 1886) (Lycaenidae), and the third known Romanian location for Pseudophilotes bavius egea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) (Lycaenidae). Lepidoptera DNA-based identifi cation was used for species identifi cation based on larval stages. This technique confi rmed the discovery of Zerynthia polyxena ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) (Papilionidae) in south- ern Dobrogea and its rediscovery in the entire province after 80 years. Introduction Although the Romanian butterfl y fauna has been studied for more than 150 years (e.g. Fuss 1850; Franzenau 1852, 1856, 1859; Mann 1866), there are still large gaps regard- ing the distribution and conservation status of many of the species known to occur within the country’s territory.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Acta Naturalia Pannonica 11 (2016)
    3. Európa és a Földközi-tenger térségének búska- és pillangó- faunájának magyar nevekkel ellátott fajjegyzéke Az eddigieket kiegészítve, a Tshikolovets (2011) által leközölt fajjegyzék nyomán bemutatom az Európában és a Földközi-tenger térségében előforduló Pillangóalakú lepkék magyar elnevezéseit. Ez olvasható a következőkben. A fajok család, alcsalád és tribusz szerint kerülnek felsorolásra. A rendszertani kategóriákat követően olvasható az odasorolt fajok tudományos és magyar elneve- zése. A tribuszokon belül a fajnevek betűrendben követik egymást. A jegyzékben kövér betűk jelzik a Kárpát-medencében honos vagy kipusztult, vagy az egyetlen vagy néhány példány alapján jelzett fajokat. Ez utóbbi fajok egy ré- sze valóban tenyészett vagy csak ideiglenesen megtelepülő lehetett. Néhány faj elő- fordulási adata viszont bizonyosan elcédulázott vagy félrehatározott példányokon alapult. A tudományos nevek Tshikolovets névjegyzékét követik.(16) A latin név után megadom Tshikolovets könyv oldalszám-hivatkozását, ahol a fajt ábraanyag és rö- vid szöveg mutatja be. Ez után a Gozmány-féle magyar név következik, ami gyakor- latilag a Hétnyelvű Szótár (Gozmány 1979) névanyaga. A kéziratos nevek (Gozmány kézirat, vö. 8. ábra) csak akkor kerülnek felsorolásra, ha a faj a szótárból kimaradt, vagy a név különbözik az ott olvasható névtől. A Gozmány-féle nevek után az álta- lam javasoltak olvashatók (Bálint 2006 és 2008). Sok fajnak nem volt még magyar neve, ezeknek újat adok. Minden ilyen esetet külön jelzek. Bár a Gozmány-féle faji jelzőket igyekeztem megtartani, azoktól szakmai okok miatt számos esetben el kellett térjek. Ezek megindoklásától eltekintek, mivel az je- lentősen megnövelné ennek a munkának a terjedelmét. Viszont a névjegyzék után következő fejezetben megadom a rendszertani kategóriák képzéséhez használt tu- dományos és magyar nevek magyarázatát.
    [Show full text]
  • Healthy Planet, Healthy People Guide
    HEALTHY PLANET, HEALTHY PEOPLE A Guide to Human Health and Biodiversity UNEP, 2011-2012 declared “Year of the Bat” Bats provide a range of biodiversity benefits to humans … New drug synthesized from vampire bat saliva in development … Could help stroke victims … SAN FRANCISCO, Sep. 6, 2012 … Yosemite National Park … hantavirus warning … 22,000 visitors may have been exposed to deadly mouse-borne disease … confirmed cases growing “Healthy people are better able to learn, be productive and contribute to their communities. At the same time, a healthy environment is a prerequisite for good health.” Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization, 22 June 2012 Healthy Planet Healthy People: A Guide to Human Health and Biodiversity (This page is intentionally left blank) Citation: It is suggested this Guide be cited as: Bridgewater, Peter; Régnier, Mathieu; and Wang Zhen. (2012). HEALTHY PLANET, HEALTHY PEOPLE ‐ A Guide to Human Health and Biodiversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. ACKOWLEDGEMENTS: Alice Barbe, Kathryn Campbell, David Cooper and a number of reviewers who all provided helpful comments and examples. Photo credits (alphabetical order of photographer): P39 bushmeat picture © E.Bennett/WCS, 2009 P47 © Boréalis, 2009 P29, 56, 60, 61 © Peter Bridgewater P39 H5N1 virus © Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, United States of America Government P9, 48, 52 © Christine Estrada P13, 15, 30, 52,58 (marine fresco) © Mathieu Régnier P58 © Urbainculteurs, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica
    Nota lepid.©Societas3 Europaea(1-2) Lepidopterologica;: 55-68; 1. downloadVI. 1980 unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ISSN und www.zobodat.at0342-7536 Revisional notes on lycaenid butterfly species assigned to Ultraaricia Beuret (Lycaenidae) Y u r i P. Nekrutenko Zoological Museum, ökrainian Aoademy of Sciences, SU-252130 Kiev 30, G.S.P., Lenin Street 15, U.S.S.R., Ukraine Originally monotypic gemus Ultraaricia Beuret (1959: 84) was erected to inelude Lycaena anteros (Freyer, 1839: 101, pl. 265, fig. 1), distinct from other species assigned to Aricia R .L. (s. I.) by the upperside wing colour, androconial scales and, especially, by the male genitalia characters. The taxonomic Status of Ultraaricia (generic or subgeneric rank) might be suggested later on, after investigation of the related taxa (Aricia s. str. and Pseudoaricia Beuret) have been completed. At present it seems wise to consider Ultraaricia, along with just men- tioned genus-group taxa as a subgenus of Aricia, consisting of four species that form a compact group, fairly homogenous by the male genitalia. In lateral projection, visible half of uncus presented in two processes: superior, straight or curved dorsally, pointed at apex, and inferior that terminates with rounded or abrupted lobe; brachia Short, strongly chitinized, their distal part almost straight (cf. Sauter, 1968: 6; Higgins, 1975: 147). The ränge of locally distributed populations of >Ar/c/a (Ultraaricia) anteros extends from Balkan Pen insu la on the West to the E. Turkey (and Syria?) on the East; three other species are conti ned to strictly limited area, overlapping the anteros ränge at its margins, and until now they still remain extremely little known.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nota lepidopterologica Jahr/Year: 1980 Band/Volume: 3 Autor(en)/Author(s): Nekrutenko Yuri P. Artikel/Article: Revisional notes on lycaenid butterfly species assigned to Ultraaricia Beuret (Lycaenidae) 55-68 Nota lepid.©Societas3 Europaea(1-2) Lepidopterologica;: 55-68; 1. downloadVI. 1980 unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ISSN und www.zobodat.at0342-7536 Revisional notes on lycaenid butterfly species assigned to Ultraaricia Beuret (Lycaenidae) Y u r i P. Nekrutenko Zoological Museum, ökrainian Aoademy of Sciences, SU-252130 Kiev 30, G.S.P., Lenin Street 15, U.S.S.R., Ukraine Originally monotypic gemus Ultraaricia Beuret (1959: 84) was erected to inelude Lycaena anteros (Freyer, 1839: 101, pl. 265, fig. 1), distinct from other species assigned to Aricia R .L. (s. I.) by the upperside wing colour, androconial scales and, especially, by the male genitalia characters. The taxonomic Status of Ultraaricia (generic or subgeneric rank) might be suggested later on, after investigation of the related taxa (Aricia s. str. and Pseudoaricia Beuret) have been completed. At present it seems wise to consider Ultraaricia, along with just men- tioned genus-group taxa as a subgenus of Aricia, consisting of four species that form a compact group, fairly homogenous by the male genitalia. In lateral projection, visible half of uncus presented in two processes: superior, straight or curved dorsally, pointed at apex, and inferior that terminates with rounded or abrupted lobe; brachia Short, strongly chitinized, their distal part almost straight (cf. Sauter, 1968: 6; Higgins, 1975: 147).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Four Introduction to The
    CHAPTER FOUR INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA 4.1 Introduction This chapter provides a general picture of socio-economic life in the four villages selected for the case study. All four villages are located in Northwestern Iran and, in terms of administrative divisions, belong to the Central District of the county of Marand. To give a general picture of the area where the sample villages are located, the present chapter begins with an overview of the socio-economic features of the county of Marand. This discussion is followed by a brief review of the villages' spatial context. Two types of data are used to describe and explain demographic changes in the sample villages. Changes in the size and structure of the population during the 2.5 years from 1966 till 1991 come from census data. Iran has experienced a massive and historically unprecedented movement of people from rural to urban centres over the past few decades (Kazemi 1980; Ayremlo 1984a; Hesamian, Etemad and Haery 1934; Hosseinzadeh 1992; Lahsaeizadeh, 1993b). In the context of the study area, this will be demonstrated by using data from the field survey. Infrastructure and provision of services will also be discussed to show the extent of the availability of needed services for residents on the one hand and the diversity among sample villages in terms of access on the other. This part of the chapter is based on field observations and data colleci:ed from interviews with local informed people. The final section of the Chapter concludes the discussion. 4.2 Study area in administrative divisions The four villages selected for the study of socio-economic changes are situated in the Dowlat Abad Subdistrict of the county of Marand in the province of Eastern 76 Azarbaijan (Map 4.1).
