Table of Contents

Message from the Steering Committee ...... 3 Opening Session Welcoming Remarks • Christopher Landsberg – South Africa ...... 4 • Honorable Premier L.P.H.M. Mtshali – South Africa ...... 4 • African National Congress – South Africa ...... 5 Keynote Addresses • Lodi Gyari – Tibet ...... 5 • Zainab Bangura – Sierra Leone ...... 6 • Ivan Krastev – Bulgaria ...... 6 Democracy Courage Tributes ...... 7 Democracy Fair ...... 9 Plenary Session: Promoting Democracy in Closed Societies ...... 10 Workshop Reports Civil Society • Developing Sustainable Civil Society Leadership for Democracy ...... 11 • Exploring Innovative Uses of Cultural Resources in Promoting Democracy ...... 11 • After the Breakthrough: Avoiding Democratic Backsliding and Stagnation ...... 12 • NGO Coalitions: Strategies to Defend the Independence of NGOs ...... 13 • The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Hindering or Helping Transitions to Democracy ...... 14 • Democracy in the Muslim World: Obstacles, Difficulties, and Best Methods ...... 15 Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation • Democracy as a Tool for Conflict Resolution ...... 16 • Strategies for Democrats in Situations of Armed Conflict ...... 17 • Indigenous Approaches to Conflict Resolution ...... 18 • Conflict Resolution Work: The Democratic Capacity-Building Dividend ...... 19 • Instruments of Transitional Justice: Truth Commissions, Tribunals, and Multi-Sector Community Approaches ...... 20 • The Role of Sites of Conscience Museums in Democracy Promotion and Post-Transition Reconciliation ...... 21 • Transitional Justice and the Matter of the “Disappeared” ...... 21 Democracy Education • Teaching Civic Education: What are the Best Approaches In School and Out? ...... 22 • Combating Political Extremism through Civic Education: What Should Be Taught and How to Teach It? ...... 22 • Democracy Education in Difficult Political and Cultural Environments ...... 23 • Putting Democracy Education on the Global Agenda: Stategies for Working with National, Regional and Multilateral Institutions ...... 24 • Creating a Network for Higher Education’s Role in Democracy Building ...... 26 Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Democratic Governance • Governance, State Capacity, and Democracy in Developing Nations: Establishing Standards and Indentifying Impediments ...... 27 • Trade Unions in the Vanguard of Democratic Governance ...... 29 • The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Participatory Democracy ...... 30 • Strengthening Democracy through Decentralization and Local Empowerment ...... 30 • Building a Global Network on Local Governance ...... 32 Economic Reform • Democracy, Governance, and Markets: Ensuring the Inclusion of the Private Sector and Political Parties in Policy Making ...... 33 • The Role of Business Associations in Democratic Development ...... 33 Human Rights • Assisting Democracy and Human Rights Activists in Closed Societies ...... 34 • Addressing the Threats to Democracy and Human Rights Activists in Authoritarian Countries ...... 35 • Challenges to Political Participation: Linking Human Rights and Democracy ...... 36

WWW.WMD.ORG 1 International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity • The Role of Nongovernmental Communities in Promoting Democracy Across Borders ...... 37 • Promoting Democracy Multilaterally: What Can Civil Society Do Through the UN, International Financial Institutions, and the Community of Democracies? ...... 37 • The Nongovernmental Process for the Community of Democracies, Santiago 2005: Promoting Regional Dialogues among Governments and Civil Society ...... 39 • Network of Democracy Assistance Foundations ...... 40 • Luso-Forum for Democracy ...... 41 • Youth Movement for Democracy ...... 42 • International Movement of Parliamentarians for Democracy ...... 42 Media and New Technologies • Confronting the Challenges to Press Freedom: What Works? ...... 43 • Using Traditional, Alternative, and New Technology Media to Promote Democracy ...... 44 • Using New Technologies in NGO Networking ...... 44 Political Parties and Finance • Making Effective Transitions to Democratic Representative Parties ...... 45 • How to Strengthen Internal Party Democracy ...... 46 • Political Parties and Money: Lessons Learned in Compliance ...... 47 • Political Finance Reporting and Monitoring ...... 48 Research • How Can Civil Society Actors Use Public Opinion Research to Improve and Strengthen Democracy? ...... 48 • Network of Democracy Research Institutes ...... 49 Transparency and Accountability • Ensuring Vital and Open Legislatures: The Nongovernmental Role ...... 50 • How Can the Legitimacy and Accountability of NGOs be Ensured without Increasing their Vulnerability? ...... 52 • Accessing Public information: Civil Society Strategies for Ensuring Transparency ...... 53 Women’s Rights • Breaking Barriers to Women’s Political Participation: Creating an Action Agenda to Advance Women’s Leadership ...... 54 • Citizen’s Forums: How Women’s Organizations Work with the Community and Across Borders ...... 55 • Networking Activists for Women’s Rights ...... 57 Regional Workshops • Africa ...... 58 • Asia ...... 58 • Central and Eastern Europe/New Independant States • Media Monitoring and Alternative Media ...... 60 • Opportunities for Think Tank Networking in the Balkan-Black Sea Region ...... 61 • Legislative Oversight, Accountability, and Transparency ...... 62 Century st • Increasing Youth Participation in the Political Process ...... 62 • Latin America and the Caribbean ...... 63 • Middle East and North Africa ...... 64 • Transatlantic Democracy Network ...... 65 Participants ...... 66 Press ...... 73 Assembly support ...... inside back cover

The material in this report was edited by Art Kaufman, Project Manager, World Movement Secretariat, and assembled by Rachel Boyle, Project Assistant. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

2 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Message from the Steering Committee

he Third Assembly of the World Movement and mutual support across countries and regions. for Democracy, “Building Democracy for As a result, in November 2000, democrats who are Peace, Development, and Human Rights,” engaged in distinct, but highly complementary, areas brought together nearly 600 democracy of democracy work gathered in São Paulo, Brazil, for Tactivists, practitioners, and scholars from nearly120 the Second Assembly to continue building the World countries around the world on February 1–4, 2004, in Movement for Democracy. The theme of that Assembly, Durban, South Africa. These participants brought with “Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the them their great dedication and commitment to the 21st Century,” embodied their commitment to further principles of freedom, self-government, and the rule of democratic progress around the world. The Second law, demonstrated each day by the work they carry out Assembly was the first to feature multiple workshops to build the institutions of democracy. focused on practical strategies, tactics, and “best prac- The Steering Committee is delighted that the World tices” of benefit to all who participated. Movement for Democracy was able to convene in The main work of the Third Assembly took place South Africa, a country that in this same year com- once again in a wide array of topical, functional, and memorated the Ten-Year Anniversary of embarking on regional workshops, the reports from which appear its remarkably successful transition to democracy. It is in the following pages. Our message would thus be with great appreciation that we note the contributions incomplete without acknowledging the contributions of of the many South African participants who shared all the workshop organizers, moderators, rapporteurs, their experiences in the struggle against apartheid— and presenters without which the accomplishments of and for democracy—as well as their insights into both the Third Assembly would have been impossible. the achievements gained and the challenges their Finally, we wish to highlight the critical work con- country still confronts. ducted by the thousands of democracy activists around We wish to express our gratitude to our three South the world, only a small fraction of whom can join in African partner organizations, the African Centre for the biennial assemblies of the World Movement. The the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), World Movement’s Democracy Courage Tributes— the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS), and the Institute presented at this Assembly to the Democracy for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), as well as to Movement in Sudan, the Manor River Union Civil those institutions that provided support, especially Society Movement (Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea), eThekweni Municipality (City of Durban) and the the Democracy Movement in Belarus, and the Israel- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government, for all their Palestine Center for Research and Information assistance and participation. Special words of thanks (IPCRI) and Panorama: The Palestinian Center for Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building are due to our South African colleague on the Steering the Dissemination of Democracy and Community Committee, Dr. Christopher Landsberg, who gave Development—seek to recognize that critical, and so much of his time and wisdom to help make the often under-recognized, work. Assembly a great success, and to the Assembly’s three Since its Inaugural Assembly, the World Movement keynote speakers, Zainab Bangura (Sierra Leone), Lodi has emerged as a significant initiative that strengthens Gyari (Tibet), and Ivan Krastev (Bulgaria). democratic interaction by fostering new linkages, sup- The participants in the World Movement’s Inaugural port networks, and voluntary collaboration among like- Assembly in New Delhi, India, in February 1999 minded democrats, while emphasizing concrete actions. knew that they were bringing something unique into We are confident that, like its predecessors in New Delhi existence—not a new organization as such, but a and São Paulo, the Third Assembly in Durban has served pro-active global network of democrats who would to carry the World Movement forward once again. come together periodically to exchange ideas and Steering Committee experiences and develop relationships of solidarity World Movement for Democracy

WWW.WMD.ORG 3 Opening Session

Welcome teering Committee mem- ber Dr. Christopher Landsberg welcomed the participants to the ThirdS Assembly in Durban, South Africa. Landsberg is the Director of the Centre for Policy Studies, a Johannesburg-based research orga- been a Member of Parliament since 1994. Mtshali cur- nization. rently serves as the National Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology. Excerpts: “In April this year, South Christopher Landsberg Africa will celebrate its first decade Excerpts: “The Province and the Government of of democracy and freedom. This is KwaZulu-Natal are delighted and privileged in welcom- therefore a time for us to take stock of achievements to ing the participants in the Third Assembly of the World date and reflect on setbacks and challenges for the next Movement for Democracy. We feel that our Province is decade. Allow me to be so immodest and suggest that greatly enriched by your presence. We look forward to outsiders and friends from abroad can indeed learn some- the success of this event. In fact, we are convinced that thing from South Africa and South Africa’s experience your deliberations will be of great assistance in the con- — both the good and the bad. Indeed, the purpose of the solidation of our fledgling and still uncertain democracy. World Movement, I should remind you, is to provide the The consolidation of democracy is a long process which spark that can help ignite, inform, and inspire those that is not finalized, but just begins with the holding of a carry out the noble work of democracy promotion in their democratic election. respective regions and I am delighted that your conference is correctly placing countries.” emphasis on the need to promote democracy by strength- ening the opinions, voices and roles of genuine democrats. The Honorable In order to survive and grow, a democracy needs genuine Premier L.P.H.M. democrats at its stewardship. Genuine democrats are Mtshali has been the those who understand what democracy needs to grow and National Chairperson prosper and are willing to become instruments of such a of the Inkatha process, even if that means risking unpopularity or dimin- Freedom Party since ishing the amount of power and influence which one may February of 1999. He otherwise gather in one’s own hands. Democracy needs Century

st has a distinguished friends especially within the circles of government, where career in education they often lack. and holds degrees For me, democracy is a system which is aimed at con- in Education from trolling conflicts and transforming their energy into posi- The Honorable Premier L.P.H.M. Mtshali Rhodes University, the tive forces which may move society forward. Democracy University of South should not be about eliminating conflict by silencing Africa, University of Zululand, and the University of the dissent or forcing political correctness or uniformity. Orange Free State. Mtshali was a teacher and principal Wherever the existence of potentially beneficial conflict for twelve years, and served in various administrative has been eliminated by absolute power, and consensus is capacities in education, including Minister of Education enforced by the fear of dissent, one does not have democ- and Culture in the former KZN Government. He has racy but democratic stagnation.” Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

4 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Keynote Addresses

Lodi Gyari is the Special Envoy of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Executive Chair of the Board of Directors of the International Campaign for Tibet. Born in Nyarong, Kham in Vasu Gounden of ACCORD reads a message from the Secretary General of the African National Congress. eastern Tibet, Gyari was appointed by His The African National Holiness the Dalai Congress (ANC) Lama to establish con- Lodi Gyari (Tibet) tact with the Chinese Excerpts: “On behalf of the African government on his behalf. He is also one of the founding National Congress, I am delighted to members of the Tibetan Youth Congress, serving as its extend a warm welcome to all delegates President from 1976 to 1977. to the Third Assembly of the World Movement for Democracy in Durban. Excerpts: “I gladly accepted to speak here in South You have correctly chosen to host Africa because it would be an opportunity for me to be here this conference in Durban, South personally and to be able to share experiences with our Africa, during this historic year of the 10th anniversary South African brothers and sisters. We have watched South of our democracy and our liberation from apartheid. Africa’s transition from a distance; in fact, for some of us, This year is also the 92nd year of the African National too much of a distance, but we have given our moral sup- Congress, Africa’s oldest liberation movement. The port. I myself, as an activist many, many years before in ANC has declared this year as the year of renewal of Delhi, worked very closely with South African colleagues the democratic mandate to advance our second decade who were then in India seeking support from Indians and of liberation. As you are aware, South Africa is Africa’s from us. So it is my hope that this great nation, these great youngest republic. In this respect, your conference has people of South Africa, having succeeded, will also take a given us the opportunity to reaffirm the strong bond leadership role and not shy away from taking responsibil- of solidarity and friendship that exists between our ity. Because all that sacrifice that they went through must countries and peoples. We can never thank the people in the end be more than just for themselves.” of the world enough for their support and solidarity, Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building which made our democratic advances possible. I am very pleased that this conference includes a number of democratic activists who are engaged in meaningful projects and partnerships with Africans. This is consistent with your concern to support our continent to meet our political, economic, and social goals centered on the strengthening of democracy and the defeat of poverty and underdevelopment and represented by the African Union and the New Partnership for Peace and Development (NEPAD).”

Kgalema Motlanthe Secretary General African National Congress Phenduka Dance Company

WWW.WMD.ORG 5 Keynote Addresses (continued) Ivan Krastev is the Chairman of the Zainab Bangura Board and Research is the Co-founder Director at the and former Chair Center for Liberal of Sierra Leone’s Strategies, based in youngest political Sofia, Bulgaria, and a party—Movement for member of the World Progress Party—that Movement Steering seeks to promote good Committee. Through governance, integrity sophisticated in-depth and the empower- analytical reports, he ment of women, youth has influenced the pol-

and the disabled. Ivan Krastev (Bulgaria) icies of the Bulgarian She is currently the government on key Executive Director issues, such as establishing a primary election system Zainab Bangura (Sierra Leone) of the National in Bulgaria and fostering international and regional Accountability Group. cooperation.

Excerpts: “The role of democratic leadership in Africa Excerpts: “In a certain way my short speech is very has been barren for a long time now. Our first genera- much inspired by the London Underground. I don’t know tion of leaders governed through their sheer strength if you’ve ever noticed this, but any time the doors of the and personality. The second generation of leaders, who train are opening in the London Underground, there is were younger, less educated, less sophisticated, and less a prophetic voice telling you, ‘mind the gap.’ And I do nationalistic, mastered power politics, but little else. believe this is extremely important because what we They silenced all opposing voices but those of the party learned in Eastern Europe for the last decade is that line and succeeded to plunder our continent’s abundant maybe we have not been aware of minding the gap. So you resources. What we need now are democratically elected have successful democracies now in our parts of the world, men and women with reasoned voices and clear visions and to be honest democracy does not have an alternative; to rebuild our badly battered continent… it is obvious for everyone. But in a certain way I don’t My African brothers and sisters here today, I am say- know what is worse: to have strong enemies or to have ing to you without any hesitation that if our continent is suspicious friends. And this is part of the problem with to develop and join the global world, our present leaders democracy these days, because I do believe that we are liv- in Africa must examine their consciences and understand ing in a time when many countries and many regimes sim- and accept the unique and proud history and circum- ply want to be called democracies, but perceived through stances of the African people. They must realize and the eyes of their own citizens they are not providing more understand that our first generation of African leaders did freedom, and democracy is about freedom.” Century

st not fight for independence to be less free instead of more free, poorer instead of better off, more illiterate instead of educated, permanent refugees, having generations of their children grow up in refugee camps, instead of the stable and prosperous lives they so rightfully deserve, dying of HIV instead of living to a ripe old age and telling their grandchildren about their exploits as youngsters.” Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

6 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democracy Presented at the John B. Hurford Courage Tributes Memorial Dinner

t its biennial assemblies, the World Movement for Democracy pays tribute to democratic groups and movements that have demonstrated exceptional courage in theirA work and who have struggled for the most part outside the spotlight of world attention. By highlight- ing their accomplishments, the World Movement seeks not only to offer some richly deserved recognition, but also to build a strong sense of solidarity with fellow democrats around the world. This year’s recipients were as follows:

Irena Lasota presents Courage Tribute to the Democracy Movement in Belarus.

The Democracy Movement in Belarus The Democracy Movement in Belarus continues to be heavily repressed for opposing the Lukashenko regime. In a difficult climate in which elections are rigged, politicians are “disappeared,” human rights violated, and independent organizations shut down, the move- ment is struggling to promote a return to democracy and economic reform in Belarus. In the past year, more than a dozen NGOs and independent newspapers Ayesha Iman presents Courage Tribute to the Democracy Movement have been forcibly closed. The tribute was accepted by in Sudan. members of the Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs The Democracy Movement in Sudan and the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the two Scores of nongovernmental organizations, including leading organizations that support and defend Belarus’ women’s, student, human rights, peace, academic, busi- civil society and media sectors. ness, professional, cultural, and religious groups, as Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building well as the independent press and trade unions, have The Mano River Union Civil Society Movement re-emerged in both northern and southern Sudan in the Uniting more than 40 groups from Liberia, Sierra past few years. Largely unrecognized and often at great Leone, and Guinea, members of the Mano River personal risk, this democratic movement is exerting Union Civil Society Movement have demonstrated increasing pressure on all sides of Sudan’s 20-year civil extraordinary courage in mobilizing for peace and war to end the fighting, and is building the foundations democracy. Despite harassment and torture, they have for sustainable peace, democracy, and human rights in continued to appeal for peace negotiations among the country. Among the groups leading this movement the governments and combatants in the region, and are the Babiker Badri Scientific Association for Women have organized demonstrations and meetings calling Studies, the Kwoto Cultural Center, the Khartoum for greater respect for democracy and human rights. Monitor, the Sudan Human Rights Organization, and Among the organizations leading the Movement are the New Sudan Council of Churches. the Association of Liberian Professional Organizations,

WWW.WMD.ORG 7 Democracy Fair

Ayo Obe presents Courage Tribute to the Mano River Union Civil Carl Gershman presents Courage Tribute to the Israel-Palestine Center Society Movement. for Research and Information, based in Israel, and to Panorama, based in Palestine.

the Press Union of Liberia, the Campaign for Good research, training and the outline of policy prescrip- Governance of Sierra Leone, and the Organisation tions for peace, has given it credibility and relevance Guineene des Droits de l’Homme. and has put the organization at the forefront of those working for both peace and democracy. The Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information (Israel) /Panorama (Palestine) In his opening remarks, Working under the most difficult circumstances in World Movement Palestine and Israel, two groups, Panorama and the Steering Committee Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information member Genaro (IPCRI), continue their long-standing, solid commit- Arriagada (Chile) noted, “through your activities ment to democracy and peace. Panorama’s innovative and commitment, you approaches to civic education and youth outreach are teaching us that throughout Palestine have helped to sustain optimism democracy is something about the prospects for Palestinian democracy and con- very special that we tinue to provide a critical moderating influence. IPCRI’s have to respect in every unique and ongoing contribution to governance and country in the world.” peace issues affecting Israelis and Palestinians, through

The event was sponsored by an important role in helping to con- the Hurford Foundation, whose ceptualize and bring into being the President, Robert Miller, offered his World Movement for Democracy. Century

st appreciation to all of the Movement’s Previous Tribute recipients were participants “for your extraordinary Colombia’s Democratic Mayors, efforts on behalf of the people of the the Civil Society Movement of the world.” He added: “Our Foundation Democratic Republic of Congo, is committed to continuing its sup- Iran’s Pro-Democracy Student port of your efforts.” Movement, the Chechen NGO The Democracy Courage Tributes LAM, and the Tiananmen Mothers dinner is named for John Boyce Network in China. Hurford (1938-2000), an internation- Hurford Foundation President alist and philanthropist who played Robert Miller Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

8 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democracy Fair

ssembly participants gained knowledge, skills, and relationships of mutual solidarity through a “Democracy Fair” that featured an exhibition area, a technology training Acenter, a video screening room, an Internet café, and a “town hall” in which participants educated each other about particular causes and generated support for them. To facilitate networking, all of the Assembly lunches Participants fill the Internet café. were held in the Democracy Fair Hall.

Participants display material and information.

South Africa’s Robben Island Museum exhibit. Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building

Participants build skills in the technology training center. Local artisans exhibit their skills.

WWW.WMD.ORG 9 Video Screening Room Democracy Fair Hall

Technology Training Center Participants network over lunch.

Plenary Session: Promoting Democracy in Closed Societies Democracy activists working to promote human rights Thin Thin Aung, Joint Secretary of the Women’s and democracy in three countries, Cuba, North Korea, League of Burma, reported on the work of international and Burma, informed World Movement participants activists who are calling attention to the continued of the repressive conditions in their countries, how betrayal of the Burmese people by the military regime. organizations are working internationally to open these There are striking similarities in the highlighted societies, and what the world community can do to countries, most notably the growing sophistication assist them. with which the regimes are using instruments of Annabelle Rodriguez, President of the Madrid- control over their people. Each of the panelists empha- Century

st based association Encuentro, explained the psychologi- sized how critical it is that the international community cal repression that exists in Cuba today and the lengths maintain a high level of pressure on these regimes, to which the government goes to suppress and prevent which are definitely sensitive to world opinion. The the spread of all independent opinion, to exert control panel moderator, World Movement Steering Committee over all information technology, and to set barriers member Krzysztof Stanowski, compared the situation between those who live inside and those on the outside. of these countries to that of his native Poland under Young Howard, the international coordinator of Communism, pointing out how important it was then the Network for North Korean Democracy and Human and is today for democracy activists around the world Rights, reported on his work with refugees fleeing into to break down the isolation of the people who live China, who provide valuable information about the inside these countries, so that they will realize that human rights catastrophe inside that country, including they are not alone. a vast network of prison camps and mass starvation. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

10 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Workshop Reports

Civil Society Developing Sustainable Civil Society Leadership for Democracy

Organizer: Moderator: Presenter: Civil Liberties Organization – Nigeria Chima Ubani – Nigeria Titus Mann – Nigeria Kayode Fayemi – Nigeria

The president of the Civil Liberties Organization (CLO) of • Generic codes of ethics should be developed by Nigeria, Titus Mann, opened the discussion with a pre- which civil society leaders must abide and that sentation drawn from the experiences of the CLO in the address, among other things, questions of account- context of Nigeria. This presentation and the discussion ability and corruption, conflicts of interest between that followed focused on the individual and institutional civil society work and government appointment, peer dimensions of leadership, the qualities of a good NGO review and self-regulatory mechanisms, sanctions, and leader, the kinds of democratic structures NGOs should past records of leaders. develop and to which their leadership should be subordi- • CSOs should establish clear institutional frameworks nated, the leadership strategies that should be nurtured and internal democratic structures that are expressed and sustained, and the challenges facing civil society in their articles of association and that provide for movements in these respects. democratic decision making, membership participa- tion, and education and leadership training. Recommendations: • Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) should formulate • CSOs should develop frameworks for leadership generic qualities that persons aspiring to lead them training encompassing informal processes (orienta- must possess, including integrity, sincerity, commit- tions, seminars, exposure, etc.) and formal training ment, honesty, trustworthiness, openness, transpar- through the establishment of training institutions with ency, and the ability to inspire and motivate others definite modules, curricula, and courses. towards the attainment of collective goals or vision.

Exploring Innovative Uses of Cultural Resources in Promoting Democracy

Organizer: Rapporteur: Presenters: Kwoto Theater – Sudan Betty Murungi – Kenya Maher Issa – Palestine Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Moderator: Haydar Ibrahim – Sudan Jan Hodann – Sweden Ioana-Adriana Avadani – Romania

The workshop began with a discussion of the challenges • A basis for participatory discussion and analysis to using culture as a tool for promoting democracy and should be formed that enables participants to make human rights. The participants explored the meaning informed decisions about their rights. For example, of the term “culture” and whether it refers to behavior participants from Afrikans and Zulu communities were and norms or to cultural events. The Participants also brought together to engage in dialogue about “nega- discussed the dilemma of cultural modernity, evolving tive” cultural icons, symbols particular to each group, cultural practices, and tradition. and how to interpret them. The discussion resulted in improved understanding of both cultures. Recommendations: • Inform and educate through entertainment. For • The use of cultural resources must be centered example, in Jordan popular film stars have volunteered on universal democratic values and human rights to dramatize soap operas on issues of rape and sexual principles. harassment.

WWW.WMD.ORG 11 Civil Society Civil Society

• Strategic selection from among the vast array of cul- • mass media, pop-culture, and fashion (such as slo- tural resources is of great importance. For example, in gans on T-shirts); Sudan, the use of street theatre has been an effective • sports and film icons and role models; means to educate communities by disseminating infor- mation about early marriage and female genital mutila- • humor, cartoons, and games (such as Street Law’s tion. In developed communities, however, movies and “Democracy for All”); new communication technologies can be more effective. • songs, street theatre, plays, puppet shows, poetry, • People should reshape and reclaim popular cultural folklore and myths; resources so that they have a more positive impact in • manuals using traditions and religious texts in sup- society. For example, in Romania, cultural resources, port of human rights (for example, the Claiming Our such as news media, films, and songs, were historically Rights human rights education manual); used to promote politics, particularly communism. This • performing arts, such as painting, sculpture, music, tainted the manner in which these cultural resources dance; and could be used as a tool for democracy education. However, in South Africa, similar cultural resources, • new communication technologies, such as Internet such as street theatre, poetry and chanting of the “Toyi- radio, text-messaging, and distance education. Toyi,” were used successfully during the apartheid Workshop participants also recommended that at regime to mobilize the masses, and they continue to be the next World Movement Assembly, the Democracy valuable resources for democracy education. Fair should include exhibitions and workshops show- Some cultural resources that workshop participants casing how artists, musicians, painters, and sculptors identified as tools for democracy education include: from around the world are promoting human rights and democracy through their creative work.

