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88 blackwood's advertiser.

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EDINBURGH MAGAZINE.

No. DCXIII. NOVEMBER 1866. Vol. C.

CONTENTS.

Nina Balatka : The Story of a Maiden of Prague. — Part V., ...... 535 Cornelius O'Dowd, ...... 556 The Lost Cable. —Bribers and Bribery. — "Dignity Balls" in "our Village."— Profitable Vice. Historic Portraits, 571

Sir Brook Fossbrooke.—Conclusion, . 585 Scraps of Verse from a Tourist's Journal, 601 Celestial Rule and Rebellion, 604 Three Presidents of the United States, 623 What should the Ministers do? 641

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;

BLACKWOOD'S EDINBUKGH MAGAZINE.

No. DCXIIL NOVEMBER 1866. Vol. C.

NINA BALATKA : THE STORY OF A MAIDEN OE PRAGUE. —PART V.

CHAPTER X.

Some days passed on after the no woman near her from whom she visit to the jeweller's shop,—per- could seek counsel. Were she to haps ten or twelve,—before Nina go to some matron of the neigh- heard from or saw her lover again bourhood, her neighbour would and during that time she had no only rebuke her, because she lov- tidings from her relatives in the ed a Jew. She had boldly told Windberg-gasse. Life went on very her relatives of her love, and by quietly in the old house, and not doing so had shut herself out from the less quietly because the proceeds all assistance from them. From of the necklace saved Nina from even her father she could get no any further immediate necessity of sympathy ; though with him her searching for money. The cold engagement had become so far a weather had come, or rather weather thing sanctioned, that he had ceased that was cold in the morning and to speak of it in words of reproach. cold in the evening, and old Balatka But when was it to be 1 She had kept his bed altogether. His state more than once made up her mind was such that no one could say that she would ask her lover, but why he should not get up and dress her courage had never as yet mount- himself, and he himself continued ed high enough in his presence to to speak of some future time when allow her to do so. When he was he would do so ; but there he was, with her, their conversation always lying in his bed, and Nina told took such a turn that before she herself that in all probability she left him she was happy enough if would never see him about the she could only draw from him an house again. For herself, she was assurance that he was not forgetting becoming painfully anxious that to love her. Of any final time for some day should be fixed for her her marriage he never said a word. marriage. She knew that she was, In the mean time she and her father

in matters starve ! herself, ignorant such ; might They could not live and she knew also that there was on the price of a necklace for ever. VOL. C. —NO. DCXIIL 2 N —; : ;

536 Nina Balatka [Nov.

She had not made up her mind thought of this there came a low she never could make up her mind knock at the door. Nina, without —as to what might be best for her rising, desired the stranger to come father when she should be married in. Then the door was gently but she had made up her mind that opened, and Rebecca Loth the Jew- when that happy time should come, ess stood before her. Nina had she would simply obey her husband. seen Rebecca, but had never spoken He would tell her what would be to her. Each girl had heard much best for her father. But in the of the other from their younger mean time there was no word of friend Ruth Jacobi. Ruth was very her marriage ; and now she had intimate with them both, and Nina been ten days in the Kleinseite had been willing enough to be told without once having had so much of Rebecca, as had Rebecca also to as a message from her lover. How be told of Nina. " Grandfather was it possible that she should con- wants Anton to marry Rebecca," tinue to live in such a condition as Ruth had said more than once this? and thus Nina knew well that Re- She was sitting one morning very becca was her rival. " I think he forlorn in the big parlour, looking loves her better than his own eyes/' out upon the birds who were peck- Ruth had said to Rebecca, speaking ing among the dust in the court- of her uncle and Nina. But Re- yard below, when her eye just becca had heard from a thousand caught the drapery of the dress of sources of information that he who some woman who had entered the was to have been her lover had for- arched gateway. Nina, from her gotten his own people and his own place by the window, could see out religion, and had given himself to through the arch, and no one there- a Christian girl. Each, therefore, fore could come through their gate now knew that she looked upon an while she was at her seat without enemy and a rival ; but each was passing under her eye ; but on this anxious to be very courteous to her occasion the birds had distracted enemy. her attention, and she had not Nina rose from her chair directly caught a sight of the woman's face she saw her visitor, and came for- or figure. Could it be her aunt ward to meet her. " I suppose you come to torture her again—her and hardly know who I am, Fraulein," her father 1 She knew that Souchey said Rebecca. was down-stairs, hanging somewhere " Oh, yes," said Nina, with her " in idleness about the door, and pleasantest smile ; you are Re- therefore she did not leave her becca Loth." place. If it were indeed her aunt, "Yes, I am Rebecca Loth, the her aunt might come up there to Jewess." seek her. Or it might possibly be " I like the Jews," said Nina. Lotta Luxa, who, next to her aunt, Rebecca was not dressed now as was of all women the most dis- she had been dressed on that gala agreeable to Nina. Lotta, indeed, occasion wheu we saw her in the was not so hard to bear as aunt Jews' quarter. Then she had been Sophie, because Lotta could be as smart as white muslin and bright answered sharply, and could be told ribbons and velvet could make her. to go, if matters proceeded to ex- Now she was clad almost entirely tremities. In such a case Lotta no in black, and over her shoulders doubt would not go ; but still the she wore a dark shawl, drawn close- power of desiring her to do so was ly round her neck. But she had on much. Then Nina remembered her head, now as then, that peculiar that Lotta never wore her petticoats Hungarian hat which looks almost so full as was the morsel of drapery like a coronet in front, and gives an which she had seen. And as she aspect to the girl who wears it half " !

1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague. —Part V. 537

defiant and half attractive ; and quail before the opposition of a there were there of course the long, Jewess, and that Jewess a rival glossy, black curls, and the dark " I do not know why we should blue eyes, and the turn of the face, not live to see it," said Nina. which was so completely Jewish "It must take long first—very in its hard, bold, almost repellant long," said Rebecca. "Even now, beauty. Nina had said that she Fr'aulein, I fear you will think that liked the Jews, but when the words I am very intrusive in coming to were spoken she remembered that you. I know that a Jewess has no they might be open to misconstruc- right to push her acquaintance upon tion, and she blushed. The same a Christian girl." The Jewess idea occurred to Rebecca, but she spoke very humbly of herself and scorned to take advantage of even of her people ; but in every word a successful rival on such a point as she uttered there was a slight touch that. She would not twit Nina by of irony which was not lost upon any hint that this assumed liking for Nina. Nina could not but bethink the Jews was simply a special pre- herself that she was poor—so poor dilection for one Jew in particular. that everything around her, on her, " We are not ungrateful to you for and about her, told of poverty; coming among us and knowing us," while Rebecca was very rich, and said Rebecca. Then there was a showed her wealth even in the slight pause, for Nina hardly knew sombre garments which she had what to say to her visitor. But chosen for her morning visit. No Rebecca continued to speak. " We idea of Nina's poverty had crossed hear that in other countries the pre- Rebecca's mind, but Nina herself judice against us is dying away, and could not but remember it when that Christians stay with Jews in she felt the sarcasm implied in her their houses, and Jews with Chris- visitor's self-humiliation. tians, eating with them and drink- " I am glad that you have come ing with them. I fear it will never to me—very glad indeed, if you be so in Prague." have come in friendship." Then " " And why not in Prague 1 I she blushed as she continued ; to hope it may. Why should we not me, situated as I am, the friendship do in Prague as they do else- of a Jewish maiden would be a where 1?" treasure indeed." " " Ah, the feeling is too firmly " You intend to speak of settled here. We have our own " I speak of my engagement with quarter, and live altogether apart. Anton Trendellsohn. I do so with A Christian here will hardly walk you because I know that you have with a Jew, unless it be from heard of it. You tell me that Jews counter to counter, or from bank and Christians cannot come to- to bank. As for their living together in Prague, but I mean to gether—or even eating in the same marry a Jew. A Jew is my lover. room—do you ever see it 1 If you will say that you will be Nina of course understood the my friend, I will love you indeed.

meaning of this. That which the Ruth Jacobi is my friend ; but girl said to her was intended to then Ruth is so young." prove to her how impossible it was " Yes, Ruth is very young. She that she should marry a Jew, and is a child. She knows nothing/' live in Prague with a Jew as his " A child's friendship is better

wife ; but she, who had stood her than none." ground before aunt Sophie, who " Ruth is very young. She can- had never flinched for a moment not understand. I too love Ruth before all the threats which could Jacobi. I have known her since be showered upon her from the she was born. I knew and loved Christian side, was not going to her mother. You do not remember " ; :

533 Nina Balatka [Nov.

Ruth Trendellsohn. No your ac- out among the sparrows who were ; quaintance with them is only of still pecking among the dust in the the other day." court. She had told Rebecca at " Ruth's mother has been dead the beginning of their interview seven years," said Nina. that she would be delighted to find

"And what are seven years 1 I a friend in a Jewess, but now she have known them for four-and- felt sorry that the girl had come to twenty. ;; her. For Anton's sake she would " Nay; that cannot be." bear with much from one whom he " But I have. That is my age, had known so long. But for that and I was born, so to say, in their thought she would have answered arms. Ruth Trendellsohn was ten her visitor with short courtesy. As years older than I—only ten." it was, she sat silent and looked out "And Anton?" upon the birds. "Anton was a year older than " I have come to you now," said his sister; but you know Anton's Rebecca Loth, " to say a few words age. Has he never told you his to you about Anton Trendellsohn. age?" I hope you will not refuse to listen." " I never asked him ; but I know " That will depend on what you it. There are things one knows as say." a matter of course. I remember " Do you think it will be for his " his birthday always." good to marry a Christian 1 " It has been a short always." " I shall leave him to judge of " No, not so short. Two years that," replied Nina, sharply. is not a short time to know a " It cannot be that you do not friend." think of it. I am sure you would " But he has not been betrothed not willingly do an injury to the " to you for two years % man you love." " " No ; not betrothed to me." I would die for him if that " Nor has he loved you so long would serve him." nor you him 3 " You can serve him without " For him, I can only speak of dying. If he takes you for his the time when he first told me so." wife, all his people will turn against " And that was but the other him. His own father will become day—but the other day as I count his enemy." " the time." To this Nina made How can that be ] His father no answer. She could not claim knows of it, and yet he is not my to have known her lover from enemy." so early a date as Rebecca Loth " It is as I tell you. His father had done, who had been, as she will disinherit him. Every Jew in said, born in the arms of his family. Prague will turn his back upon But what of that 1 Men do not him. He knows it now. Anton always love best those women knows it himself, but he cannot be whom they have known the long- the first to say the word that shall est. Anton Trendellsohn had put an end to your engagement." known her long enough to find " Jews have married Christians that lie loved her best. Why then in Prague before now," said Nina, should this Jewish girl come to her pleading her own cause with all and throw in her teeth the short- the strength she had. ness of her intimacy with the man " But not such a one as Anton who was to be her husband 1 If Trendellsohn. An unconsidered she, Nina, had also been a Jewess, man may do that which is not per- Rebecca Loth would not then have mitted to those who are more in spoken in such a way. As she note." thought of this she turned her face " There is no law against it away from the stranger, and looked now." — ;

1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague. —Part V. 539

" That is true. There is no law. world, or the girl that has taken " Bat there are habits stronger than his fancy 1 law. In your own case, do you not " I would sooner lose the world know that all the friends you have twice over than lose him." in the world will turn their backs "Yes; but you are only a wo- upon you 1 And so it would be man. Think of his position. There with him. You two would be is not a Jew in all Prague respected alone — neither as Jews nor as among us as he is respected. He Christians— with none to aid you, knows more, can do more, has more with no friend to love you.' ; of wit and cleverness, than any of " For myself I care nothing," us. We look to him to win for the said Nina. " They may say, if they Jews in Prague something of the like, that I am no Christian." freedom which Jews have else- " But how will it be with him ? where,—in Paris and in London. Can you ever be happy if you have If he takes a Christian for his wife, been the cause of ruin to your hus- all this will be destroyed." band?" " But all will be well if he were " Nina was again silent for a while, to marry you ! sitting with her face turned alto- Now it was Rebecca's turn to " gether away from the Jewess. pause ; but it was not for long. I Then she rose suddenly from her love him dearly," she said; "with chair, and, facing round almost a love as warm as yours." fiercely upon the other girl, asked " And therefore I am to be un- a question, which came from the true to him," said Nina, again seat- fulness of her heart, " And you ing herself. you yourself, what is it that you " And were I to become his wife," intend to do 1 Do you wish to continued Rebecca, not regarding " marry him 1 the interruption, " it would be well " I do," said Kebecca, bearing with him in a worldly point of Nina's gaze without dropping her view. All our people would be own eyes for a moment. " I do. glad, because there has been friend- I do wish to be the wife of Anton ship between the families from of Trendellsohn." old. His father would be pleased, " Then you shall never have your and he would become rich ; and I wish—never. He loves me, and also am not without some wealth me only. Ask him, and he will of my own." tell you so." "While I am poor," said Nina; " I have asked him, and he has " so poor that,—look here, I can told me so." There was something only mend my rags. There, look so serious, so sad, and so deter- at my shoes. I have not another mined in the manner of the young pair to my feet. But if he likes Jewess, that it almost cowed Nina me, poor and ragged, better than he —almost drove her to yield before likes you, rich " She got so her visitor. " If he has told you far, raising her voice as she spoke

so," she said ; then she stop- but she could get no farther, for ped, not wishing to triumph over her sobs stopped her voice. her rival. But while she was struggling to " He has told me so ; but I knew speak, the other girl rose and knelt it without his telling. We all at Nina's feet, putting her long know it. I have not come here to tapering fingers upon Nina's thread- deceive you, or to create false sus- bare arms, so that her forehead picions. He does love you. He was almost close to Nina's lips. cares nothing for me, and he does " He does," said Rebecca, " It is love you. But is he therefore to true—quite true. He loves you, be ruined 1 Which had he better poor as you are, ten times— a hun- lose 1 All that he has in the dred times — better than he loves 540 Nina Balatha: [Nov, me, who am not poor. You have might be able to keep her lover to won it altogether by yourself, with herself ; but if she were to be in- nothing of outside art to back you. duced to abandon him — for his You have your triumph. Will not sake, so that he might not be that be enough for a life's content- ruined by his love for her—why, " ment 1 in that case, should he not take the " No ; — no, no," said Nina. other girl for his wife I In such a " No, it will not be enough." But case Nina told herself that there her voice now was not altogether would be no world left for her. sorrowful. There was in it some- There would be nothing left for thing of a wild joy which had come her beyond the accomplishment of to her heart from the generous ad- Lotta Luxa's prophecy. But yet, mission which the Jewess made. though she thought of this, though She did triumph as she remem- in her misery she half resolved that bered that she had conquered with she would give up Anton, and not no other weapons than those which exact from Rebecca the oath which nature had given her. the Jewess had tendered, still, in " It is more of contentment than spite of that feeling, the dread of a I shall ever have," said Rebecca. rival's success helped to make her " Listen to me. If you will say feel that she could never bring her- to me that you will release him self to yield. " from his promise, I will swear to " Shall it be as I say 1 said Re- " you, by the God whom we both becca ; and shall we, dear, be " worship, that I will never become friends while we live ? his wife — that he shall never " No," said Nina, suddenly. touch me or speak to me in love." " You cannot bring yourself to She had risen before she made this do so much for the man you love?" proposal, and now stood before ,k No, I cannot. Could you throw Nina with one hand raised, with yourself from the bridge into the " her blue eyes fixed upon Nina's Moldau, and drown yourself ? face, and a solemnity in her man- " Yes," said Rebecca, " I could. ner which for a while startled Nina If it would serve him, I think that into silence. " You will believe I could do so." " my word, I am sure," said Rebecca. What ! in the dark, when it is

" Yes, I would believe you," said so cold 1 The people would see Nina. you in the day-time." u Shall it be a bargain between " But I would live, that I might us 1 Say so, and whatever is mine hear of his doings, and see his suc- shall be mine and yours too. Though cess." " a Jew may not make a Christian Ah ! I could not live without his wife, a Jewish girl may love a feeling that he loved me." " Christian maiden ; —and then, Nina, But what will you think of his we shall both know that we have love when it has ruined him ? Will done our very best for him whom it be pleasant then ? Were I to do we both love better than all the that, then—then I should bethink world beside." myself of the cold river and the Nina was again silent, consider- dark night, and the eyes of the ing the proposition that had been passers-by whom I should be afraid made to her. There was one thing to meet in the day-time. I ask you that she did not see ; one point of to be as I am. Who is there that view in which the matter had not pities me ? Think again, Nina. been presented to her. The cause I know you would wish that he for her sacrifice had been made should be prosperous." plain to her, but why was the sac- Nina did think again, and thought rifice of the other also to become long. And she wept, and the Jewess necessary I By not yielding she comforted her, and many words — !