    [Show full text]
  • First Report of Morphometrics and Length-Length Relationships of the Common Grass Yellow Butterfly, Eurema Hecabe
    International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2021; 8(2): 01-05 E-ISSN 2347-2677 P-ISSN 2394-0522 www.faunajournal.com First report of morphometrics and length-length IJFBS 2021; 8(2): 01-05 relationships of the common grass yellow butterfly, Received: 01-01-2021 Accepted: 03-02-2021 Eurema hecabe (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Shah HA Mahdi Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Shah HA Mahdi, Sujan Malo, Meherun Nesa and Md. Abdur Rahim of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh Abstract The present investigation was conducted to study the morphometrics and length-length relationships Sujan Malo Department of Zoology, Faculty (LLRs) of the Common Grass Yellow Butterfly, Eurema hecabe (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridiae). Samples of Biological Sciences, University were collected randomly from the Rajshahi University Campus (RUC), Bangladesh, and the pictures of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, were taken with a DSLR camera (Canon 750D) and measured using ImageJ software (l.48v). Here, a Bangladesh total of 14 different morphometric lengths viz. total body, antenna, wings (fore- and hindwing) and legs (fore-, mid- and hindleg) were evaluated. Total length (TL) was recorded as a minimum of 11.51 mm and Meherun Nesa a maximum of 22.01 mm, whereas antenna length (AL) has differed from 5.78-8.68 mm. The highest Department of Zoology, Faculty morphometric mean was found in forewing base-apex (FWBA) as 21.45±2.21 mm, and the lowest mean of Biological Sciences, University of length was recorded in the hindleg (HL) as 6.21±0.67 mm. The FWBA was larger than the TL about of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 33% followed by the forewing base-tornus (FWBT), hindwing base-apex (HWBA), hindwing base tornus Bangladesh (HWBT) and forewing cubitus2 vein (C2V).
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Pollinators in Different Regions of Iraq JEZS 2016; 4(2): 391-402 © 2016 JEZS Received: 25-01-2016 Razzaq Shalan Augul Accepted: 26-02-2016
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(2): 391-402 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Insect pollinators in different regions of Iraq JEZS 2016; 4(2): 391-402 © 2016 JEZS Received: 25-01-2016 Razzaq Shalan Augul Accepted: 26-02-2016 Razzaq Shalan Augul Abstract Iraq Natural History Research The aim of this study was to assess species diversity and population abundance of pollinating insects in Center & Museum, University of some different regions of Iraq. There are 611 specimens were collected in the current study; these Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq specimens belong to 5 orders, 25 families, 45 genera and 52 species. In total the percent of pollinator groups investigated were recorded; bees and wasps were the most abundant with 51.3% of the total number of individuals, followed by butterflies 16.03%, beetles 14.07%, flies 13.25% and hemipteran with less 5.23%. In this investigation the species of Myathropa florae (Linnaeus, 1758) was registered as a new record from Iraq. Keywords: Bees, Diversity, Flowers, Iraq, Pollinators. 1. Introduction Pollination by animals is an essential ecological process, which ensures plant reproduction in 60-90% of angiosperms [1, 2, 3], and provides products and food for human mankind and animals [3] In natural and semi-natural habitats up to 90% of all flowering plant species rely on [1] pollination by animals, mainly insects such as bees . The most important pollinators for arable weeds are wild bees, honeybees and bumblebees, and sometimes flies and butterflies [4]. Globally, there are 19.500 described species of bee; there are many other pollinating insects such as hoverflies and other flies, beetles, butterflies, moths and beetles.
    [Show full text]