After the Breakthrough: Avoiding Democratic Backsliding and Stagnation

Organizer: Rapporteur: Presenters: Zainab Bangura – Sierra Leone Ivaneta Dobichina – Bulgaria Kayode Fayemi – Nigeria Moderator: Ivlian Khaindrava – Georgia Zainab Bangura – Sierra Leone Slobodan Djinovic – Serbia

Challenges: emergence of “political entrepreneurism.” • Democracy activists realize that after a democratic • In many countries the elevated role of political parties breakdown in many countries the challenges actually has led to partisan, not participatory, democracy. begin after elections. In many cases, the elections are not viewed as part of the constitutional development • In most transitional countries, weakness in constitution- process, but as a remedy for all problems. al and institutional frameworks has been the experience. • International support and democracy assistance are Recommendations: often targeted only at elections, which results in short- • Democracy assistance (support of the democratization term attention to democratization. processes and post-election assistance) should shift Century st • In post-war countries, the root cause of conflict is from short-term to long-term strategic engagement. often not addressed and post-war reconstruction is left • Civil society education should try to help moderate in the hands of the ruling party. expectations and knowledge to limit backsliding from • Very often after a breakdown, NGO activists enter democracy. politics and civil society consequently atrophies. • Civil society should also play a watchdog role and • In many cases the state is over-centralized and the empower communities to hold governments account- old regime has more resources and experience with able concerning their delivery on election promises. It which to govern. should increase awareness of democracy and human • While democracy is about public debate and conflict, rights, not only during elections, but continuously. most transitional countries have very low levels of Civil society is not limited to NGOs, but includes other conflict-management capacity. groups, such as churches and political parties, and should not just be centered in cities but should be • The qualitative deterioration of politics leads to the Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

12 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Civil Society

expanded to include rural areas as well. ment. There can also be a “cleansing process” through • Donor organizations should help the expansion of which former government officials are prevented from civil society by building institutional capacity rather holding office for a set amount of time. However, such than simply funding programs. a process should not be allowed to motivate leaders of authoritarian regimes to stay in power for fear of reprisal. • Regional organizations should establish norms based on democratic principles to which countries should • Elections should determine the personnel in all adhere. They should also create benchmarks and branches of government so that the executive does not criteria to hold such countries accountable. Regional choose the rest of government. leaders should help build democracy inter- and intra- • After a transition has been effected, the structures regionally through skills sharing, technical assistance, and branches of government should be changed to and diplomacy. address the root causes of conflict. • There should be institutional and constitutional reform • Following elections political parties should continue that is not one-sided or organized solely by the executive. to exist in order to hold governments accountable and • Trust in public institutions should be increased. raise awareness of critical issues. • Electoral systems should represent the people and • There can be a voluntary agreement between the the people’s opinions. ruling and opposition parties to limit instability and conflict following an election, but it is not clear how • Local and national referenda should be considered an governments can be held to such an agreement. option for giving a greater voice to the public. • Norms should be strengthened to decrease corrup- • Assistance should be given to political parties to help tion and to maintain credibility among the population. them reform. • NGOs should monitor corruption, especially when • Power sharing governments cannot exist if power is government officials become rich while the general obtained from coup d’etats or because rebels create population stays poor. violence. • Opposition parties that come to power should neither • Peace accords should not guarantee impunity, and shut out civil society nor drain it of skilled and knowl- impunity should not reach corruption and allow repre- edgeable individuals by bringing too many of them into sentatives convicted of corruption to return to govern- government.

NGO Coalitions: Strategies to Defend the Independence of NGOs

Organizer: Moderator: Presenters: Arab Program for Human David McQuoid-Mason Penelope Faulkner – Vietnam Rights Activists – Egypt – South Africa Hannah Forster – The Gambia Rapporteur: Maria Dahle – Norway Bassem Hafez – Egypt Andrea Sanhueza – Chile Haytham Manna – Syria Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building The participants, who were well diversified regionally, want to break free of any undesired influences of funding began by defining the terms and typologies of the subject, institutions on their agendas. NGO coalitions were thus and distinctions were made between “loose” and “tight” advised that they can legitimately stand up to any unde- coalitions and between “formal” and “informal” ones. sired trend of donor countries seeking to affect the bal- “Single issue” and “long-term” coalitions were also identi- ance and relationship between NGOs and donors. fied, and the Asian experience drew attention to the fact Concerning the internal challenges that NGO coalitions that national coalitions should operate at the grass-roots sometimes face, participants highlighted the impor- level in order to react appropriately to questions about tance of stating clearly from the beginning both the their legitimacy and credibility. One pitfall that NGO coali- objectives and the type of a coalition in order to know tions should avoid, especially in politically polarized envi- when it has fulfilled its purpose. Internal transpar- ronments, is partisan affiliation. ency among members of a coalition should also be The Eastern European experience lent itself to the idea maintained to limit or prevent the negative effects of of starting a coalition with a small group and expanding hidden agendas, such as internal conflicts. Similarly, it later on rather than the more conventional other way long-term coalitions should maintain their focus on the around. Among the new considerations concerning the interests of the member NGOs. independence of NGOs, one that emerged is that NGOs

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Among the other points made in the workshop discussion Recommendations to participants in the World Movement were the following: • Develop a network. • Independence does not mean a coalition’s work is not • Link community groups to the World Movement Network political. • Use coalitions to give NGOs a voice with the strength • There is a difference between political work and party to approach donors. politics. • Any coalition can be effective if it has a common • There should be a common program for an effective interest, a common initiative, and common action. coalition. • Different models should be used in different situa- • Depend on civil society-based organizations at the tions and countries. grass-roots level to keep the coalition going. • Share your international experience in building coalitions. • Study different examples of coalitions from all over the world. • Strategies should be devised that can be shared by all. • Coalitions help create the future in a country. • Develop strategies to strengthen the members of dif- ferent groups within the World Movement. • Issue-based coalitions should be dissolved when the issue is resolved. Conclusion • Organizations should come together on issues of In conclusion, it should be emphasized that in a coalition affil- common interest. iation should take the form of partnership, not dependence. This is important both for the effectiveness of the coalition as well as the independence of the participating NGOs.

The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Hindering or Helping Transitions to Democracy

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Canon John Nightingale – UK Sue Brittion – South Africa Canon John Nightingale – UK Diakonia Council of Churches Saydoon Nisa Sayed – South Africa Vo Van Ai – Vietnam – South Africa Rapporteurs: Paddy Meskin – South Africa Deon Snyman – South Africa Laith Kubba – Iraq Nathi Mzila – South Africa

Challenges: • FBOs need to share their democratic models with • Some Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) are involved other FBOs in order to develop new and better models. in the struggle for democracy while other FBOs are • Religious leaders need to be exposed to issues relat- supporting undemocratic forces. ed to human rights and democracy. • Some FBOs over-emphasize spiritual issues and don’t • FBOs are of vital importance within civil society; focus enough on issues related to social justice (e.g. HIV therefore, one of the plenary sessions of the next and AIDS, poverty, peace, reconciliation, and democracy). Assembly of the World Movement for Democracy • Some FBOs view the involvement of religious com- should focus on FBOs. Century st munities in political issues as dangerous. • Criticism of the actions of people of a certain religion • Some governments view organized religion as a should not be seen as criticism of their religion. threat to government. • Women’s organizations of different FBOs should net- • Most FBOs view state-sponsored FBOs as illegitimate work with each other to promote equality between the and not able to express the views of religious com- genders, and FBOs should support the promotion of munities. human rights for women. • NGOs should be encouraged to develop partnerships Recommendations: with FBOs in the promotion of democracy. • Religious values (e.g. tolerance, respect, equality, peace, • Most religious texts represent cultural practices and love) need to be revived within civic education. within the timeframe in which the texts were written. • FBOs need to be recognized as an integral part of Therefore, religious texts need to be reinterpreted to society. address issues within the current timeframe. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

14 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Civil Society Civil Society

Democracy in the Muslim World: Obstacles, Difficulties, and Best Methods

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Center for the Study of Islam & Radwan Masmoudi – USA Zainah Anwar – Malaysia Democracy – USA Rapporteur: Haytham Manna – Syria Sisters in Islam – Malaysia Salah Jourchi – Tunisia Salah Jourchi – Tunisia Ayesha Imam – Nigeria

Challenges: but there are problems of implementation and practice. • Mr. Masmoudi spoke about the current crisis in the The failure is in the strategies adopted by the demo- Muslim world, despite all its potential and enormous crats, especially since Arab history does not provide resources. He indicated that Muslims feel obligated to many examples of democratic rule. Arab countries are choose between Islam and modernity (or Islam and not all the same, but each country has its own speci- democracy) because they are faced with outdated and ficity. The challenges that remain have to do with how inappropriate interpretations of Islam that are hundreds to weaken the hold of governments, and their control of years old and not applicable to the modern situation. of the political process, without resorting to violence. Masmoudi added that the international community Democracy promotion in the Arab world must take and governments have been too willing to tolerate and place with and without the cooperation of the regimes, acquiesce to undemocratic regimes in the Arab and and he called for ending the ideological wars between Muslim world (in the name of stability), but this is national and secularist forces, on the one hand, and beginning to change as people realize that real stability Islamic and Islamist movements, on the other. There can only be achieved through the democratic process. can be no democracy without the participation of the • Mr. Manna mentioned the historic development of Islamists, but democracy will be in danger if Islamists the Muslim civilization, and earlier civilizations, up to dominate the state and public discourse. colonialism. He spoke about the difficult situation that • Ms. Anwar stated that Islam is being used as a politi- the political elite found in the Arab world after inde- cal ideology by some groups who want to monopolize pendence, and indicated that religious reforms (of both Islam. Muslim women, in Malaysia and other parts of Christianity and Islam) did not succeed in changing the the Muslim world, are now trying to defend their rights expansionist and empire-building tendencies in both under Islam by putting forward their own interpretation religions. The only solution is to recognize the rights of Islam. Conservative religious scholars do not have of the citizens, regardless of their religion, in order to the right to speak in the name of Islam, which belongs build modern democratic states. Manna stressed the to every Muslim man and woman. Even non-Muslims importance of engaging in dialogue (both internal and in Muslim-majority countries, such as Malaysia, have external) to build consensus and harmony. the right to express their concerns about Islam and • Ms. Imam spoke about the experience of Muslims their rights as full citizens and equal partners. in Nigeria, and indicated that conservative Muslims are first and foremost concerned about protecting the Recommendations:

Muslim identity. This is being done at the expense of • It is necessity to continue this type of exchange and Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building the rights of Muslim women who were deprived of their debate, and democracy foundations, like the National right to vote until 1976. Strict adherence to Shari`a and Endowment for Democracy, should support these and hudud (punishment) laws have resulted in discrimina- similar initiatives and networks. tion against women and poor individuals. While some- • Religious dialogue is also very important, not only one who steals $50 can have his hand cut off, people among Muslims of various groups and tendencies, but who embezzle millions of dollars often go unpunished also with members of other faiths in order to promote (because there is no hudud punishment against religious harmony, understanding between civiliza- embezzlement). She concluded that the Nigerian expe- tions, and peace. rience stressed the importance of peaceful coexistence • Muslims should develop a modern and tolerant inter- between Muslims and non-Muslims, and the need to pretation of Islam, based on the Islamic principles of search for a positive definition of Islam and Shari`a that Shura (consultation), Adl (justice), and Hurriya (free- protects and supports freedom and justice. dom), as necessary conditions for developing democ- • Mr. Jourchi spoke about the difficulties of democratic racy and peaceful coexistence. transitions in the Arab world, and explained that there • Islamic movements and religious leaders must be is no society that is against democracy in principle,

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engaged in dialogue about their visions and social tive because it is currently misunderstood as anti-reli- projects in order to arrive at consensus on the type gion. True secularism is in fact a protection of religion of society and government that Muslims seek and from the State, and of religious freedom from govern- deserve. Exclusion and oppression will only lead these ment interference. Secularism is not a condition for movements to more violence and radicalism. democracy in the Muslim world, but can be developed • Secularism should not be forced as the main objec- through dialogue and recognition of common interests.

Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation Democracy as a Tool for Conflict Resolution

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Swedish Center Party International Åke Pettersson – Sweden Ayo Obe – Nigeria Foundation – Sweden Vasu Gounden – South Africa Par Granstedt – Sweden ACCORD – South Africa Rapporteurs: Eugene Nindorera – Burundi Mila Eklund – Sweden Liia Hanni – Estonia Tshiliso Molukanele – South Africa Ben Kapita – Zambia Kwezi Mngibisa – South Africa

The workshop began with the following question posed to nicity and division may threaten democracy. Inclusion the participants: Is democracy a precondition for stability of all in the management of the affairs of the country and conflict management or should conflict management may restore stability. and resolution precede democracy? • Parliament is key to providing a platform for dia- Three general themes were emphasized: logue among various political groupings in a country. • democracy as a tool for conflict management across Accommodation and representation, transparency borders; in public affairs, and constructive relations between • democracy as a tool for conflict management at majority and opposition are all conditions of a well national levels; and functioning parliament. Cross-border linkages and • mass mobilization during times of transition. regional parliamentary forums should have major roles in addressing common challenges. Observations: • Democracy has been used as a tool of division in the • Democracy is a process of power sharing, and demo- past. Elections are important for democracy, but the cratic consolidation can assist in conflict management. history of elections on the African continent suggests Parliamentarians and political parties thus have an that they are not necessarily good for stability. That is important role to play in democracy and conflict man- why it is important to instil democracy in individuals; agement. you cannot have democracy without democrats. • Parliament is a model of peaceful conflict manage- • Conflict arises as a result of mismanagement of ment; it provides space to different groups, opinions, political power. The lack of rules, or lack of respect for and approaches. rules, leads to conflict, and this happens where there is no democracy or room for pluralism. Citizens should • Electoral systems should be free and fair and pro- be able to hold leaders accountable.

Century mote representative parliaments; those that have not st fulfilled these criteria have led to conflict in the past. • Conflict is often caused by the exclusion of others from governance, selfish leaders, and ethnic cleansing. • Mass mobilization during transitions is important. Examples of this can be found among African leaders The involvement of civil society in the democratization in Zambia, Malawi, and Namibia who wish to change process is also important; for instance, it has a role the laws to prolong their own positions of power. to play in monitoring. Freedom of speech and press There is a need to instil partnership and power shar- is important for the full participation of all sectors of ing in government, along with engagement with the society, and transparency is central to democratization. opposition and civil society. Global agreement on the • Regional and sub-regional forums and parliamentary Inter-Congolese Dialogue was a good start for peace bodies have a role to play by facilitating understanding and stability in that country. between nations. • Human interaction is fraught with possibilities of • When they are not handled in a proper manner eth- conflict and conflict management should seek to result Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

16 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation

in a community in harmony. Conflict management pro- often not addressed. Can such agreements be used as motes smooth human interaction and provides com- instruments in building lasting peace? munities with the opportunity to co-exist. Democracy helps to arrest the deterioration of human relations Conclusions: into conflict and chaos. • Democratization itself should be given time to devel- op, but timeframes for “deliverables” should be set. Questions: The population at large should know what to expect • What is the position of social and economic justice in and not be taken by surprise. Good, mature leadership democracy? during a transition is an important asset. • How should we deal with external factors of conflict? • Respect for minorities and other identities is impor- The interferences of other states and interest groups tant for a well functioning democracy. If a minority in the internal affairs of a country may not lead to is threatened it becomes stronger and may very well democracy (e.g., states might then be imposing their overrun the democracy itself. “way of democracy” on others). • Political parties should be based on values rather • Can power-sharing arrangements in post-conflict than on persons or identity. situations be seen as a way of legitimizing former war- • A democratic political culture should be developed lords and warring parties? Can this lead to impunity through the educational system beginning with chil- during war given the knowledge that an amnesty will dren at an early age. be granted? • Democracy needs strong institutions, such as an • Peace agreements are often pacts between the elites independent judiciary and a strong parliament. and do not necessarily represent aspirations at the grassroots level, or the general population is simply • Lasting democracy may depend on the form of a left out of the process altogether; local people do not struggle. Mass-based struggles, rather than elite-based participate and issues of human rights violations are negotiations, often lead to stronger democracies.

Strategies for Democrats in Situations of Armed Conflict

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Congreso Visible – Colombia Elisabeth Ungar – Colombia Riad Malki – Palestine Corporación Región – Colombia Rapporteur: Leon Valencia – Colombia Panorama – Palestine Rubén Fernández – Colombia Gershon Baskin – Israel

Participants in this workshop presented experiences of support of public opinion because their messages are democratic activists in Israel, Palestine, and Colombia. simple and direct, such as “If they are going to kill us, let’s kill them first.” Challenges: The presenters mentioned some of the constraints that Recommendations: democrats experience in countries and situations of The presenting organizations have worked in the field Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building armed conflict, namely: of education and the promotion of democratic values, • Individuals and organizations that work for peace in direct contact with people of different beliefs, in an amidst a conflict are often threatened by the various effort to influence public opinion and to enlarge the actors in the conflict and are often accused by one side base of democrats who support the peace processes or the other of supporting the enemy. in their countries. From the presentations and the • Those who work for peace often have to confront ensuing dialogue among the workshop participants, a public opinion, which says, “You must not speak with number of recommendations emerged: the enemy.” Sometimes, however, they receive support • There is an ethical starting point: it is a duty of all from different sectors of society but are afraid to speak democrats to work for a peaceful solution to a conflict, up. not only because of the cost in lives, but also because • There are always powerful economic and political peace is more sustainable when it is built in a negoti- interests that benefit from a conflict and they often ated way. conspire against the peace process. • It is always necessary to work to maintain an open • It is often easier for extreme positions to win the door for communication between enemies. This

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presents both an opportunity and a challenge for civil opinion and to enlarge the base of democrats who society organizations; when the official channels have support peace processes. broken down, the doors to dialogue should be opened • It is very important to work with public opinion on by democrats of differing beliefs. the side of the “enemy” because for democrats not • Democrats should develop educational programs and everyone on the opposite side or those who have dif- promote democratic values among different groups in ferent values and beliefs are enemies; it is necessary to conflict affected societies so that while they may have try to understand their values and win their support for different beliefs they will still believe in democratic one’s cause. values. It is especially important to work with young • The central idea is that the supreme value is life and people in this respect. that from life freedom and democracy emerge. • Since it is more difficult to gain the support of people • It is necessary to combat the use of terror and indif- for the peace process, because the proposals and ference towards those who wield it. It should also be activities are often more complex, working with media understood that there is an “official terror” and an representatives and journalists is indispensable. Again, “unofficial terror”; both are very dangerous for society the purpose of this work should be to influence public and for democracy.

Indigenous Approaches to Conflict Resolution

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Foundation for Citizenship and Craig Arendse – South Africa Craig Arendse – South Africa Governance Training – South Africa Rapporteur: Dogu Ergil – Turkey Center for the Research of Societal Brian Redelinghuys – South Africa Problems – Turkey

The opening presentations emphasized the importance of • Brings internal experiences to the resolution of the retaining communalism and holism of the community in issues. conflict resolution efforts. The communities themselves are the insiders and thus should be intimately involved in Challenges: the resolution of conflict, unlike Western approaches that • How to develop a gender-balanced approach? depend on outsiders. • How to integrate indigenous approaches with Observations: Western approaches so as not to create a dichotomy? Elements of indigenous approaches to conflict resolution • How to define what is indigenous in a cosmopolitan • Engagement in dialogue context? • Replicating dialogue Best Practices: • Transforming relationships • The role of women in conflict resolution mechanisms is • Consulting communities minimal and should thus be encouraged and expanded. • Respect for the other individual as the basis • The outsider should provide space to employ meth- odologies that are central to indigenous processes.

Century Benefits of indigenous approaches for strengthening st democracy • Name the process in such a way as to be acceptable • The indigenous approach is more enduring. to the parties and actors. • It develops ownership of the process within the com- • Build on what is already there with respect to resolu- munities involved and assists in the self-recovery of tion of the conflict. the disputants. • Instill ownership of the process within the communities. • It is sustainable in terms of peace building and keeping. • Sustain the process. • Acknowledges the feelings of the actors and thus cre- • Prevent conflict through attention to cultural sensitiv- ates opportunities to get to the root cause of the issues. ity, knowledge, and acceptance of local history. • Allows mediators to learn about the conflict directly • Clarify the roles of interveners and equalize the play- from the indigenous actors. ing field. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

18 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation

Conflict Resolution Work: The Democratic Capacity-Building Dividend

Organizer: Moderators: Rapporteur: Youth Movement for Democracy Clayton Lillienfeldt – South Africa Ryota Jonen – Japan Ryota Jonen – Japan

Participants in the workshop discussed the important tion and peace processes, such as broad participation links between conflict resolution and democracy and of citizens and NGOs; explored the possibilities of building partnerships to • Wide distribution of information about the peace develop training programs on conflict resolution and process; democratic leadership in different regions. The workshop introduced the concept of linking • Recognition of massive violations of human rights conflict resolution and democracy, which has not been in a conflict and the establishment of a post-conflict recognized sufficiently among academics and democracy- human rights regime to address those violations. promotion organizations around the world. The workshop was based on the youth training programs that the Youth Recommendations: Movement for Democracy has developed on democratic A manual for the Youth Movement training programs was leadership and conflict resolution skills. The workshop presented to the workshop participants for discussion. thus began with an explanation of the training programs Participants made the following recommendations: and an identification of links between conflict resolution • The manual should include successful case studies of and democracy. For example, conflict resolution skills conflict resolution and democracy building. (communication skills, building trust and consensus • The target group for the training programs should be among antagonistic groups, and identifying causes of specified because approaches to resolving conflict are conflict) are also crucial skills for democratic leadership. different for different groups of people (e.g., NGOs, The workshop discussion focused mainly on identify- youth, government officials, warring factions, etc). ing additional links, identified as: • In addition to the proposed training programs, • Reconciliation and nation building, particularly in workshop participants also recommended exchange post-conflict societies; programs for young activists from different conflict • Co-existence, tolerance, diversity, minority rights, and situations and programs on human rights violations in representation in political institutions; conflict. • Building partnerships and sustainable relationships Given that the Youth Movement seeks to conduct train- as outcomes of the conflict-resolution process; ing programs in different regions of the world, partici- • Good understanding of the root causes of conflict as pants from Sierra Leone, Tibet, and Colombia expressed a key to successful democracy building; their interest in possible collaboration on the programs. • Traditional approaches to conflict resolution; The first Youth Movement’s training program is sched- • Employing democratic principles in political negotia- uled to take place in Nairobi, Kenya, on December 12–17, tions; 2004. This program has been developed in collaboration

• Importance of a democratic environment for interven- with the Africa Democracy Forum. Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building

Participants networking.

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Instruments of Transitional Justice: Truth Commissions, Tribunals and Multi-Sector Community Approaches

Organizer: Moderator: Rapporteur: Centre for the Study of Violence and Graeme Simpson – South Africa Polly Dewhirst – South Africa Reconciliation – South Africa

The first part of the workshop was composed of a brief Observations: introduction to issues and models of transitional jus- Due to time constraints and the wide variety of questions tice, such as truth commissions, tribunals, and mixed and issues raised in the information-sharing session, the approaches that incorporate both prosecutorial and workshop participants did not attempt to come up with reconciliatory mechanisms. Workshop participants from specific recommendations or suggestions. Rather, the 20 countries shared their experiences of transitional jus- session sought to open dialogue and note key observa- tice mechanisms taking place or being planned in their tions, which included: regions. • There are no neat answers about which transitional justice mechanisms work best. There is also no Challenges: model that can be applied directly to all countries. • How do local experiences relate to transitional justice This is especially true of the South African Truth and mechanisms that take place at a national level (i.e., Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which is often how should informers be dealt with; how can reconcili- marketed aggressively. Civil society should continue to ation be embedded in communities)? develop innovative approaches that balance justice and • The tensions involved in local and national transi- prosecutions, on the one hand, with more reconcilia- tional justice processes running alongside international tory initiatives, on the other. justice initiatives, such as the International Criminal • The amnesty process remains highly contested Court (ICC), must be recognized and the options for and controversial. This process must continue to be dealing with them must be developed. reviewed, revised, and explored, especially in light of • The challenges facing national processes in dealing the development of international justice instruments, with regional conflicts (e.g., Democratic Republic of such as the ICC. There continues to be serious limita- Congo, Southern Africa) must be addressed. tions to prosecutorial approaches as well. • It is important to tackle the incapacity of transitional • The protection and preservation of records is essen- justice instruments to address past and present vio- tial if transitional justice processes are to be effective, lence and to link the two. or even in situations where it is not possible for these processes to take place. • It is necessary to deal with the tensions involved in balancing needs for justice with reconciliation. • Transitional justice processes must prioritize the complex and changing needs of victims (for example, • Concerning the issue of reparations, approaches refugees who don’t want to return “home” because must formulate how to get them, how to get govern- of better lives in the cities where they lived during the ments from using them as substitutes for truth, and conflict). what the role of memory and museums should be. • There is a danger in the establishment in given coun- • What is the potential for “Traditional” justice, or the tries of transitional justice mechanisms by international use of customary tools?

Century institutions. The country’s population must “own” the st • Can the transitional justice process truly deal with processes if the people are to be effectively engaged genocide or with large-scale conflicts (i.e., in the and/or have an impact on the local level. Democratic Republic of Congo where more than 3 mil- • Transitional justice mechanisms are often only able to lion people were killed)? open the door for reconciliation, truth-seeking and jus- • There are certain fault lines for re-emerging conflict if tice. Countries (and notably civil society) should set up transitional justice processes do not deal with certain additional mechanisms to work with and carry forward issues. Some of these fault lines include: the work begun by these mechanisms. • Refugee and displaced communities • Transitional justice mechanisms do not always have • Ex-combatant reintegration to be national processes. There are options for these mechanisms to be used in more creative ways to deal • Disappearances and unresolved cases. both with local and regional atrocities. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

20 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation Conflict Resolution, Transitional Justice, and Reconciliation

The Role of Sites of Conscience Museums in Democracy Promotion and Post-Transition Reconciliation

Organizer: Moderator: Presenters: District Six Museum – South Africa Valmont Layne – South Africa Valmont Layne – South Africa (member, International Coalition of Rapporteur: Lionel Davis – South Africa Historic Site Museums of Conscience) Valmont Layne – South Africa Yazir Henri – South Africa

What is a site of conscience? Sites are typically developed ing more about how to memorialize a site to reflect the within the context of struggles for democracy. In addition, struggle for democracy (e.g., in Taiwan). Others were through historical processes sites may become part of concerned about how to popularize a site, to prevent the popular imagination or linked to human rights issues. backsliding from democratic progress; how can lessons History normally determines how this happens. How is learned be transmitted to a wider audience through a it decided that a site has broader significance for human site of conscience? There was also an interest in sites as rights? How do sites become places that inspire hope and places of documentation and consciousness-raising. keep us focused on the task of developing and maintain- ing a human rights culture? Recommendations: Three presenters in the workshop described sites of • It is important that the content of a site be dynami- conscience museums in South Africa. From its sordid cally linked to its contested nature; all sites are con- history, Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela and other tested and should reflect this. anti-apartheid activists were imprisoned, has been turned • In transitional contexts, sites can have the power to into a memorial site, a place for education, a place of tri- ensure that “there is no going back.” umph of the human spirit. • Avoid the trappings of “political voyeurism.” Tourism Prestwich Place in Cape Town is a recently discovered can turn a site into a leisure experience and rob it of burial site of slaves and their descendents. In this case, its meaning inside the struggle for human rights. It can a critical consideration has been the process of asserting lose its capacity to change the visitor. this as a site of conscience against business and other interests. • Sites should be responsive to external stimuli and District Six, also in Cape Town, was destroyed under challenges. apartheid and became a site of conscience because of • Sites of conscience should put careful thought into its physical and symbolic prominence. It is an example access. For example, Green Island, a political prison in of how civic action can be linked to a site’s past and its Taiwan, is not (yet) accessible. future, mobilizing the past for an ongoing process of citi- • Sites should ensure that they have a meaning beyond zenship building. District Six was created through a pro- those who experienced the abuses. It is therefore criti- cess of civic contestation. That is its critical characteristic. cal to place emphasis on youth and future generations Participants in the workshop were interested in learn- to ensure that the site remains relevant to them. Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Transitional Justice and the Matter of the “Disappeared”

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: John Daniel, Human Sciences John Daniel – South Africa Nassera Dutour – Algeria Research Council – South Africa Rapporteur: Polly Dewhirst – South Africa Committee of the Families of the Ollie Mahopo – South Africa Disappeared in Algeria – Algeria

Participants shared their stories on the problem of disap- workshop was a useful beginning for sharing information pearances in their respective countries. Several common and strategies. At the conclusion there was consensus problems emerged from the discussion, such as the that networks on the issue should be strengthened so destruction of records, fear among witnesses and perpe- that the effort goes beyond mere information sharing and trators to volunteer information, the lack of interest and/or moves toward joint action. political will of governments to initiate investigations, and After the opening presentations and a viewing of a the presence of perpetrators in positions of power. The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission

WWW.WMD.ORG 21 Democracy Education Democracy Education

(TRC) documentary on human rights violations, discus- • Conduct joint lobbying and advocacy both interna- sion focused on the prospects of having TRCs in other tionally and locally. countries where they might be useful and on the ways • Develop capacity training for addressing disappear- in which groups can link up with NGOs and other like ance issues. minded organizations outside their countries. • Take cases to the International Criminal Court and Recommendations: the African Union Human Rights Court (once it is • Establish networks for research and the exchange of established). information.