1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.—Part V. 541 were said between them beyond greatly by marrying a Christian. those which have been here set She did believe that the Jews of treat down ; but, in the end, Nina could Prague would him somewhat not bring herself to say that she as the Christians would treat her- would give him up. For his sake self. For herself such treatment had she not given up her uncle and would be nothing, if she were but her aunt, and St John and St once married ; but she could under Nicholas—and the very Virgin her- stand that to him it would be ruin self, whose picture she had now ous. And Nina believed also that removed from the wall beside her Rebecca had been entirely disinter- bed to a dark drawer ? How could ested in her mission—that she came she give up that which was every- thither, not to gain a lover for her- thing she had in the world—the very self, but to save from injury the life of her bosom 1 " I will ask him man she loved, without reference to —him himself," she said at last, her own passion. Nina knew that hoarsely. " I will ask him, and do Rebecca was strong and good, and as he bids me. I cannot do any- acknowledged also that she herself thing unless it is as he bids me." was weak and selfish. She thought " In this matter you must act on that she ought to have been per- your own judgment, Nina." suaded to make the sacrifice, and " No, I will not. I have no once or twice she almost resolved judgment. He must judge for me that she would follow Rebecca to in everything. If he says it is the Jews' quarter and tell her that better that we should part, then it should be made. But she could then—then I will let him go." not do it. Were she to do so, what After this Rebecca left the room would be left to her] With him and the house. Before she went, she could bear anything, everything. she kissed the Christian girl ; but To starve would hardly be bitter to Nina did not remember that she her, so that his arm could be round had been kissed. Her mind was so her waist and that her head could full, not of thought, but of the sug- be on his shoulder. And, more- gestion that had been made to her, over, was she not his to do with as that it could now take no impres- he pleased 1 After all her promises sion from anything else. She had to him, how could she take upon been recommended to do a thing as herself to dispose of herself other- her duty—as a paramount duty to- wise than as he might direct 1 wards him who was everything to But then some thought of the her—the doing of which it would missing document came back upon be impossible that she should sur- her, and she remembered in her vive. So she told herself when grief that he suspected her—that she was once more alone, and had even now he had some frightful again seated herself in the chair doubt as to her truth to him—her by the window. She did not for a faith, which was, alas, alas ! more moment accuse Rebecca of dealing firm and bright towards him than unfairly with her. It never occur- towards that heavenly Friend whose red to her as possible that the Jew- aid would certainly suffice to bring ess had come to her with false views her through all her troubles, if only of her own fabrication. Had she she could bring herself to trust as so believed, her suspicions would she asked it. But she could trust have done great injustice to her only in him, and he doubted her rival ; but no such idea presented Would it not be better to do as itself to Nina's mind. All that Rebecca said, and make the most Rebecca had said to her had come of such contentment as might come to her as though it were gospel. to her from her triumph over her- She did believe that Trendellsohn, self? That would be better—ten as a Jew, would injure himself times better than to be abandoned —

542 Nina Balatka [Nov. by him—to be deserted by her Jew that way there lay nothing but the lover, because the Jew would not madness of desolation ! It was her trust her, a Christian ! On either last resolve, as she still sat at the side there could be nothing for her window counting the sparrows in but death ; but there is a choice the yard, that she would tell him even of deaths. If she did the everything, and leave it to him to thing herself, she thought that there decide. If he would say that it might be something sweet even in was better for them to part, then the sadness of her last hour—some- he might go ; and Rebecca Loth thing of the flavour of sacrifice. might become his wife, if he so But should it be done by him, in wished it.

CHAPTER, XL

On one of these days old Tren- that he would not take a Christian dellsohn went to the office of Karil girl into his house as his daughter- Zamenoy, in the Ross Markt, with in-law. He could not prevent the the full determination of learning marriage. The law would be on in truth what there might be to be his son's side. The law of the learned as to that deed which would Christian kingdom in which he be so necessary to him, or to those lived allowed such marriages, and who would come after him, when Anton, if he executed the contract Josef Balatka might die. He ac- which would make the marriage cused himself of having been fool- valid, would in truth be the girl's ishly soft-hearted in his transactions husband. But—and Trendellsohn, with this Christian, and reminded as he remembered the power which himself from time to time that no was still in his hands, almost re- Jew in Prague would have been so gretted that he held it — if this treated by any Christian. And thing were done, his son must go what was the return made to him 1 out from his house, and be his son Among them they had now secreted no longer. that of which he should have en- The old man was very proud of forced the rendering before he had his son. Rebecca had said truly parted with his own money ; and that no Jew in Prague was so re- this they did because they knew spected among Jews as Anton Tren- that he would be unwilling to take dellsohn. She might have added, harsh legal proceedings against a also, that none was more highly bed-ridden old man ! In this frame esteemed among Christians. To of mind he went to the Ross Markt, lose such a son would be a loss in- and there he was assured over and deed. "I will share everything over again by Ziska Zamenoy—for with him, and he shall go away out Karil Zamenoy was not to be seen of Bohemia/' Trendellsohn had said " —that Nina Balatka had the deed to himself. He has earned it, and in her own keeping. The name of he shall have it. He lias worked Nina Balatka was becoming very for me—for us both—without ask- grievous to the old man. Even he, ing me, his father, to bind myself when the matter had first been with any bond. He shall have the broached to him, had not recognis- wealth which is his own, but lie ed all the evils which would come shall not have it here. Ah ! if he from a marriage between his son would but take that other one as and a Christian maiden ; but of late his bride, he should have every- his neighbours had been around thing, and his father's blessing him, and he had looked into the and then he would be the first in- thing, and his eyes had been open- stead of the last among his people." ed, and he had declared to himself Such was the purpose of Stephen 1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.—Part V. 543

Trendellsohn towards his son ; but Thibolski's daughter — how they this, his real purpose, did not hin- robbed her when they married her, der him from threatening worse and how her people tried their best things. To prevent the marriage to rob the lad she married. Did was his great object; and if threats we not see it all?" would prevent it, why should he " It was not the girl who did it not use them ? —not the girl herself." But now he had conceived the " Why should a woman be lion-

idea that Nina was deceiving his ester than a man 1 I tell you, An- son—that Nina was in truth hold- ton, that this girl has the deed." ing back the deed with some view "Ziska Zamenoy has told you which he could hardly fathom. so?" Ziska Zamenoy had declared, with "Yes, he has told me. But I all the emphasis in his power, that am not a man to be deceived be- the document was to the best of cause such a one as Ziska wishes to his belief in Nina's hands; and, deceive me. You, at least, know though Ziska's emphasis would not me better than that. That which have gone far in convincing the I tell you, Ziska himself believes." Jew, had the Jew's mind been " But Ziska may believe wrongly." " turned in the other direction, now Why should he do so ? Whose it had its effect. " And who gave interest can it be to make this it her?" Trendellsohn had asked. thing seem so, if it be not so ? If " Ah, there you must excuse me," the girl have the deed, you can get " Ziska had answered ; though, in- it more readily from her than from deed, I could not tell you if I the Zamenoys. Believe me, An- would. But we have nothing to ton, the deed is with the girl." do with the matter. We have no " If it be so, I shall never believe claim upon the houses. It is be- again in the truth of a human tween you and the Balatkas." Then being," said the son. the Jew had left the Zamenoys' " Believe in the truth of your office, and had gone home, fully be- own people," said the father. "Why lieving that the deed was in Nina's should you seek to be wiser than hands. them all?" " Yes, it is so—she is deceiving The father did not convince the you," he said to his son that even- son, but the words which he had ing. spoken helped to create a doubt "No, father. I think not." which already had almost an ex- " Very well. You will find when istence of its own. Anton Tren- it is too late that my words are dellsohn was prone to suspicions, true. Have you ever known a and now was beginning to suspect Christian who thought it wrong to Nina, although he strove hard to rob a Jew V keep his mind free from such taint. "I do not believe that Nina His better nature told him that it would rob me." was impossible that she should de- " Ah ! that is the confidence of ceive him. He had read the very what you call love. She is honest, inside of her heart, and knew that you think, because she has a pretty her only delight was in his love. face." He understood perfectly the weak- " She is honest, I think, because ness and faith and beauty of her she loves me/' feminine nature, and her trusting, "Bah! Does love make men leaning softness was to his harder

1 honest, or women either ? Do we spirit as water to a thirsting man not see every day how these Chris- in the desert. When she clung to tians rob each other in their money him, promising to obey him in dealings when they are jnarrying 1 everything, the touch of her hands, What was the girl's name 1 —old and the sound of her voice, and the — :

544 Nina Balatlca [Nov.

beseeching glance of her loving heard of it —was keenly anxiou3 eyes, were food and drink to him. to prevent so great a disgrace. He He knew that her presence refreshed knew all that his father had threat- him and cooled him—made him ened, and he was well aware how young as he was growing old, and complete was his father's power. filled his mind with sweet thoughts But he could stand against all that, which hardly came to him but if only Nina were true to him. He when she was with him. He had would go away from Prague. What told himself over and over again did it matter 1 Prague was not all that it must be good for him to the world. There were cities bet- have such a one for his wife, whe- ter, nobler, richer than Prague, in ther she were Jew or Christian. which his brethren, the Jews, would He knew himself to be a better not turn their backs upon him be- man when she was with him than cause he had married a Christian. at other moments of his life. And It might be that he would have to then he loved her. He was think- begin the world again ; but for ing of her hourly, though his impa- that, too, he would be prepared. tience to see her was not as hers to Nina had shown that she could bear be with him. He loved her. But poverty. Nina's torn boots and yet—yet—what if she should be de- threadbare dress, and the utter ab- ceiving him 1 To be able to deceive sence of any request ever made others but never to be deceived with regard to her own comfort, himself, was to him, unconsciously, had not been lost upon him. He the glory which he desired. To be knew how noble she was in bear- deceived was to be disgraced. What ing—how doubly noble she was in was all his wit and acknowledged never asking. If only there was cunning if a girl—a Christian girl nothing of deceit at the back to

—could outwit him % For himself, mar it all ! he could see clearly enough into He passed over the bridge, hard- things to be aware that, as a rule, ly knowing whither he was going, he could do better by truth than he and turned directly down towards could by falsehood. He was not Balatka's house. As he did so he prone to deceive others. But in observed that certain repairs were such matters he desired ever to have needed in an adjoining building the power with him—to keep, as it which belonged to his father, and were, the upper hand. He would determined that a mason should be fain read the hearts of others en- sent there on the next daj. Then tirely, and know their wishes, and he turned in under the archway, understand their schemes, whereas not passing through it into the his own heart and his own desires court, and there he stood looking and his own schemes should only up at the window, in which Nina's be legible in part. What if, after small solitary lamp was twinkling. all, he were unable to read the He knew that she was sitting by simple tablets of this girl's mind the light, and that she was work- tablets which he had regarded as ing. He knew that she would be being altogether in his own keep- raised almost to a seventh heaven ing? of delight if he would only call her He went forth for a while, walk- to the door and speak to her a ing slowly through the streets, as dozen words before he returned to he thought of this, wandering with- his home. But he had no thought out an object, but turning over in of doing it. Was it possible that his mind his father's words. He she should have this document in knew that his father was anxious her keeping ? —that was the thought to prevent his marriage. He knew that filled his mind. He had bribed that every Jew around him—for Lotta Luxa, and Lotta had sworn now the Jews around him had all by her Christian gods that the deed 1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.—Part V. 545 was in Nina's hands. If the thing she should come forth as gold, she was false, why should they all con- should be to him the one pure ingot spire to tell the same falsehood 1 which the earth contained. With And yet he knew that they were how great a love would he not repay false in their natures. Their man- her in future days for all that she ner, the words of each of them, be- would have suffered for his sake ! trayed something of falsehood to But she must be made to go his well-tuned ear, to his acute eye, through the fire again. He would to his sharp senses. But with Nina tax her with the possession of the —from Nina herself — everything missing deed, and call upon her to that came from her spoke of truth. cleanse herself from the accusation A sweet savour of honesty hung which was made against her. Once about her breath, and was a bless- again he would be harsh with her ing to him when he was near — harsh in appearance only — in enough to her to feel it. And yet order that his subsequent tender- he told himself that he was bound ness might be so much more ten- to doubt. He stood for some half- der ! She had already borne much, hour in the archway, leaning against and she must be made to endure the stonework at the side, and look- once again. Did not he mean to

1 ing up at the window where Nina endure much for her sake ? Was was sitting. What was he to do 1 he not prepared to recommence How should he carry himself in the troubles and toil of his life all this special period of his life 1 from the beginning, in order that

Great ideas about the destiny of she might be that life's companion 1 his people were mingled in his Surely he had the right to put her mind with suspicions as to Nina through the fire, and prove her as of which he should have been, and never gold was proved before. probably was, ashamed. He would At last the little light was quench- certainly take her away from Prague. ed, and Anton Trendellsohn felt He had already perceived that his that he was alone. The unseen marriage with a Christian would companion of his thoughts was no be regarded in that stronghold of longer with him, and it was useless prejudice in which he lived with so for him to remain there standing much animosity as to impede, and in the archway. He blew her a perhaps destroy, the utility of his kiss from his lips, and blessed her career. He would go away, taking in his heart, and protested to him- Nina with him. And he would be self that he knew she would come careful that she should never know, out of the fire pure altogether and by a word or a look, that he had in proved to be without dross. And any way suffered for her sake. And then he went his way. In the he swore to himself that he would mean time Nina, chill and wretched, be soft to her, and gentle, loving crept to her cold bed, all uncon- her with a love more demonstrative scious of the happiness that had than he had hitherto exhibited. been so near her. " If he thinks I He knew that he had been stern, can be false to him, it will be better exacting, and sometimes harsh. All to die," she said to herself, as she that should be mended. He had drew the scanty clothing over her learned her character, and perceived shivering shoulders. how absolutely she fed upon his As she did so her lover walked love ; and he would take care that home, and having come to a resolu- the food should always be there, tion which was intended to be defi- palpably there, for her sustenance. nite as to his love, he allowed his But—but he must try her yet once thoughts to run away with him to more before all this could be done other subjects. After all, it would for her. She must pass yet once be no evil to him to leave Prague. again through the fire ; and if then At Prague how little was there of —