Democracy Education Teaching Civic Education: What are the Best Approaches In School and Out?

Organizers: Moderator: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa Krzysztof Stanowski – Poland – South Africa Foundation for Education for Democracy – Poland

Representatives of organizations experienced in civic youth participation in parliament. education from 29 countries were divided into six groups during this workshop. Each person shared his or her Recommendations: experiences with other group members and one of the Workshop participants discussed various strategies and stories was shared with the larger group. recommendations: Four illustrative examples emerged from the group In schools discussion: • Increase public participation in civic education; • A participant from Iraqi Kurdistan shared experiences relating to the collection of real-life stories from chil- • Encourage parental involvement; dren. These stories were turned into plays and reen- • Encourage financial support and cooperation among acted in the schools. local authorities. • A Nigerian participant described an approach of train- Outside schools ing religious group leaders in churches and mosques • Support non-traditional methods of civic education to promote democratic values. and encourage innovative methods, such as drama, • A participant from Russia described work with dif- games, field trips and student volunteering; ficult drop-out students and their families to give the • Lobby for the inclusion of topics, such as human students a second chance at school. rights, gender equality, youth participation, and election • A participant from Kosovo presented examples of procedures, in the school curriculum of each country. Century st Combating Political Extremism through Civic Education: What should be Taught and How to Teach It?

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Civitas International Joseph Davis – USA Krzysztof Stanowski – Poland American Federation of Rapporteur: David McQuoid-Mason – South Africa Teachers – USA Christina Houlihan – USA Radwan Masmoudi – Tunisia/USA

The goal of this workshop was to begin to develop civic participants from 15 countries. The discussion included a education strategies for combating political extremism at presentation explaining the segregated system of educa- the national, regional, and local levels. It was attended by tion that existed under apartheid in South Africa, a pre- Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

22 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democracy Education sentation explaining the need for civic education for youth ily identify it and employ strategies for dealing with it. in the Arab world, and a presentation on the state of civic • Include young people who are outside the formal education in post-communist countries and the need for education system in civic education programs. new methods to engage youth. After a brief initial discussion among the participants, • Identify and engage allies in the fight for effective the group was divided up according to geographic regions civic education. (Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern/Central Europe). • Develop awareness campaigns about extremism for Each group identified the types of extremism present various audiences, including the general public, young in their regions, brainstormed on ways to combat such people, religious leaders, community leaders, etc. extremism, and chose one of these ways for development • Develop strategies for both formal and informal civic into a plan of action. Each group then presented its work, education, since it can often take years for the formal which covered ideas ranging from using the Internet to curriculum to be changed. providing information about human rights and democracy, to lobbying governments to change educational policies, • Link democracy education with religious and cultural to examining the content of textbooks to find examples of values. discrimination. • Train politicians, traditional leaders, and religious leaders in civic education. Recommendations: • Encourage NGOs to pressure their governments to • Conduct “training of trainers” (NGO leaders, teachers, implement the promises of the UN Decade of Human community leaders, etc.) on extremism so they can eas- Rights and the UN Decade of Peace and Non-Violence.

Democracy Education in Difficult Political and Cultural Environments

Organizers: Sisterhood is Global Moderator: Muborak Tashpulatova Presenters: Krzysztof Stanowski Institute – Jordan – Uzbekistan – Poland Tashkent Public Education Center Rapporteur: Julia Kharashvili Dilyara Seytveliyeva – Ukraine – Uzbekistan – Georgia Maxim Charniauski – Belarus

Challenges: possible benefits. A number of challenges were identified based on experi- In Jordan, the tasks of liberalization and democracy ences in several countries, as follows: have not yet been achieved. Since 1960, a number of Conditions were difficult for democracy education in organizations have been created to support the building Poland and in post-Soviet republics some 15 years before of democracy and human rights. Their aim is to develop Poland became a champion of strikes, protest action, civic NGOs, provide education, and create laws for the and underground publications. Those working in Poland defense of citizens. In addition, in Jordan, as an Islamic were well prepared for protest actions, but completely country, western manuals cannot be fully used and must unprepared for arranging everyday work and taking on be adapted, and more resources are required to bridge responsibility. The approach at the time was to give peo- the gap between formal and informal education and to ple a chance to experience the dangers of communism; disseminate the experiences of other countries. Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building there were all kinds of rights in the Constitution, but they In Lebanon, Egypt, Palestine, and Jordan a number of were only on paper, and people needed some experience organizations try to develop the principles of democracy in how to be responsible for other people’s communi- and advocate for women. The main challenge to democ- ties. Teachers were assisted in building new relations in racy education there is unstable relations among schools, the classroom and they discovered that such approaches government, and society. NGOs are thus engaged in could be used in difficult circumstances. advocacy and the realization of democracy education, In Uzbekistan, it was difficult to say the words “human trying to ensure necessary resources and the preparation rights,” and it was thus important to introduce more of training modules. Civic education is also a matter of active methods of teaching. To empower people, it was both formal and informal education. Modest attempts to necessary to teach them how to listen and how to take include civic education in the school curriculum are thus responsibility. The next step was to prepare a constitution also an objective of advocacy efforts, and it is important for the schools and to link it with the real constitution. to widen existing experience in these efforts to other Arab When students get the opportunity to experience self-gov- countries. One obstacle in Arab society is the difficulty of ernance it becomes an experiment for real life. This is an actively involving women and youth in NGO activities. important exercise in its own right, not in connection with

WWW.WMD.ORG 23 Democracy Education

Recommendations: should be addressed carefully. • In post-conflict countries it is necessary to link • Given cultural autonomy, it is difficult, but nonethe- education and human rights to the real needs of the less important, to mobilize people politically. people (for example, with sports or after-school activi- ties, or to link it with the distribution of humanitarian • Memories of traumatic experiences should be pro- assistance). moted, and money should be identified for post-con- flict rehabilitation. • It is highly important to have good knowledge of the community in which one is working in terms of back- • Proposing idealistic methods should be avoided ground and culture. because they lead to a loss of trust. • It is necessary to work well with both teachers and • People should be taught how to restore civic rights. trainers. • With some exceptions, human rights education • The possibilities for education are related to the self- should be related to the cultural context of a country organization of the community, which is why self-orga- and to its social relations. nization should be promoted. Conclusions: • The challenge of integrating refugees should be In sum, the workshop concluded that: addressed through the creation of refugee centers. To • When working in difficult cultural or political environ- assist them in adapting, both refugees and local citi- ments it is important to identify clearly the context of zens should be invited to civic education centers and the difficulties. It is necessary to identify the political to participate in seminars. situations of a country, and then discover the historical • Those who are supposed to train others should be background. well prepared and have knowledge of “best practices” • Efforts cannot build only on Western examples; local from other regions and countries; this would help build traditions and contexts also need to be utilized so they solidarity with people with similar traumatic experi- can be easily understood. ences. • The development of a civic education curriculum • Religion should neither be united with nor divided should be based on the local needs of the country, not from education artificially; in some cases, religion adds on fashions, which would only serve as an object of values and support for democracy while in other cases criticism. it opposes democracy, which is why the relationship

Putting Democracy Education on the Global Agenda: Strategies for Working with National, Regional and Multilateral Institutions

Organizers: Moderators: Rapporteur: Street Law – USA Joseph Davis – USA Patricia Keefer – USA David McQuoid-Mason – South Africa David McQuoid-Mason – South Africa American Federation of Teachers – USA

The purpose of this workshop was to disseminate and was described, including the principles that have guided further develop the Pocantico Global Strategic Plan for the its development: “Civic education is essential to the sur-

Century promotion of civic education that was drafted by an inter- vival and expansion of democracy in all countries and st national task force of democracy educators in June 2004 regions and democracy education needs to be sensitive to under the auspices of the Council for the Community the issues of culture, gender, and tradition.” of Democracies (CCD). The participants reviewed the In reviewing the Pocantico Plan, a synopsis of the Pocantico draft and were asked to make comments and national and regional action plans was presented, fol- specific recommendations to strengthen the strategy for lowing which the workshop participants organized them- promoting civic education among national governments selves into two working groups, one composed of the and multilateral institutions. They were also asked to African participants and the other a multi-national group, make recommendations for implementing the Global Plan for the purpose of closely reviewing the Plan and making within their own countries and regions. recommendations for improvement and implementation. The genesis and evolution of the Strategic Plan for Participants focused their attention on how NGOs can Democracy Education, which was initiated in Warsaw in forge cooperation with national governments for two 2000 at the launch of the Community of Democracies, purposes: to advance national implementation plans for Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

24 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democracy Education Democracy Education

effective democracy education, including standards for • The ADF should convene a meeting of all national a formal education curriculum, and to pressure govern- organizations conducting democracy education activi- ments to advocate for the inclusion of democracy educa- ties, and any organization offering democracy educa- tion and a commitment of resources in national, regional tion programs should subscribe to the protocols and and multi-national development plans. practice of internal democracy. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development • There is a critical need for democracy education (NEPAD) was identified as an ideal target of opportunity trainers. A comprehensive training initiative should be for incorporating democracy education in its peer-review advanced, including training-of-trainers, certification of process and for advocating the education for democ- trainers, and a database of training resources, includ- racy initiative. The Africa Democracy Forum (ADF), a ing people, materials, and training modules. Training regional network affiliated with the World Movement for issues and demands should be prioritized. Democracy, should represent the democracy education nongovernmental sector at NEPAD conferences and pro- • Election authorities should be invited to expand their ceedings and possibly as accredited official observers. current technical applications in voter education to include more substantive components of democracy Recommendations: education. Organizations that participated in the Africa group of Africa Group the workshop will take the lead in their respective sub- • The participants in the Africa group agreed in princi- regions, as follows: ple with all of the regional, multi-national, and national • Southern Africa: IDASA and Street Law (South Africa) recommendations in the Pocantico Plan. They sug- • East Africa: Ethiopia Human Rights Commission and gested a few modifications but focused most of their the Kenya Human Rights Commission attention on implementation. • West Africa: Liberia Center for Law and Human • Three specific amendments to the Plan were recom- Rights Education mended:

• Support for tax exemptions for organizations Multi-national Group conducting democracy education activities. National The recommendations of the Multi-national working governments should extend these to indigenous group focused on European cooperation and donor sup- NGOs and CBOs, whereas international organiza- port from members of the Community of Democracies, tions should receive tax exemptions from their donor governments and regional organizations, such as respective home governments. the EU and the Council of Europe. The government of the • National governments should establish national Netherlands and Denmark were identified as possibly hav- endowments sourcing public and private funds for ing particular interests in democracy education. democracy education. • When considering support for democracy education • In addition to NGOs, CBOs, faith-based organiza- the needs and resources of “two Europes” — West tions and others need to be included in the rec- and East/Central — should be recognized. ognition of interest groups engaged in democracy • There should be individual consultations with the education, and national and community groups Westminster Foundation for Democracy (Great Britain), should be linked with each other to minimize frag- the Danes, the Dutch, and possibly a European

mentation. approach to Turkey for support of democracy education Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building • The ADF should take the lead in facilitating continen- It was recognized that more information is needed to tal linkages for national, regional, and sub-national identify donors giving priority to national and interna- democracy education. It should set up an interest tional democracy education with a view to convening a group sector dedicated to democracy education and European meeting to further the Pocantico Plan of Action host a Web site for information, materials, and training and to fund democracy education in emerging and estab- resources; it should advocate for continental, regional, lished democracies. It was proposed that the meeting and national support for democracy education; and it be held in Brussels in cooperation with the EU and other should assist national organizations in strengthening multi-international agencies. cooperation, coordination, and integration.

WWW.WMD.ORG 25 Democracy Education

Creating a Network for Higher Education’s Role in Democracy Building

Organizer: Rapporteur: Presenters: Europaeum – UK Marcin Walecki – Poland Paul Flather – UK Moderators: Adam Habib – South Africa Paul Flather – UK Michael Pinto-Duschinsky – UK

Observations: • To exchange knowledge and transfer technology A diverse group of democracy activists with experience • To engage in “two-way” processes in higher education presented their views on the issue of promoting democracy through an educational network. • To recognize that leading universities can contribute The group made the following general observations: to the global process of democratization. • Leading universities are engaged in, and contribute to, civil society at many levels, serving as critic, knowl- Recommendations: edge producer, trainer of skills, protector of culture, • A meeting should be held of appropriate university and galvanizer of rural and economic development. consortia to discuss specific ways of linking leading universities with those of the developing world. This • Universities are inevitably political institutions in the initiative should be supported by the World Movement widest sense; they contribute to the development of for Democracy. societies. • A “Democracy Visitors Program” should be estab- • Universities have a responsibility to face up to the lished through which visiting academics and students challenge that in future decades some 85 percent of can be linked to other universities. the world’s population will have no access to tertiary education, while 15 percent will enjoy a variety of life • A short questionnaire should be produced to elicit chances as a result of tertiary educational opportunity. examples of successful transnational engagement, and an annual prize should be awarded to the most suc- The workshop participants agreed that universi- cessful innovative partnership. ties should be economically and socially responsive to today’s challenges. Moreover, established universities • Universities should explore the establishment of pro- have a duty not only to work with their own civil society, grams though which joint diplomas or courses can be but to support other institutions in transitional societies. offered linking development and emerging universities. Participants contributed specific examples, from South • A “Disciplinary Support Program” should be identi- Africa, Ghana, Indonesia, Moldova, Poland and the United fied and supported through which universities would Kingdom, of civic engagement, successful interconnec- offer curriculum, research papers, and reading lists to tions, as well as obstacles and difficulties faced in transi- other educational institutions. tional societies. • A “Global University for Democracy” should be estab- Participants also pointed out that universities face seri- lished offering virtual workshops for democracy activ- ous challenges, such as political and economic pressures, ists, for example in human rights, political accountabil- lack of leadership, apathy, decline of student movements, ity, transparency, politics and money, etc. bureaucratic interference, and even political repression. Against this background, the workshop participants • An Internet “Database of Academics-without- agreed to develop a proposal for creating a network with Frontiers” should be established of those willing to

Century travel and engage with other university colleagues to

st the following characteristics: • To work with institutional leaders and individuals with help them develop civic engagement programs and energy and commitment other democracy-promotion projects. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

26 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democratic Governance Democratic Governance Governance, State Capacity, and Democracy in Developing Nations: Establishing Standards and Identifying Impediments

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Centre for Policy Studies Shaun MacKay – South Africa E. Gyimah-Boadi – Ghana – South Africa Elizabeth Clark –USA Carlos Ponce Leon – Venezuela Center for Democratic Performance, Rapporteur: Kingsley Rodrigo – Sri Lanka University of Binghamton – USA Edward McMahon – USA Irena Lasota – Poland Chris Landsberg – South Africa Elizabeth Clark – USA Anna Sevortian – Russia

Participants in this workshop focused on issues relating not see democracy as delivering material benefits, but to the establishment and enforcement of international often the contrary is true. More public participation is democracy standards. There was consensus that in some needed in the policy decision-making process, and dis- areas broadly accepted international standards are in advantaged groups, such as women and other minori- already place. Enforcing those standards is the major ties, should be drawn more into the process. problem; other problems include the questions of who • There is a gap between articulated standards accept- should set the standards and the relationship between ed by governments and the reality. Leaders often make domestic and international organizations in assessing commitments that they have no intention of honoring, state adherence to these standards. The current inter- and civil society needs to constantly remind them national environment is one in which governments are about standards. highly sensitive about their reputations and wish to be seen as part of the global democratic “club.” Challenges: There was disagreement on how well international The participants discussed a number of challenges based organizations, such as the OSCE, are performing their on country and regional experiences. role in assessing compliance with international standards. • The ongoing political crisis in Venezuela demon- In some cases where there is considerable international strates the difficulty of enforcing commonly accepted involvement in the enforcement of standards, international democratic standards as a means for solving a politi- organizations have to be careful not to dominate the pro- cal crisis. Because Venezuela held regularly scheduled cess and run the risk of de-legitimizing a democratic out- elections, it was assumed, erroneously, that democ- come. Even internally, the fact that standards are devel- racy had set down deep roots. Its institutions have oped by elites, regardless of whether the public wants proven to be insufficiently strong, however; the rule of them, reflects the problem of “ownership” of the process law has also been weak, and corruption is endemic. All of both setting and enforcing standards. of this has de-legitimized political parties and enabled Several participants mentioned areas where the devel- the president to assume and maintain power and to opment of new international standards would be helpful tailor Venezuela’s political institutions to his needs. The in overcoming obstacles to democratization, among them opposition has learned that the only real method of standards for opposition parties, internal party democ- solving the problems of democracy in Venezuela is by racy, corporate governance, and civil-military relations. Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building internal pressure, and NGOs have a continuing respon- There are also the problems of leaders promoting refer- sibility to work with political parties and to understand enda to extend their terms or otherwise consolidate their their roles as observers of political change and moni- power, and dealing with hate speech. tors of democratization. Observations: • The situation in Russia is a case where democratic • The good news is that democracy is viewed as a institutions are under attack. Best characterized as a universal value and that standards are developing, “guided” democracy with heavy use of administra- but they can’t simply be imposed. The challenge for tive resources, there are massive violations of human emerging democracies is how to internalize them and rights and political manipulation. Broad, sustained shape them to reflect regional realities while respect- international engagement is needed. ing universal values. In this fashion people can take • The October 2003 elections in Azerbaijan demon- ownership of them so that they are not seen simply as strate the need to enforce existing standards and being imposed. the failure of international organizations to live up to • There is a crucial issue of state-civil relations in many their responsibilities. The importance of using clear nascent democracies. In many instances, people do language on standards and making clear distinctions

WWW.WMD.ORG 27 Democratic Governance

between adherence to core standards and vague sub- • Should standards be viewed in a regional or universal jective judgments must be recognized. context? While they may be universal, to what extent • The case of Sri Lanka demonstrates the problem should they be contextualized according to regional of a lack of democratic political culture. A necessary and domestic factors? This issue should not be used, building block of democracy is to accept disagree- however, as an excuse to avoid universal elements of ments, and only through dissent and diversity of views democracy. can democracy advance. Outbreaks of violence result • Does the international community take local realities from the inability to disagree peacefully. In Sri Lanka sufficiently into account or does it adopt too much there are 51 parties, and some families are very strong of a “democracy by consultants” or “cookie-cutter” politically, which is true throughout the region. Politics approach? While standards must be based on univer- is a matter of family disagreements, rather than com- sal norms, autocrats have used the “local” argument to petition among different political parties. Civil society justify their less-than-democratic practices. in the region is not very strong, and the business • It is important for civil society organizations (CSOs) community is very influential in funding political lead- to hold governments accountable to standards, but ers. Parties follow hidden agendas and lack internal there is also a concern about negative reactions of democracy. international organizations to CSO criticism of their • In Africa, perceptions on the utility of standards, enforcement of standards. In addition, while formal and the needed breadth and depth of international democracy is more prevalent than substantive democ- standards, depend on whether one is in or out of racy, civil society sometimes minimizes the importance power. Incumbent governments often argue in favor of of elections and its role in the system of checks and contextualized “tropicalized” standards, meaning that balances. The importance of representative democracy they should not be held to the same high standards in favor of “participatory” democracy should not be as more consolidated democracies. Thus, in Africa the minimized. regional versus universal standards argument is not • Elections must be viewed in the context of a longer- yet settled. Other questions abound: Who should set term process, including pre- and post-election peri- the standards—political parties, governments, civil ods, and not just in the context of Election Day. The society, or some combination of these? In addition, in international community has to be more unified, and bilateral relations governments often are willing to tone domestic CSOs should continue to have a critical role down the universal standards argument if strategic in ensuring governmental adherence to democratic interests are at stake, and multilateral organizations norms. are often weak and hamstrung, bound only by the lowest common denominator of their member states. • Despite criticism of international organization per- Are standards regional or universal with respect to formance, the overall results have been more positive economic and corporate governance or civil-military than negative. Without their focus on this issue there relations, and should they be set in relation to the past would almost certainly be less democracy in the world or the present? today. • The Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) foreign • Regarding the implementation and enforcement of assistance initiative is a fund being established by the standards, more emphasis should be placed on post- U.S. government as a new approach to development election follow up. For political parties, work has to assistance. As designed, in addition to other criteria, it go beyond enforcement, and standards for opposition will use democracy and governance to choose recipi- parties should be institutionalized and legitimized. ent countries. The lack of NGO input into the criteria, Standards should be designed to promote internal however, may have limited the weight that democracy political party democracy and to institutionalize the Century st indicators will play in the overall criteria. role of parties. • The use of referenda to extend presidents’ terms in Other Challenges and Recommendations: office should also be examined as anti-democratic (as • How can civil society be more effective in setting and opposed to changes that would take place only after enforcing standards, including those for elections and they left office). internal party democracy? Within the U.N. system, • Standards should evolve to include constant perfor- regional international organizations and documents mance audits of how countries are faring. such as the Copenhagen and Warsaw Declarations all • CSOs have a role in continually reviewing standards lay out clear standards, including civilian control of the to ensure that they are culturally contextualized and military, electoral standards, and the role of a strong agreed upon. Such organizations must also help build civil society. The question is not so much whether civic understanding of the importance of governmental these exist, but how to hold governments accountable adherence to standards and be willing to participate in to them. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

28 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democratic Governance

government performance audits. • Consideration should be given to recognizing democ- • There should be more emphasis on substantive racy as a right rather than as a universal value, thus democratic governance standards, including public acquiring greater weight and legitimacy in international participation in decision making, especially by women. legal terms. • Careful attention should be paid to the process by In sum, there is an emerging consensus that we which democratic institutions are developed; establish- already have standards in place, although they clearly ing the “rules of the game” should be inclusive and continue to evolve, but that the challenge is how to mobi- legitimate. lize to ensure their implementation. • While many people are uncomfortable with “condi- For a fuller version of this report, visit the Centre for tionalities,” they do serve an enforcement purpose. Policy Studies’ Web site: www.cps.org.za

Trade Unions in the Vanguard of Democratic Governance

Organizer: Moderators: Presenters: American Center for International Leon Lynch – USA Branislav Canak – Serbia Labor Solidarity – USA Andrew Kailembo – Kenya Veronica Kofie – Ghana Rapporteur: Cirila Quintero – Mexico Lovemore Matombo – Zimbabwe Neide Aparecida Fonseca – Brazil

Before unions can participate in democratic governance, ernment influence, political party dominance, and they themselves must have internal democracy. To be religious association. Unions should rely on inter- effective democracy advocates, unions require good con- national trade union solidarity and coalitions with stitutions, a system to elect officers, effective leadership NGOs for help when they are under siege, whether structures, and mechanisms to develop and adhere to from multinational conglomerates or dictatorial their own internal policies. governments. Because of their strategic economic and social pres- • Building equitable society. Labor and capital ence through collective bargaining and broad-based must work together to achieve decent labor laws membership, unions should play important roles in the that set standards for work, fight discrimination, stability of democratic governments. Where representative and demand inclusive governments. governments have been undermined or damaged, unions should be leading activists to restore democracy and • Sustaining democracy. Every individual is impor- institute democratic governance. Unions should be advo- tant and key to collective action. When individu- cates of ethnic pluralism, anti-discrimination reforms, and als are members of democratic unions, they get voter education. the support they need to continue their struggles. The workshop examined the democracy work of trade Unions have a responsibility to gather facts, for- unions in specific instances. Sustained emphasis was mulate policies, and be fair. Voter education helps placed on the importance of international labor solidarity unions demand adherence by their governments to basic international worker and human rights. and the need to participate in coalitions with like-minded Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building NGOS and activists to increase political leverage and • Clear message. Unions must convey clear mes- strengthen participation in public policy debates. sages about themselves—who they are and what Unions identified their roles in building democracy they stand for. For example, unions insist on inclu- in countries such as Liberia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Mexico, siveness of their membership (for example, the Brazil, and Serbia. Challenges to unions globally were inclusion of women). Union members must hold summarized along with recommendations for responding their unions accountable as representative organiza- to those challenges. tions. Workers and trade union leaders have obliga- tions as citizens and must exercise their political Recommendations: rights and mobilize their grassroots members to • Union survival. Democratically structured unions action when necessary. Unions must convey to their must use civic education to continue to emphasize governments that they expect government institu- the basics of democracy among their members. tions to be responsive to worker organizations as Unions must be independent, and free from gov- important constituents.

WWW.WMD.ORG 29 Democratic Governance

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Participatory Democracy

Organizer: Moderator: Presenters: Institute for Democracy in South Paul Graham – South Africa Robert Mattes – South Africa Africa (IDASA) – South Africa Rapporteur: Kondwani Chirambo – South Africa Marietjie Myburg – South Africa

Challenges: • Strong institutional capacity, vision, and coordination HIV and AIDS impact both the ability of citizens to partici- among government, civil society, and the business sec- pate in democratic processes and the ability of govern- tor are vital for addressing the challenges of HIV/AIDS. ments to fulfill their functions and responsibilities. The impacts can be seen in three areas of governance: Recommendations: • Economic growth is diminished with little reduction • There should be greater citizen dialogue, deliberation, of inequality. organization, and mobilization. • Political institutionalization processes of particular • The organization of civil society, especially to facilitate importance to young democracies are disrupted. the above recommendation, should be strengthened. • Popular commitment to and participation in demo- • Create public spaces and tools for raising issues cratic self government is reduced. around and for responding to HIV and AIDS (e.g., inte- Participants also raised the following concerns: grated development planning and AIDS councils). • Citizens do not participate effectively in existing par- • Ensure the replenishment of legislative and public ticipatory mechanisms like AIDS Councils. Citizens service capacities impacted by HIV/AIDS and plan for should be more involved in the design and implemen- ways to meet future obligations. tation of these mechanisms to ensure coordination and • Take political action to ensure a sufficient focus cooperation on all levels of government, but on local on funding and policy for mitigating the impacts of government level in particular. HIV/AIDS. • There is not enough public discussion of HIV/AIDS • Engage private companies to encourage them to policy reforms. Such discussion should focus on issues share organizational lessons and to participate in advo- beyond treatment, care, and support to include such cacy and leveraging of finances. issues as the best electoral system and the capacity of government and NGOs to deliver all services effectively and efficiently within the context of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Strategies of intervention on HIV/AIDS are still mostly • There is currently little empirical evidence to support focused on the health area. While that is, of course, nec- the link between HIV/AIDS and its negative impact on essary, it is also important to acknowledge the impact good governance. There are not enough resources of HIV/AIDS on the broader sphere of governance. available to enable researchers to collect reliable infor- Governments have the power to change the course of mation that could serve as evidence for policy reform the pandemic, and their citizens have the right and the and dialogue. responsibility to compel them to take up that challenge.

Century Strengthening Democracy through Decentralization and Local Empowerment st

Organizers: Moderator: Presenter: Institute for Social Sciences – India Rama Naidu – South Africa Sthembiso Madlala – South Africa Democracy Development Program Rapporteur: Local Government Consortium Janine Hicks – South Africa – South Africa

Underpinning the idea of government decentralization to decades, decentralization (to the local government level) the local level is the belief among its proponents that it in the developing world, which was pre-empted by the encourages more efficient government that is closer to dramatic political paradigm shifts of the early 1990s, still the people and more responsive to their needs. Although presents both scholars and practitioners in these coun- it has been common practice in the developed world for tries with a plethora of growing pains. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

30 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democratic Governance

This workshop provided an opportunity for a variety of Recommendations: stakeholders from around the world to exchange experi- • Increase the devolution of resource control to the ences and best practices. The discussion proved to be a local level. fruitful interaction among the participants from the devel- • Implement social audits of quality of service delivery, oping world, but also between this group and the partici- an appropriate legislative framework that governs the pants from the developed North. administration and allocation of resources at the local level. Citizen Participation • Establish local infrastructure to take up development Challenges: initiatives and strengthen the dissemination of infor- • Although the devolution of power and decision mak- mation on available resources. ing have opened the doors to more constructive citizen involvement in local government, many communities Devolution of Power and Resources are still at a loss to comprehend fully the opportunities that it presents for meaningful citizen participation. Observations: Reasons for this include limited access to information, Although decentralization has become official govern- illiteracy, a lack of knowledge in terms of citizen rights, ment policy in many developing countries, there are inexperience in mobilizing around particular issues, many gaps between the actual policy, the legislation and the responsibilities of traditional leaders. that governs it, and its implementation. Unfortunately, • Other challenges include power issues, such as these gaps are often the object of political leverage the big divide between authorities and citizens, the among the different spheres of government. Some obstruction of participation by city councillors, and the participants pointed to instances where opposition disproportionate influence of consultants in the devel- parties that govern in the local sphere have an uphill opment process. battle against the central government, which obstructs resource allocation. But this is not only the case where opposition parties control the local sphere; wherever Recommendations: local needs conflict with a national policy agenda • Civic empowerment programs should place emphasis the former have had to take a backseat to national on participation in local government processes. interests. This may be accomplished by structural • The capacity of communities in the drafting and provisions, such as a failure to decentralize financial negotiation of local budgets should be strengthened. power to the same extent as implementation power, or • Public information centers should be created in part- through more subtle means, such as accusing those nership with local politicians. who favor a local cause of being unpatriotic.

Recommendations: Poverty Alleviation and Service Delivery • Give broader decision-making powers to local com- Challenges: munities; this not only includes the identification of • It is often difficult to mobilize resources for local needs, but also the financial discretion to determine development, which often have to be transferred particular spending priorities to address context-spe- from the central government, leading to unnecessary cific needs.

bureaucracy that consequently obstructs delivery to • This requires clear demarcations of competencies Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building communities. among various spheres of government, which pro- • There is often a lack of transparency regarding the vides the necessary discretionary powers to local use of resources allocated for development, which lim- communities. its the community’s participation in terms of lobbying capacity, and also opens the door for ethnic patronage and personal advancement to the detriment of a com- munity as a whole.

WWW.WMD.ORG 31 Democratic Governance

Building a Global Network on Local Governance

Organizers: Moderator: Presenter: Institute for Social Sciences – India Ash Narain Roy – India George Mathew – India Democracy Development Program Rapporteur: Local Government Consortium Njabulo Maseko – South Africa – South Africa

One outcome of a topical workshop during the Assembly, disseminate information across a wide audience on “Strengthening Democracy through Decentralization • Provide an interface for institutions working on issues and Local Empowerment” (see page 30), was a call for of local governance to network and share information the creation of an effective network through which mod- els, approaches, and experiences can be shared. Initially, • Provide an informal forum to harness ideas and solic- a local governance network had been suggested at the it consensus on priority issues of local governance Second Assembly in 2000, but nothing concrete had yet • Promote a culture of good governance at the local level. been established. This functional workshop thus had the The above objectives will be achieved through: intention of establishing the network on local governance • The dissemination of values of participatory local through direct participation and guidance from partici- governance pants from countries around the world. As a result, the Institute of Social Sciences (ISS), • The provision of support for local governance advocacy based in New Delhi, India, in cooperation with other orga- • Documentation of success stories on local governance nizations, will assume responsibility for anchoring the • Strengthening local democracy Global Network on Local Governance and will provide the resources and labor needed to make it operational. The • Inclusion of civil society in decision making at the network is an ad-hoc body set up through the action of local level participants in the Third Assembly. • Ensuring fiscally viable local governance institutions. The Global Network on Local Governance will seek to: Membership in the Network will be open to the following: • Develop an understanding of local governance and • Elected representatives, with an emphasis on the inclusion of rural entities • Local government officials and administrators • Activists in the field of local government • Civil society institutions. The activities of the network will include: • A clearinghouse of information on local governance • Creation and management of a database of organiza- tions working in the local governance area • Development and hosting of a Web site • Publication of a newsletter to disseminate ideas on local governance

Century • Organization of study tours and exchanges of people st and ideas around the globe • Access to existing local government networks and the creation of synergy with them. The Network will function initially by means of elec- tronic communication facilitated by ISS. It is envisaged that the Network’s membership will expand and grow and regional and local initiatives are encouraged.

Participants share reading materials in the Democracy Fair. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

32 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Democratic Governance Economic Reform Economic Reform Democracy, Governance, and Markets: Ensuring the Inclusion of the Private Sector and Political Parties in Policy Making

Organizers: Moderator: Presenter: Center for International Private George Folsom – USA Charles Oman – USA Enterprise – USA Rapporteur: International Republican Institute – USA John Sullivan – USA

The workshop revolved around discussions of democracy munities, as well as by political parties, in the supply of as not simply meaning elections and free speech, but that good policies. Outcomes and recommendations from this at the heart of democracy and development is the need workshop included: for good governance. Without democratic governance, a • Long-term growth and improvement in human devel- deficit emerges between processes and outcomes. This is opment and productivity is important for sustaining illustrated by elected autocrats engaging in crony capital- democracy. ism, rigged privatizations, and seizures of property, while • Private-sector participation in decision making is cru- failing to educate citizens and improve development. To cial for developing citizen confidence in parties and in close this deficit, governments and political parties should democracy generally. institute inclusive decision-making processes to ensure the involvement of the private sector, civil society, labor • Privatization is essentially a political process and unions, and others. should be implemented democratically. Workshop participants reviewed the mechanisms for Participants also stressed the importance of focusing holding political parties and leaders accountable, such as on the democratic nature of daily decision making in a different models of elections and oversight of government country, and that addressing critical questions depends administration by capable legislatures. Participants also on citizens having a voice in decision making and the noted the essential role played on the demand side of the management of public funds. political equation by the business, labor, and NGO com-

The Role of Business Associations in Democratic Development

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Durban Chamber of Commerce John Sullivan – USA Can Paker – Turkey – South Africa Rapporteur: Jeya Wilson – South Africa Turkish Economic and Social Studies Sarah Olsten – USA Foundation – Turkey Center for International Private Enterprise – USA Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building The workshop discussion included participants from the following the American Revolution was the wealth of asso- NGO, business, and academic communities, providing for ciations established to represent citizens’ concerns to pol- dynamic discourse, varied points of view, and much net- icy makers. As advocates for the private sector, business working. More than 14 countries were represented. associations are agents for concerted political action, and thus act in the best interest of their members, industry, Observations: and nation. They not only play a pivotal role in promoting Because business associations are laboratories of democ- good governance and sound policy making, but also main- racy they are integral to the democratic process. Formed tain the private sector as the engine for a nation’s economy from a bottom-up process and attracting members of the and promote an open society and transparent government. business community, business associations represent the entrepreneurial class, which is largely composed of mem- Challenge: bers of the middle class, thereby making them essential • How can business associations promote democratic vehicles for popular participation in a democratic society. reform through advocacy of policies that promote anti- In fact, the famous democratic theorist, Alexis de corruption initiatives, freedom of economic information, Toqueville, remarked that one of the main reasons for the participatory decision making, and judicial reform? success of democracy in the United States immediately

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Recommendations: • Business associations should adopt standards of • Globalization has highlighted the need for sound insti- accountability, transparency, and other democratic stan- tutions and legal sectors. Put simply, without proper dards so they serve as a role model for their members. institutions, companies and entire economies risk being • Countries need to create an association pattern that left out of the global marketplace. The creation of inter- suits, and is tailored to, each unique circumstance. If a national standards are thus forcing companies to reeval- pattern is imported, an association may not be struc- uate the way they do business, and business associa- tured to meet the needs of its members. tions are key to the promotion of these standards. • Building associations that represent their members • Business associations should be broad-based in their and are broad-based create democratic development. membership. • Economic liberalization helps to create a foundation • On the question of whether an “umbrella,” under for democratic liberalization and development. In addi- which business associations can unify, is valuable, par- tion, it helps to generate anti-corruption campaigns. ticipants agreed that it must be tailored to each country.

Human Rights Assisting Democracy and Human Rights Activists in Closed Societies

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: NKNet – South Korea Orlando Gutierrez-Boronat – Cuba Young Howard – South Korea Directorio – Cuba Rapporteur: Tseten Norbu – Tibet Fredo Arias King – Mexico Marie Holzman – China Debbie Stothard – Malaysia

The two main areas of work for activists in closed societ- activists in closed societies. ies were identified as international and internal. These • The targeting of mainstream media to convey more were then taken up by the workshop participants in terms effectively the plight of persecuted persons and more of challenges to the ongoing struggles and recommenda- efficiently shame tyrannical regimes. tions of potential initiatives. • Influencing democratic governments so that they rec- International ognize the legitimacy of civic struggles in closed soci- eties and have the courage to implement policies that Challenges: fully support democratic efforts in those societies. • Democratic indicators or vague ideological definitions are hijacked by tyrannical regimes to present them- Internal selves as democracies. This, in turn, leads to: Challenges: • The imposition of the notion of state sovereignty • Regimes are becoming more sophisticated in their over the universal value of popular sovereignty. repressive methods, which result in greater effective- • Refugees from closed societies who enter into open ness in curtailing the use of advanced technologies in societies are often led into closed spaces. Dictatorships providing information for oppressed peoples. can sometimes intimidate democratic governments • The lack of information therefore continues to be the lead-

Century into isolating exiled dissidents in their countries.

st ing obstacle to democratic change in many closed societ- • Regional democratic governments implement poli- ies and results in oppressed societies not having a clear cies that de facto support dictatorial states. idea of when and how their human rights are violated. • Further support is needed from international organi- Recommendations: zations to overcome these obstacles and aid democ- International campaigns against tyrannical governments racy activists in building their national networks. have proven to be effective in aiding internal activists in their struggles. They can be further bolstered by: Recommendations: • A better organization of exile communities for the • Due to economic conditions, not even the most dictato- purpose of providing accurate information to the inter- rial regimes have the ability to control all of society. They national community. are ceding spaces that democracy activists can occupy. • The use of people-to-people advocacy and the center- • One such space lies in the increasing role of women ing of campaigns on specific political prisoners and within closed societies, but also activism concerning Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

34 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Human Rights

historical or environmental issues, so that people can • The World Movement for Democracy should strive be mobilized without appearing too threatening at first to provide greater technological training to activists in to the regime. closed societies to increase their effectiveness. • Internal activists must be quick to identify new types • Those in charge of human rights issues in different of resistance that may be developed by oppressed democratic governments should be invited to attend populations to empower them more quickly. the next Assembly. • Cultural campaigns may prove to be very effective in • International campaigns to separate political and both mobilizing youth and women and in identifying common prisoners should be initiated. new types and methods of resistance. • Significant crackdowns on pro-democracy activists by dictatorial governments, such as that conducted General Recommendations: by the Burmese government on August 8, 1988, the • Lobbying legislators to pressure government depart- Chinese government in Tiananmen Square on June 4, ments in democracies is often more effective than lob- 1989, the Cuban government on March 18, 2003, and bying government departments directly. others, should be commemorated.

Addressing the Threats to Democracy and Human Rights Activists in Authoritarian Countries

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Civil Society Against Corruption Tolekan Ismailova – Kyrgyzstan Somchai Homloar – Thailand – Kyrgyzstan Rapporteur: Yevgeniy Zhovtis – Kazakhstan SUARAM – Malaysia Cynthia Gabriel – Malaysia Vincuk Viacorka – Belarus

Observations: • Monitor money laundering activities and suspicious The participants identified the following common problems: transactions of governments. • Post-September 11, there have been new forms • Use contacts with journalists, networks, lawyers, and of repression through laws and policies, including other professional groups. increased jailing of political prisoners, new anti-terror legislation, curbs on freedom of expression, demon- • Develop new approaches to defend human rights, for strations by opposition and human rights groups. instance, ombudsman offices or human rights com- missions. • The independence of public institutions (i.e., the media, the judiciary, and the election process) has • Don’t marginalize non-English speaking participants eroded in the name of the war against terrorism. in formulating strategy. • There has been a loss of confidence in the UN sys- • Develop radio networks and channels outside the country. tem and existing mechanisms to promote and protect • Mobilize western civil society to pressure their gov- human rights. ernments. • Financial and business interests have allowed authori- • Locate organizations under one house, improve on Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building tarian governments to remain in power. information and resource sharing and networking. • Call on democratic leaders of the world to demand Recommended Strategies and Proposals: that leaders of authoritarian regimes comply with inter- • The World Movement for Democracy should play a national obligations before the international community more effective role in providing information, linking concerning the development of democracy, human issues and problems across regions, sharing resourc- rights protection, the rule of law, and periodic honest es, and building networks. and free elections. • The World Movement for Democracy should develop • Call on democratic leaders of the world and the World focus groups and lead the way in strengthening lobby Movement for Democracy to assist in the implementa- efforts at the UN Commission for Human Rights, the tion of programs to build civic bridges and human European Union, and other bodies. These institutions rights networks for human rights defenders in authori- are only as good as their members; therefore, much tarian countries and leaders of democratic change in effort should be devoted to lobbying work. developed countries. • Build on international solidarity efforts. • Call on democratic leaders of the world and the

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World Movement for Democracy to work, on a perma- cally violate the human rights of their citizens, nar- nent basis, with financial institutions and international row democratic development, and for their corrupt development banks to prosecute and bring to justice practices and abuses of power, even using economic the leaders of authoritarian countries who systemati- sanctions.

Challenges to Political Participation: Linking Human Rights and Democracy

Organizers: Moderators: Rapporteurs: Institute for Democracy in South Lyn Chiwandamira – South Africa Lyn Chiwandamira – South Africa Africa (IDASA) – South Africa Yuri Dzhibladze – Russia Zanethemba Mkalipi – South Africa Centre for the Development of Democracy and Human Rights – Russia

A diverse group of presenters with experience in public • Develop leadership training strategies for women and participation programs at a number of levels presented youth. their views on the challenges to political participation glob- • Lobby government and civil society to ensure equal ally, especially with regard to marginalized, excluded, and access to enhance the economic power of women vulnerable groups. Their presentations included practical and young people and to empower them to participate strategies to address these issues. Clearly stimulated by politically. the input of the presenters, the other participants respond- ed by sharing their own experiences, challenges, and Participation as a Basic Human Right strategies for addressing these issues in their countries. Three key areas of participation were addressed by the Challenge: presenters: Conflict and post-conflict contexts are often characterized • participation of women and youth; by displacement of people, xenophobic tendencies, and • participation as a basic human right; and religious discrimination to mention but a few such con- sequences. The denial of basic human rights, such as the • participation in the media and NGO sectors. right to citizenship, thus makes meaningful participation Participation of Women and Youth impossible. In addition, when elections take place in con- ditions of violence, they often lead to the under-participa- Challenge: tion of certain groups. Low participation of women and youth can be attributed to factors such as cultural and religious practices, patriar- Recommendations: chy, socialization into gender-specific roles, and ageism, • One presenter in the workshop pointed to the chang- as well as discriminatory laws or the ineffective imple- ing nature of human rights approaches around the mentation of laws promoting equality for all. world and the need to devise strategies that go beyond the legalistic approach. However, participants were Recommendations: cautioned that, unlike the legalistic approach, this • Advocate for affirmative action and quota systems to would not provide immediate remedies, but would Century

st address systemic discrimination against women and require ongoing engagement. youth. • One strategy recommended is to focus on one issue • Promote equality by reforming constitutional and at a time, which can be illustrated by the story of the electoral laws to include the needs of women and little girl who walked along the beach throwing starfish youth in keeping with existing International Human back into the sea. When a fisherman asked her what Rights Instruments (UNUDHR, CEDAW, CRC, etc.). she was doing, she said she was saving them. The hardened old man pointed out that she will never be • Establish NGOs and CBOs dedicated to the rights of able to save them all, and asked, “so why bother”? As women and youth. she threw the one in her hand back into the sea she said, “but I will be able to save this one.” Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

36 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity The Role of Nongovernmental Communities in Promoting Democracy Across Borders

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Centre for Policy Studies Tomas Pojar – Czech Republic Orlando Gutierrez – Cuba – South Africa Rapporteur: Slobodan Djinovic – Serbia People in Need Foundation David Lowe – USA Chris Landsberg – South Africa – Czech Republic Debbie Stothard – Malaysia Riad Malki – Palestine

This workshop, attended by over 100 participants from Challenges: around the world, focused on the various ways in which • Dictators are now working in concert to thwart demo- support for democratic movements can be extended cratic aspirations, giving them many advantages. across borders. Opening presenters reported on assis- • Dictators are exploiting national identity and cultural tance efforts to democrats in Burma, Cuba, Eastern solidarity (most notably in Latin America and Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, with support Africa) and bilateral relationships (in the cases of Burma/ provided to the latter three by Serbians, Palestinians, Thailand and the Koreas) to persuade other countries and South Africans, respectively. Although there were not to support democrats challenging their rule. clearly circumstances that were unique to each of these situations, there were many commonalities as well. • Many democrats are deterred in their work by their Clearly, there is a need to get essential resources to fear of post-dictatorial challenges of modernity. democrats seeking to open up their societies, such as books, reports in local languages, computers to help Recommendation: download information, cameras, tape recorders, and There was strong endorsement of the idea that interna- humanitarian assistance. tional support in addressing these challenges is critical, some participants going so far as to assert that without such support democratic advancement will be impossible.

Promoting Democracy Multilaterally: What Can Civil Society Do Through the UN, International Financial Institutions, and the Community of Democracies?

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Democracy Coalition Project – USA Ted Piccone – USA Percy Medina – Peru Transnational Radical Party – Italy Rapporteur: Matteo Mecacci – Italy Claudia Caldeirinha – Portugal Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building

This workshop focused on civil society efforts to encourage as a way to overcome democratic deficits within the orga- governments to pursue democracy development policies at the nization and to promote human rights and democracy in a national, regional, and global levels. Given the rapid advance of more effective way. globalization and the spread of democracy, participants recog- nized that global institutions must adapt to this new reality by Recommendations: accommodating the demands of civil society. However, there • Agree that membership in the UN Democracy Caucus is a wide gap between the power of global institutions and should consist of states formally invited to take part in the capacity of civil society to influence them. The workshop the Community of Democracies (CD). therefore examined civil society experiences with three global • Establish procedures through the UN Democracy institutions or processes: the UN, the International Monetary Caucus to govern its activities. Fund (IMF), and the Community of Democracies. • Meetings of the UN Democracy Caucus should be held at the global and regional levels as an inte- The UN Democracy Caucus gral part of the implementation of the Seoul Plan of The workshop included a presentation on the process for Action adopted by the Community of Democracies in establishing a permanent group of democracies at the UN

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December 2002. can they send a strong message to this institution? • Consider expanding the membership of the More cooperation and coordination of strategies within Community of Democracies Convening Group to civil society is thus necessary. ensure that it is broadly representative. • Without substantial debt relief, democratization can- • The CD Convening Group and the UN Democracy not take place. Caucus should meet on a regular basis with NGOs. The Community of Democracies (CD) The first meeting of the CD was held in Warsaw in June Questions and Debate: 2000 to launch a new partnership of democratic govern- • Which governments should participate in the UN ments with the aim of facilitating cooperation on democ- Democracy Caucus; what is the mechanism of deci- racy promotion both internally and outside their borders. sion; how can a country-specific case be taken up for The governmental process is monitored by a nongovern- consideration of the Caucus and what should it do? mental process that is attempting to influence the gov- • Debate about the limits of implementation of human ernmental agenda and to forward civil society’s input into rights treaties at the UN (“good laws, weak implemen- the decision-making process. The next CD meeting will tation”) and the limits of civil society participation in take place in Santiago, Chile, in May 2005, and the non- decision-making processes of the UN. governmental process is being developed by the Chilean Executive Secretariat, which organized a functional work- • The UN Democracy Caucus is still not complete; shop at the Third Assembly as well (see next page). states do not see the importance of incorporating One main question is: How can the CD respond to threats democracy promotion in their own policies. Civil soci- to democracy? In a presentation of Peru’s experience, one ety must have a strong role in putting together pro- mechanism of democracy promotion was described based posals and demanding what they want this Caucus to on Peru’s experience with the Inter-American Democratic become, by translating—in very concrete ways—the Charter. The four most important elements for the success principles of the Community of Democracies’ Warsaw of this process were: the importance of concreteness and Declaration into the UN system. simplicity, so that consensus can emerge; working with the • A question about the criteria for state participation media; working with political parties; and identifying diplo- in the CD and the UN Caucus led to discussion about mats who will put the process into motion. the need to implement criteria for participation as it was decided in Seoul—defining transparent rules and Recommendations: mechanisms and making the whole process more open • Among the several country cases discussed, and receptive to NGO input. Zimbabwe emerged as a good illustration of the need for greater pressure from external actors, both govern- • It is important that states understand their own self ments and civil society. It was thus raised as a particu- interests in the promotion of democracy, both inter- lar case that the CD should address. nally and in international fora. • It is important for NGOs to develop strategies at dif- ferent levels (national, regional, and global) and to The IMF invest in networking. It is crucial to create a national The workshop included an extensive presentation on the consensus as a basis for democratic development. problems of democratic deficits of the IMF, the lack of public debate on its criteria and procedures, and its lack • The CD countries should identify a “democracy offi- of transparency. Information about the Club of Madrid’s cer” in each of their countries; these people should initiative on this matter was also considered. then be closely in touch via email, etc. This process would also be important for increasing NGO leverage.

Century Questions and Debate:

st • Governments should develop effective mechanisms to • The discussion included presentations of several allow NGOs to play an active role, including in decisions country cases in which IMF policies have had a nega- about who should be invited to CD ministerial meetings. tive impact. In the view of some, “in Africa there is no • More concrete support (e.g., training, leadership case of success of IMF policies.” The problem of cor- programs, etc.) should be given to NGOs, especially in ruption and debt accumulation was also linked. regions lacking a tradition in democracy activism. • The IMF should address countries in their individual • Economic development assistance should be linked contexts, not with a policy of “one size fits all.” to progress in democracy development. Any external • The IMF should link its assistance to democracy and aid to non-democratic regimes should be channeled use its bargaining power to convince non-democratic through civil society actors. regimes to change. • The CD should become more transparent and open to • Civil society should have a role in this process. How civil society participation. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

38 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity

The Nongovernmental Process for the Community of Democracies, Santiago 2005: Promoting Regional Dialogues among Governments and Civil Society

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Democracy Coalition Project – USA Genaro Arriagada – Chile Andrea Sanhueza – Chile Executive Secretariat of the Rapporteur: Ted Piccone – USA Nongovernmental Process, Viviana Giacaman – Chile David French – United Kingdom Community of Democracies – Chile Sadikou Ayo Alao – Benin Riad Malki – Palestine Yuri Dzhibladze – Russia

The workshop began with a brief overview of the • The governmental process, especially the Convening Community of Democracies (CD), the challenges for Group, should be made more democratic and transparent. the nongovernmental process looking ahead to the CD’s • It is important to link this process with other interna- Santiago 2005 Ministerial meeting, and an invitation to tional efforts to democratize global governance, such those participating in the workshop to join the process. as the Democracy Caucus at the U.N, reform of the International Monetary Fund, and others. The Governmental Process of the Community of • Civil society organizations should make recommenda- Democracies tions regarding the governmental process itself. The first meeting of the Community of Democracies was held in Warsaw, Poland, in 2000 convened by a • The Commonwealth mechanisms were suggested as group of seven countries (now ten countries), known a potential model for the Community of Democracies. as the Convening Group: Chile, India, Poland, the Czech Republic, the United States of America, Mali, Mexico, The Nongovernmental Process Portugal, South Africa and South Korea. More than At the Warsaw meeting, a civil society counterpart held 100 states participated, mostly at the foreign minister a parallel meeting as the first effort to include nongov- level. The meeting resulted in adoption of the Warsaw ernmental actors. In Seoul, a separate nongovernmental Declaration, which sets forth a set of democratic prin- meeting was also organized that convened more than 250 ciples and a joint commitment to promote democracy at people from 75 countries. As a result, a civil society dec- home and abroad. The second governmental meeting was laration for the strengthening of democracy was issued. held in Seoul, South Korea, in 2002, at which govern- ments agreed on a Plan of Action. Challenges and Recommendations: At the workshop, it was noted both that the The Community of Democracies was recognized as a Community of Democracies is a very good initiative in window of opportunity for civil society organizations the present world context and that there is a need to “de- to address some of the main democracy issues in their Americanize” it, to strengthen the idea that it is truly a countries and at the regional and global levels. With this community of nations working on democracy worldwide. aim, an Executive Secretariat is now leading the nongov-

The necessity to gain more involvement of European gov- ernmental process for Santiago 2005. This Secretariat is Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building ernments in the process was thus noted. a temporary coordinator that is ready to pass its mission, In the process between Warsaw and Seoul, the along with a systematization of the process and lessons Convening Group created a new category called “observer learned, to the next country to chair the CD ministerial. countries.” Some states that had participated in the The current Secretariat seeks to address the following Warsaw ministerial were not invited as full members to the challenges: Seoul ministerial but, rather, as observers due to setbacks • There is a need to establish a nongovernmental coun- in their democratic processes. The workshop discussion terpart to the Community of Democracies composed of therefore raised the need to review the criteria that the diverse social and political actors and broadening the Convening Group is utilizing for inviting countries to the scope of actors involved. meeting in Santiago and other future ministerial meetings. • There is a need to provide continuity to the process from Seoul to Santiago and to subsequent meetings of Challenges and Recommendations: the Community of Democracies, making this a sustain- • The Community of Democracies is in its early stages, able process. and to be successful the Santiago 2005 meeting should produce some concrete achievements. • There is a need to disseminate information about the

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Community of Democracies to diverse sectors. and should thus coordinate their work. • Moreover, the workshop emphasized the main goal of • There is a need for better coordination among civil the Secretariat: to organize a process through which society organizations to avoid inadequate preparation the regions can discuss democratic deficits and make and duplication of efforts faced at the Warsaw and proposals and recommendations to the governments Seoul meetings. that will gather in Santiago. • The CD process should be improved (greater trans- parency, implementation of Seoul Plan of Action, more Other Challenges and Recommendations: involvement of civil society); reforms at the United • There is a need to maintain the government-oriented Nations and the International Monetary Fund should be strategy of the nongovernmental process; putting pres- explored. sure on governments was seen both as a necessity • Parliamentarians, as potential stakeholders in both and as an efficient manner in which to work, although the governmental and nongovernmental processes, it is necessary to ensure the independence of NGOs should be included. from governments. • Regarding funding, the European Parliament’s • CD efforts should not duplicate other movements, like approval of a budget guidance that encourages the the World Movement for Democracy; it was noted that European Commission to direct resources in support the two movements are distinct but complementary of the Community of Democracies process was noted.