546 Nina Balatka : [Nov. progress either in thought or in " You sleep here and eat here, I things material ! At Prague a Jew daresay." could earn money, and become rich "My business lies mostly out,

—might own half the city ; and yet about the town." at Prague he could only live as an " Have you been about business " outcast. As regarded the laws of now, uncle Anton 1 said Ruth. the land, he, as a Jew, might fix " Do not ask forward questions, his residence anywhere in Prague Ruth," said the uncle. "Rebecca,

or around Prague ; he might have I fear, teaches you to forget that gardens, and lands, and all the you are still a child." " results of money ; he might put Do not scold her," said the old his wife into a carriage twice as man. " She is a good girl." splendid as that which constituted "It is Anton that forgets that the great social triumph of Madame nature is making Ruth a young Zamenoy —but so strong against woman," said Rebecca. ; such a mode of life were the tra- " I do not want to be a young ditional prejudices of both Jews and woman a bit before uncle Anton Christians, that any such fashion of likes it," said Ruth. " I don't living would be absolutely impos- mind waiting ever so long for him. sible to him. It would not be good When he is married he will not for him that he should remain at care what I am." Prague. Knowing his father as he " If that be so, you may be a did, he could not believe that the woman very soon," said Rebecca. old man would be so unjust as to " That is more than you know," let him go altogether empty-handed. said Anton, turning very sharply He had toiled, and had been suc- on her. " What do you know of " cessful ; and something of the corn my marriage, or when it will be 1 " " which he had garnered would surely Are you scolding her too 1 be rendered to him. With this said the elder Trendellsohn. or, if need be, without it—he and "Nay, father; let him do so," his Christian wife would go forth said Rebecca. " He has known me and see if the world was not wide long enough to scold me if he enough to find them a spot on thinks that I deserve it. You are which they might live without the gentle to me and spoil me, and it contempt of those around them. is only well that one among my old Though Nina had quenched her friends should be sincere enough lamp and had gone to bed, it was to be ungentle." not late when Trendellsohn reached " I beg your pardon, Rebecca, if his home, and he knew that he I have been uncourteous." should find his father waiting for "There can be no pardon where him. But his father was not alone. there is no offence." Rebecca Loth was sitting with " If you are ashamed to hear of the old man, and they had just your marriage," said the father, supped together when Anton en- " you should be ashamed to think tered the room. Ruth Jacobi was of it." also there, waiting till her friend Then there was silence for a few should go, before she also went to seconds before any one spoke. The her bed. girls did not dare to speak after " " How are you, Anton 1 said words so serious from the father Rebecca, giving her hand to the to the son. It was known to both man she loved. " It is strange to of them that Anton could hardly see you in these days." bring himself to bear a rebuke "The strangeness, Rebecca, comes even from his father, and they felt from no fault of my own. Few men, that such a rebuke as this, given I fancy, are more constant to their in their presence, would be alto- homes than I am." gether unendurable. Every one — "

1806.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague. —Part 7. 547 in the room understood the exact " I will go home with you," said position in which each stood to the Anton. other. That Rebecca would wil- " Indeed you shall not. Do you lingly have become Anton's wife, think I cannot walk alone through that she had refused various offers our own streets in the dark without of marriage in order that ultimately being afraid] it might be so, was known to Ste- " I am well aware that you are phen Trendellsohn, and to Anton afraid of nothing ; but neverthe- himself, and to Ruth Jacobi. There less, if you will allow me, I will had not been the pretence of any accompany you." There was no secret among them in the matter. sufficient cause for her to refuse But the subject was one which his company, and the two left the could hardly be discussed by them house together. openly. " Father," said Anton, As they descended the stairs, Re- after a while, during which the becca determined that she would black thunder-cloud which had for have the first word in what might an instant settled on his brow now be said between them. She had managed to dispel itself with- had suggested that this marriage out bursting into a visible storm with the Christian girl might be " father, I am neither ashamed to abandoned without the disgrace think of my intended marriage nor upon Anton of having broken his to speak of it. There is no question troth, and she had thereby laid her- of shame. But it is unpleasant to self open to a suspicion of having make such a subject matter of gen- worked for her own ends, — of eral conversation when it is a having done so with unmaidenly source of trouble instead of joy eagerness to gratify her own love. among us. I wish I could have Something on the subject must be made you happy by my marriage." said—would be said by him if not " You will make me very wretch- by her—and therefore she wT ould ed." explain herself at once. She spoke " Then let us not talk about it. as soon as she found herself by his It cannot be altered. You would side in the street. " I regretted not have me false to my plighted what I said up-stairs, Anton, as word]" soon as the words were out of Again there was silence for some my mouth." minutes, and then Rebecca spoke, " I do not know that you said —the words coming from her in anything to regret." the lowest possible accents. "I told you that if in truth "It can be altered without breach you thought this marriage to be " of your plighted word. Ask the wrong young woman what she herself " Which I do not." thinks. You w7 ill find that she "Pardon me, my friend, for a knows that you are both wrong." moment. If you had so thought, " Of course she knows it," said I said that there was a mode of the father. escape without falsehood or dis- " I will ask her nothing of the grace. In saying so I must have kind," said the son. seemed to urge you to break away " It would be of no use," said from Nina Balatka." Ruth. "You are all urging me to do After this Rebecca rose to take that." her leave, saying something of the " Coming from the others such falseness of her brother Samuel, advice cannot even seem to have who had promised to come for her an improper motive." Here she and to take her home. " But he is paused, feeling the difficulty of her with Miriam Harter," said Rebecca, task,— aware that she could not " and, of course, he will forget me." conclude it without an admission " "

548 Nina Balatha [Nov. which no woman willingly makes. they were wrong, and I will en- But she shook away the impedi- deavour to teach myself another ment, bracing herself to the work, happiness." and went on steadily with her " Rebecca, if I have been in " speech. " Coming from me such fault motive may be imputed—nay, it " You have never been in fault. must be imputed/' You are by nature too stern to " No motive is imputed that is fall into such faults. It has been not believed by me to be good and my misfortune—perhaps rather I healthy and friendly." should say my difficulty—that till " Our friends," continued Ee- of late you have given me no sign becca, " have wished that you and by which I could foresee my lot. I I should be husband and wife. was still young, and I still believed That is now impossible." what they told me,—even though " It is impossible,—because Nina you did not come to me as lovers will be my wife." come. Now I know it all ; and as " It is impossible, whether Nina any such thoughts—or wishes, if should become your wife or should you will—as those I used to have not become your wife. I do not can never return to me, I may per- say this from any girlish pride. haps be felt by you to be free to use Before I knew that you loved a what liberty of counsel old friend- Christian woman, I would willing- ship may give me. I know you will ly have been as our friends not misunderstand me—and that is wished. You see I can trust you all. Do not come further with me." enough for candour. When I was He called to her, but she was young they told me to love you, gone, escaping from him with and I obeyed them. They told me quick running feet through the that I was to be your wife, and dark night ; and he returned to his I taught myself to be happy in father's house, thinking of the girl believing them. I now know that that had left him.

CHAPTER XII.

Again some days passed by abominable betrothal of his mis- without any meeting between Nina tress. " You said the other day and her lover, and things were that you would do so, and it will going very badly with the Balatkas be better." in the old house. The money that " But I shall not." had come from the jeweller was " Then you will be starved." not indeed all expended, but Nina " I am starved already, and it looked upon it as her last resource, cannot be worse. I dined yester- till marriage should come to relieve day on what they threw out to the

her ; and the time of her marriage dogs in the meat market." seemed to be as far from her as " And where will you dine to- ever. So the kreutzers were hus- day 1 banded as only a woman can hus- " Ah, I shall dine better to- band them, and new attempts were day. I shall get a meal in the made to reduce the little expenses Windberg-gasse." of the little household. " What, at my aunt's house ? " Souchey, you had better go. "Yes; at your aunt's house. You had indeed," said Nina. " We They live well there, even in the cannot feed you." Now Souchey kitchen. Lotta will have for me had himself spoken of leaving them some hot soup, a mess of cabbage, some days since, urged to do so by and a sausage. I wish I could his Christian indignation at the bring it away from your aunt's "

1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.— Part V. 549

rible marriage if he could house to the old man and your- do so ; self.'' but it behoved him to be true to " I would sooner fall in the gut- his master and mistress, and espe- ter than eat my aunt's meat." cially true to them in opposition to " That is all very fine for you, the Zamenoys. He had in some but I am not going to marry a sort been carrying on a losing battle Jewess. Why should I quarrel against the Zamenoys all his life, with your aunt, or with Lotta and had some of the feelings of a Luxa % If you would give up the martyr,—telling himself that he Jew, Nina, your aunt's house would had lost a rich wife by doing so. be open to you yes,—and Ziska's He would go on this occasion and ; house." eat his dinner and be very confi-

"I will not give up the Jew," dential with Lotta ; but he would said Nina with flashing eyes. be very discreet, would learn more " I suppose not. But what will than he told, and, above all, would you do when he gives you up % not betray his master or mistress. What if Ziska then should not be Soon after he was gone, Anton " so forward % Trendellsohn came over to the " Of all those who are my ene- Kleinseite, and, ringing at the bell mies, and whom I hate because they of the house, received admission " are so cruel, I hate Ziska the worst. from Nina herself. What ! you, " Go and tell him so, since you are Anton 1 she said, almost jumping becoming one of them. In doing into his arms, and then restraining " so much you cannot at any rate do herself. Will you come up 1 It me harm." is so long since I have seen you." Then she took herself off, forget- "Yes—it is long. I hope the ting in her angry spirit the pruden- time is soon coming when there tial motives which had induced her shall be no more of such separa- to begin the conversation with tion."

Souchey. But Souchey, though he " Is it 1 Is it indeed 1 was going to Madame Zamenoy's " 1 trust it is." house to get his dinner, and was " I suppose as a maiden I ought looking forward with much eager- to be coy, and say that I would ness to the mess of hot cabbage prefer to wait ; but, dearest love, and the cold sausage, had by no sorrow and trouble have banished means become " one of them" in all that. You will not love me the Windberg-gasse. He had had less because I tell you that I count more than one interview of late the minutes till I may be your with Lotta Luxa, and had perceived wife." " that something was going on, of No ; I do not love you less on which he much desired to be at that account. I would have you the bottom. Lotta had some be true and faithful in all things." scheme, which she was half willing Though the words themselves and half unwilling to reveal to him, were assuring, there was something by which she hoped to prevent the in the tone of his voice which re- threatened marriage between Nina pressed her. " To you I am true

and the Jew. Now Souchey was and faithful in all things ; as faith- well enough inclined to take a part ful as though you were already my in such a scheme, provided it did husband. What were you saying — " not in any way make him a party of a time that is soon coming 1 with the Zamenoys in things gen- He did not answer her question, eral, against the Balatkas. It was but turned the subject away into his duty as a Christian—though another channel. " I have brought he himself was rather slack in the something for you," he said — performance of his own religious " something which I hope you will duties—to put a stop to this hor- be glad to have." " :

550 Nina Balatka [Nov.

" " Is it a present 1 she asked. thi3 thing, and if I am ever your As yet he had never given her any- wife, then you shall give it me." " " thing that she could call a gift, and If you are ever my wife ? it was to her almost a matter of " Is there no room for such an pride that she had taken nothing if ? I hope there is not, Anton. from her Jew lover, and that she I wish it were as certain as the would take nothing till it should sun's rising. Bat people around be her right to take everything. us are so cruel ! It seems, some- " Hardly a present ; but you times, as though the world were shall look at it as you will. You a'gainst us. And then you, your- » remember Rapinsky, do you not?" self Now Rapinsky was the jeweller in " What of me myself, Nina?" the Grosser Ring, and Nina, though "I do not think you trust me she well remembered the man and altogether ; and unless you trust the shop, did not at the moment re- me, I know you will not make me member the name. " You will not your wife." " have forgotten this at any rate," That is certain ; and yet I do said Trendellsohn, bringing the not doubt that you will be my necklace from out of his pocket. wife." ? " " How did you get it " said But do you trust me ? Do you Nina, not putting out her hand to believe in your heart of hearts that take it, but looking at it as it lay I know nothing of that paper for upon the table. which you are searching?" She " I thought you would be glad paused for a reply, but he did not to have it back again." at once make any. " Tell me," she " " I should be glad if went on saying, with energy, " are

" If what ] Will it be less wel- you sure that I am true to you

come because it comes through my in that matter, as in all others ? " hands 1 Though I were starving—and it is " The man lent me money upon nearly so with me already — and it, and you must have paid the though I loved you beyond even all money." heaven—as I do, I do, I would not ; ' What if I have ? I like your become your wife if you doubted

pride, Nina ; but be not too proud. me in any tittle. Say that you Of course I have paid the money. doubt me, and then it shall be I know Rapinsky, who deals with all over." Still he did not speak. us often. I went to him after you " Rebecca Loth will be a fitter wife spoke to me, and got it back again. for you than I can be," said Nina. There is your mother's necklace." " If you are not my wife, I shall " I am sorry for this, Anton." never have a wife," said Trendell- " Why sorry 1 sohn. " We are so poor that I shall be In her ecstasy of delight, as she driven to take it elsewhere again. heard these words, she took up his

I cannot keep such a thing in the hand and kissed it ; but she dropped house while father wants. But it again, as she remembered that she " better he should want than had not yet received the assurance " " " Than what, Nina 1 that she needed. But you do be- " " There would be something like lieve me about this horrid paper? cheating in borrowing money on It was necessary that she should the same thing twice." be made to go again through the " Then put it by, and I will be fire. In deliberate reflection he had your lender." made himself aware that such neces- " No ; I will not borrow from sity still existed. It might be that you. You are the only one in the she had some inner reserve as to world that I could never repay. I duty towards her father. There cannot borrow from you. Keep was, possibly, some reason which 1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.—Part V. 551 he could not fathom why she should should search my chamber and my still keep something back from him bed. If you will come with me, I in this matter. He did not, in truth, will show you the door. You will think that it was so, but there was find it to be a sorry place for one the chance. There was the chance, who was your affianced bride." and he could not bear to be deceived. " Who is my affianced bride," said He felt assured that Ziska Zamenoy Trendellsohn. and Lotta Luxa believed that this " No, sir ! —who was, but is so deed was in Nina's keeping. In- no longer. You will have to ask deed, he was assured that all the my pardon,—at my feet, before I household of the Zamenoys so be- will let you speak to me again as lieved. " If there be a God above my lover. Go and search. Look us, it is there," Lotta had said, for your deed,—and then you shall crossing herself. He did not think see that I will tear out my own it was there ; he thought that Lotta heart rather than submit to the ill- was wrong, and that all the Zame- usage of distrust from one who noys were wrong, by some mistake owes me so much faith as you do." " which he could not fathom ; but Nina," he said. still there was the chance, and Nina " Well, sir." must be made to bear this additional " I do trust you." calamity. " Yes—with a half trust,—with " Do you think it impossible," one eye closed, while the other is said he, " that you should have it watching me. You think you have " among your own things 1 so conquered me that I will be " What ! without knowing that good to you, and yet cannot keep

1 I have it ? " she asked. yourself from listening to those who " It may have come to you with whisper that I am bad to you. Sir, other papers," he said, " and you I fear they have been right when may not quite have understood its they told me that a Jew's nature nature." would surely shock me at last." " There, in that desk, is every The dark frowning cloud, which paper that I have in the world. she had so often observed with fear,

You can look if you suspect me. came upon his brow ; but she did But I shall not easily forgive you not fear him now. " And do you for looking." Then she threw down too taunt me with my religion 1 " he the key of her desk upon the table. said. He took it up and fingered it, but " No, not so — not with your did not move towards the desk. religion, Anton ; but with your " The greatest treasure there," she nature." said, " are scraps of your own, which "And how can I help my na- I have been a fool to value, as they ture?" have come from a man who does " I suppose you cannot help it, not trust me." and I am wrong to taunt you. I He knew that it would be useless should not have taunted you. I for him to open the desk. If she should only have said that I will were secreting anything from him, not endure the suspicion either of she was not hiding it there. "Might a Christian or of a Jew." it not possibly be among your He came up to her now, and put clothes'?" he asked. out his arm as though he were " I have no clothes," she answer- about to embrace her. " No," she ed, and then strode off across the said; "not again, till you have asked wide room, towards the door of her my pardon for distrusting me, and father's apartment. But, after she have given me your solemn word had grasped the handle of the door, that you distrust me no longer." she turned again upon her lover. He paused a moment in doubt, " It may, however, be well that you then put his hat on his head and vol. c. —NO. DCXIII. 2 o : —

552 Nina Balatha [Nov. prepared to leave her. She had be- be as good as a Christian. But haved very well, but still he would now, when the trial of the man not be weak enough to yield to her had in truth come, she found that in everything at once. As to open- those around her had been right in ing her desk, or going up-stairs into what they had said. How base her room, that he felt to be quite must be the nature which could impossible. Even his nature did prompt a man to suspect a girl who not admit of that. But neither did had been true to him as Nina had his nature allow him to ask her been true to her lover ! pardon and to own that he had been She would never see him again wrong. She had said that he must —never ! He had left the room implore her forgiveness at her feet. without even answering the ques- One word, however, one look, would tion which she had asked him. He have sufficed. But that word and would not even say that he trusted that look were, at the present her. It was manifest that he did moment, out of his power. " Good- not trust her, and that he believed bye, Nina," he said. " It is best at this moment that she was en- that I should leave you now." deavouring to rob him in this " By far the best ; and you will matter of the deed. He had asked take the necklace with you, if you her if she had it in her desk or please." among her clothes, and her very " No ; I will leave that. I can- soul revolted from the suspicion so not keep a trinket that was your implied. She would never speak mother's." to him again. It was all over. " Take it, then, to the jeweller's, No ; she would never willingly and get back your money. It shall speak to him again. not be left here. I will have no- But what would she do ? For a thing from your hands." He was few minutes she fell back, as is so so far cowed by her manner that natural with mortals in trouble, he took up the necklace and left upon that religion which she had the house, and Nina was once been so willing to outrage by more alone. marrying the Jew. She went to a What they had told her of her little drawer and took out a string lover was after all true. That was of beads which had lain there un- the first idea that occurred to her used since she had been made to as she sat in her chair, stunned by believe that the Virgin and the the sorrow that had come upon her. saints would not permit her mar- They had dinned into her ears their riage with Anton Trendellsolm. She accusations, not against the man took out the beads,—but she did himself, but against the tribe to not use them. She passed no which he belonged, telling her that berries through her fingers to cheek a Jew was, of his very nature, sus- the number of prajr ers said, for she picious, greedy, and false. She had found herself unable to say any perceived early in her acquaintance prayer at all. If he would come with Anton Trendellsolm that he back to her, and ask her pardon was clever, ambitious, gifted with ask it in truth at her feet—she the power of thinking as none others would still forgive him. regardless whom she knew could think ; and of the Virgin and the saints. And that he had words at his command, if he did not come back, what was and was brave, and was endowed the fate that Lotta Luxa had pre- with a certain nobility of disposi- dicted for her, and to which she tion which prompted him to wish had acknowledged to herself that for great results rather than for she would be driven to submit I small advantages. All this had In either case how could she again conquered her, and had made her come to terms with St John and St resolve to think that a Jew could Nicholas? And how was she to —

1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.—Part V. 553

live 1 Should she lose her lover, forwards through her chamber, as she now told herself would cer- telling herself all these things, tainly be her fate, what possibility clenched her fist, and stamped her of life was left to her 1 From day foot, as she swore to herself that she to day and from week to week she would dare all that the saints could had put off to a future hour any de- do to her, that she would face all finite consideration of what she and the terrors of the black dark river, her father should do in their pover- before she would succumb to her ty, believing that it might be post- cousin Ziska. As she worked her- poned till her marriage would make self into wrath, thinking now of all things easy. Her future mode the man she loved, and then of the of living had often been discussed man she did not love, she thought between her and her lover, and that she could willingly perish, she had been candid enough in if it were not that her father lay explaining to him that she could there so old and so helpless. Gradu- not leave her father desolate. He ally, as she magnified to herself the had always replied that his wife's terrible distresses of her heart, the father should want for nothing, and agony of her yearning love for a she had been delighted to think man who, though he loved her, that she could with joy accept that was so unworthy of her perfect from her husband which nothing faith, she began to think that it would induce her to accept from would be well to be carried down her lover. This thought had suf- by the quick, eternal, almighty ficed to comfort her, as the evil of stream beyond the reach of the absolute destitution was close upon sorrow which encompassed her. her. Surely the day of her marriage When her father should leave her would come soon. she would be all alone—alone in But now it seemed to her to be the world, without a friend to regard certain that the day of her marriage her, or one living human being on would never come. All those ex- whom she, a girl, might rely for pro- pectations must be banished, and tection, shelter, or even for a morsel she must look elsewhere,—if else- of bread. Would St Nicholas cover where there might be any relief. her from the contumely of the She knew well that if she would world, or would St John of the separate herself from the Jew, the Bridges feed her 1 Did she in her pocket of her aunt would be opened heart of hearts believe that even to relieve the distress of her father the Virgin would assist her in such

—would be opened so far as to save a strait 1 No ; she had no such be- the old man from perishing of want. lief. It might be that such real Aunt Sophie, if duly invoked, would belief had never been hers. She not see her sister's husband die hardly knew. But she did know of starvation. Nay, aunt Sophie that now, in the hour of her deep would doubtless so far stretch her trouble, she could not say her Christian charity as to see that her prayers and tell her beads, and trust niece was in some way fed, if that valiantly that the goodness of niece would be duly obedient. heaven would suffice to her in her Further still, aunt Sophie would need. accept her niece as the very daugh- In the mean time Souchey had ter of her house, as the rising gone off to the Windberg-gasse, and mistress of her own establishment, had gladdened himself with the if that niece would only consent to soup, with the hot mess of cabbage love her son. Ziska was there as a and the sausage, supplied by Madame husband in Anton's place if Ziska Zamenoy's hospitality. The joys of might only gain acceptance. such a moment are unknown to any But Nina, as she rose from her but those who, like Souchey, have chair and walked backwards and been driven by circumstances to sit : a

554 Nina Balatka [Nov. at tables very ill supplied. On the left of the sausage," said Lotta, in- previous day he had fed upon offal stigating him to new feats. thrown away from a butcher's stall, "Ain't there now ? " said Souchey, and habit had made such feeding responding to the sound of the not unfamiliar to him. As he walk- trumpet. " I always thought she ed from the Klein seite through the had the devil's own eye in look- Old Town to Madame Zamenoy's ing after what was used in the bright-looking house in the New kitchen." Town, he had comforted himself " The devil himself winks some- greatly with thoughts of the coming times," said Lotta, cutting another feast. The representation which half-inch off from the unconsumed his imagination made to him of the fragment, and picking the skin banquet sufficed to produce happi- from the meat with her own fair ness, and he went along hardly fingers. Hitherto Souchey had envying any man. His propensities been regardless of any such niceness at the moment were the propensi- in his eating, the skin having gone ties of a beast. And yet he was with the rest ; but now he thought submitting himself to the terrible that the absence of the outside cover- poverty which made so small a ing and the touch of Lotta's fingers matter now a matter of joy to him, were grateful to his appetite. because there was a something of " Souchey," said Lotta, when he nobility within him which made had altogether done and had turn- him true to the master who had ed his stool round to the kitchen been true to him, when they had fire, " where do you think Nina both been young together. Even would go if she were to marry— now he resolved, as he sharpened Jew'?" There was an abrupt so- his teeth, that through all the soup lemnity in the manner of the ques- and all the sausage he would be tion which at first baffled the man, true to the Balatkas. He would be whose breath was heavy with the true even to Nina Balatka,—though comfortable repletion which had he recognised it as a paramount been bestowed upon him. duty to do al] in his power to save " Where would she go to?" he her from the Jew. said, repeating Lotta's words. He was seated at the table in " Yes, Souchey, where would she the kitchen almost as soon as he go to i Where would be her eter- had entered the house in the Wind- nal home 1 What would become berg-gasse, and found his plate of her soul ? Do you know that full before him. Lotta had felt not a priest in Prague would give that there was no need of the de- her absolution though she were on licacy of compliment in feeding a her dying bed ? Oh, holy Mary, man who was so undoubtedly hun- it's a terrible thing to think of ! gry, and she had therefore bade It's bad enough for the old man him at once fall to. " A hearty and her to be there day after day meal is a thing you are not used without a morsel to eat ; and I to," she had said, " and it will do suppose if it were not for Anton your old bones a deal of good." Trendellsohn it would be bad " The address was not complimen- enough with them- tary, especially as coming from a " Not a gulden, then, has Nina lady in regard to whom he enter- ever taken from the Jew—nor the tained tender feelings; but Souchey value of a gulden, as far as I can forgave the something of coarse judge between them." " familiarity which the words dis- What matters that, Souchey } played, and, seating himself on the Is she not engaged to him as his

stool before the victuals, gave play wife ? Can anything in the world

to the feelings of the moment. be so dreadful ? Don't you know " There's no one to measure what's she'll be — damned for ever and !

1866.] the Story of a Maiden of Prague.—Part V. 555 ever 1?" Lotta, as she uttered the Souchey, she will never fall out terrible words, brought her face with him. We must contrive that close to Souchey's, looking into he shall quarrel with her. If she his eyes with a fierce glare. had a thing about her that he did Souchey shook his head sorrow- not want her to have, couldn't fully, owning thereby that his you contrive that he should know knowledge in the matter of reli- it?" " gion did not go to the point in- What sort of thing 1 Do you " " dicated by Lotta Luxa. And mean another lover, like 1 wouldn't anything, then, be a good " No, you gander. If there was deed that would prevent that?" anything of that sort I could man- " It's the priests that should do age it myself. But if she had a it among them." thing locked up, —away from him, " But the priests are not the couldn't you manage to show it to men they used to be, Souchey. him 1 He's very generous in re- And it is not exactly their fault warding, you know." neither. There are so many folks " I don't want to have anything about in these days who care no- to do with it," said Souchey, get- thing who goes to glory and who ting up from his stool, and prepar- does not, and they are too many ing to take his departure. Though for the priests." he had been so keen after the saus- " If the priests can't fight their age, he was above taking a bribe in own battle, I can't fight it for such a matter as this. them," said Souchey. " Stop, Souchey, stop. I didn't " But for the old family, Souchey, think that I should ever have to that you have known so long ask anything of you in vain."

Look here ; you and I between us Then she put her face very close can prevent it." to his, so that her lips touched his " " And how is it to be done 1 ear, and she laid her hand heavily

"Ah ! that's the question. If I upon his arm, and she was very felt that I was talking to a real confidential. Souchey listened to Christian that had a care for the the whisper till his face grew longer poor girl's soul, I would tell you and longer. " 'Tis for her soul," in a moment." said Lotta—" for her poor soul's " So I am ; only her soul isn't sake. When you can save her by my business." raising your hand, would you let " " Then I cannot tell you this. her be damned for ever 1 I can't do it unless you acknow- But she could exact no promise ledge that her welfare as a Christian from Souchey except that he would is the business of us all. Fancy, keep faith with her, and that he Souchey, your mistress married to would consider deeply the proposal a filthy Jew!" made to him. Then there was a " For the matter of that, he isn't tender farewell between them, and so filthy neither." Souchey returned to the Klein- "An abominable Jew! But, seite. 556 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Nov.

CORNELIUS DOWD.

THE LOST CABLE.