Network of Democracy Assistance Foundations

Moderator: Rapporteur: Presenters: Carl Gershman – USA Laura Abrahams Schulz – USA Tomas Pojar – Czech Republic Ravi Nair – India Anabel Rodriguez – Cuba

A geographically diverse group of more than 40 partici- also inadequate collective information-sharing about pants representing both democracy assistance founda- the importance of project evaluation. tions and donor recipients addressed a wide range of • Grants that focus solely on the support of activities, issues and challenges relating to the relationship between rather than core support, do not foster NGO sustain- donors and implementers, and generated recommenda- ability. tions to help shape the ongoing work of the Network of Democracy Assistance Foundations. • It is difficult for NGOs to engage in long-run strategic and organizational planning when funding is limited to Challenges: one year. Based on the opening presentations by both donor and • An approach of giving large grants, particularly to implementing organizations, and comments from many organizations that lack sufficient absorptive capacity, other workshop participants, the following were identified encourages failure as well as corruption. as some of the key challenges: • Without field visits, thorough project evaluation is • There are a growing number of examples of foreign extremely difficult. governments skillfully blocking and/or restricting the

Century flow of grant funds to NGOs, including through legisla- st tion, thereby hindering the ability of NGOs to work. Recommendations: This situation is exacerbated by the fact that donors Participants generated recommendations that can are not adequately aware of the extent of this problem. be considered by the Network, including in its yearly meetings, and that can help shape its ongoing evolu- • The donor community lacks a collective strategy to tion. Among the recommendations were the following: support activists in isolated countries, or closed soci- eties (e.g., Laos, Cuba, and China), where financial • Donors (including those within the Network) should support may be impossible, but where collective politi- coordinate and share information about projects and cal solidarity can send a powerful message. Such sup- programs on a systematic basis; part of this should port should be a priority. include an honest assessment of what evaluation tools are the most effective. • Owing to a lack of coordination and communication, donor efforts are often duplicated; moreover, there is • Donors should think in terms of “partnership” with local groups rather than in terms of “assistance.” Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

40 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity

• The Democracy Assistance Network should address basis, and even exert political pressure on authori- topics on an issue basis (e.g., “activists in closed tarian regimes, the more difficult it will be for such societies”) rather than solely on a geographic basis. regimes to restrict the work of NGOs and democracy Such a focus could translate into mobilized, collec- activists in their countries. tive political support for activists in crisis and isolated • Donors should prioritize the awarding of small, flex- environments. ible grants rather than of large funds that are difficult to • The more donors act on a collective and informed spend due to limited capacity and bureaucratic reasons.

Luso-Forum for Democracy

Moderator: Rapporteur: Presenter: Roselma Évora – Cape Verde Elisabete Azevedo – Portugal Henrique S. Almeida – Portugal

This was a meeting of the Luso-Forum for Democracy • Determine how research and higher education institu- (LFD), which included participants from seven lusophone tions can contribute to the reinforcement of capabilities (Portuguese-speaking) countries (Portugal, Brazil, Cape and skills among active politicians and democracy Verde, Guinea Bissau, São Tome e Principe, Angola, and activists in lusophone countries. Mozambique). All the participants were pleased to note • Promote and share information databases about luso- that for the first time in a World Movement for Democracy phone countries, such as the Afrobarometer. assembly the lusophone countries had a significant num- ber of participants. • Promote conferences and publications related to The meeting began with a brief description of the democratization in lusophone countries. LFD idea, its history, and its future objectives. The LFD, • Establish partnerships with other networks related to based at the Institute for Political Studies at the Catholic democratization to which the LFD can contribute. University of Lisbon, Portugal, is a network of democracy To begin implementing these recommendations, the activists and groups interested in strengthening civil soci- participants agreed to contribute information, as well ety and promoting democracy in lusophone countries. as one article by each participant concerning his or her country, for posting on the LFD Web site. Recommendations: In sum, the meeting was generally characterized by Following the discussion, participants identified several a desire of the participants to help build, and participate needs and opportunities concerning democratization in in, the LFD and to see its partnership with the World lusophone countries and contributions of the LFD. The Movement for Democracy strengthened. following recommendations were made concerning the LFD’s work: Following the Assembly, the coordinators of the LFD • Establish the LFD Web site to serve as a means for established its Web site (http://www.ucp.pt/iep/lfd.html) to sharing and exchanging information and ideas among serve those working for democracy and strengthening civil those in lusophone countries working for democracy. society in all lusophone countries. The Web site includes, The Web site will be linked to those of the World among other items, an online forum in which participants

Movement for Democracy and the Institute for Political Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building can publish articles and commentaries about various Studies in Lisbon. subjects related to democracy in their countries; a list of • Reinforce channels of communication involving uni- participants in the LFD, including their contact informa- versities and institutes in lusophone countries through tion; news about lusophone countries; and a link to the various initiatives, such as exchange programs, the World Movement for Democracy. The Web site is currently distribution of publications and other materials, shar- in Portuguese, but will soon include an English version. ing “best practices,” and other educational initiatives.

WWW.WMD.ORG 41 International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity

Youth Movement for Democracy

Moderators: Rapporteur: Cristina de Miranda Costa –Brazil Ryota Jonen – Japan Clayton Lillienfeldt – South Africa

This workshop gathered more than 25 participants from the Youth Movement should be individuals or organiza- nearly 20 countries to discuss the importance of net- tions, and that it should include not only young activists working efforts among young democracy activists and to (students and young adults), but also those who work on develop an effective networking structure. The workshop and support youth activities. It was also proposed that the discussion began with a review of the youth workshop Youth Movement have a secretariat, as well as regional, at the São Paulo Assembly in November 2000, at which sub-regional, and national chapters. the Network of Young Democracy Activists emerged, and Participants also identified the main areas for the the relative lack of progress that had been made since Youth Movement’s activities, which will include capac- then, due, in part, to a lack of structure for the Network ity building, solidarity, information exchange, research and, part, to the need for greater efforts and commitment on “best practices” for youth activities, and advocacy. among its participants. Specific activities that participants proposed include the The participants in this workshop agreed on the development of a Web site to serve these purposes, a importance of networking and therefore re-committed summer camp at which training and a seminar on youth themselves to establish a successful youth network. As a political participation would be provided, and an essay result, the original network has been renamed the “Youth contest on youth activism. Movement for Democracy,” and it will serve as the “youth To discuss these matters further, a Working Group wing” of the World Movement for Democracy. The Youth was established with participants from Brazil, Burma, Movement will be a platform for young activists to address Cameroon, Japan, Russia, and Zimbabwe. The Working the important need to promote democratic values and to Group is now responsible for drafting the structure of the come together to share information, and will be an action- Youth Movement and the code of conduct for its members, oriented, solidarity movement. It will seek to provide determining the priorities among the Youth Movement’s a space through which young democracy activists can proposed activities, and fundraising for those activities. develop contact with others and collaborate on activities. The workshop participants focused their discussion A section of the World Movement Web site (www.wmd. on the Youth Movement’s structure and activities. On org) has since been created for the Youth Movement structure, it was suggested that a code of conduct for for Democracy, to include documents on its structure, members be drafted and that a Steering Committee be its code of conduct for members, the members of the established. Participants also agreed that members of Working Group, and other information.

International Movement of Parliamentarians for Democracy

Moderators: Rapporteur: Bi-khim Hsiao – Taiwan Tiffany Lynch – USA Dolma Gyari – Tibet Century st This was the second meeting of the International namely, to strengthen, re-invigorate, reform, and bolster Movement of Parliamentarians for Democracy (IMPD), democracy worldwide, and to defend democratically which was founded in February 2003. It was intended elected parliamentarians who are denied their seats or to formalize the IMPD by discussing the establishment who face harassment. of a structure and its prospective activities. The meeting The workshop began with a brief review of the suc- included both founding and new members. There was cess of the IMPD since its founding meeting. Participants broad agreement that even though international networks learned that its membership has increased to more than of parliamentarians already exist, prior to the launch 300 parliamentarians representing nearly 30 countries. of the IMPD a network dedicated solely to the cause of The parliamentarians also reviewed the actions the IMPD democracy was lacking. has undertaken during the past year, including the publi- The parliamentarians present in the workshop, repre- cation of statements and alerts issued by the Movement senting 14 countries, reinforced the purpose of the IMPD, condemning instances of violations of democratic rights. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

42 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 International Democracy Assistance and Solidarity Media and New Technologies

Participants in the workshop stressed the importance National Endowment for Democracy, which will remain of parliamentarians helping their fellow parliamentarians the Movement’s secretariat, to complete these tasks. in trouble, with particular reference to how Italian parlia- Regarding membership, the workshop participants agreed mentarians have helped the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile to create a committee with regional representation to pro- get recognized internationally despite Chinese pressure. mote the Movement and to recruit new members. To strengthen IMPD activities, participants suggested that This second meeting of the IMPD concluded with the IMPD unite with groups within parliaments as well as a discussion of activities in which members and the with international groups dedicated to specific causes. Movement itself can engage in to promote democracy Concerning the structure of the IMPD, members and protect parliamentarians worldwide. Members agreed present concluded that an interim executive committee to continue to write opinion editorials in support of the should be created to perform certain activities before cause of democracy and to distribute these editorials the third meeting of the Movement is convened in 2005. to their fellow IMPD members; to issue statements and These duties include crafting proposals for an official alerts and to distribute them to fellow members; to recruit structure, writing a charter or constitution, deciding on new members; and to issue a newsletter with information, membership criteria, and organizing the third meeting. including a list of upcoming events that parliamentarians The IMPD interim executive committee will work with the may be interested in attending to promote the IMPD.

Media and New Technologies Confronting the Challenges to Press Freedom: What Works?

Organizers: Moderator: Thai Journalists Association Robin Sewlal – South Africa – Thailand Presenter: Robin Sewlal, Department of Kavi Chongkittavorn – Thailand Journalism, Durban Institute of Technology – South Africa

Observations: problem where journalists often cover the events only of • Romania had 15 cases of violent attacks on journal- their own countries despite many regional problems, such ists during 2003. as human and drug trafficking and terrorism. • Seventy-five Cuban human rights activists and jour- The workshop thus identified three main challenges: nalists were jailed for publishing negative stories about • Proliferation of a culture of secrecy Cuba that were not classified, but stories about every- • Concentration of media ownership day life. • Disconnected regional media. • Ugandan journalists have to work under the threat of being sentenced to death if they write about rebel Recommendations: activities and are called collaborators if they do so. • Any attack on a journalist should be criticized, and

• In China there is a state-owned agency of about fellowships for regional journalists should be promoted Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building 32.000 employees who only surf the Internet in order to encourage them to report on other countries. to block sites with negative references to China. Some • Because Asia is the only region that does not have an software companies look at China as a big market and independent regional media organization, one should therefore tend to help the government hide information be established from the public. • It is important for journalists to follow professional standards. Challenges: In general, media owners with political connections • There should be open discussions within journalist often block the free flow of information and create media associations and media outlets, based on independent monopolies. To solve these problems, the legislature monitoring as a professional development tool. can prevent cross-media ownership, promote alternative • Training in journalism should be life-long and avail- media, and allocate air times for education and commu- able to all journalists. nity services. Disconnected regional media is also often a

WWW.WMD.ORG 43 Media and New Technologies Political Parties and Finance

Using Traditional, Alternative, and New Technology Media to Promote Democracy

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Malaysiakini – Malaysia Herbert Boh – Cameroon Ogi Zlatev – Bulgaria Herbert Boh – Cameroon Rapporteur: Terrence Sesay – Liberia Premesh Chandran – Malaysia Kihong Han – South Korea

Challenges: To encourage this, an analysis should be produced • Because of low levels of Internet penetration and lit- comparing funding for defense and funding for media eracy in Africa, radio continues to be the main medium assistance. In addition, a program for developing in local languages and is thus an important source of advertising revenue for independent media, particularly news about democratic development. In some coun- from big companies that do social image advertising, tries, however, there are basic problems, such as the for instance on the environment or human rights. lack of electricity, or conflict or post-conflict situations, • Provide assistance to exile communities to develop or the theft of radio equipment. media for their home countries. • There is some inability to manage and maintain computers. • While there is the possibility of combining Internet and Recommendations for Advocacy: radio—for example, in Indonesia the Internet is used • Call on international institutions to support indepen- to transmit syndicated radio programming and in Nepal dent and pro-democracy media initiatives by providing radio broadcasters read news and information obtained assistance and encouraging governments to open through the Internet—and while the cost of satellite media space. uplinking is coming down, this is still too expensive to • Call on technology companies to halt the develop- use for community-based pro-democracy media. ment of censorship technology and alert them to the fact that this technology is hindering the development Recommendations: of technologies that benefit independent media. • A center should be established for the development of • Intervene at the World Summit on Information open-source applications that can be used by democ- Society (WSIS) to lobby against countries that try to racy groups, including the development of anti-censor- introduce checks on the Internet. ship technologies. • Call on international radio stations, such as the British • Provide training for working in closed societies, Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), to support democracy including, for example, training in the use of encryp- in developing countries by increasing their focus of tion technology. news programming on specific target countries. • Support initiatives to compile and distribute materials • Support calls for the reform of media law to allow for on democracy and democratic struggles and enhance pluralistic and independent media. the work of the Communication Initiative. • Call on content providers to increase content in mul- • Funding should be provided for media initiatives, not tiple languages. only by donor organizations, but also by governments. Century st Using New Technologies in NGO Networking

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Kabissa – USA Kim Lowery – USA Kim Lowery – USA Women’s Learning Partnership Rakhee Goyal – USA Rakhee Goyal – USA for Rights, Development and Peace Rapporteurs: Premesh Chandran – Malaysia – USA Kim Lowery – USA Ricardo Uceda – Peru Rakhee Goyal – USA

This workshop explored the challenges that organizations ing relationships in particular. The discussion focused face both in the general use of information and commu- on leveraging the collective experiences of the group to nication technologies (ICTs) and in networking and build- develop a general framework for how to make the most of Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

44 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Political Parties and Finance

ICTs, as well as to identify practical solutions to specific Recommendation: Most participants agreed that a challenges participants face. combination of these tools is effective. While e-mail is more accessible and user-friendly for many people, the General Recommendations: Web offers the ability to store resources that can be • ICTs are a tool. easily accessed by a larger population. • During every discussion of ICTs, one should remem- Challenge: What tools are available to measure the ber that these technologies are the means to achieve real impact of ICT initiatives? a larger goal, not an end in and of themselves. Recommendation: While participants agreed that it is • Know your goals. often difficult to measure the real impact of long-term • What are you trying to change? ICT advocacy programs, some tools are available, both • Who are you trying to reach? online and offline, which can help NGOs ensure that • What message are you trying to convey? their ICT initiatives are accomplishing their objectives. • Be strategic. Participants suggested the use of surveys, polls, focus groups, and Web tracking and analysis systems to • Use a combination of ICT tools to reach different help measure the reach and impact of ICT initiatives. audiences most effectively (for example, through Web sites and print and electronic newsletters as Challenge: Lack of affordable ICT expertise. distinct from online discussions or radio, etc.). • Identify expertise and existing solutions to prob- Recommendation: Many options are available, includ- lems instead of duplicating efforts of others. ing donated consultancy services, eRider programs available in many regions, and student internships. In addition, participants emphasized the use of Open Challenges and Recommendations: Source technologies (software and standards) as a way Challenge: How to do online fundraising? to take advantage of work that has already been done. Recommendations: There are several solutions avail- able, but many are US-specific, such as Paypal and Next steps: Network for Good. Other systems, such as Kagi, offer The participants acknowledged that the above list of chal- credit card processing that works with local struc- lenges and recommendations is by no means exhaustive tures. However, there still seem to be difficulties in and that the discussion and exchange of experiences among implementing online fundraising in many developing the participants should continue. The group met again dur- countries. SANGONeT in South Africa is looking into ing the Third Assembly to discuss the further development different payment systems for Southern Africa, and of the World Movement’s Democracy ICT Group, launched Malaysiakini in Malaysia is working to open up many at the Second Assembly in 2000, to continue exchanging of the US-based systems to other countries. In any ideas of benefit to regional and other functional networks case, each organization must judge whether online within the World Movement for Democracy. fundraising really fits the nature of the organization Workshop participants agreed to gather and share and its appeal to potential individual donors. resources of use to democracy activists and networks upon their return home, and this material will be made Challenge: Using Web sites or e-mail mailing lists? available on the Democracy ICT Group Web site.

Political Parties and Finance Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Making Effective Transitions to Democratic Representative Parties

Organizers: Moderator: Presenter: Centre for Policy Studies – South Africa Chris Landsberg – South Africa Raymond Suttner – South Africa Carlos Mena, United Nations Rapporteur: Development Programme – Chile Graeme de Bruyn – South Africa

The workshop was organized within the context of the view of political party systems that operate in industrialized, numerous challenges related to liberation movements as post-industrialized, and information technology societies, governors that are posed and experienced in many coun- and concluded that all political parties should have a proj- tries, but particularly in the Southern African Development ect or national program that informs their existence. The Community (SADC) region. The workshop took an over- SADC region is particularly relevant because many libera-

WWW.WMD.ORG 45 Political Parties and Finance

tion movements have created the conditions for transitions of what they are called, liberation movements and to democracy and new means of democratic consolidation. political parties face three main challenges: legitimacy, integration, and the institutionalization of democracy. Challenges: The means for meeting such challenges apply equally to • What strategies help liberation movements turned political parties and liberation movements. political parties to adopt democratic and pluralist gov- • The workshop also confronted the fact there should ernance models and intra-party organization? not be confusion between a political party’s dominance • How can ideological anomalies within parties and and a general understanding of democracy, which must their leaderships be addressed? be seen clearly within the context of a given country. • The workshop participants were also challenged to Observations: distinguish between empirical evidence and dogmas • The workshop addressed problems that liberation that have taken root in some democracies, such as, movements face in transitioning to conventionally- among others, that to be legitimate liberation move- defined political parties, which are perceived as the ments must make the transition to political parties and true purveyors of democracy. Participants discussed that rules and criteria for democratic consolidation how to unlock and interpret the shifts from liberation must be standardized. movements in opposition to those in government. There was a strong sense that within societies with Recommendations: liberation movements much of the dominant premise • The donor community, civil society, and research of governance can be externally engineered. institutions should continue their support for liberation • Every political party, whether a liberation movement or movements regardless of whether they are in power. not, goes through the following three stages: factional- • Political parties should be secularized. ism, polarization, and institutionalization. In their early stages, political parties are factions with no significant • Opposition parties should have clear programs, not representation of social forces; it is only when they just a capacity to irritate the official party in government. develop clear programs and policies that they are able to • The capacity and institutions of a liberation movement integrate and represent such broader forces. Regardless should be developed to counterbalance government.

How to Strengthen Internal Party Democracy

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa Claude Kabemba – South Africa Khabele Matlosa – Lesotho – South Africa Etweda Cooper – Liberia Alvaro Pinto Scholtbach Netherlands Institute for Multi-Party Rapporteur: – The Netherlands Democracy – The Netherlands Ivaneta Dobichina – Bulgaria Kayode Fayemi – Ghana

There was a general consensus at the workshop that the tions, and in many cases external monitoring systems strengthening of internal party democracy is a crucial pre- concerning women’s involvement in parties and candi- requisite for democratic development in various countries. date selection mechanisms is not enforceable. • The historical background to the creation of political Challenges: Century

st parties often influence the way they work, and in many • In many of the countries that were discussed at the cases the process of renewing parties in post-totalitar- workshop the democratic process is evolving at the ian countries is constrained by this historical burden. national level, but internal party democratic practices are still lacking. • Primary elections are good for establishing the democratic credentials of a party and often allow for • In many African, Latin American, and East European accountability and inclusiveness; however, they can countries there has been a shift from leader-driven also create tensions and conflict within the party struc- politics to political parties-based politics, while in tures themselves. Western Europe the tendency has been in the opposite direction. • Political parties increasingly suffer from a crisis of representation, often losing links with the public. • Many African, Latin American, and Eastern European political parties discriminate against women in elec- Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

46 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Political Parties and Finance

Recommendations: tribute to strengthening the representation of people in • There should be a checks-and-balances system those categories in decision-making processes. within the leadership of a party. • Legislated quotas and sanctions are not recom- • Parties should learn to manage frictions by creating a mended, but in some cases could be the solution for healthy environment for internal debates and creating strengthening internal party democracy and enhancing mechanisms for solving internal conflicts. representation. • Participation in primary elections should be limited to • Parties should improve their internal means of com- party members. munication and members should take part in decision- • The creation of groups within parties representing making and policy-making processes; when possible, different categories (women, youth, etc.) does not con- the Internet should be used as an important tool for achieving this.

Political Parties and Money: Lessons Learned in Compliance

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: National Democratic Institute for Alvaro Pinto Scholtbach Bi-Khim Hsiao – Taiwan International Affairs – USA – The Netherlands Nii Noi Dowouna – Ghana Netherlands Institute for Multi-Party Rapporteur: Maurits Hassankhan – Suriname Democracy – The Netherlands Victoria Canavor – USA Buranaj Smutharaks – Thailand

Challenges: independent bodies that monitor and enforce legal This workshop examined a grave threat to economic regulations. growth, democracy, and stability: political corruption. • Introduce limited public funding, forcing greater With case study presentations by political party lead- financial transparency and accountability, and leveling ers from Ghana, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, and the the playing field. Netherlands, the workshop fostered thinking about the links between finance, political parties, and corruption. • Create deterrence through more stringent penalties Diverse participants shared lessons learned from regu- for engaging in corrupt practices. lating money in politics and explored the primary chal- • Ensure an independent media free of political lenges for parties in complying with these regulations. interference. Representatives of party institutes and foundations, donor • Ban parties from engaging in commercial activities. organizations, government institutions, and academia actively took part in the discussion. Internal Party Operations Participants agreed that, given their critical role in a • Develop more transparent decision-making processes healthy political system, political parties must be included within parties—particularly with respect to leadership in the growing coalition of actors actively engaged in and candidate selection—to prevent undue influence measures to combat corruption. Participants noted that by vested interests or wealthy benefactors. there is no one package of reforms to apply in every situ- • Require party members to pay fees, thereby broaden- Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building ation; real differences exist among countries in terms of ing party ownership and diminishing the undue influ- their electoral frameworks, political landscapes, social ence of party leadership. environments, and stages of democratic development. • Adopt a common approach to the challenges of politi- Recommendations: cal patronage and vote buying within the system by There was consensus that in tackling the problems of agreeing and adhering to a code of conduct. corruption, it is necessary to focus on both the external • Political parties should become more engaged in political environment and the internal operations of politi- efforts by civil society organizations to tackle issues of cal parties. corruption; conversely, civil society actors should be External Political Environment more open to working with political parties. • Make existing and proposed regulations as clear and • Political parties should work jointly with civil society practical as possible. to raise public awareness of corruption and the role • Give adequate resources and sufficient authority to that various actors play.

WWW.WMD.ORG 47 Research

Political Finance Reporting and Monitoring

Organizer: Moderator: Presenters: International Foundation for Election Michael Pinto-Duschinsky – UK Gene Ward – USA Systems – USA Rapporteur: John Makumbe – Zimbabwe Menachem Hofnung – Israel Marcin Walecki – Poland

Four main topics were discussed in the workshop, as follows: closure there is no effective way to control the flow of • The legal framework of political funding money. However, participants from developing countries • Monitoring political money raised doubts as to the applicability of disclosure require- ments; strict disclosure may intimidate people from • Direct and indirect funding of political activity contributing to opposition parties and thus prove to be • Role of civil society organizations in monitoring cam- counterproductive. paigns and ongoing political finance. While all agreed on the importance of disclosure, it was clear to the participants that there are practical prob- Observations: lems in enforcing disclosure in developed countries. Political Funding During their discussion of Money in Politics Handbook, Civil Society and Funding developed by USAID, the participants agreed that money In his presentation at the workshop, John Makumbe of plays a positive role in politics, because it is needed to Zimbabwe addressed the ways in which civil society orga- facilitate recognition of candidates and parties and ulti- nizations can be effective in monitoring elections. NGOs mately to convince people to cast their votes in support of lack a toolkit for what they should look for in trying to a candidate or party. But they also agreed that money can monitor elections, and they also lack knowledge of what to play a negative role; the one who has more money wins look for while monitoring campaigns in foreign countries. most of the time. However, NGOs can build professional alliances with other There was also a presentation on ways to control the organizations in monitoring campaigns and thus share with money flow in politics. Maintaining a database of politi- others the lessons learned from experience and practice. cal finance, such as a database used by the International Participants expressed the need for a toolkit for moni- Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), can be of great toring, as well as the need to train civil society organiza- help in tracing sources of money in many countries. tions to be active in monitoring political funding.

Disclosure Monitoring Differences between developed and non-developed coun- While discussing the various existing methods of moni- tries emerged on this issue. Participants from developed toring, several participants raised specific concerns within countries emphasized the importance of disclosure rules their respective countries. It was therefore agreed that and regulations; it has been argued that without dis- a network of activists who work in the area of political finance should be formed.

Research

Century How Can Civil Society Actors Use Public Opinion Research to Improve st and Strengthen Democracy?

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Network of Democracy Research Robert Mattes – South Africa E. Gyimah-Boadi – Ghana Institutes Larry Diamond – USA Marta Lagos – Chile Institute for Democracy in South Rapporteur: Thawilwadee Bureekul – Thailand Africa (IDASA) – South Africa Nakatiwa Mulikita – South Africa Olga Gyárfášová – Slovakia

Observations: tion, when public opinion polls are conducted across sev- Public opinion polling is a very useful diagnostic tool in eral countries the result is some degree of comparability assessing what citizens think about democracy. In addi- on the issues being measured. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

48 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Research

The workshop presenters provided several key consid- • Political parties sometimes dislike opinion polls that erations concerning public opinion polling: they do not control. • It helps to know the geographical, ethnic, and class concentrations of the society in which the polling is Recommendations: being done. • The media should be helped in developing editorial • Polling provides a voice to people. content to increase reporting about democracy. • Polling reveals the kind of difficulties that exist about • Researchers who are also activists should use survey democracy. data to identify gaps in democratization for the sake of more effective activism. • Polling helps in understanding people’s prejudices and in mobilizing people to participate in democracy. • Surveys should be standardized to enable the com- parison of survey results and to enhance their credibil- • Polling helps to open up a society. ity and trust in their results. • Polling has an impact on the society at large; in and • Use assessments from experts and the public to gain through the media and political actors it helps people and enhance credibility and trust in survey results. to know about themselves. • Work with all public opinion groups (stakeholders) Key Issues: in conceptualizing a survey. Civil society, for example, • Surveys are a form of democratic expression of should provide input into the design of a questionnaire. popular sentiments because sometimes the political • Provide training for journalists, women’s groups, systems themselves may not be democratic. human rights groups, etc., on how to understand • Funding institutions may impact on how survey public opinion surveys so they can interpret, use, and results are received, particularly by the government. disseminate the results and correct errors in survey reports. • The ways in which people link public opinion surveys with their work have an impact on public attitudes to surveys. • Survey and research concepts should be translated into local languages in order to be “localized.” • Survey results can contribute to shaping public attitudes. • Find ways to help politicians relate to opinion surveys. • Polls can be misused to legitimize undemocratic values.