The most striking characteristic by which sanguine people are mis- of Englishmen—the feature which led and betrayed. most of all distinguishes them from For months long we were in- all other peoples—is certainly the formed, not only how the cable steady persistence with which, in never could be laid, but how, if spite of defeat, discomfiture, and laid, it must be useless. The naval discouragement, they will continue people charged themselves with to pursue anything which they have proving the first, the electricians once satisfied themselves to be a engaged to demonstrate the last worthy object of ambition. Perse- of these propositions. In fact, verance is the national trait, and what between hard reasoning and the spirit of " no surrender," even a new phraseology, the most of us to Fortune, gives the peculiar tem- gave in, and came to the conclusion per and tone to the national mind. that, except a Polar expedition, The very best traits of the Eng- there could not be a more hopeless lishman are those which are de- exploit than an attempt to lay a veloped under difficulties. It is cable to America. then that he displays his patience, What a triumph, then, to think

his endurance—the steady inquiry that it is done, and well done ! That he makes into the causes of former the selfsame men, never daunted failure—the quiet persistence by by former failures, never doubting which he seeks to overcome obsta- of their own powers to achieve suc- cles that cannot be carried by as- cess, should have accomplished the sault—the trustful reliance which great task, is a very legitimate sub- never trenches on over-confidence, ject for national rejoicing. It but supplies a fixed and steady speaks well for England, and it faith—the untiring industry united comes in a very opportune moment, to a certain genial good-humour that too, when our unwillingness to seems to say, "It is a tough job, embroil ourselves in Continental but all the more creditable if we quarrels has led foreigners to sneer shall do it at last." He believes at our declining influence, and as-

in hard work ; and it is not a bad cribe our backwardness to the com- creed for a nation. mencing decay of national vigour Never was this Anglo-Saxon and greatness. virtue more conspicuous than in We really did need, sorely need, the history of the Transatlantic all the benefit this new display of Cable. There was, at the begin- British energy could yield us. The ning, an amount of difficulty that frank disclosures our newspapers might have deterred any efforts; are so fond of making about our and, in the first attempts, there defenceless condition, our small were failures which, to ordinary army, and our no fleet, are readily eyes, seemed so inherent in the un- caught up by foreign writers, and dertaking, proceeding from causes the theme rarely suffers diminution so certain to recur, and in their in their hands. Here, however, is very nature so essentially hard a great achievement, and one, too, to obviate, that mere observers which can neither be denied, nor did not hesitate to pronounce the discredited, nor disparaged; and we undertaking an impossibility, and may proudly ask. Is there a nation to class the speculation amongst of the Continent could have done

those wild and visionary schemes as much I I am actually afraid to " ;

1866.] The Lost Cable. 557 dwell on this theme, lest I become get it across. If it doesn't work vainglorious. I already hear my- we'll soon find out scores of fellows self humming " Rule Britannia," so to lay the blame on. Once we splice that on every account I'll trip my the shore end it's very little I'll anchor and sheer off. trouble myself about the perfect There is no reason, however, why condition of the insulation." I should not endeavour to improve All this while a number of re- the occasion and apply my text, for spectable men, some of whom had this same fishing-up the lost cable actually worked on former cables, is a subject full of teaching, and came and told Gladstone that it offers a multitude of analogies to a was rotten—that Bright's wire was theme which interests us all. rubbish that he wanted to get a ''It's not possible the man is high price for — and, in fact, he " going to preach to us % I hear a wasn't the sort of man that a re- " soft voice say ; and I reply, Yes, spectable house ought to admit madam, I am about to preach—for into its confidence ; but Gladstone the matter of that I am always wouldn't be warned. Not that, in preaching, although I am just as reality, he thought any great things far from a fat living as on the day of Bright, who wasn't much of a I began." workman, but a fellow who was al- I repeat, then, that this fishing- ways about the yard telling the up the lost cable may be very pro- hands scores of things " they had a fitably considered. It is but a few right to," and which he would cer- months ago that the great Reform tainly get for them if they stood by cable gave way—smashed as they him. Gladstone, I say, had no high were paying it out, and went down opinion of him; but being a stiff —down to the very bottom. Idonot sort of man, that resented anything like to speak harshly of the house in the shape of advice or counsel, of Russell, Gladstone, & Co., who he sternly said, " I'll lay that cable had contracted for the work. They and no other ; and what's more, if were sadly limited as to time, and any accident befalls it, I tell you had to work up all sorts of old ma- to look out ; for as sure as my terials, sold to them by a certain name's Bill, I'll make the lads Bright of Birmingham, who has, or believe there was foul play in it, says he has, been on all the Atlan- and you'll see then what will hap- tic cables that ever have or ever pen ! will be laid. Many ascribe the fail- This was an ugly threat—all the ure of the cable entirely to this more that every sensible man knew Bright, who could not be kept out well the cable was not worth six- of the shop, and was eternally in- pence. Indeed it was just a mira- terfering with the workpeople, so cle that it held together while they that some of the most respectable were paying it out, and twice or "hands" actually struck work and thrice fellows sang out, " Stand by refused to do a hand's turn if Bright there ; the cable is going to break." were to give orders. " I'll tell you what you ought to But, besides being a bad cable, do, Mr Gladstone," said Captain there was no end to the blundering Dizzy, a gentleman that knew right in paying it out—some crying care well what laying a cable was and caution, and others screaming " don't you go on losing your time " ; out pay away " and although a with that rotten humbug ; cut it skilful fellow, one Foster, who off and let it go to Old Nick if it tested the wire several times, whis- likes ; but go home and set to pered them that it never transmit- work at a real cable. It's true we ted the signals, and only gave dead belong to another house in the earth, Captain Gladstone said, trade, but that's no reason in life " Never you mind that; let us only why we wouldn't give you the best ;

558 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Not. advice in our power, and so we will. and Bright sang out, " By the living There's only one condition, how- jingo, there it's gone!" and so it ever, and that we shall insist on. was, with a squash, and disappeared Not one of our people will enter in an instant. the yard if that fellow Bright isn't " Didn't I tell you how it would kept out. He's nothing but a be?" said Dizzy, in a whisper. mischief-maker — setting the men "You be blowed!" said Glad- against the masters, and telling lies stone, and pulled his sou'wester of the employers, till it's a mere over his eyes and went below. Now chance how any business can be the real captain all this time was carried on at all." an old man they called Captain What does Gladstone say to this, John—Bill was only the mate—and think you 1 He says, " As for lie came on deck, a very rare thing Bright, I don't trust him a bit for him at any time of late, for he more than yourself. I know well wasn't very strong, and didn't much, enough he doesn't care for me, and like dirty weather. if he comes here, I am full sure it's "Where's the cable ?" says he. to spite some one else ; but the " Gone over the side, sir," says cable was made by me—it was I one of the men. planned it, and I'll lay it too. "Where's the mate?" When I've got it once across, and " Gone below, sir." sent one message by it—only one, " Send him here." mind—it may smash or give dead " He says he won't come, sir earth the day after, for I well know he's shut himself in his own cabin, people will say the man that laid one and won't come out for no man." " cable can lay another; and I'd just Where are we 1 what's the lati- as soon be laying cables all my life tude?" says Captain John. And as anything else. It's hard work, would you believe there wasn't a you'll say; but I like hard work, man of the crew could say within a and all the better when it gives me hundred miles or so where the ship an excuse for hard language; and I was lying 1 " I'm an old seafaring do like slanging the fellows that man," says John, " I've passed my never laid a cable, and telling them life on the salt water, but the like that nobody would trust them with of this I never saw before." And, such a job; and that's why," says you see, what made him most angry he, "I'll lay this here cable, and I'll of all was, he knew that the mate not put another strand of wire on was trying to get a "certificate," it—no, nor another coat of gutta and persuade the owners to make " percha ; nor I'll not let you nor him captain. Make any land you " any man interfere with the way I'll can," says Captain John ; when I pay it out. I'll run it fast or I'll reach a port I'll pay off the crew, run it slow, just as I please ; and and he'll be a cunning fellow that the man that as much as touches it catches me going afloat again, least- will have to deal with me." ways with Bill for my first mate." Now, it wasn't only that the words Eight days after they dropped were haughty, but the way he spoke anchor off Osborne, and the crew them was worse; for he has got such was paid off, and they went ashore a habit of bullying the people in the quarrelling amongst themselves; yard, it's as much as he can do to and I tell you it was well for Bright say a civil word to any one. that he wasn't out that evening, or This was how matters stood, when as sure as I'm here, they'd have one night, as they were paying away served him ill, for many of the men the rope as usual—it was a deep were not likely to find a ship again. spot, one of those clefts, as they They were but indifferent seamen, call them, where no end of coil and, except Bill, there wasn't a man was wanting—crack goes the cable, aboard could take an observation. 1866.] The Lost Gable. 559

And now the owners have got a half the distance done already. The new crew and a new captain—the difficulty of the plan is, that none same that told Bill his cable would of the late crew will engage. They never hold—and we are all very- saved a little on the last cruise, curious to know what they'll do. and they'd like to stay ashore and There are many—and no fools some spend it; and Bill, the mate, has of them—-who say we don't want told them all to wait patiently, for a cable at all, that the post does he's sure to be sent to sea again as everything fully as fast as we need skipper, and will take every man it, and that the only reason people of them. And though they didn't can give for having a cable is, that agree very well when they sailed the Yankees have cables ; but why together, misfortune has made them not have gin-slings and spittoons better messmates—all the more, and whittling-sticks, if that's all % perhaps, that Bill promises them a Others say, Let's have a cable, but double allowance of grog when they a good cable, a cable that will hold, join him, and I don't know what that won't want splicing every year bounty the day they anchor at or so, and that will work when it's " Heart's Content." laid. But to make a good service- What they're doing at the yard able cable requires time ; it can't in Whitehall I can't say. I'm told be patched up in a hurry, nor they're hard at work. There's many vamped up out of shoddy. We've working overtime, but what at no had enough of Brummagem cables, one knows, as there's a notice up I take it. Then the course ought that none are admitted inside the to be surveyed ; we haven't any- works except the persons employed. thing really to guide us—how many And if you chance to meet any of miles of cable we want, nor what the inspectors or foremen outside, strain it ought to be able to bear the most you'll get out of him is in the deep places. some commonplace remark about a And then there are others that cable being a fine thing, or a hard say, Don't go bothering your heads job to lay a good one, or something about a regular good cable that just as wise ; so that, in short, I will last for centuries. If it was don't believe there are five men in the finest piece of work ever was England who could tell you what turned out of a shop, there's fellows will happen in '67, or who will lie in the manufacturing districts—just at anchor in Heart's Content Bay for the good of trade, they'd call it this day twelvemonth. —would cry out for a new one. Of course Bright goes about They'd say there were messages abusing the people who won't em- enough for half-a-dozen cables, and ploy him. There's nothing too bad who's to say no to that 1 It's just for him to say of them. They are " " one of those things any man can dirty conspirators ; they are assert without proof, but nobody "rogues;" and they are "igno- would like to deny on the same rant." People, of course, believe no-foundation. as much of this as they like. The And, last of all, there are people great fact that nobody can disbe- who say, The best thing to do lieve remains—that Bright is out would be to fish up the old cable. of work, and very like to remain They put a buoy over the spot, and so. it would be easily found. Get a He tells all who will listen to few of Captain John's best seamen him that if these men lay a cable

—there were three or four smart fel- it will be of rotten materials ; that lows among them—and drag for the there will not be an honest strand old rope ; and if it could be strength- in it ; that no matter how well it ened and made serviceable, it's no may look, and how fairly it may small gain to know that there's fully be finished, it will be only a sham. a

560 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Nov.

But, worse than all this, he says, a deficiency ; and when the ther- " When they have laid the cable, mometer is 120° in the shade, it is they'll just keep it for the trans- a fine thing to think that the sun mission of their own messages, has " spots" on it. and you and I, and thousands of If his followers, then, do not be- others, the 'flesh and blood' of lieve all Bright says, it amuses the country — its ' real strength/ them to pretend they do, and it its 'vigour/ and what not — will excuses them for losing their time have as much use of it as we have at monster meetings, and talking of the state apartments at Windsor, to each other as if they had a or any other baubles of that ab- grievance in common, which is surdity called monarchy, which we one of the greatest pleasures the ought to have done away with Anglo-Saxon race is capable of years ago/' Now, there never yet enjoying. was a plausible fellow with an un- "Let them lay a cable, then," scrupulous tongue, who couldn't says he, " and if I can't cut it, I'll

get up thousands to listen to and calumniate it ; and if I catch a applaud him. It is a part of human man sending a message by it, I'll nature itself to like the abuse of raise a hue and cry after him that one's neighbours. It's spicy, and will make his life miserable." it is self-assuring. A good slashing And this is how the matter now review of the book you could not stands, and this is the prospect at have written consoles you for many present before us.

BRIBERS AND BRIBERY.

Our election committees, and the cation nor lifted by fortune above bribery revelations they disclose, the very humblest condition, were are not pleasant contributions to therefore more fatally exposed to contemporary history. The profli- its contamination. Far from this. gate contempt for all honour, the It was the well-to-do tradesman, recognised understanding that a the respectable shopkeeper, the vote was as saleable a commodity as vestryman, the poor-law guardian, a blanket, the proclaimed admission the chief authority in his town or of the candidate that he was pre- neighbourhood, was the culprit. pared to buy, and the unscrupulous Nay, worse again, we saw the man avowal of the elector that he was whose whole office and duty in ready to sell, a seat in Parliament, life was to preach morality and only needed the mingled hypocrisy godliness, himself in the dock— and jaunty self-sufficiency of the spectacle so revolting that the ques- testimony adduced to make up a tion arose, not merely how were most revolting picture of English we to preserve the constitution, but

life and manners — insomuch, in- how were we to purify the Church ? deed, that I am persuaded if any It is quite clear that the con- one desired to give such a representa- science of England is not of that tion of our country as might most temper that will wince under the disparage our truth, our honour, censure of public opinion. It is and our rectitude, he need not go not an admission one would like beyond Yarmouth or Totness for to make, but there is no help for the counts of his indictment. it. There is a levity felt in cer- Nor have we the poor consola- tain transgressions that steels men tion of thinking that corruption against the opinion of the world, was only found amongst the poor and the bravado declaration that " and needy—that it was the vice of every man has his price," is heard those who, neither elevated by edu- with a half-approval of the honest —

1866.] Bribers and Bribery. 561 boldness of the speaker, instead of Td prefer the ten-pound note of being scouted and reprobated as the his opponent, who says that beer shameless assertion of an unblushing will not be cheapened by the repeal, rascality. And very bad is it when and that the only gainers will be rascality will not blush, when vice the brewers." takes the triumphant tone in life, It never occurs to him all this and says, I am the rule and the while that he has no right to make way; talk as you will, do as you will, this choice, that he has no option it will be found in the end that men at all in the matter, that his vote recognise in me the elements of all is a trust to be exercised, and not their success, and it is only the dis- a commodity to be sold. Nor is appointed man or the hypocrite it from the candidate that he is who will dare to deny it. to be taught better. That " hon- Now, I do not believe that Eng- ourable gentleman," who, in all lishmen are by nature more corrupt the ordinary dealings of life, will than other people. I am sure, how- be a man of scrupulous integrity ever, that they often overestimate, who would not condescend to a and very rarely, if ever, undervalue, shabby thing, nor involve himself the great benefits of the constitu- in aught which might savour of tion they live under. They know trick or deception—whose rule of they enjoy a large amount of poli- life was truthfulness—will, on the tical and personal liberty. They canvass or at the hustings, drop all are well aware that, without a these, and come out as lavish of House of Commons, composed not promises and as generous of five- merely of able but honest men, pound notes as the most corrupt these blessings could not be secured agent on his " committee." to them, nor could they be certain It was therefore the schoolmaster that the public revenue would be himself who mistaught the lesson. honestly disbursed and fairly ac- The corruption came from above. counted for. In a word, they feel Now, how is this ? how comes it to it to be essentially their interest pass that this gentleman,who would that Parliament should consist, not no more bribe a jockey to sell a alone of the first minds of the na- race than he would commit a street tion, but of the best men in all that robbery, is ready and willing to regards integrity and character. bribe a freeholder to sell his vote 1 How is it, then, that a ten-pound Is the issue so much more import- note is stronger than these convic- ant at Ascot than in the House of tions 1 Is it because the poor free- Commons 1 or is it that the integ- holder says, "These are all consider- rity of a jock is a matter dearer ations above me aud my powers of to the national feeling than the judgment. The questions the can- honour of an elector 1 or is it simply didate discussed on the hustings that the one would stamp a man were totally beyond my j udgment. with infamy and exclude him from I can't tell whether it would be intercourse with gentlemen, and that better to extend the franchise, to the other had no worse personal con- abolish the Irish Church, to reform sequences than a possible petition the laws of bankruptcy, or exclude and some unpleasant remarks from

Kussia from the Black Sea ; but the press ? I know a score of ways in which The truth is, we have arrived at I could advantageously and pleas- a very complex morality in Eng- antly employ ten sovereigns ; and land which would puzzle a stranger though I like cheap beer, and that fully as much as our system of social honourable gentleman told me I distinctions. There are rogueries shall have it by a repeal of the malt which may be done, and others duty, yet somehow my bird-in-the- which are inadmissible ; and we hand notions incline me to say, have such an implicit reliance on ;