Network of Democracy Research Institutes

Part One: The State of the Network Part Two: The Quality of Democracy Presenters: Moderator: Moderator: Robert Mattes – South Africa Marc F. Plattner – USA Larry Diamond – USA Uri Dromi – Israel Thawilwadee Bureekul – Thailand Rapporteur: Rapporteur: Olga Gyárfášová – Slovakia Anja Håvedal – Sweden Anja Håvedal – Sweden Presenter: Thomas W. Skladony – USA Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Part One: The State of the Network on democracy, and conducts various events and pro- The workshop began with an overview of the Network of grams, such as roundtable discussions on the role of Democracy Research Institutes (NDRI), which is a func- think tanks in new democracies and training workshops tional network of the World Movement for Democracy for senior managers and administrators of member insti- that is administered by the International Forum for tutes. It was noted that while the NDRI is well represented International Studies at the National Endowment for in most parts of the world—especially in Eastern and Democracy. The NDRI has grown from 29 member insti- Central Europe—it only has three members in all of Latin tutions in February 2003 to 48 in February 2004. This America. Additional recruitment thus needs to be done in growth has led, in turn, to expansion of the content of this region. Democracy Research News, the Network’s electronic In the discussion that followed, NDRI members newsletter, which will increase from a quarterly to a bi- reported on new activities and asked for feedback on monthly publication in 2004. In addition to the newslet- their research. One participant said that language barriers ter, the NDRI also circulates a weekly e-mail message, might be a reason why there were only three NDRI mem- entitled “Worth Reading” that provides information about bers from Latin America. a recommended book, article, or other piece of research

WWW.WMD.ORG 49 Transparency and Accountability Transparency and Accountability

Recommendations: countries by gathering empirical data and conducting Among the recommendations participants made for public opinion surveys. Among the issues common to strengthening the Network were: most countries that do such research are questions about • Circulating “Worth Reading” items in additional lan- popular control over government actors, the level of social guages and economic inequality, governmental stability, corrup- • Translating important works on democracy into major tion, and the rule of law. Ol’ga Gyárfášová of the Institute world languages for Public Affairs described the Global Report on the State of Society published by her organization, which includes • Translating selected NDRI publications from native some empirical data but consists primarily of descriptive, languages into English narrative essays on various aspects of social and politi- • Developing more regional collaborative projects cal life. These essays, in her view, also provide important • Developing an Africa-wide democracy studies center insights into the quality of democracy in Slovakia. with a library, seminar series, and fellowship opportu- During the discussion, some workshop participants nities. argued that qualitative country reports provide a rich con- text that purely quantitative studies do not. Others were Part Two: The Quality of Democracy skeptical that complex questions of the quality of democ- racy could be captured by an index or set of indicators. Observations and Challenges: Nonetheless, others supported the development of such In the years following recent democratic transitions, indexes and asked for advice on how to do so in their scholars typically have begun developing and test- countries. Several participants asked about the practical ing quantitative indicators of the quality of democracy, difficulties of developing sets of questions that could be including some that may be used in cross-national used worldwide, so that valid international comparisons research. Three NDRI institutes undertake such work. The could be made, and one participant recommended the cre- Institute for Democracy in South Africa (Idasa), the Israel ation of a standard measure that could locate every coun- Democracy Institute, and King Prajadhipok’s Institute try in the world on a continuum of democratic quality. (Thailand) conduct democracy audits in their respective

Transparency and Accountability Ensuring Vital and Open Legislatures: The Nongovernmental Role

Organizers: Moderators: Presenters: Center for Democratic Performance, Edward McMahon – USA Slobodan Homen – Serbia University of Binghamton – USA Elizabeth Spiro Clark – USA Olisa Agbakoba – Nigeria Congreso Visible – Colombia Rapporteur: Somchai Homloar – Thailand Elizabeth Spiro Clark – USA

For democracy to flourish there must be effective com- but as long as these are kept to acceptable levels they are munication among different groups, actors, and sectors a healthy sign that democracy, and its system of checks within a society. This is facilitated by dialogue and com- and balances, is functioning. promise, which can create a secure public space in which This workshop, which examined how this process voices seeking mutual understanding and engagement of dialogue and compromise can be further promoted,

Century are heard and in which different constituencies can be focused on two main sub-themes: civil society’s role in st mobilized. One of the most important sets of such healthy advocacy, informing and shaping debate and serving as relations is that between a legislature and civil society, agents of change, and civil society’s role in oversight. because it can help educate lawmakers on the choices they face as they consider legislation and undertake activities to Advocacy oversee the executive branch. Information is essential in a democracy, and a complaint often raised is that the legisla- Observations and Challenges: tive branch is too dependent upon the executive. • Regarding advocacy, civil society can proactively Tension built in to the legislative-civil society relation- present information to the legislature without having to ship, and there will not always be total congruence of be asked. This can include petitions, requests for regu- viewpoints and perspectives. Trust may sometimes be lar meetings, preparation of documentary information in short supply, and unanimity of perspectives may not for submission to parliament, and the development necessarily exist within either a legislature or civil society, of effective advocacy, including popular education Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

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campaigns on issues and use of the media. Civil soci- history of relations between the government and civil ety should also be prepared to follow up and remain society more generally. In South Africa, for example, focused on the issues raised. civil society and the African National Congress (ANC) • The legislature should know that there is an active participated together in the struggle against apartheid. civil society seeking to provide information and input. Once in power, however, both civil society and the This may not necessarily be instinctual on the part of ANC had to recognize that their relationship had subtly parliamentarians. Attitudes may not change in a short changed because civil society by definition is indepen- period of time, but sustained engagement and activity dent of government. by civil society organizations can help to open chan- • NGOs can also monitor voting records and rate parties nels of communication. How civil society undertakes or individuals on their participation in legislative activi- this is very important. To what extent, for example, can ties, including votes, or on the policy positions they NGOs join forces to present their views on issues of take. They can also focus on the relationship between common interest? Should they present their views to financial contributions and positions taken by deputies. the legislature as a whole or should they try to identify • By exercising an oversight role civil society is dem- members of parliament with whom they can work and onstrating that it is not subservient to the legislature. who would be most likely to support their views? However, this need not take place in an adversarial • Legislators do not always have sufficient informa- context or such a context can at least be minimized. tion about issues and proposed solutions. NGOs can • There is a complexity and potential conflicts of inter- provide analysis and serve as “bridges” between policy est when NGOs that pursue specific policy and advo- making and knowledge. cacy agendas also serve as neutral evaluators of the • It is important for NGOs to know and understand legislature’s functioning. One way in which this poten- legislative rules and how to draft proposals for better tial problem can be addressed is through the estab- solutions. It is also important to understand legislators’ lishment of non-partisan organizations whose sole or perspectives and the forces that shape their positions. main function is to promote democratic governance • To play this role, however, NGOs must develop and well-functioning institutions. “carrot-and-stick” incentives, since legislators may • One theme often pursued by NGOs is governmental instinctively not want to give NGOs this space or may transparency, including freedom of information leg- feel that they are too busy to engage in this necessary islation, and NGOs can advocate for “sunshine” laws dialogue. One common method of gaining legislative requiring transparency in legislative functioning. attention is to mobilize constituents; in other contexts, • Civil society coalitions are important because they however, legislators respond more to their party and can help legitimate legislative actions, dispel suspi- the executive branch and NGO advocacy strategies cions of legislators’ motives, and create credibility should take this into account. in the legislative branch. NGOs have the capacity to • The particular theme or themes on which NGOs produce change with tools that legislators do not should focus depends on the particular context. In an have; they can serve as effective mediators by creating authoritarian country, they can focus on the institutions ground for common understanding; and NGO coali- needed for a transition. For instance, in the development tions can develop information and briefing materials of an electoral law, civil society must watch over the for Parliament. Much input can also come from univer- process or legislators may follow their own self-interest sities, and networks can be formed with civil society

and elections will consequently be compromised. groups in other countries. Ad hoc coalitions are often Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building • At what stage of the process is advocacy most help- most useful because creating permanent coalitions ful, and how can NGOs protect their reputation for may prove to be difficult and even counterproductive. non-partisanship? • NGOs can help publicize laws that have been passed and encourage legislatures to function as openly and transparently as possible. They should be proactive Oversight and positive in their relations with the legislature, but Observations and Challenges: they should also demonstrate that they are prepared to • Just as legislative oversight of the executive is a cen- be a critical and independent voice. tral function in democracies, so too is civil society’s • Whether to work with all parties in the legislature or oversight of the legislative branch. This role includes only those parties that meet “democratic” criteria is assessing its performance and providing recommenda- also an important question. tions on improvement. • NGOs should find ways to interact effectively with • The ability of civil society to exercising an indepen- political parties, not to supplant them. Depending on dent and analytic oversight function is related to the the political context, however, it may be appropriate for

WWW.WMD.ORG 51 Transparency and Accountability

NGO leaders to seek political office. dence in the legislature; • It should also be noted that the constitutional func- • Perform informal legislative research and budget tion of legislatures is to legislate; therefore, not every advisory functions; interest that is brought to the legislature can or will be • Develop positive relationships with key legislators; accommodated. • Emphasize the non-partisan nature of their activities, the transparency and good governance in their own Specific Recommendations: functioning, the long-term capacity-building nature of NGOs should: their work, their use of international networks, and their • Prepare strategies for dealing with legislatures for ability to provide credible information to the public; different possible political contexts; • Consider establishing non-partisan organizations • Use advocacy means including committees and pub- whose sole or main purpose is to promote democratic lic hearings, comments on draft legislation, meetings governance and well-functioning democratic institutions; and informal contact, public access to the legislature, the media, site visits outside the capital, and constitu- • Consider ways to make working with them in the ency relations; legislators’ own interest, such as creating popular demand through information sessions in different • Create legislative directories so people have information regions of the country; about who their legislators are and how to contact them; • Promote civic education so people are aware of how • Propose public ethics laws to heighten popular confi- NGOs can carry their voice to legislators.

How Can the Legitimacy and Accountability of NGOs be Ensured without Increasing their Vulnerability?

Organizer: Moderator: Presenter: Africa Democracy Forum Ayesha Imam – Nigeria Monette Zard – UK Rapporteur: Monette Zard – UK

The last few years have seen two trends proceed hand that transparency is often limited by the contexts with- in hand: an unprecedented expansion in the number in which NGOs are working. Participants reflected on and influence of NGOs around the world and increasing the particular challenges they encounter in their own challenges to their legitimacy and accountability. These national contexts: challenges come from governments, from sections of the • the difficulty of preserving independence in the media, intergovernmental organizations, other NGOs, and context of a civil war situation and during a period sections of civil society. of political transition; Challenges: • problems of flawed national registration require- • Participants agreed that accountability should not be ments for NGOs; viewed in a narrow sense, but should be interpreted • proliferating numbers of NGOs, many of which are to include all of those with a legitimate interest in the shells formed in response to either donor interest Century st work of the NGO concerned. Moreover, the responsi- or are NGOs created by government or business bilities of accountability cannot be discharged purely interests; and through a reporting framework, but should also • the need to define just what constitutes an NGO. encompass concrete mechanisms by which NGO deci- sion makers can be held responsible for shortcomings. • Lack of legitimacy is a charge often leveled at NGOs, particularly where their work touches on sensitive • It is important to address accountability as a means issues of religion or culture; how can NGOs counter to preserve the trust invested in NGOs. Participants such charges? also reflected on the need to reconcile the strengths of the NGO system (namely, the ability to innovate • How can NGOs consult, and take into account, the and respond flexibly and rapidly) with accountability wishes of victims, clients, and beneficiaries, and who mechanisms that tend to slow down their work. At has the right to represent their points of view? This the very least, it was noted, NGOs should endeavor to dynamic exists between northern and southern NGOs, operate as transparently as possible, bearing in mind at times leading to tensions. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

52 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Transparency and Accountability Transparency and Accountability

Recommendations: codes of conduct, drawing upon the experiences of • The media is a potential supporter of NGOs in this area. South Africa and Taiwan. • Reinforcing relationships with the grassroots helps • Competence, consistency, and fairness are important strengthen the legitimacy of NGOs. in reinforcing the accountability of NGOs, even where • International and national NGO coalitions can sup- public opinion is not necessarily behind the NGO’s work. port national NGOs that are embattled and challenged Finally, the participants acknowledged that it is unlikely within their national contexts. that one approach would be sufficient to meet the needs • NGOs should engage more systematically with of all NGOs. Rather, NGOs should develop approaches donors to set accountability targets and frameworks that suit them either nationally or regionally. However, more effectively and to make donors more aware of NGOs should not be defensive about tackling the subject the repercussions of their funding strategies. of accountability; this is an issue on which NGOs should take the lead and they should define their own standards • Consideration should be given to self-regulation and before others do it for them.

Accessing Public Information: Civil Society Strategies for Ensuring Transparency

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Foundation for Information and Jonathan Dunn – UK Francisco Acuña – Mexico Democracy – Mexico Rapporteur: Chee Soon Juan – Singapore Freedom of Information – Mexico Silvia Alonso – Mexico Peter Eigen – Germany Open Democracy Advice Centre Mukelani Dimba – South Africa – South Africa María Del Cármen Gutiérrez – Mexico

Observations: • There is an oligopoly of control of the media • The right of access to information has finally come where only two companies dominate the media into its own after having been kept under the shadow industry. over freedom of expression for a long time. • Information on government expenditures is not • This right has over the years been brought into the released freely to the public. discourse on transparency, accountability, governance, • Foreign media is intimidated from publishing reports participatory democracy and anti-corruption strategies. of corruption through draconian defamation laws. • More than 50 countries have recognized the need to • A recent report by Reporters Without Borders pass legislation to allow access to information that is ranked Zimbabwe above Singapore on respect for withheld by government. No less than 20 countries press freedom. passed these laws in the last decade, most of them in South America, Eastern & Central Europe, Asia, and These incongruous perceptions of Singapore have Africa. Unfortunately, South Africa still remains the led to calls for future corruption perception indices to be only African country with a proper right to informa- qualified. Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building tion law (the Promotion of Access to Information Act Challenge: of 2000). Some African countries have constitutional Participants discussed the significance of Access to guarantees on the right of access to information (for Information/Right to Information (RTI) laws that can example, Mozambique). Efforts are currently underway be used to promote transparency and openness in the to lobby more African governments to enact such system of governance; enable citizens to influence deci- laws, and the Declaration on Freedom of Information sion making and effectively participate in the democratic of the African Charter on Human & People’s Rights is process; and enable people in poorer communities to use seen as an important advocacy tool. their right of access to information as a key that opens • The case of Singapore was presented as a very inter- up doors to the realization of other social and economic esting case because the efficacy of access to infor- rights. However, the biggest challenge to passing an RTI mation in combating corruption is being tested. The law lies in ensuring that the law gets implemented prop- country still doesn’t have an official RTI law and yet it erly. It thus becomes crucial for civil society organizations is constantly perceived and rated as one of the least and NGOs to monitor the process of implementation after corrupt countries in the world. The picture isn’t as rosy passage of the law to ensure that governments deliver on when one considers the following: the legislation’s promises.

WWW.WMD.ORG 53 Women’s Rights Women’s Rights

Recommendations: society should build sustainable solidarity networks to • Civil society and businesses need to address access support campaigns endorsing RTI. to information accountability to the wider community. • Civil society organizations should continue to lobby • In countries where information blackouts exist, mak- and campaign for the enactment of RTI laws, instilling ing it possible for corrupt governments to thrive, civil cooperation and solidarity among social partners.

Women’s Rights Breaking Barriers to Women’s Political Participation: Creating an Action Agenda to Advance Women’s Leadership

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: National Democratic Institute for Pat Keefer – USA Loudres Flores Nano – Peru International Affairs – USA Rapporteur: Supatra Masdit – Thailand Center for Asia Pacific Women in Kristin Haffert – USA Ann Linde – Sweden Politics – Philippines Winnei Byanyima – Uganda Forum for Women and Democracy – Uganda

This workshop provided a forum to engage political par- Participants highlighted the critical need for support ties in dialogue on advancing women’s political partici- from political parties, which is the gateway to political pation. Political parties and NGO leaders and activists office and a necessary mechanism to promote women’s provided a comparative view of tools and experiences that leadership. have helped women to succeed within their parties. Ann Linde of the Swedish Social Democratic Party Recommendations: opened the workshop by addressing the “hidden barriers” • Place women in winnable positions on party lists, and to women’s participation, which include making women consider internal party measures to increase women’s feel invisible; making women look ridiculous; withholding participation at all levels of the party. This includes information from women; burdening women with guilt addressing gender equality in party manifestos. and shame and the “double burden” they face when they • Support public financing of political parties in an have to choose between family and work. effort to increase internal party democracy. The workshop also examined the “Global Action Plan” • Encourage women to work across party lines to created at the “Win with Women: Strengthen Political advocate for political participation and create networks Parties Global Forum” in December 2003. The workshop that will increase leadership opportunities. participants unanimously endorsed the Action Plan as a tool that can be used by political parties to reform, renew, • Create strategic plans to actively recruit, train, and and modernize themselves by expanding leadership support women candidates beginning well in advance opportunities for women. Based on the presentations, of elections. the general discussion, and a group session, participants • Encourage NGOs to take responsibility for cooperat- built on the action items in the Action Plan by developing ing with political parties and for applying pressure, additional recommendations that NGOs, political party lobbying, training, and monitoring. activists, and leaders can actively promote. Century

st • Encourage women to participate in “transformative” Challenges: leadership training that focuses on political change Participants discussed a series of barriers to women’s and builds their long-term capacity and strategy for participation including: change. Women should carry a message that will • Their lack of education and confidence; empower them to become strong political leaders rather than be viewed as new entrants to the political • Illiteracy and poverty; process who can easily become co-opted and exploited • Rivalry among women; by parties as a result of their lack of experience. • Economic constraints; • Encourage political will at the top levels of political • Misrepresentation of religion; and parties. • Other social and traditional constraints. • Conduct gender awareness training for men and women political party members; encourage political Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

54 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Women’s Rights

parties to become more inclusive organizations which • Address the issue of domestic violence as a deterrent take advantage of women’s participation to gain a to women’s participation in the public arena. competitive edge. • Encourage successful women politicians to provide • Identify men within political parties who support mentorship. women and reward them with increased media atten- • Promote exchanges among male and female politi- tion on the issue of partnership with women. cal leaders and activists from countries that share a • Employ mechanisms to follow up on programs within common religion but have different political cultures, parties or government that address gender equality. to demonstrate how women have overcome religious • Encourage women to use social and private networks barriers to participation. in more strategic ways to promote and support wom- • Address the negative portrayal of women in the en’s participation in politics. media by training media representatives in gender sen- • Support women’s access to media. sitization.

Citizen Forums: How Women’s Organizations Work with the Community and Across Borders

Organizer: Moderators: Presenters: South Caucasian Network of Women Irena Lasota – Poland/USA Anahit Bayandour – Armenia Julia Kharashvili – Georgia Novella Jafarova – Azerbaijan Rapporteur: Muborak Tashpoulatova – Uzbekistan Julia Kharashvili – Georgia Dilara Seitveli – Ukraine

The South Caucasian Women’s Network, organizer of work of Network members. the workshop, unites civic activists—women and men • Over the years, the Network has published a bulletin, from communities and NGOs in Armenia, Azerbaijan and “Working Together in Caucasus” that reflects suc- Georgia—who identify and solve the most common prob- cessful practices and lessons learned from different lems in the Caucasus region. women’s groups and organizations. About the South Caucasian Women’s Network: • Together with the colleagues from Guinea, the • The Network provides education in leadership, vol- Crimea, Ukraine and the USA, the Network created new untarism, advocacy, and democracy building for those forms of public dialogue and citizen forums at which from disadvantaged communities, including refugees, the most challenging problems of participation for the rural communities, and ethnic minorities, who should community were identified and solved through discus- come together to organize cooperation for protection sion among NGOs, government, mass media, busi- of their rights. ness, youth, etc. People are united regardless of their differences. • Citizen forums empower ordinary citizens, especially

• Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Women from communities confronting each other women, to organize direct dialogue with official powers (e.g., Armenians and Azeri) begin to communicate and and involve the population and marginalized groups in work together through joint participation in educational decision-making processes. seminars and through cross-border projects. For example, Georgian women played the role of mediators Challenges: and assisted in creating an atmosphere of cooperation. • How to promote women’s participation in the pro- • The Network advocates for discussion of the most cesses of development, conflict resolution, post-con- urgent challenges and experiences of post-communist flict rehabilitation, and politics? societies, including democracy building and post-con- • How to encourage women, who succeed in being flict reconciliation at the community level. elected, to pay attention to women’s needs and wom- • The Network prepares multicultural teams of train- en’s issues? ers working across borders, and involves of activists • How to gain support for women’s movements and and trainers from different countries who introduce make them visible? tolerance and share experiences to enrich the practical • How women should unite to achieve these goals?

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Recommendations: • Develop programs for poverty reduction at the Promoting Women’s Participation national and local levels. • The promotion of women’s participation is possible • Address the “feminization” of poverty. through the use of special women’s quotas in parlia- • Address violence against women. ment and municipalities, as well as during the prepara- tory stage for elections during which political parties • Through civic education teach women how to partici- should be encouraged to include women in their lists. pate in elections and how to prepare themselves for political careers. • Women are often “used” during elections by men, but after achieving success their needs and problems • Women should have the opportunity to be involved in are usually forgotten. Peace, poverty eradication, political parties. development, and leadership training are key issues on How women should unite to achieve these goals which women’s participation is necessary. Women who • Connections with mass-media are vital.· are fighting for power thus need to know how to fight and how to maintain relations with the community and • Create international groups to organize dialogues voters. among women on difficult economic issues and dilem- mas (e.g., how to establish prices on production on • Use all leverages that exist in international organiza- the basis of direct negotiations). tions to achieve women’s aims. • Create virtual space for discussion of the most urgent • Create, support, and expand programs on women’s problems for women and to share experiences. Where leadership. the Internet is not accessible, information should be • Train both women and men. disseminated through brochures, bulletins and publica- • Prepare teams of women leaders to work together to tions. achieve success. • Collect and publish existing materials on women’s • Promote self-esteem among disadvantaged women leadership. through their inclusion in social and civil actions, • Exchange existing materials, information, and data- forums, education, and training. bases. • Study women’s participation in development pro- • Create of Web page on the World Movement Web site cesses. devoted to women’s issues. Century st

International Convention Center, Durban, South Africa, the venue for the Third Assembly. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

56 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Women’s Rights Women’s Rights

Networking Activists for Women’s Rights

Organizer: Moderator: Presenters: Women’s Learning Partnership for Rakhee Goyal – India (USA-based) Amina Lemrini – Morocco Rights, Development, and Peace Rapporteur: Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva – Uzbekistan (WLP) – USA Rakhee Goyal – India (USA-based) Sindi Medar-Gould – Nigeria Zainab Bangura – Sierra Leone Rakhee Goyal – India (USA-based)

Participants in this workshop explored the added value human rights, violence, peace and conflict resolution, and viability of creating an international women’s net- governance, legislative change, elections and political work to support women’s agency in democracy work. processes, creating and sustaining unions and political Discussion focused on identifying existing international or parties, institutional transformation, transparency and regional networks that could grow into or strengthen the accountability, rule of law, business, journalism, commu- women’s network; exchanging ideas about the objectives, nications media, and research. potential resources, and activities of the network; and identifying its members, structure, and initial steps. Potential Activities of the network: After brief opening presentations describing existing • Create an Online Resource Center that presents informa- models of networks among nongovernmental and civil tion and knowledge on the priority areas of the network. society organizations, and the extent to which the nature • Support and assist democracy workers in countries in of their work provides a framework for a women’s democ- which political systems are undergoing transitions to racy network, participants unanimously accepted the fol- democracy. lowing framework: • Develop strategies for democracy activism in closed soci- eties drawing upon the experiences of network members who have participated in similar efforts (for example, in International Women’s Democracy Network NIS countries or South Africa). Objective: To support and enhance women’s roles and • Strengthen emerging democracies through exchanges of agency in the development of democratic practices and experiences and training. institutions at the community, national, and international • Support efforts in established democracies on behalf of levels. The network would help achieve: under-privileged and under-represented groups, such as • Exchange of experiences, sharing of best practices, and women and minorities. training in democracy work; • Support for advocacy campaigns initiated by members at Following the Assembly, the Women’s Learning the local, national, and international levels; Partnership (WLP) initiated several consultations and • Building solidarity among, and support for, individuals and discussions at various international gatherings, including organizations engaged in democracy activism; and a meeting of the Association for Women’s Rights and a • Interaction and communication among and between vari- ous transnational networks, including those working on meeting of Arab civil society organizations at the United women’s rights, human rights, peace, and environmental Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western issues. Asia (UN ESCWA), to engage a wider group of women activists in the Women’s Democracy Network and to confer on practical and innovative strategies to expand its

Membership and Structure: Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building • Individuals and organizations committed to the network’s impact. The ideas and suggestions from these gatherings objectives. were to be shared at a meeting of women activists from • A secretariat housed at an existing network with a sub- Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in Beirut in September stantial trans-regional membership. Participants indicated 2004. An e-mail listserv is also being created to enable that the Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP) should members of the network to engage in ongoing discus- serve as the secretariat. sion. Over the next year, WLP plans to make the network • Regional focal points in Africa, the Americas, Asia, operational and to begin implementing projects identified Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. through the consultation process. Priority Areas of Interest: Ensuring the ways and means for women’s full participation in such areas as

WWW.WMD.ORG 57 Regional Workshops Africa

Organizer: Moderators: Rapporteur: Ryota Jonen – Japan Africa Democracy Forum (ADF) Ayesha Imam – Nigeria Ayo Obe – Nigeria Chris Landsberg – South Africa Livingstone Sewanyana – Uganda

This workshop, organized by the Africa Democracy Forum • Lucie Coulibaly – Côte d’Ivoire (ADF), a network of over 120 democracy activists in Africa, • Margaret Dongo – Zimbabwe was divided into three sessions focused on the overall development of the ADF, discussion of an ADF Constitution, • Ayesha Imam – Nigeria and the election of an ADF Management Committee (for- • Durria Mansour Al Hussein – Sudan merly called the Steering Committee). The workshop began • Ernest Mparo – Democratic Republic of Congo with a general introduction of the ADF and members of (Norway-based) the Management Committee, which reported on past, cur- rent, and future ADF activities, including the ADF’s e-mail • Khabele Matlosa – Lesotho “listserv”; ADF meetings in Accra, Ghana, in February • Ayo Obe – Nigeria 2003 and in Durban, South Africa, in April 2003; and a • Thierno Sow – Guinea youth training program on democratic leadership that the ADF is organizing with the World Movement’s Youth • Wanjala Yona – Uganda Movement for Democracy. The Committee also announced • Dieudonne Zognong – Cameroon its designation of the Nairobi-based Kenyan Human Rights Before the close of the Assembly, the new Commission (KHRC) as the ADF Secretariat. Management Committee held its first meeting and set The Committee introduced a draft ADF Constitution the priorities of ADF activities, including the development that describes ADF membership and organizational struc- of a membership database, holding the youth training ture. As a result of the workshop discussion, a committee program for East Africa in Nairobi in late 2004 with the was established to review the draft Constitution, which Youth Movement for Democracy, holding future train- was accepted as a working document. Discussion of the ing programs in other sub-regions of the continent, and draft would continue via the ADF’s e-mail listserv before recruiting a permanent coordinator for the ADF based at its final adoption. the secretariat in Nairobi. The workshop concluded with the election of a new Management Committee. Special attention was paid to the The ADF has since developed its own Web site, www. gender balance on the Committee, as well as regional and africademocracyforum.org, with the information about linguistic representation (Central Africa, East Africa, North its Management Committee and reports on ADF meet- Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, African Diaspora, ings in English and French. In collaboration with the Anglophone, Francophone, and Lusophone). The new Youth Movement for Democracy, the ADF will hold the Committee includes the following members: youth training program in Nairobi, Kenya, on December • Leopaldo Amado – Guinea-Bissau 12–17, 2004. • Carine Kabasele Bapita – Democratic Republic of Congo Century st Asia

Organizers: Rapporteur: Forum Democracy Asia Penelope Faulkner, UK Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (Forum-Asia) South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre

The Asia regional workshop gathered over 70 participants Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, from Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, East Turkestan, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

58 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Asia

Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam. a governmental institution, the South Asian Regional The first half of the workshop was divided into Community (SARC) was considered as one framework three sub-regional groups—East Asia, South Asia, and for such a forum. Southeast Asia—during which participants identified Southeast Asia. the main challenges to democracy movements in their • Civil society organizations need to encourage respective sub-regions. During the second half of the Western governments and international donor agen- workshop the sub-regional groups reported on their dis- cies to implement human rights clauses and take cussions and the workshop turned to the ways in which other action to stem the grave human rights abuses in the identified challenges can be addressed. Southeast Asian countries, such as Burma, Cambodia, Recommendations: Laos, and Vietnam. Reports from the sub-regional discussions included the • Like participants from South Asia, the Southeast Asia following: group was also concerned that ASEAN governments are using the war against terrorism as justification East Asia for undemocratic behavior, and participants from the • Support for incipient grassroots efforts to create local sub-region should be encouraged to issue statements democracy in China should be enhanced. on the threats being faced by democracy and human rights activists. • Democracy activists working in China should recog- nize the oppression of different nationalities, such as • Some participants argued that democracy must go Tibetans and Uyghurs. beyond being the preserve of local elites, and that this can be achieved only through a process of broader • It would be useful for democracy organizations to participation. learn from Mongolia’s contribution to research on soci- eties in transition. • Links between region-based and exile NGOs should be strengthened in totalitarian countries where democ- • Future World Movement assemblies should include racy groups and independent NGOs are prohibited. discussion specifically on North Korea. • The creation of an alternative regional cooperation • The increased involvement of Taiwanese organiza- platform that might be called the “Southeast Asia tions in pro-democracy efforts in the region should be Democracy Forum” or the “People’s Assembly for more widely acknowledged. Democracy” should be considered. • A forum should be organized on the impact of • A conference on closed societies in Southeast Asia Chinese democratization or lack thereof on the region should also be convened.

South Asia Following the reports from the sub-regional groups, • Pro-democracy efforts should go beyond electoral participants engaged in a wider discussion on the region. democracy and build substantive democratic institu- Among the points on which there was agreement are the tions through devolution and decentralization. following: • There was consensus that in addition to the totalitar- • There is a need to recognize that the absence of ian states, including China, Laos, North Korea, and democratic norms leads to internal conflicts, and that Vietnam, some authoritarian states, such as Bhutan, democracy can only be enhanced when states act as the Maldives, and Singapore should be considered guarantors of social justice from a rights perspective.

“closed societies.” Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building • While recognizing the need to protect democracies • There was also consensus that Asian participants from the scourge of terrorism, there is concern that should strengthen links and set up a network for many states are using the war against terrorism to advancing democracy in Asia. However, since no con- depart from democratic norms and standards and are sensus was reached on what form this network should only helping those who seek to deviate from democracy. take, it was decided to launch a regional consultation • There is a need to highlight the plight of minori- whereby participants could circulate policy papers on ties and to give women a major share in democratic their countries and elicit opinions on ways to create legislative institutions and other decision-making this network and address the challenges identified in processes. The constitution of each country should be the sub-regional discussions. reviewed to address these needs. • The participants agreed to create an e-mail discus- • A forum should be created to resolve regional sion list to facilitate the sharing of ideas and the policy issues, such as water distribution, migration and papers. work permits, and refugee movements. Although it is

WWW.WMD.ORG 59 Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States

Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States: Media Monitoring and Alternative Media

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Caucasus Institute for the Media Miriam Lanskoy – USA Mark Grigoryan – Armenia – Armenia Rapporteur: Olena Prytula – Ukraine Ukrains’ka Pravda – Ukraine Shahin Abbasov – Azerbaijan Rasto Kuzel – Slovakia MEMO – Slovakia National Endowment for Democracy – USA

Challenges: Recommendations: Participants identified several key features of the regres- • Support broadcasts from abroad to ensure pluralism. sion in freedoms of speech and press: From within the NIS, one possibility is using Internet • The media system in the region is mainly opinion radio, even though it would reach only a small audi- journalism (or propaganda) rather than news report- ence. From the outside, television and radio broadcast- ing as it exists in the West; opposition journalism, for ing should be sponsored so it can provide balanced instance, takes the form of political propaganda rather reporting from abroad, without being susceptible to than news reporting. Television is government con- the same kinds of pressures on media working within trolled, and newspapers, which have small circulations the system. For instance, television broadcasting in and are not for profit (there is no “news industry”), are Russian from Central Europe can play a very signifi- really just political party leaflets. Can journalists who cant role since Russian television is under total state work within this system change if the political envi- control throughout the NIS region. ronment changes? Can the media begin to report the • Concerning corruption and partiality among jour- truth after a regime changes and permits the media to nalists within the NIS, ethical standards should be publish freely? promoted by adopting codes of ethics and by hold- • Concerning government coercion and violence, ing journalists accountable to them (by rewarding censorship is enforced in informal ways. Journalists professional journalism and condemning corrupt or try to report the truth as they see it, but currently the biased journalism). From outside the region, training most serious impediments are those imposed through programs and ways of sharing experiences should be government repression. Journalists are human and are developed. thus susceptible to bias and corruption as are other • Concerning the defense of journalists against repres- professionals. sion within the NIS, unity among journalists should be • Guidelines for media monitoring developed by MEMO fostered by forming a journalists’ union. In addition, in Slovakia have been adopted by the OSCE for election legal assistance should be provided to journalists to monitoring, and can serve as a form of external lever- reveal the political character of the cases against them age for improvement. The most important criteria are as well as the procedural violations. From the out- media pluralism and autonomy, and there are specific side, international pressure should be employed (for quantitative ways of measuring these factors. Media instance, from the OSCE and the Council of Europe, monitoring can be used not only for the purposes of which should enforce the obligations of their member methodology and advocacy, but also for educating governments.

Century journalists. There must be both internal and external

st • Inter-regional cooperation should be supported so pressure to bring about improvement; international that experiences and skills from Central Europe might solidarity among journalists is one way to achieve be used in the NIS region. Moreover, the publics and this. Of course, press freedom can be enhanced by the governments of Central European countries should overall strengthening of democratic institutions. become advocates in international forums of promot- ing accountability and change within the NIS. Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

60 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States

Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States: Opportunities for Think Tank Networking in the Balkan-Black Sea Region

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy Paul McCarthy – USA Ghia Nodia – Georgia and Development – Georgia Rapporteur: Ivan Krastev – Bulgaria Center for Liberal Strategies – Bulgaria Inna Pidluska – Ukriane National Endowment for Democracy – USA

This workshop was intended to identify issues that bind contribute to research and analysis, in order to increase the the region together (i.e., issues that are common to the capacity of political parties to draft legislation; to contrib- countries throughout the region); to note the opportuni- ute to shaping, influencing, and informing public opinion ties for think tanks to contribute to addressing those on policy issues; to unite efforts of different groups and issues; and to explore the possibilities for establishing a countries in promoting democratic values; and to serve as network and/or for enhancing existing networks. a link between civil society and the state by making citizens aware of what institutions do and by informing the govern- Challenges: ment of the people’s opinions and preferences. • The countries in the region were described as “trou- bled democracies” that share a great deal of history Recommendations: and culture. Most of them are “post-Communist” and • The similarities among countries in the region sug- “post-Ottoman” states that are neither the “front-run- gest that when addressing a problem in a particular ners” toward democracy nor, obviously, established country the think tank community should look at the tyrannies. A number of countries in the region show experiences of other countries that have addressed that some deeply-rooted democracy deficits that cause problem. Setting examples and demonstrating pos- concern about the quality and sustainability of democ- sibilities for similar experiences is therefore important. racy. There have also been conflicts in Europe and in Think tanks throughout the region can respond to the the post-Soviet area for years due to difficult and even need for interaction and cooperation at the professional hostile relations among neighbors and failures to man- level by developing a framework for mutual learning, age ethnic and cultural diversity respectfully. In addi- exchanging information, comparative research. tion, many people in the Black Sea region countries have the sense that they are living “on the margins of • Networks that exist independent of projects are at risk; Europe” and see a special connection between domes- therefore, there is a need for networks that look at specif- tic reform and international agendas. ic projects with specific actors, customers, and purposes of influence. There is therefore room for issue-focused • It is important to define the agendas of think tanks and or functional networks within the region (for instance, on networks; to identify the “customers” and “final ben- human rights, media, or elections) not just to facilitate eficiaries” of think tank work and the opportunities for the replication of experiences, but also to help avoid mis- exchange and the sharing of experiences; to address the takes made by others. Learning from others’ experiences problem of language and communication, both direct can also help to save funds, avoid delays and set-backs, Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building and indirect; and to establish the legitimacy, accountabil- and to maintain the speed of the transition. ity, and credibility of think tanks and their networks. • Networks can generate greater publicity and interna- • A common feature of the region is the relative weakness tional support to strengthen the efforts of pro-democracy of other civil society institutions and the role that think NGOs; they can increase the role and visibility of NGOs tanks can play in improving political discourse. As a “clas- domestically and can provide support through petitions, sical US-UK import” to the region, think tanks have built on letter-writing campaigns, and other means, thus serving a huge pool of intellectual resources and have contributed as a “democracy solidarity network.” However, no kind of to the hugely decentralized policy process by serving international cooperation can compensate for the lack of initially as a “shelter for retired politicians” and as “transla- influence of think tanks within their own countries. tors” between the government and foreign actors, and, later, between government and society. Gradually, through • There should be greater “quality control” of policy cooperation and competition, the diverse think tank com- advice and analysis produced by think tanks. munity became the bearer of local policy knowledge and • For any network, communication and information the agent of influence that helped convert ideas from the exchange is critical. It is therefore important to develop intellectual community into policies of practical gover- a network’s communications via a variety of vehicles, nance. The role of think tanks and their networks is thus to from Internet publications to e-mail discussion lists.

WWW.WMD.ORG 61 Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States

Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States: Legislative Oversight, Accountability, and Transparency

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Center for Independent Journalism John Squire – USA Ioana Avadani – Romania – Romania Rapporteur: Valentin Gefter – Russia Institute for Human Rights – Russia Inese Voika – Latvia National Endowment for Democracy – USA

About 30 participants from Albania, Armenia, Bosnia- • Civic education efforts are important for overcoming Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, historical legacies of a lack of citizen engagement; these Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Netherlands, Russia, Ukraine, the efforts should be especially encouraged in schools. United Kingdom, and the USA participated in the workshop. • One of the most important functions of NGOs work- ing for accountability and transparency is to serve as a Challenge: “bridge” between government and society. This can be • The participants emphasized that in most of the accomplished in three ways: countries in the region, regardless of the level of democracy, there is very little public demand for • NGOs should help translate complex and technical accountability and transparency. This is often con- government policy proposals into language that will nected to a lack of trust in elected representatives and raise citizens’ awareness of the issues at hand. democratic institutions. • NGOs should encourage parliamentarians and government officials to adopt simpler procedures Recommendations: when writing and implementing legislation. • NGOs working in the field of accountability and trans- • NGOs should not consider simple adoption of a parency need to develop their professional capacity law to be a final success; they should work continu- to explain to the public why their activities are taking ously to ensure that implementation reflects the place and why citizens should take an active role in spirit of the laws. pressing government for greater openness. Finally, participants expressed concern about recent • NGOs should be provided with specific training in the political developments in Russia and other countries of area of public outreach. the former Soviet Union. Given the need to strike a bal- • Where access to the mass media is limited, NGOs ance between the fight for democracy in general and the should promote openness by working through NGO work that must be done to increase understanding and networks that cultivate demand for openness within awareness of accountability and transparency, greater their particular constituencies. NGO cooperation was emphasized.

Central Eastern Europe/New Independent States: Increasing Youth Participation in the Political Process Century st Organizer: Moderator: Presenters: National Endowment for Democracy Rodger Potocki – USA Balasz Jarabik – Slovakia Rapporteur: Andrei Yurov – Russia Rodger Potocki – USA Iryna Vidanova – Belarus

Challenges: more apathetic, young activists are becoming more • There is a general lack of interest in youth issues radical. among democracy activists in Eastern Europe and • Many of the leading youth movements in the region Eurasia. Although young people are the future leaders have failed to survive transitions to democracy or have of the region, they are becoming more apathetic and become ineffective “professional” structures. disengaged from the democratic struggle. The workshop was designed to provide new thinking • Several participants noted that rather than becoming Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

62 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Latin America and the Caribbean and innovative techniques to encourage young people to • An international network of youth activists should be more active, and featured three presentations: Balasz be established and supported to increase solidarity Jarabik of Slovakia’s Pontis Foundation provided an among youth. analysis of how to change the focus of youth programs • Democracy-building organizations should put more to make them more specific to the actual needs of young focus on youth programs and they should be a priority people. The best types of programs are those that are in terms of investment. issue-based. Andrei Yurov of Russia’s Youth Human Rights Network • Youth programs should be run by and for young spoke of the need to make the style of youth programs more people, not by and for older activists. interesting and appealing to young people. Rather than pro- • Youth programs should be fun, interesting, irreverent, viding training on idealistic “democracy” or “human rights” stylish, and tailored to the interests of young people. themes, training should provide practical and useful skills. • Youth programs in Eurasia can benefit from earlier Iryna Vidanova of the Belarusian magazine, Student’s experiences and programs for young people in Central Thought, described the planning and execution of a suc- Europe. Support for cross-border youth programs cessful media campaign that increased youth activism should be a priority. and that could be replicated in other countries. These recommendations were discussed at a meet- Recommendations: ing of the World Movement’s Youth Movement for • Young activists must be invited to participate in Democracy. See page 42 of this report. international networks and conferences, such as the assemblies of the World Movement.

Latin America and the Caribbean

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Congreso Visible – Colombia Cirila Quintero – Mexico Elisabeth Ungar – Colombia Participa – Chile Rapporteur: Andrea Sanhueza – Chile Colegio de la Frontera Norte Ricardo Uceda – Peru Carlos Mena – Chile – Mexico

Participants in the workshop examined the challenges Recommendations: facing democracy in Latin America and explored with • There is a need to invigorate the democratic system each other the possible development of joint projects to in general and political parties in particular. address them. Representatives of many of the groups • The question of wide income inequality must be an currently active in specific areas of democracy promo- important consideration in thinking about democracy tion discussed the key elements of, and multiple chal- promotion. lenges to, democratic governance. A report from a regional preparatory meeting, held in November 2003 at • There is a need to highlight the ethical components the Universidad de los Andes in Bogota, Colombia, on of Latin American democracy so that Latin American “Gobernabilidad Democratica: Intercambio de Sectores” democracy is recognized as a community of values, and Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building (“Democratic Governance: Exchange Among Sectors) was there must be greater efforts to increase social capital presented, and participants also discussed a paper from and include ethnic minorities in the democratic process. the Organization of American States’ experts meeting on • It is important to include the entire region, especially “Strengthening Democratic Governance.” countries in the Caribbean, in thinking about democra- tization in the region. Challenges: • It is necessary to emphasize and integrate the “micro” • The participants emphasized that while each of the elements of governance such as the political, economic, papers under discussion focused on the political obsta- social, and cultural components. There is a need to cles to improving democratic governance, the papers incorporate democracy into the daily lives citizens. underestimated the role of socio-economic factors. • Greater solidarity should be developed with citizens in • Participants from different sectors of society oppressive situations, such as in Cuba. expressed concern that many Latin Americans do not identify with democracy. Following the Assembly, participants have engaged in discussion via an e-mail listserv, called the “Intercambio

WWW.WMD.ORG 63 Middle East and North Africa

Interamericano” (Inter-American Exchange), focusing on ities in the region; engaging participants in discussions on the objectives of a potential “network of networks” aimed current challenges; holding sub-regional or sector-specific at strengthening various civil society activities and sup- seminars; continuing exchanges of information and expe- porting democratic governance. Efforts that have been riences via e-mail. suggested include circulating newsletters on various activ-

Middle East and North Africa

Moderator: Rapporteur: Riad Malki – Palestine Antoine Nasri Messarra – Lebanon

More than 65 people, representing both NGOs and foun- • Human rights and the rights of prisoners dations working in the region, attended the workshop, • Democracy awareness and education, including which focused on the following: mobile democracy schools • Common challenges in the region • NGO capacity building and skills development • How to assist democracy activists in post-conflict societies, with emphasis on Iraq, Palestine, and • Youth rights and programs Afghanistan • Issues of social and political stability • Peace processes in the region. • Education about elections The workshop participants then divided themselves • Current use of the media; into groups focusing on the following issues: • Training • Issues related to gender, children, youth, and poverty • Minority rights and ethnic and religious tolerance. • Issues related to state control of NGOs and weak or non-democratic political parties Participants agreed that a follow-up meeting with the Iraqi participants should be organized to further the dis- • The role of culture and the need for education cussion and to connect with similar Arab NGOs to share • The role of the community. expertise and to build capacity among Iraqi civil society The workshop then moved to discussion of the situ- representatives and organizations. ation in Iraq. All 12 Iraqi participants spoke about their The workshop also included discussion of the forma- organizations and basic needs and about their fields of tion of a regional network, and it was agreed that a pre- work. They identified the following areas of concern: paratory committee be established to formulate the basic • Women’s needs concept and to develop through consultation the funda- mental issues to be addressed. Century st Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

64 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Transatlantic Network for Democracy

Transatlantic Network for Democracy

Organizers: Moderator: Presenters: Michael Allen – UK Michael Allen – UK Penn Kemble – USA Freedom House – USA Rapporteur: Tomas Pojar – Czech Republic People in Need Foundation Paul McCarthy – USA – Czech Republic

This workshop focused on an initiative to build trans- a vehicle for building a loose transatlantic network for atlantic cooperation in the promotion of democracy. democracy. It was emphasized that to succeed in the long Establishing a network of cooperation is necessitated by run, sufficient funding would have to be raised. the current difficulties in transatlantic relations and by the need to rediscover common values that played a role Recommendations: in the fall of communism a decade and a half ago. The • The initiative should not simply be a dialogue basic premise underlying the initiative is that democracy between the United States and the European Union, promotion around the globe would be better facilitated in but should include new and aspiring members of an atmosphere of improved transatlantic relations. Recent the Euro-Atlantic community in Eastern Europe and tensions have made such work more difficult. Where the NIS. the U.S. and Europe have cooperated together (e.g., in • The initiative should focus not only on identifying the Balkans), positive things have been achieved. There common values, but also on identifying common proj- is now a need to create a space for democrats in North ects and modes of cooperation. America and Europe to discuss and debate in an open and • The project should not try to be overly ambitious constructive manner ways to develop cooperation and or try to “reinvent the wheel”; it should not be about new projects that will further democratic goals. creating new structures where they already exist, but The initiative presented for discussion would have about creating a loose community of democrats work- three elements: ing towards common goals. • A Web site, including an online discussion forum; • The initiative should be pro-active, not reactive or • A weekly “Democracy Digest” featuring sections on defensive. It should offer positive, workable solutions “Issues” and “Information”; and to the transatlantic problems of democracy promotion. • Symposia, debates, and exchanges involving • The goal of the initiative should be to underscore the Europeans and North Americans who are interested in historic challenge faced by countries on both sides democracy issues. of the Atlantic in advocating the spread of democracy It was noted that the activities outlined above would worldwide. serve both to inform democracy constituencies and to advocate for making democracy promotion more central to the foreign policies of governments in the Euro-Atlantic Since the Assembly in Durban, the Network has made region. It was also emphasized that the initiative at this considerable progress in advancing each of the three ele- stage is exploratory in order to determine whether such ments the workshop anticipated. “Democracy Digest” is activities would be useful for organizations active in now published on a weekly basis and distributed around Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building democracy promotion on both sides of the Atlantic. To the world. A Web site for the Network and plans for sym- refine the initial idea, it was considered necessary to con- posia, forums, and debates are being developed. sult with experts from the region attending the Assembly in Durban. At its inception, the initiative would simply be

WWW.WMD.ORG 65 Participants Participants

Immaculee Birhaheka Ben Sekou Sylla early 600 participants came together at the World Namudumbi Civil Society Movement Movement’s Third Assembly to show their commit- Promotion et Appui of Guinea aux Initiatives ment to democracy promotion. These democracy Guinea-Bissau Paul Nsapu activists, practitioners, and scholars from approxi- Ligue des Electeurs Leopaldo Amado matelyN 120 countries in every region of the world, including University of Lisbon Robert Ilunga Numbi Belarus, Burma, China, Colombia, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Les Amis de Nelson Jao Mamadu Congo, Iraq, Liberia, Mongolia, Serbia and Venezuela, gathered to Mandela pour la Defense National Institute for des Droits Humains Studies and Research discuss practical solutions to a wide range of challenges. Kenya In the following pages, participants are listed according to region, Augustin Lusiku Lu Nza Karugor Gatamah country, and then alphabetically by last name. Those who attended Haki za Private Sector Corporate are but a small fraction of the thousands of activists around the Binadamu-Maniema Governance Trust

world who could not be included in this Assembly. However, they Marie Louise Okako Steve Ouma Akoth are as much participants in the World Movement as those who Campagne pour les Droits Kenya Human Rights de L’Homme au Congo Commission attended. Many of the participants took great personal risks to Gregoire Mulumba attend the Assembly and some cannot be listed here for that reason. Betty Murungi Tshisakamba Urgent-Action Fund-Africa We wish to thank both those who attended and those who were Centre des Droits de l’Homme et du Valentine Ntandayarwo not able to attend for their support, dedication, and commitment. Dorit Humanitaire ICFTU-AFRO You can also find participant information in the World Movement’s Ethiopia Lesotho searchable online Participant Database at www.wmd.org. Adam Melaku Khabele Matlosa Ethiopian Human Electoral Institute of Rights Council Southern Africa Cape Verde Francesca Bomboko Africa BERCI Eritrea Liberia Roselma Evora Angola Government for Fisseha Tekie Cecil Griffiths Irene Esambo Diata Solidarity Center Adão Avenino Manuel State Reform Voix d l’Handicape pour Liberia National Law South Africa Office Enforcement Association Universidade Catolica les Droits de l’Homme de Angola Congo-Brazzaville Yousuf Ibrahim Yousuf Saa Philip-Joe Leontine Pelagie Kitenge Dismas National Union of Augusto Santana Groupe Lotus Mano River Union Civil Katoukoulou Eritrean Youth Students Society Movement/ National Counseling Jeune Batisseurs Service Mauna Dosso Association of Liberian du Congo The Gambia Professional Organizations National Endowment for Benin Cote d’Ivoire Democracy (USA-based) Hanna Forster African Centre for Bennedict Sannoh Sadiko Ayo Alao Lucie Coulibaly Shakodi Fazili Democracy and Human Center for Law and Gerddes Afrique- CIRD Ivorian League for Kishindja Rights Studies Human Rights Education Human Rights FORECAP Dissou Zomahoun Ghana Terrence Sesay Centre Afrika Obota Albert Dadie Francoise Zoka Lem Press Union of Liberia Institut Africain Justice et Liberation Nii Noi Dowuona Burundi de Formation de Convention People’s Party Mali

Eugene Nindorera Democratie et d’Aide Nicolas Lianza Likwale Oumou Diallo Sidibe au Developpement Emmanuel International Les Jeunesse Auhourd’hui Centre Djoliba Gyimah-Boadi Republican Institute Marie Joelle Kei The Ghana Centre Jean-Marie Eley Lofele Mamadou Tangara Institut Africain l’Association Benjamin for Democracy &

Century Burkina Faso Development Mayor of Sikasso st de Formation de Moloise et Ken Sara

Moussa Michael Democratie et d’Aide Wiwa pour les Droits Malawi Tapsoba au Developpement de l’Homme Veronica Kofie Commission Electoral Ghana Trades Catherine Kate Kainja Nationale Independante Justine N’Gapele Kanyegere Lwaboshi Union Congress Malawi Congress Party de Burkina Faso Centre pour la Promotion Senate de la Democratic et Franklin Oduro Samson Lembani Cameroon des Droits Humains Ernest Mpararo The Ghana Centre Konrad Adenauer Comite d’Action pour le for Democracy & Foundation Herbert Boh D. R. Congo Developement Integral Development Campaign for Paul Maulidi Floribert Peace, Security and Dieudonne Guinea Malawi Congress Party Democracy in Africa Chebeya Bahizire Mushagalusa La Voix des sans Voix Thierno Sow Cojeski Rdcongo Organisation Guineenne Christian Dieudonne Zognong Peters-Berries Africa Governance Alert Carine Kabasele Bapita de Defense des Droits de Kizito Mushizi l’Homme et du Citoyen NICE Femmes et Enfants pour Radio Maendeleo les Droits de l’Homme Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

66 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Participants

Mozambique Olutola Olujuwon Kondwani Chirambo Claude Kabembe Kwezi Mngibisa Central Educational Institute for Democracy Electoral Institute of The African Centre Antonio Muagerene Service in South Africa Southern Africa for the Constructive Konrad Adenauer Resolution of Disputes Foundation Rebecca Sako-John Lyn Chiwandamira John Kane-Berman League of Democratic Institute for Democracy South African Institute Hosia Mohlaban Joao Candido Women in South Africa of Race Relations Africa Institute of Graziano Pereira Chima Ubani Frank Kantor South Africa University of Civil Liberties Organization Suleman Dangor Jubilee Connexion Witwatersrand (South University of Tshiliso Molukanele Africa-based) Juliet Ume-Ezeoke Durban-Westville Rachel Kgeledi The African Centre International Association International for the Constructive Niger of Criminal Justice Arthur John Republican Institute Resolution of Disputes Practitioners Khalid Ikhiri Campbell Daniel Human Sciences Research Chris Landsberg Sherri Le Mottee Association Nigerien Sao Tomé & Principe Council of South Africa Centre for Policy Studies Electoral Institute of des Droits de l’Homme Southern Africa José Fernandes