562 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Nov. what we call public opinion, that we his corrupter. Let public opinion leave to Judge Lynch what ought brand this man as a blackleg, ex- to be ruled by the Legislature. clude him from all clubs and socie- If I am convinced of anything, ties of gentlemen, and treat him it is, that public opinion never re- precisely as it would do the cheat pressed anything that people cared at play. Let it be ruled that he to persist in. Public opinion put who deals dishonestly in a matter down duelling, because people did of political interest is just as in- not care to fight ; rifled pistols had famous as the man who plays foully far more to do with the suppression at cards. than public opinion. Public opinion Legislation may deal with the is a blatant humbug that shouts offence in its own fashion—attach loud enough when the enemy is fine or imprisonment to its penalty routed, but is meek-voiced and but for its suppression we want quiet-tongued when he advances more than a statute : we want that boldly and defiant. general verdict by which a man is Why does not public opinion sup- sent into Coventry, the best pos- press bribery at elections 1 Is it sible punishment for one whose cor- that the practice is less corrupting ruption is contagious. than the duel 1 Is it that it is a I do not affect to say it is in the small, poor, ignoble vice, seen in sanction gentlemen lend to bribery low places and known only to the that the man who takes a bribe few 1 Where was your public opinion justifies himself to his own con- when it snowed bank-notes at Yar- science and becomes satisfied that mouth, and rained sovereigns at the practice is at least venial. I do

Pveigate ? Quiet enough, I pro- not say this because your purchas- mise you. The flesh-and-blood able voter is a fellow without "con- freeholder, as Mr Gladstone loves science" at all ; he needs no balm to call him, had no vocation for to his wound ; he has never felt twelve paces, but a decided liking himself touched. So long as there for the coin of the realm. Scores is some one willing to pay him ten of these men were on Temperance pounds for his vote, he is ready to Committees, and would not drink sell it; and if a possible twinge a glass of beer to save your life. I told him that he was doing a shabby think I recognised their fine Roman thing, the thought that he was no hand lately in a petition to the worse than his neighbours quickly Postmaster-General against having reassured and rallied him. But a Sunday letter-delivery— a sacrifice if I do not assert that it is the the less honourable to their feelings candidate brings corruption into that the bribery rarely came by the borough, I am ready to declare post. Public opinion knew better that the example given by a man than to meddle with bribery. Like of station and high ambition to Dogberry, it knew that if the every form and shape of fraudu- knave " would not stand" you must lent interference with the exercise "let him go." of the franchise, does and must cor- Public opinion, however, if it rupt those who witness it. would vindicate itself, and assert What deference, what respect, the proud position to which it pre- what faith will these men yield to tends, has now a fair opportunity. a Parliament constituted as they Let it treat the briber— for it is know it has been by violence, better to begin with him—as it fraud, and corruption ? Is it likely treats the man who would buy or that the high-sounding moralities sell a race—who would, in fact, of debate will be accepted by such employ his money in corrupting people except as solemn mockeries I some one whose falsehood to his And is it a good or safe policy that trust might serve the purposes of this should be the case ? Is it the 1866.] Bribers and Bribery. 563 time to permit these things when have to get change for his shilling agitators are telling the working —that will be the great difference. classes that they are fully the equals Having said what I hope will vin- of the more favoured orders in in- dicate me from any charge of sym- telligence, and when they see that pathy with bribers and bribery, let there is not much inequality in me add one word more with refer- what regards integrity 1 ence to what first led me to the It has been said that though we topic. It was an article in an go a very clumsy way about it, we Italian journal, ' La Nazione,' re- do in the end obtain an admirable probating the whole iniquity of our body of men for Parliament. I electoral system, and exhibiting us have no doubt of it. I am fully to Europe as a people actually persuaded no other representative rotten with corruption, the writer institution in the world can com- concluding with a burst of enthusi- pete with a British House of Com- astic praise of the contrast presented mons; but how much more powerful by Italy, and the unsullied integrity for all good, how much more influen- of both electors and elected in that tial in every way, would these men land of spotless honesty. be if no taint of any corruption ap- I am quite ready to admit that plied to their election ! Do not the there is no bribery, or very little, at rotten practices of a canvass tarnish an ordinary Italian election ; but if the whole career of any man who it be meant that this is because cor- descends to them'? and is it not an ruption in any shape is repugnant to easy process of induction to infer the national feeling, I beg to enter that the man who corrupts may be a humble protest. First of all, a corrupted, and that he who buys a seat in the Italian Chamber confers vote in the market-place may sell little beyond a modest daily sum a vote in the House 1 I say again, for subsistence during the session, it is neither safe nor politic that and a free pass on the railways. It men should enter upon the greatest neither gives the political influence trusts with that upon them that or the social station that a Member should disparage their character for of Parliament in England enjoys. honour. Needy adventurers, lawyers, jour- 5 ' " I bought you, and I'll sell you, nalists, some priests, and a few pro- was the indignant but not very fessional agitators, make up the honourable reply of an Irish mem- great bulk of the Chamber. There ber to the remonstrances of his dis- is very little of the territorial ele- appointed constituents ; and I am ment, nor are there many of the afraid that, though not exactly richer merchants or bankers. avowed in words, it is with a feel- If there be no bribery, then, it is ing of such contempt certain repre- simply because there is little worth sentatives must regard the opinions paying for, and nobody at all to of their supporters. pay it. When the Irish priest re- If we were not, as we are, the buked his parishioner for drunken- most illogical people in Europe, we ness, and told him that " whenever should now be occupying ourselves he entered an alehouse to drink, his with the thought how best to set guardian angel stood weeping at our house in order, rather than in- the door," —" And if he had six- crease the confusion by enlarging pence he'd be in himself," was the household. It is in reality a Pat's reply. far more imminent question how to An able French writer — M. deal with the present electors than Prevost Paradol—in treating this how to increase their number. same subject, and stigmatising with Widening the area of a constitu- just severity all that is reprehen- ency is probably extending the ra- sible in our system, yet makes the dius of bribery, The candidate will fair distinction between personal I

564 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Nov.

bribery and corruption carried on has taken large public or Govern- by the resources of the State. It mental works in Italy, what are his would have been v^ell if the Italian experiences of honesty in even high journalist had known of or appre- places. Has he or has he not found ciated this difference; and probably, bribery to be the rule and practice with the memory of a recent scandal of official life ? Does not corruption in the Italian Parliament, where a so permeate the public service that Minister of Finance was accused of you could no more eradicate it and gross corruption and malversation, continue the business of the State he might have felt some scruples than you could eliminate the red about inveighing against a practice particles out of your blood and yet

which certainly, as an agent of de- maintain your circulation 1 moralisation, is as nothing to what In a country where you cannot he might observe in his own coun- buy a fowl without a scheme, or try. The French writer remarks hire a cab without an intrigue, and that the candidate who might have where to take a house requires a con- paid ten thousand pounds for his spiracy, it is something too cool by seat, might, and very probably half to find moralists shaking their would, give a perfectly indepen- fingers of scorn towards England, dent vote in the House, while the and pointing to us as a warning man who secured his election by and a shame, hypocritically thank- the promise of a concession of a ing Heaven that they are not like canal, a contract, or a railroad, those men of bribery and corrup- would certainly not be independent tion. of the Executive. This is what the Bribery goes through Italian offi- Italian cannot see, and yet he lives cial life pretty much as garlic goes in a land where such lessons are through their cookery, and even taught. when you cannot taste, you are Ask any English contractor who certain to smell it.

DIGNITY BALLS IN " OUR VILLAGE.'

A great deal of compassionate or times it was positively hard to say semi-compassionate irony has been if it was an apish attempt to appear bestowed on what, in the West modish and refined, or a very pun- Indies, are called " Dignity Balls" gent satire on all fashion. — those black assemblies where There is a great deal of the artist negroes and negresses figure in in the negro. It is not merely that absurdly extravagant costume, and, he has considerable imitative power, in full general's uniforms or cast- but in the headlong energy with off court dresses, imagine them- which he identifies himself with selves to be the very pink of high a part there is the real dramatic society. spirit. His nature lies nearer the Even the satirists, however, who surface than in more polished races, have ridiculed these poor people, and passions, especially the tragic have confessed that there ran passions, impress themselves with through the entire representation a vigour and distinctness on his a sort of serio-comic dignity that face that is actually appalling. seemed to imply that the actors He has besides a great comic vein, felt they were only actors, and and his grandly ceremonious man- that in this mimicry, or what they ner, and his bow, are perfect!}- un- thought to be mimicry, of fine man- approachable for mock dignity. ners, there was an under-current of The dignity balls, I am told— irony at those whose pretensions have never seen one—are wonder-

they were imitating ; so that at ful displays of these gifts, and the —

1866.] " Dignity Balls " in " our Village. 565

1 great master of deportment himself part ? Why, in one word, does the might envy the suave condescen- black man try to raise himself to sion and graceful urbanity of Sambo an imaginary state and dignity, when receiving his guests. All this while the white performer's sole while, be it remembered, he is the effort is to bring his Marquess down imitator of an ideal, not the mimic- to the meridian of the Minories, ker of something he has actually wit- and make my Lord Duke a vulgar nessed. Sambo has never seen the Cockney 1 lord-in-waiting in that fine coat or Dignity balls prevail very large- gorgeous waistcoat. The whole ly on the Continent, but mostly in bearing and behaviour derive their cities of second order, probably suggestiveness from the dress. The because fine manners reach these costume has to supply the charac- localities at second hand, and when ter. The black satin breeches must a little tarnished by the first wearers, insinuate the deferential bend or but still in a condition quite good the graceful slide of the once owner. enough to do service again, and to And the man must have the soul cut a smart figure, too, in less cog- of an actor in him who can "create a nate company. " Our village" is " part" out of the mere properties/' famous for its dignity balls ; for as I have been led to attach a very in the city of Liege it is said that high estimate to Sambo's histrionic all the great elements of manufac- powers by seeing how inferior ture are found in close juxtaposi- the white man is in the same tion —iron-ore and coal, charcoal range of characters. Sambo is an and water—so with us, every ma- admirable " Lord Duke ;"r he throws terial that goes to the formation pride, suavity, conscious dignity, of the dignity ball exists in our and graceful courtesy into the part. vicinity. We are aspiring, and we " His General" is excellent : he is are imitative ; we do love great peremptory and decisive, the spirit society, grand monde habits and of discipline is in his step, and the ways and doings ; we have an in- wave of his hand seems as conclu- stinctive appreciation of all that is sive as the sentence of a court-mar- severe — I speak of manners, not tial. His " Admiral" is scarcely so morals. Exclusive and haughty, good ; but your admiral is not easy we pride ourselves on our several acting : there is a quarterdeck po- ranks and conditions—I trust not liteness, with a dash of the cat-o'- unreasonably, not unmeasuredly nine-tails through it, not to be caught and we feel that we have caught up except by a long and attentive the exact tint of that perfect so- observation, and I can scarcely ciety which is at once the distin- blame Sambo for not hitting it. guishing colour of human civili- His " Massa Rich man/' however, sation as regards intercourse, and is his triumph ; and for a self-indul- the cause of an undying envy to gence, running over in every imagi- all who live without its pale. nable form of excess, a purse-pride " Our village" has lately become strained to bursting, and a sensual a town. A French General charged delight in all the pleasures wealth with a letter from the Emperor to can procure him, Sambo might make the Pope once passed the night Guildhall weep with envy. here, and in commemoration of the Now, I want to know why is it happy incident our Government that in our dignity balls on the gave us municipal rank, and creat- Continent—and we have dignity ed us " Ville." Not that I think balls—the white man is so inferior we in reality gained much advan-

1 as an artist to the negro ? Why tage beyond a general rise in the does Sambo caricature the beau price of provisions, and a conse- monde so cleverly, and the home- quent increase in house-rent. But bred snob make such a mess of the we make no complaint—greatness 566 Cornelius ' Dowd. [Nov. is always worth paying for, and we morency has very little to complain are great. of in the way the world treats him. This promotion, too, greatly fa- Now, Count Cassidy forgets all voured our dignity balls, for it en- this ; he thinks he has got a foreign riched us with foreign representa- equivalent to an English earldom, tives, so that France, Prussia, Spain, and he wants to be regarded as an Turkey, and Madagascar maybe said earl, and his wife to be deemed on now to assist at our tea-parties, a par with an English countess. and contribute their several splen- He ignores the fact that his rank dours to our receptions. Nor are is a mere name, which, if not dead these small elements to social suc- to all sense of ridicule, he will cess. Titles to dignity balls are leave at Calais whenever he re- what bouquet is to burgundy. The visits England. If the old soldier liquor is not the stronger, more in green who carries one's letters full-bodied, or more fruity; but it in London, and goes on errands is endowed with a charm at once from clubs and hotels, was to fancy delicate and delicious, suggestive from his title that he ranked with of early culture and care, and bear- the " commissioners" for the paying on its perfumed breath an ment of the national debt, " com- aroma of high birth and breeding. missioners" of customs, or suchlike Still I must say that what gives other commissioners, he would not the dignity ball its highest flavour be a whit more absurd than these is the Englishman with a foreign people. If the ridicule of these title. Now, I know nothing in the men only attached to themselves, I whole framework of society to com- should never think of complaining pare with this great creature, who, of them ; on the contrary, I would while, as it were, protesting against feel no small gratitude to them for the narrow invidiousness which in giving us another subject for laugh- his own country had not raised him ing at in a world that daily grows to the peerage, still patriotically duller and more serious. What I delights to adorn the land of his cannot so easily endure, however, birth with his own greatness. The is, that they throw a degree of ab- earl or the viscount is usually satis- surdity on their country, and give fied with the deference and cour- foreigners another reason for a tesy men extend to his condition, sneer and an impertinence upon the and never feels called upon to ex- nation of shopkeepers. act what is willingly and freely The insane value that vulgar tendered. Not so your Count Cas- English people attach to title, this sidy, your Baron Briggs, or Cheva- ludicrous estimate of what it is to lier Popkins ; he has to insist upon be count or baron, amuses a foreign- his rank—he sees or suspects he er to the same degree and in the sees a covert design to disparage his same way as an English tar is nobility, and he is eternally on his amused by the delight of a South guard to defend it. Where rank Sea Islander with a brass button or confers, as in England, certain de- a bead. He knows how little infinite privileges, the mere assump- trinsic worth the bauble possesses, tion of these guarantees the title of and laughs at the simplicity of the him who enjoys them ; but abroad, poor savage that deems it a gem ; where rank is merely title, where and certainly the naked native of the coronet of the duke has no the Gaboon proudly strutting be- political significance, and may, before his fellows with a copper sauce- sides, be found allied to very hum- pan on his head is not a bad repre- ble fortune, the owner accepts the sentative of one of our English degree of deference society accords counts with a mock coronet. to his name and belongings ; and a After all, it is scarcely fair to be Rohan, a De Merode, or a Mont- angry with them. Long live the —;

1866.] "Dignity Balls" in " our Village." 567

Sultan Mahmoud ! said the raven I have heard—the Jews have an in- ; for without him we should have no tense liking for ham, and that a ruined villages. Long live the follower of Moses would give a

Count Cassidys ! then say I ; for Jew's eye for a sausage. It is the without them there would be no old story of the forbidden fruit. dignity balls, no droll travesties And what a torture must the travel- of high life, no fancy parodies on ling American feel at seeing all grand monde existence, and some these great titles the Continent of the best acting of the age would abounds in so near to and yet be utterly lost to us. so far from him, so easy to grasp, It was said of the famous Cooke so impossible to hold. To be a that, on the day after his perform- Republican at home and a count ance of Richard, lie was perfectly abroad—a bed by night, a chest of insufferable to his friends ; the drawers by day—would give life airs of royalty still clung to him, such alternations of delight! To imparting an overbearing insolence figure as noble through Europe, to his manner, and a degree of and only drop the coronet as people haughty condescension to his ad- do their Tauchnitz editions at the dress that made him perfectly in- custom-house, might yet be very sufferable. This came of playing enjoyable. When we see the avid- king. It was in the assumption of ity with which they cling to the something not natural to him, some- small distinctive titles their stern thing that he had to conceive, and institutions so stingily mete out to then convey, rendering the man them, we can imagine how they for the time unreal, he became would revel in marquessates and get thus absurd. A real king is no drunk with dukedoms. They are more insolent and overbearing than strong Anglo-Saxons in all this, and a real captain in the navy is always as thorough snobs as the old coun- rolling a quid in his mouth and try itself could produce. hitching his small-clothes. So is But let me say good-bye to all it that your English count traves- in kindliness. Long live dignity ties nobility : he wants to be better balls ! Long live those who give than the " real -article." them all their eclat, all their splen-

If the Radicals only knew it, dour ! Floreat Count Cassidy ! they'd make great capital out of May Baron Briggs nourish like a these people. There's nothing green bay-tree ! We grow duller would so much disparage the pre- and wiser, more social-scienceable tensions and injure the prestige of and grey-sandstonable every day. real rank as this lamentable tra- Let us, at least, have something to vesty of nobility. One finds it lighten the graver hours of life. next to impossible to enjoy Ristori Leave us our English counts, our in Medea after seeing Paul Bedford bagmen barons. There will be al- in the same part. It is no use try- ways simple-natured men like my- ing to separate the impressions self who will like them as well as Paul will permeate through, all, and the real thing. Though, now and persecute you in the most thrilling then, in spiteful mood, I may wish moments of the great artiste's pas- they were not so crushing in their sion. Half-a-dozen Count Cassidys hauteur, so grandly imperious in —and they are not hard to be had their bearing, yet, even then, they I could myself contract for a large are redeemed by little touches, consignment —would do more to small traits of humanity that ren- damage the peerage and pull down der us grateful to them, as we feel the House of Lords than all the to Billy Bottom when he con- bleatings of Birmingham led on by siderately peeped from under the John Bright himself. I have heard shaggy skin, and told us he was —I cannot vouch for the fact, but no lion at all. VOL. C. —NO. DCXITI. 2 p 568 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Nov.

Good-bye, then, one and all. You less mirthful ; and I feel, as I see have often rallied me out of low you enter a room in all the solemn spirits, and, when I was younger, dignity of your mock state, as given me many a hearty laugh. though I were listening to the

' Even now I relish you, though triumphal march in Nabucco ' on with a faint touch of something a musical snuff-box !

PROFITABLE VICE.

I have just read in a German mass of the strangers do not even newspaper a very grave and care- enter the salle de jeu, or even mix fully-written paper in support of with those who frequent it. Gam- maintaining those gambling estab- blers, be it remarked, are not eager lishments at Homburg, Ems, and to make converts to their peculiar Wiesbaden, which it is said to be vice. With the superstition that the intention of the Prussian Gov- attaches to these people, they never ernment to suppress altogether. divest themselves of the thought The writer very adroitly avoids all that the new convert might carry the ethical bearings of the question, off all the luck, just as in their code and addresses himself simply to they believe that the unwilling what attaches to expediency. He player is* sure to win. A gambler, does not attempt to uphold what besides, is the ideal of all selfish- cannot be upheld; he has nothing to ness ; there is no man so utterly and say for play, and he is wise enough completely indifferent to his fel- not to compromise himself. His lows ; he is too little interested in line of argument is, however, strictly them to care to influence them in Benthamite. It is an expansion of any way. The absorption of his the "greatest happiness" principle. favourite pursuit is such, besides, What he says is this. The vast that he is very rarely, I might say majority of those who frequent never, gifted with those qualities Badorter are not gamblers. They which in making men attractive are people who come to relax after make them dangerous. For him, severe task—wearied statesmen, there are no questions of politics or overworked lawyers, tired men of science or literature ; he cares no- business. With these come others thing for the arts, as little for the fond of pleasure and glad to seek drama. " Man delights him not, it in a spot where it is made the nor woman either." Armies may business of life —a large idle class march and dynasties crumble, but of every imaginable nationality, there is more interest to him in the amused at the strange panorama of last turned card of the croupier queer people, queer costumes, and than in all the fate of Europe. queer manners. Then come others, In this respect, therefore, the a large number, of moderate for- gambler is less dangerous to society tunes, who find in these places a than if, like the drunkard, for in- vast quantity of gratuitous en- stance, he cared to draw others to joyments to which their narrow his vice. Of course all this rea- means deny them all access else- soning only applies to him who where. Handsome rooms splen- plays at a public table, since the didly illuminated, admirable music, private gambler has a very different gardens, fountains, promenades line, and lives upon the victims he maintained in the most perfect entices. order, and a variety of amusements The German journalist enters provided at public cost. The most minutely into the considera- people who come for play are a tion of this part of the question, very small minority. The great and having satisfied "himself that 1866.] Profitable Vice. 569 gaming does not corrupt by ex- The German thinks this very ample, and that, as there always pretty economy, and calmly asks if, will be certain men who will play, instead of suppressing Wiesbaden it is for the interest of society that and Homburg, we could not carry these people should be taxed to out the great truths they teach to maintain and support those plea- an extended practice. Why not sant spots, Ems, Baden, and the make all vice available to the sup- like, where the non-playing portion port of virtue ? There are other of humanity may enjoy itself at wicked practices as well as gam- little cost, virtue being thus for bling. There are certain people once rewarded at the expense of who imagine that all our criminals vice. With that fatalistic turn capable of bearing arms ought to which tinges all German reasoning, be made to serve as soldiers, and he argues that the question merely crime be made, in this way, " the concerns those who come for plea- cheap defence of nations." It cer- sure, not play; that gamblers are tainly does throw new attraction born gamblers, and will be gamblers around good behaviour to know

to the end ; and that if we can turn that it is as profitable as it is com-

such unprofitable people to good mendable ; and when once we have account, it is a wise economy, not attained, as the German writer ap- very unlike that we pursue when pears to have done, to that happy we employ convict labour in our frame of mind in which no detrac- public works. tion from enjoyment is felt by the The gambler, most unquestion- thought that our pleasure is ob- ably, pays the band, lights the tained at the price of another man's salon, sweeps and waters the pro- perdition, we may begin to imagine menade, cultivates the flowers, and that the world has at last made

makes the fountains play ; and real progress, and that we have which of us, asks the writer, would learned to utilise our bad people, not be well pleased to see the vice as a farmer does a blighted crop, of drunkenness subjected to a sim- by making manure of them. ilar taxation, and every tippler Instead, therefore, of shedding obliged, while paying for his dram, tears over human iniquity, and to add another penny for a fund to making our shortcomings the story be devoted to furnish amusement of pulpit eloquence, we shall be- for his more temperate fellow-men 1 come far more lenient to our erring We tax luxuries, and vice is the brethren, seeing that it is they who chief of luxuries. pay the taxes. How lightly we It is quite true that no man fol- should come to regard a Russian lowing an honest craft or calling war, an Indian famine, or the en- would submit to such a percentage dowment of an Irish cardinal, when from his income as the gambler is we only reflected that a few more obliged to pay. The cost of main- drunkards, anotherhellin St James's

taining all the public establishments Street, would meet it all ! How at Baden-Baden has been stated proudly some future Gladstone at forty thousand pounds sterling would close his budget speech by per annum. That is to say, that declaring that we had suffered two thousands are regaled and enter- successive years of bad harvest, tained with balls, fetes, music, carried on a costly war, and extend- theatres, hunting-parties, and in- ed our military defences to a de- numerable other devices of plea- gree of perfection unequalled in sure, that a few hundred very the history of Great Britain, yet he good-for-nothing people may be "was able to inform the House that despoiled to their last shilling, and these expenses had all been satis- sent out to live on their relatives factorily provided for by the more or die in the streets. general spread of intoxication, and ;

570 Cornelius O'Dowd. [Nov. a most gratifying increase of gene- —from a people we are in the habit " ral profligacy ! of regarding as far behind us in all It is to this, or to something very that concerns government and state- like it, our enlightened journalist craft— had we not the consolation now points. " It is an ill wind of remembering that we have al- that blows nobody good," is the ready shown the world the fertilis- text on which he enlarges, till he ing resources of wickedness, and arrives at the pleasant fact in we can point to a formidable array which he declares, " Blessed is the of figures in our revenue as the nation that can turn even its ini- result of propagating opium-eating quities to good account ! Happy amongst the Chinese. are the people who can sow tares Let not Hesse, or Nassau, or " and reap wheat ! Baden, then, imagine that they When this millennial period shall have given us a lesson in utilising have arrived, people will not be so our dross. Even the unenlighten- prone to utter their congratulations ed Government of the Pope knows over a small calendar or a white how to make demoralisation an in- assizes, well knowing how it is gredient of revenue, and to fill its crime keeps down taxation, and coffers by the gains of a public that a new vice is a penny off the lottery. income-tax. What a glorious time it will be I hope M. Bismark will see the on earth when all the good people force of this reasoning. Prussia shall live lives of ease and enjoy- has long been distinguished for its ment, not obliged either to toil or admirable financial policy. The to spin, while the whole labour of taxation has been light—the public life will be carried on by the wicked debt inconsiderable. To what ex- —a grand system of convict labour tent might not this happy state of carried out in the gin-palace, the things be carried, if the suggestions gambling - house, and suchlike here thrown out were only adopted, haunts of crime, where the felons and what a boon would Prussians themselves shall not even suspect feel in the newly annexed states, they are prisoners, nor even know when they saw what mines of that it is they who support the wealth were contained in their pro- state ! fligacy, and what a sorry contrast If the German journalist has not the most successful industry pre- carried out his theory to the full sented beside a good wholesale extent of this conclusion, it was business in human iniquity! possibly for want of space : the The virtuous people, moreover, language is an unwieldy sort of could bring such balm to their con- creature, and requires room for its sciences by the weight of the bur- gambols. And it is a pleasure to me they could lay the to show what his reasonings lead dens on wicked ; and thus they might exalt the horn to, and to warn the world what a of their praise while filling the costly thing life will become, and horn of their plenty. how heavy the pressure of taxation, The height of manufacturing if the day should arrive that the skill is attained when every resid- wicked man should turn from his uary product is turned to profit wickedness. and it is to this we shall have now While the Temperance movement arrived when we make the dregs of lasted in Ireland, grave statesmen our population a source of national trembled for the maintenance of wealth. We might feel some de- the Union ; and there is positively gree of humiliation in thinking no saying how ungovernable a that it was from Germany came people might become if they would this first lesson in political economy only be virtuous. ;

1866.] Historic Portraits. 571

HISTORIC PORTRAITS.

We would ask the reader's com- have occasion for the revision of pany while we walk through a historic verdicts in open court, the Gallery crowded with the illustrious culprit at the bar, and his com- dead. At the entrance-door we are peers in the box. On the walls of met by Geoffrey Chaucer and John that remarkable exhibition of na- Wycliffe. The portly figure of tional portraits recently held at Henry VIII. swaggers in the court Kensington might be seen " the beyond, and round the corner we martyr-king" as he appeared on come upon good Sir Thomas More, trial, the man who took his master seated in the midst of his family, prisoner, the judge who passed deep in books and serious thought. sentence ; there, also, we were in Such a sight induces meditative the presence of Cromwell, the Pro- mood, and we cannot but observe, tector, surrounded by the men of among the moving crowd who come the Commonwealth ; and then fol- to hold converse with statesmen, lowed the Merry Monarch and the poets, and philosophers of a by- gay women who succeeded to Puri- gone age, a fitting sobriety of man- tan usurpation. Verily the artist ner. There is a cloister stillness has painted all these diverse cha- in the air, the foot falls softly on racters in their true colours : the floor, and the voice is low. A Charles I. refined yet weak ; Crom- lady looks into the face of Jane well resolute but coarse ; Charles Grey or of Mary Queen of Scots, II. handsome and dissolute. And

and draws a sigh ; a statesman ap- so these several portraits tell of proaches the figure of Wolsey or of their sitters a tale, even as the Bacon, and is taught the instability body at the last day shall rise in of power and the fallibility of the condemnation. Truly the face for human intellect. It is surprising ever remains as a witness for or how the lapse of a few centuries against a man : upon the features clears the mental vision—how the are indelibly graven the good or mists which blinded the eyes of evil deeds of a whole life. It has contemporaries, in the lapse of been said, not without show of years are dispelled—how passion reason, that every action agitating, and personal interests subside, so as it were the waves of circum- that there remain but justice and stance, abides always present in truth in the balance of historic the world, and cannot, at least in judgment. And again, the con- its effects, be obliterated. And tact with men, even through their surely upon the human counte- portraits, who have shaken the nance even more finely and visibly world and then fallen under the are written thoughts and deeds, so ruins, seldom fails to awaken sym- that a carefully-painted portrait pathy. Few, we believe, will re- serves as a biography of the indi- main wholly callous in the presence vidual man, and a whole gallery of a Vandyke portrait of Charles I. becomes a history or diagram of few are the persons who will not humanity at large. A portrait ex- be moved to pity while looking at hibition thus curiously scanned has the sorrow-stricken head of Lady many a strange and unwelcome Arabella Stuart. Surely it is salu- truth to confess. On the other tary thus to reanimate, and in ima- hand, when we look on faces pati- gination live amid, past times, sur- ent in suffering, or resolute for the rounded by the men who made good fight, or radiant under the those times great or disastrous. smile of a kind Providence, he who It is well indeed that we should holds faith in humanity may thank ;

572 Historic Portraits. [Xov.

God and take courage. Many such has been truly said that a well-stored portraits the history of our country portrait gallery, answering " the ex- has handed down to us, among pectations of the curious in their which, in the Kensington Gallery, various tastes and inquiries, may some visitors surely will recall the become a rich and plenteous ban- saint-like head of Jeremy Taylor, quet, a full-spread table of choice and the beaming countenance of and useful communications, not good old Izaak Walton. only most delightful to the eye, After the first impressions in- but most instructive to the mind." duced by a visit to a well-stored We will not detain the reader gallery of portraits may have some- long with the history of portrait- what evaporated, the question nat- painting ; yet as without that art urally suggests itself, What can no gallery of portraits could be learnt from an assembly wT hich exist, gratitude alone prompts numbers some passing tribute. When the " Whate'er was beauteous, and whate'er Earl of Derby suggested a Na- was great " ? tional Portrait Exhibition, of which Granger, in his ' Biographical His- the public have seen this year at tory of England/ justly says, of Kensington the first instalment, a collection even of engraved por- we were persuaded that the his- traits, that it " will delight the toric value of the collection would eye, recreate the mind, impress be great, but we feared that the the imagination, fix the mem- art -interest might be small. We ory, and thereby yield no small could not but think of the paucity assistance to the judgment/' Such and poverty of our native painters a muster-roll is not to be scanned and we remembered that many of out of mere curiosity and desire for the most distinguished practitioners entertainment. The portraits of a of the portrait art—such as Velas- thousand men who have left their quez, Titian, and Tintoret — had mark on the page of history " serve never touched the English shores. as a visible representation of past But no sooner was the Gallery at events, and become a kind of speak- South Kensington open than it ing chronicle/' " We see the cele- became apparent that we had un- brated contemporaries of every age derrated the art-treasures of the almost at one view, and by casting country. The number of pictures the eye upon those that sat at the which flocked in upon the mana- helm of state, and the instruments gers so far exceeded anterior calcu- of great events, the mind is insen- lation, that it was found necessary sibly led to the history of that to stop the series the first year period." By the study of such a with the close of James II/s collection, either in the original reign. But not only did the paintings, through ancient engrav- numbers prove great, but the qual- ings, or the modern reproductions ity of not a few wT orks was high. made by photography,* acquaint- The art-merit of the collection may ance is gained with the manners and at once be indicated by the fact dresses of the times —with the his- that there were sixty-one portraits tory of art, armorial bearings, and by Vandyke, thirteen by Sir An- emblematical mottoes — with the tonio More, and no fewer than fortunes of the noblest families in sixty-three reputed works of Hol- the realm— with the acts and char- bein,—three chief masters of the acters of heroes, patriots, divines, art not to be seen in equal strength lawyers, poets, artists ; so that it in any one gallery of Europe.