Gremah Boukar Koura Cardoso Derek Davids Valmont Layne Forum for Citizenship Institute for Democracy District Six Museum Tanuja Munnoo Radio Anfani and Democracy in Sao in South Africa South African Human Nigeria Tomé e Principe Clayton Lillienfeldt Rights Commission Lionel Davis Umsobomvu Youth Fund Innocent Chukwuma Arlindo de Carvalho Robben Island Museum Nomabelu Center for Law Instituto Superior de Lloyd Lotz Mvambo-Dandala Enforcement Education Ciências do Trabalho Zohra Dawood Centre for Socio- Diakonia Council e da Empresa Open Society Foundation Legal Studies of Churches Kayode Fayemi for South Africa Centre for Democracy Senegal Shaun Mackay Marietjie Myburg and Development Karishma Dayawanth Centre for Policy Studies Institute for Democracy Joseph Ndong (UK/Nigeria-based) Democracy Development in South Africa Présence Chrétienne Programme Sthembiso Madlala Democracy Development Nathi Mzila Ayesha Imam Sierra Leone BAOBAB for Women’s Polly Dewhirst Programme Diakonia Council Human Rights Zainab Bangura Centre for the Study of Churches Formerly of the Campaign of Violence and Ollie Mahopo Obiageli Izuako for Good Governance Reconciliation Centre for the Study Bram Naidoo BAOBAB for Women’s of Violence and Swedish International Human Rights Joseph Rahall Mukelani Dimba Reconciliation Development and National Forum for Open Democracy Cooperation Agency Habiba Muda Lawal Human Rights Advice Centre Robert Mattes National Center for University of Cape Town Subethri Naidoo Women Development Somaliland Ebrahim Fakir United States Agency for Centre for Policy Studies Njabulo Maseko International Development Titus Mann Asmahan Abdelsalam Institute for Multi- Civil Liberties Organization Nagaad Judith February Party Democracy Rama Naidu Institute for Democracy Democracy Development Rosalie Sindi Shukri Haji Ismail in South Africa Mogale Mashiapata Programme Medar-Gould Candlelight NGO/ National Policy Project BAOBAB for Women’s Electoral Commission Paul Graham Sanusha Naidu Human Rights Institute for Democracy Ntomb’futhi Masinga Human Sciences South Africa in South Africa Independent Electoral Research Council Commission Ledum Mitee Russell Ally Movement for the Survival Vasu Gounden Mulikita Nakatiwa Mott Foundation The African Centre David McQuoid-Mason Institute for Democracy of the Ogoni People for the Constructive Centre for Socio- in South Africa Eric Apelgren Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Anyakwee Nsirimovu Resolution of Disputes Legal Studies/Street eThekwini Municipality Law South Africa Teddy Nemeroff Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Adam Habib Institute for Democracy Craig Arendse University of Natal Paddy Meskin in South Africa Foundation for Citizenship Ayo Obe World Conference on and Governance Training Cheryl Hendricks Religion and Peace Sa Ngidi Civil Liberties Organization Centre for Conflict Electoral Institute of Sue Brittion Chibogu Obinwa Resolution Roelf Meyer Southern Africa World Conference on BAOBAB for Women’s Institute for Democracy Religion and Peace Yazir Henri in South Africa Senzo Ngubane Human Rights WECAT The African Centre Karen Bruns Sylvester Odion- Pumla Mgayi for the Constructive Human Sciences Research Janine Hicks Centre Party International Resolution of Disputes Akhaine Council of South Africa Centre for Centre for Public Foundation Participation Thami Ngwenya Constitutionalism and Graeme de Bruyn Demilitarisation Zanethemba Mkalipi Centre for Public AfriSIDA Dumisani Hlophe Institute for Democracy Participation Sunday Times in South Africa Festus Okoye Richard Calland Transition Monitoring Brian Redelinghuy Institute for Democracy Group Jan Hofmeyr Obed Mlaba Foundation for Citizenship in South Africa Democracy Development eThekwini Municipality and Governance Training Programme

WWW.WMD.ORG 67 Participants Participants

Jerome Sachane Durria Mansour Wonder Jekemu Cheuk Kwan Laos The African Centre Al Hussein Swedish International Toronto Association fof for the Constructive Babiker Badri Scientific Development Agency Democracy in China Thong Chanh Boulom Resolution of Disputes Association of (Canada-based) United League for Women’s Studies John Makumbe Democracy in Laos Saydoon Nisa Sayed Transprency International Wu Qiang World Conference on Samia El Hashmi - Zimbabwe Beijing Foreign Baramy Mitthivong Religion and Peace Mutawinat Group Studies University United League for Isaac Maposa Democracy in Laos Karl Schmidt Hayder Ibrahim Zimbabwe Institute Fengsuo Zhou Deloitte & Touche Sudanese Study Centre Student Leader Alan Sananikone Michael Mataure (France-based) United League for Maggie Seiler Bona Malwal Public Affairs and Democracy in Laos National Peace Sudan Democratic Parliamentary Support East Turkestan Accord Trust Gazette, Inc. Malaysia Lovemore Matombo Enver Can Zainah Anwar Nico Setytler Communication and East Turkestan Swaziland Sisters in Islam Community Law Allied Services Union National Congress and Obed Dlamini Unrepresented Nations Center, University Premesh Chandran of Western Cape MP / Ngwane National Gorden Moyo and Peoples Organization Malaysiakini Liberatory Congress Bulawayo Agenda (Germany-based)

Robin Sewlal Cynthia Gabriel Durban Institute Nathalie Mthethwa Hong Kong Suaram of Technology Swaziland Manufacturing and Allied Workers Union Asia/Pacific Yuk-Kai Law Hong Kong Human Debbie Stothard Muzwakhe Alfred Mfomfo Nkhambule Bhutan Rights Monitor Alternative ASEAN Sigudhla Network on Burma SADC Youth Movement Swaziland Government Narad Adhikari India National Movement for Mongolia Graeme Simpson Roland Rudd Democracy in Bhutan Rakhee Goyal Centre for the Study U.S. State Department (Nepal-based) Women’s Learning Damba Ganbat of Violence and Partnership for Rights, Political Education Reconciliation Phumelele Thwala Burma Development and Academy Women’s Resource Centre Peace (USA-based) Deon Snyman Thin Thin Aung Pakistan Diakonia Council Tanzania Women Rights and George Mathew of Churches Welfare Association of Institute of Social Sciences Akhlaq Ahmad Andrew Kailembo Burma (India-based) Pakistan National Textile, ICTFU - AFRO Roger Southall Ravi Nair Leather & Garment Daw Ohn Mar Khin Human Sciences Uganda South Asia Human Rights Workers Federation Research Council Burmese Women’s Union Documentation Centre Winnie Byanyima Ahmed Bilial Mehboob Raymond Suttner International Forum for Hseng Noung Lintner Ash Narain Roy Pakistan Institute of Centre for Policy Studies Women in Democracy Shan Women’s Action Institute of Social Sciences Legislative Development Network and Women’s and Transparency Mohammed Tayob Solome Nakaweesi- League of Burma Indonesia Amnesty International Kimbugwe (Thailand-based) Philippines Rudy Alfonso South Africa Uganda Women’s Network Isagani R. Serrano Htu San Marani Indonesian Municipal Open Society Institute Councils Association Philippine Rural Pansy Tlakula Richard Sebuliba- Reconstruction Movement Independent Electoral Mutumba Burma Project Imam Prasodjo Commission Parliament Singapore Charm Tong CERIC- University of Indonesia Jerald Vedan Livingstone Sewanyana Shan Women’s Action Soon Chee Juan Network (Thailand-based) World Conference on Foundation for Human Open Singapore Centre Religion and Peace Rights Initiative Franscisia Seda Zaw Zaw Center for Electoral South Korea Hennie Van Vuuren Wanjala Yona Burma Project/ OSI Reform Institute for Tororo District (Thailand-based) Kihong Han

Century Japan

st Network for North Security Studies Youth Counselor Cambodia Ryota Jonen Korean Human Rights and Democracy Jeya Wilson Zambia Kem Sokha World Movement for Durban Chamber of Cambodia Center for Democracy (US-based) Commerce and Industry Chibamba Kanyama Young Howard Women For Change Human Rights Satoko Okamoto Network for North Korean Human Rights Fatma Yusuf International Forum Ben Kapita China and Democracy Foundation for for Democratic Zambian Republican Party Contemporary Research Dongfang Han Studies (US-based) China Labor Bulletin Yum Tae Kim Zimbabwe S’bo Zamisa Schu Sugawara Democracy Network against North Korea Gulag SANGOCO-KZN Margaret Dongo Baogang He Committee to Aid Zimbabwe Union East Asian Institute Democracy for Sudan (Australia-based) Peace Building Hak-Min Kim of Democrats Citizens’ Alliance for North Intisar Abdelsadig Korean Human Rights Moses Nzila-Ndlovu Marie Holzman Badya Center for Human Rights in China Integrated Development Movement for Democratic Change (France-based) Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

68 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Participants

Kie-Duck Park Supatra Masdit Bulgaria Irena Lasota Bolivia Sejong Institute Center for Asia Pacific Institute for Democracy in Women in Politics Bistra Boeva East Europe (US-based) Guido Riveros Franck Benjamin Yoon University of National and Fundacion Boliviana Citizens’ Alliance for North Buranaj Smutharaks World Economic Studies Malgorzata Naimska para la Democracia Korean Human Rights Democrat Party Office of the President Multipartidaria of Thailand Philip Dimitrov of Warsaw Lee Nae Young Bulgarian Institute for Fredy Camacho Korea University Chalida Tajaroensuk Legal Development Krzysztof Stanowski Calizaya Asian Forum for Human Education for Democracy Fundacion Boliviana Sri Lanka Rights and Development Iva Dobichina Foundation para la Democracia (Forum-Asia) School of Politics Multipartidaria Kingsley Rodrigo Xenia Trukan People’s Action for Tibet Ivan Krastev Polish-Czech-Slovak Brazil Free & Fair Election Center for Liberal Solidarity Foundation Jampal Chosang Strategies Cristina de Taiwan Office of Tibet Marcin Walecki Miranda Costa Sasho Petkov King-yuh Chang St. Anthony College, Dolma Gyari Podkrepa Confederation University of Oxford Neide Fonseca Foundation on Instituto Sindical Assembly of Tibetan of Labor (UK-based) International and Peoples Deputies Interamericano Pela Cross-strait Studies Ognian Zlatev Romania Iguldade Racial Lodi G. Gyari Media Development Center Huang Chang-Ling Special Envoy of Ioana Avadani Chile National Taiwan University the Dalai Lama Croatia Center for Independent Journalism Genaro Arriagada Bi-khim Hsiao Tseten Norbu Lama Jelena Berkovic Community of Democracies Non- Democratic Progressive Tibetan Youth Congress Club of Journalists Cristian Ghinea governmental Forum’s Party - Legislative Romanian Academic Executive Secretariat Yuan of Taiwan Penpa Tsering Drazen Komarica Society Tibetan Parliamentary and Judges’ Web NGO Viviana Giacaman Hsiu An Anne Hsiao Policy Research Centre Serbia Taiwan Foundation Czech Republic Participa for Democracy Tempa Tsering Branislav Canak Adriana Dergam Luis Juenemann Tibet Voice Trade Union Confederation Mab Huang People in Need - NEZAVISNOST Centro de Desarrollo Soochow University Dorjee Tsultrem Foundation (Iraq-based) Cumunal y Regional Tibetan Youth Congress Slobodan Djinovic Maysing Yang Huang Ester Lauferova Media Works Marta Lagos Taiwan Foundation Vietnam People in Need Corporación for Democracy Foundation (Iraq-based) Slobodan Homen Latinobarometro Vo Van Ai Otpor Cheng-Shang Kao Que Me: Action for Tomas Pojar Carlos Eduardo Mena Taiwan Foundation Democracy in Vietnam People in Need Foundation Slovakia United Nations for Democracy (France-based) Development Programme Kosovo Olga Gyarfasova Hong-yi Sheuh Institute for Public Affairs Andrea Sanhueza Ylber Hysa Foundation on Participa Kosova Action for International and Central/ Balasz Jarabik Civic Initiatives Cross-strait Studies Eastern Pontis Foundation Colombia Naiteh Wu Europe Muhamet Mustafa Rasto Kuzel Constanza Ardila Galvis Riinvest Institute for Fundacion CEDEVIDA Institute of Sociology, MEMO Developmental Research Academia Sinica Albania Lenka Surotchak Piedad Córdoba Sotiraq Hroni Raymond Wu Montenegro Pontis Foundation Senator Institute for Democracy Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Foundation on and Mediation Srdjan Darmanovic International and Ricardo Corredor Center for Democracy Fundación para un Cross-strait Studies Bosnia-Herzegovina and Human Rights Latin Nuevo Periodismo IberoAmericano Alvin Yuanming Yao Sonja Garic Milka Tadic America/ Foundation on Center for Civic Monitor Newspaper Elvia Fernanda International and Cooperation Caribbean Cross-strait Studies Duque Castillo Poland Argentina AfroAmerica XXI Fedra Idzakovic Thailand Alicja Derkowska Global Rights: Marcela Donadio Rubén Fernándéz Partners for Justice Educational Society SER 2000 Thawilwadee Bureekul of Malopolska Corporación Región King Prajadhipok Institute Natasa Tesanovic Nicolas Ducote Paola Gutierrez Alternativna Televizija Urszula Doroszewska Center for the Colombian Confederation Kavi Chongkittavorn East Democratic Society Implementation of Public of Chambers of Commerce Thai Journalists Miralem Tursinovic Policies Promoting (Confecamaras) Association Helsinki Citizens’ Pawel Kazanecki Equity and Growth Assembly-Tuzla East European Somchai Homlaor Democratic Center Ana Julia Ramos Asian Forum for Human Congreso Visible Rights and Development (Forum-Asia)

WWW.WMD.ORG 69 Participants Participants

Elisabeth Ungar Percy Medina Randa Zogbhi Jordan Yemen Congreso Visible Transparencia Center for International Private Enterprise - Egypt Mahassen Al Emam Ali Saif Hasan Saleh León Valencia Ricardo Uceda Arab Women’s Yemeni Organization for Former member of ELN Instituto de Prensa Iraq Media Center Defense of Human Rights y Sociedad and Democratic Freedoms Cuba Mohammed Hani Hourani Surinam Tariq Abdullah Al Urdun Al Jadid Luis Israel Abreu Ramadi Human Rights Research Center Movimiento Maurits Hassankhan New Revolucionario 30 Demoracy Unit/ Riadh Al-Ani Lebanon Independent de Noviembre “Frank ADEK University Citizens Rights and Pais” (US-based) Interests Protection Antoine Nasri Messarra States Venezuela Organization Lebanese Foundation for Joel Brito Permanent Civil Peace Armenia Luz Angel Aldazoro Federation of Electrical, Sadoun Al-Dulaimi Anait Bayandur Water, and Gas Momento de la Gente Morocco Iraq Center for Research Armenian National Plant Workers in and Strategic Studies Ahmed Herzenni Committee of the Helsinki Exile (US-based) Roque Carmona Citizen’s Assembly Accion Campesina A.C. Muhanad Al-Dulaymi National Observatory of Democratic Transition Manuel Desdin Mikael Danielyan Asociacion Encuentro Rocio Guijarro Rahman Al-Jebouri Amina Lemrini Helsinki Association de la Cultura Cubana CEDICE National Democratic Association Democratique (Spain-based) Institute for Maria Josefina Pantin des Femmes du Moroc Mark Grigoryan International Affairs Caucasus Institute Orlando Asamblea de Educacion Palestine for the Media Gutierrez-Boronat Hassan Hammoud Carlos Eduardo Ponce Cuban Democrative Al-Ukaili Muhammad Abu Diab Asociación Civil Azerbaijan Revolutionary Directorate Iraqi Organization Civic Forum Institute Cubano (USA-based) Consorcio Justicia for Human Rights Shahin Abbasov Coordination Saeed Al-Maqadmah Reagan-Fascell Fellow Diosmel Rodriguez Palestinian Center Group Support Middle East/ Ahmed Al-Wattar for Helping Resolve Sabina Alekperova Independent Cooperatives Free Spirit Society Community Disputes Association of Young (US-based) North Africa Leaders of Azerbaijan Afghanistan Salah Aziz Zacaria Al-Qaq Anna Isabel Rodriguez American Society Israel/Palestine Center for Vahid Gaziyev Revista Encuentro Mohammad Sarwar for Kurds Research and Information INAM Center for Pluralism de la Cultura Cubana Hussaini (Spain-based) Cooperation Center Nehad Hachin Aref Jaffal Hikmet Hadjy-zadeh for Afghanistan Diwaniyah Women’s Civic Forum Institute FAR Centre Dominican Republic Center Management Board Novella Jafarova Maribel Batista Mohammad Nasib Riad Malki Hussain Kubba Panorama Center Dilara Aliyeva Association Consejo Nacional Welfare Association Baghdad Economic for the Protection of Unidad Sindical for Development of Afghanistan Research Center Fida’a Shihadah Women’s Rights Mexico Panorama Algeria Laith Kubba Asim Mollazadeh Francisco Acuña National Endowment for Syria Euro-Atlantic Center Libertad Informacion Nourddine Benbraham Democracy (US-based) Mexico Assemble Populaire Haytham Manna Belarus Nationale Bahija Mahdi Arab Commission Maxim Charniauski Silvia Alonso Karbala Civil Society for Human Rights (France-based) Education Center Rey Alianza Civica Nassera Dutour Organization and Committee of the Women’s Center Zhanna Litvina Maria del Carmen Families of the Founders Committee Tunisia Disappeared in Algeria Belarusian Association Gutierrez Salah Jorshe Hussain Sinjari of Journalists Fundacion Informacion Tunisian Human Egypt Iraq Institute for Reform y Democracia A.C. Rights League

Century and Democratic Culture Ales Michalevic st Haggag Ahmed Youth Information Center Fredo Arias King Mahmoud Nail Israel Turkey National Action Party Arab Program for Human Ibrahim Betil Vincuk Viacorka Rights Activists Gershon Baskin TOG-Community Belarusan Popular Ernesto Lopez Portillo Israel/Palestine Center for Volunteers Foundation Front Party Instituto de Seguridad Ibrahim El Bahrawy Research and Information y Democracia Ain Shams University Dogu Ergil Iryna Vidanova Uri Dromi Assembly of Pro- Cirila Quintero Center for the Research Bassem Hafez Israel Democracy Institute Democratic NGOs El Colegio de la Arab Program for Human of Societal Problems Frontera Norte Rights Activists Hofnung Menachem Belge Murat Estonia The Hebrew University Helsinki Citizens Assembly Peru Mohamed Kamal of Jerusalem Liia Hanni American Studies Centre MOODUKAD Rocio Franco Can Paker Instituto Defense Legal Nancy Okail Turkish Economic and Ibn Khaldoun Center for Social Studies Foundation Development Studies Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

70 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Participants

Georgia Yuri Dzhibladze Tetyana Kolosova France Spain Center for Development Ukranian Center Levan Berdzenishvili of Democracy and for Independent Jean-Yves Hugon Tomás Burgos Civic Development Human Rights Political Research Assemblee Nationale MP, Former President International Center of Nuevas Geraciones Valetin Gefter Ilko Kucheriv Greece Ivlian Khaindrava Human Rights Institute Democratic Initiatives Jose Herrera Dimitri Machairidis Center for Development Foundation Faes Fundacion and Cooperation Michael Gorny ISTAME- Andreas Papandreou Greece St. Petersburg Andrij Nechyporuk Manuel Herrera Julia Kharashvili Strategy Center Lion Society Political Advisor, Secretary IDP Women Association Ireland of State for Education Marina Kovineva Inna Pidluska Ivan Doherty Devi Khechinashvili Center for Civil and Europe XXI Foundation National Democratic Sweden Partnership for Legal Education Institute for Julie Ballington Social Initiative Kostyantyn Ploskiy International Affairs International IDEA Alexander Krasnoshtan Center for Political George Lezhava Northern Regional Education Italy Lennart Brunander Partnership for Organization Russian Centerpartiet Social Initiative Confederation of Labor Olena Prytula Matteo Mecacci Ukrains’ka Pravda Transnational Ghia Nodia Lev Levinson Radical Party Christine Chambay Center International The Caucasian Institute Human Rights Institute Dilara Seytveliyeva Foundation for Peace, Democracy Teachers Council Gianni Vernetti and Development Tanya Lokshina Italian Parliamentary Mila Eklund Moscow Helsinki Group Mikhail Volynets Group for Tibet Centre Party International Kazakhstan Confederation of Free Foundation Alexej Obolenets Trade Unions of Ukraine Netherlands Nurbulat Massanov Open Russia Foundation Forum of the Democracy Uzbekistan Arjen Berkvens Par Granstedt Forces of Kazakhstan Igor Rekounov Alfred Mozer Stichting Awepa Baltic International Muborak Tashpulatova Yevgeniy Zhovtis Mark Dijk Sanna Johnson Development Agency Tashkent Public Kazakhstan Internatinal Education Center Netherlands Institute for Olaf Palmes Bureau for Human Rights Anna Sevortian Multiparty Democracy International Center Center for the Marfua Kyrgyzstan A.W.M. Gerrits Abdalla Hamdok Development of Tokhtakhodjaeva Alfred Mozer Foundation International IDEA Tolekan Ismailova Democracy and Women’s Resource Human Rights Center of Tashkent Civil Society Against Jan Hijkoop Anja Havedal Corruption Grigori Shvedov Netherlands Ministry International Forum of Foreign Affairs for Democratic International Latvia Western Studies (US-based) Memorial Society Guntars Catlaks Europe Alvaro Pinto Scholtbach CIVITAS Natalia Taubina Netherlands Institute for Jan Hodann Multiparty Democracy Olaf Palmes Foundation for Denmark International Center Inese Voika Civil Society Henrik Wollesen Jan Tuit Transparency Danish Camp Supply Ltd. International Latvia Elana Topoleva- Netherlands Institute for Jan Hylen Soldunova Multiparty Democracy Olaf Palmes Germany International Center Lithuania Agency for Social Information Peter Eigen Norway Jolita Piliutyte Ann Linde Transparency International Maria Dahle Municipal Training Center Alexander Verkhovskiy Swedish Social Human Rights House Democratic Party Information and Analytical Rainer Erkens Foundation

Jurgita Siugzdiniene Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building Center “SOVA” Friedrich Nauman Stiftung Kaunas Municipal Per Norlund Berit Lindeman Training Center Andrey Yurov Melanie Goldmann Swedish International Human Rights House Development and Youth Human Rights Konrad Adenauer Jolanta Taruskiene Foundation Cooperation Agency Movement Lithuanian and Thomas Knirsch U.S. Initiatives Portugal Ake Pettersson Igor Zaytsev Konrad Adenauer Centre Party International Human Rights Publishers Elisabete Azevedo Moldova Miklos Marschall Portuguese Catholic Foundation Tajikistan Transparency International University Igor Munteanu Siv Ramsell Westberg Viitorol Foundation (IDIS) Gulchehra Mirzoeva Andrea Ostheimer Henrique Almeida Centre Party International Foundation Russia NGO “Modar” Konrad Adenauer Luso-Forum for Democracy Alexander Akselrod Ukraine Michael Plesch Switzerland Tolerance Foundation Claudia Caldeirinha Irina Bekeshkina Konrad Adenauer Bineta Diop Democracy Coalition Democratic Initiative Femmes Africa Solidarite Tatiana Dorutina Project Foundation Ivan Vejvoda League of Women Voters German Marshall Fund of St. Petersburg of the US -Balkan Trust for Democracy

WWW.WMD.ORG 71 Participants

UK USA Kate Doherty Miriam Lanskoy Marc Plattner American Center for National Endowment International Forum for Mike Allen Abdu Alkebsi Inertional Labor Solidarity for Democracy Democratic Studies National Endowment National Endowment for Democracy- Visiting for Democracy Traci Fenton Mary Frances Rodger Potocki Fellow (US-based) World Dynamics, LLC Lindstrom National Endowment Jeffrey N. Bakken Open Society Institute for Democracy Jon Benjamin U.S. Agency for George Folsom Foreign and International Development International Kristina Lively Gowher Rizvi Commonwealth Office Republican Institute National Endowment Ash Institute, Harvard Marc Bayard for Democracy University Philippa Broom American Center for George Fouriol Conservative Party Inertional Labor Solidarity International David Lowe Richard Rowson Republican Institute National Endowment Council for the Community Nadia Diuk Nicole Bibbins for Democracy of Democracies National Endowment for U.S. Department of State Joseph Freeman Democracy (US-based) Lynchburg College Kim Lowery Carol Sahley Julie Ann Boudreaux Kabissa U.S. Agency for Jonathan Dunn MTO-Education Society Carl Gershman International Development Foreign and of Malopolska National Endowment Leon Lynch Commonwealth Office for Democracy United Steelworkers Christopher Sands Rachel Boyle of America International Penelope Faulkner World Movement Kristin Haffert Republican Institute Que Me: Action for for Democracy National Democratic Tiffany Lynch Democracy in Vietnam Institute for National Endowment Harold Saunders (France-based) Eric Brenner International Affairs for Democracy Kettering Foundation Center for the Study Paul Flather of Social Policy Barbara Haig Lynn MacDonald Laura Abrahams Europaeum National Endowment American Center Schultz Gayleatha Brown for Democracy for International National Endowment David French U.S. Embassy in Pretoria Labor Solidarity for Democracy Westminster Foundation Christina Houlihan for Democracy Shari Bryan American Federation Radwan Masmoudi Tom Skladony National Democratic of Teachers Center for the Study of International Forum for Jadranka Foster Institute for Islam and Democracy Democratic Studies Westminster Foundation International Affairs Jane Riley Jacobsen for Democracy National Endowment Paul McCarthy Randa Slim Victoria Canavor for Democracy National Endowment International Institue for Michael Gapes National Democratic for Democracy Sustained Dialogue Member of Parliament Institute for Edmundo Jarquin International Affairs Inter-American Edward McMahon John Squier Martin Long Development Bank Binghamton University, National Endowment Action on Disability Sean Carroll Center on Democratic for Democracy and Development Club of Madrid Brian Joseph Performance National Endowment John Sullivan Marina Narnor Eric Chenoweth for Democracy Robert Miller Center for International Westminster Foundation Institute for Democracy The Hurford Foundation Private Enterprise for Democracy in East Europe Katie Kampmann Center for International Neha Misra Lia Testa John Nightingale Elizabeth Spiro Clark Private Enterprise American Center National Endowment Anglican Church Center on Democratic for International for Democracy Performance, Art Kaufman Labor Solidarity Michael Pinto- Binghamton University World Movement Deborah Ullmer Duschinsky for Democracy Sarah Olsten Representative of the Brunel University Joseph Cooper Center for International International Committee to National Endowment Patricia Keefer Private Enterprise Support the Varela Project David Thirlby for Democracy Independent consultant Westminster Foundation Charles Oman George Vickers for Democracy Phil Costopoulos Richard Penn Kemble Development Centre Open Society Institute

Century International Forum for st Freedom House of the OECD Monette Zard Democratic Studies Kathy Walther Bouma International Council on John Knaus Susan Palmer Independent Consultant Human Rights Policy Ramon Daubon National Endowment International Foundation North America Inter-American Foundation for Democracy for Election Systems Gene Ward U.S. Agency for Joseph Davis Jayne Kurzman Dave Peterson International Development North American Federation The Hurford Foundation National Endowment of Teachers for Democracy Marcus White America Robert LaGamma Interfaith Conference Learned Dees Council for the Community Theodore Piccone Canada National Endowment of Democracies Democracy Coalition Chris Wyrod for Democracy Iris Almeida Project National Endowment Rights and Democracy Dustin Lee Langan for Democracy Larry Diamond Office of Human Anna Pkhrikian-Kyrou Hoover Institute, Razmik Panossian Rights and Transitional World Movement Sandra Zacarias Stanford University Justice, CPA for Democracy Rights and Democracy National Endowment for Democracy Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

72 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | Durban, South Africa, February 1–4, 2004 Press Building Democracy for Peace, Development, and Human Rights Human and Development, Peace, for Democracy Building

WWW.WMD.ORG 73 Press Century st Confronting the Challenges to Democracy in the 21 to Democracy the Challenges Confronting

74 WORLD MOVEMENT for DEMOCRACY | São Paulo, Brazil, November 12–15, 2000