* Of the 1030 portraits at Kensington, 1000 have been photographed : thus the Exhibition is put on permanent and faithful record. The public can purchase the collection either as a whole or in part at a fair price — the cost of production. ;

1866.] Historic Portraits. 57

We do not propose to burden warriors known, not so much through the reader with the weight of individual features as by generic archaeological lore, but yet it seems attributes. We have been shown, scarcely right that these national it is true, upon a temple in Egypt, portraits should be dispersed with- a profile to which tradition attaches out note being taken of some few the name of Cleopatra. But still, critical points brought prominently speaking generally, it may be said into view. Early English history, that no reliable portraits can be like the history of Rome and of found either among the mural some other nations, has been robbed paintings of Egypt or the bas-re- of its romance. The stories of liefs of Assyria. The same judg- Alfred as a minstrel in the Danish ment, too, must be passed on the camp, and Canute on the sea-shore figures in that repertory of English reproving his courtiers, are almost history, the Tapestry of Bayeux. too pretty to be true. And so, The busts of illustrious men and many an old portrait, furbished up of Roman emperors now in the and nicely engraved in popular Capitol museum, some of which, pictorial histories, may prove far however, are scarcely above suspi- too good to be authentic. In the cion, rank among the earliest and annals of England there are in most trustworthy historic portraits fact pre-portrait centuries, — long which have fallen within our own periods of time and successive observation. Sculpture in the his- reigns of sovereigns when the heads tory of art preceded painting—and and bodily aspects of even the carved stone, from the nature of chief actors on the historic stage things, is more likely to endure must remain conjectural. Kingly than the substance of panel pic- and heroic types became conven- tures; hence the earliest and tru- tional and traditional. A stiff fig- est portraits in our country have ure, somewhat stately, bearing a been derived directly or indirectly crown on the head and a sceptre from figures sculptured on tombs. in the hand, or an effigy stretched The reader will at once recall on a tomb, clad in armour, the legs monuments in Westminster Abbey, crossed, had severally to do service among which Mr Burges has pro- for a whole tribe of monarchs and nounced authentic the portrait- crusaders. It is really remarkable effigies of Queen Philippa, Edward how little positive data in these III., Richard II., Anne of Bohemia, early periods is within reach of the Margaret Countess of Richmond, historic painter. Sir Benjamin and Henry VII. Still the note- West depicted ' Alfred and the worthy fact remains, that while we ; Pilgrim Smirke, ' Canute reprov- have in the British Museum that

' ing his Flatterers ; North cote, most marvellous bust-portrait of

' ' Hubert and Prince Arthur ; Julius Cassar, we are left after Bird, ' Queen Philippa interceding the Roman invasion, for a period for the Burgesses of Calais ; ' Hil- of just about a thousand years, with debrandt, ' The Murder of Edward scarcely a dozen reliable portraits V. and the Duke of York in the of the men whose characters and Tower.' Yet it is not too much deeds are indelibly graven on the to say that these compositions, page of English history. The whatever may be their art-merits, cause may be found simply in the had not the advantage of a sin- fact that England was a barbarous gle trustworthy portrait ! With land, lying far from the great centres the general costumes of these times of art and civilisation. These re- we are doubtless acquainted, but flections, which have gone beyond of the individual heads we remain the limits we intended, were both almost wholly ignorant. Archaic suggested and substantiated by the arts, indeed, make monarchs and Gallery at Kensington. The man- 574 Historic Portraits. [Nov..

agers did right not to accept a must have been painted by some " dramatic full-length of Alfred the other hand. Holbein died of the Great." The general opinion, how- plague in London at the age of ever, seems to be that they were forty-five. Titian, the contemporary too credulous and indulgent—as of Holbein, also fell a victim to the for instance, when they hung that plague some thirty years later in melodramatic portrait of William Venice, but not till he had reached

Wallace, painted at least some two the goodly age of ninety-nine years ! or three centuries after the Scottish Holbein's talents seem to have warrior had been executed in Smith- been of a higher order than his field. It may imply lukewarm morals, yet he started in life well. patriotism to regard as spurious Erasmus, his friend, gave him a portraits of Edward III., Richard letter of introduction to good Sir

II., Henry IV., V., and VI., and Thomas More ; and on his journey Richard III. Such works have, to England Holbein bore, in testi- indeed, to rely rather on credulous mony of his powers, an admirable faith than on evidence which can portrait of the great scholar, which, satisfy the reason. Yet no one can though now still in existence, was object to receive these heads for unfortunately not exhibited at Ken- whatever they may be worth, and sington. Sir Thomas More gave they are indeed, on many grounds, to his guest a kind reception ; and better than nothing at all. In this that he appreciated the painter's pre-portrait period, however, there talents is evident from a letter to are at least two paintings which the his learned friend, which contains " world has been willing to identify these words : Your painter, my with names honoured in religion dear Erasmus, is an admirable and poetry. The head of Geoffrey artist." After a three years' so- Chaucer is said to come down to journ at Chelsea in More's house- us with the advantage of three hold, Holbein revisits his own land, centuries of pedigree ; and the and, in return for the portrait he portrait of John Wycliffe, widely had brought to England, presents diffused by engravings, is a head to Erasmus the pen-sketch, now in to which Protestants seem content the Basle Gallery, of the family of to pin their faith. With some such Sir Thomas. This sketch differs few and pleasing exceptions, how- in some not very material points ever, we look in vain for a portrait from the picture at Kensington gallery illustrative of English his- which has left so deep an impres- tory till the student comes down sion. The public learned with re- to the reign of Henry VIII. , when gret, however, that that picture, in Holbein was a pensioner at the common with about fifty other English Court. reputed portraits by Holbein, had Into the little originality yet, Holbein controversy claim to ; as a we have not space to enter. Mr good copy of a veritable painting Wornum's forthcoming volume on now unfortunately lost, it served as the life and works of the great a touching memorial of a house- painter will set at rest the ques- hold dear to every English heart. tions in debate. Suffice it to say The Utopia of which Sir Thomas that the discovery of the will of wrote may have been epitomised Holbein, made some time since, in that house at Chelsea, where took away ten years from the paint- learned Erasmus visited and bluff er's life : he is now supposed to Harry dined—a household which have died not later than 1543 ; his Holbein, while a guest, perpetuated royal patron, Henry VIII., survived by one of the most delightful por- him four years ; and thus all portrait-pictures the world contains. traits of the reign of Edward VI., The faithful pencil of Holbein which and of the last years of Henry, consecrated the virtues of More, —;

1866.] Historic Portraits. 575

with even-handed justice chronicled It is true for a nation, no less the vices of the King. Holbein, than for an individual, that honours

though a pensioner in the palace, grow with age ; and it is manifest did not attempt to whitewash a that only when a people has a his- figure which was growing daily tory stretching into the past can more corpulent and repulsive under long galleries be filled with ances- gross indulgence. It is to be fear- tral portraits. New countries like ed that when the painter became America may open industrial exhi- the favourite of Henry, he fell bitions, but not museums of na- from the good courses which early tional portraits. Democracies have friends had fostered. Honesty cost covered considerable areas of land, More his office and his head, and but they have never been known integrity made Erasmus a stranger to stretch far across time. Men of to the Court of England. Holbein the people are rapid in growth, but was not encumbered by scruples or they seldom take deep root. Pub- conscience. He painted, with in- lic agitators generally manage to difference to moral questions, the make their own faces and persons wives and other Court followers of pretty well known, but it is not

fat Caligula ; his necessities obliged often that much can be learnt of him to draw his pay before the the portraits of their forefathers.

work was finished ; and at last he In an old country like England died, encumbered with debts, and in a nation long governed by King, under the stigma of leaving behind Lords, and Commons—in a politi- him illegitimate children. The cal constitution which has slowly moral is sad which Holbein and his developed with the power and in- sitters suggest, and it becomes a re- telligence of the people, under lib- lief to turn from the history of the erty guarded by law, under rights time to the merit of the portraits secure through order, with expe- as works of art. Led merely by rience for foundation and wisdom internal evidence, we should have as a corner-stone—national records, said the painter of such pictures charters, pedigrees, muniments of must have been a paragon of truth title, family pictures, not to speak and justice. The portraits, as we of castles, manor-houses, churches, have said, of Henry, speak with and palaces, descend as heirlooms no flattery—they palliate nothing through successive generations, and ; like the busts of Nero, they chroni- serve as bulwarks for defence, but- cle successive stages of moral degra- tresses for support, as well as pin- dation. The celebrated drawings at nacles for decoration. Political Windsor also are trustworthy to a writers are loud in their eulogies line: Holbein, unlike Vandyke, did of the British Constitution, the not sacrifice literal truth to pictorial three estates whereof, in King, display. He was encumbered with Lords, and Commons, portrait gal-

but little imagination ; his voca- leries extol and magnify. The tion seems to have been simply to lives of great men tell us we can record facts as he found them. make our own lives true and

Thus, in the drawing of an eye, the noble : the faces of those who modelling of a brow, the curving of have fought a good fight cheer all a lip or nostril, no pencil is more who come after to do or to suffer true, precise, or firm. His style, manfully. A long line of ancestry too, is synchronous with the times. will not smile on him who brings An old portrait, like an old book, the pedigree to dishonour. And may be better when a little severe that which incites the individual and quaint. A picture painted three inspires and upholds the nation centuries ago is certainly none the so true it is that historic memories worse for traits which now strike fire a people with valour and pa- as eccentricities. triotism. At Kensington we have !

576 Historic Portraits. [Nov. had a gallery filled with a thou- many honourable heads survive to sand portraits of illustrious charac- the present moment. Yet some ters, extending over the annals of pillars in the state have fallen. our country for a period of five The man who shakes an edifice hundred years. And this is but may himself come to grief. The the commencement. Next year, noble who plots against his sov- and probably the year after also, ereign and conspires against the the portraits in the possession of liberties of his country, cannot ex- the aristocracy, of the country pect to hand down his name or gentry, and the great public and personal presence through a long municipal corporations of the king- line of descendants. His portrait dom, will bring down the bio- will appear as a shadow on the graphical and political history of wall, and ihen depart. A his- the country to our own times. toric gallery may in some sense be The number of works, and even said to chronicle and illustrate the the area covered, are alone con- mode of the divine government siderable. But when memory at- among men and nations. " I have taches to each head its story, to seen the wicked in great power, each family its chronological deeds, and spreading himself like a green to each man of genius the works bay tree. Yet he passed away, which enrich a people's intellectual and, lo, he was not : yea, I sought stores, then the thought should be him, but he could not be found. present to each visitor that he too Mark the perfect man, and behold is an Englishman, and that the the upright : for the end of that honour which the great men of the man is peace/' In the history of past have guarded so jealously and families and nations, that which effectually, is in some measure com- endures the longest is what is truest mitted to his keeping. The wis- and best. There have been houses dom of his ancestors in bodily pre- blackened by dark deeds ; yet, for sence warns every man not to lay the most part, good works and he- violent hands on the structure roic acts have adorned men in high which it needed so many centuries station ; and so it is that aristoc- to rear. It becomes the living to racies have in them the nature of be fellow- workers with the dead. permanence. Of this the Gallery The gallery, as we have said, bears at Kensington afforded not a few witness to the political efficacy of illustrious examples. The noble the machinery which works through family of Howard, for instance, the three estates of King, Lords, is seen by no less than nineteen and Commons. Nations which representatives, dating back to the have disturbed or never enjoyed Plantagenets in the fifteenth cen- this vital equilibrium, are, at all tury. These portraits speak both events, unable to show, as we do, of arts and arms. Henry How- unbroken historic portrait galleries ard, Earl of Surrey, a poet and sol- which stretch over a period of six dier, is said to have been painted hundred years by Hans Holbein. This fine pic- The aristocracy of England takes ture has the colour and deep har- in a portrait gallery the prominent mony usually ascribed to the mas- place it has held in the realm. A ters of Italy. At all events, Thomas lord, inde'ed, was among the com- Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, paratively few individuals who in Lord High Admiral, and a com- former days sat for his portrait. mander at Flodden, seems to have The face of a duke, or even of a been painted some three or four baron, was deemed worthy of being times by Holbein, of whom he was is seen and remembered j it lived, the patron. The fourth Duke like the good that a man does, after handed down by Zucchero, an in- him. And we may be glad that so different Italian artist, who ob- 1866.] Historic Portraits. 577

tained work in the court of Eliza- than eighty-one portraits ; and next beth. Thomas Howard, Earl of came the Earl of Derby, who sent Arundel and Surrey, was more for- twenty-six. It was to the noble Lord tunate in falling into the hands of indeed, as the public are aware, that Rubens and Vandyke, as seen in the Exhibition owed its origin. " I remarkable pictures, which bring have long thought," wrote Earl Der- this great patron of learning and by, in a letter addressed to the Lord the arts in glowing colours before President of the Council on Educa- our eyes. How much then may be tion, " that a National Portrait Ex- contained and implied in the por- hibition, chronologically arranged, traiture of a single house—the his- might not only possess great history of the arts, and the rise and torical interest by bringing together fall of families and empires ! It portraits of all the most eminent may be that the head which the contemporaries of their respective painter has made to sit firmly on eras, but might also serve to illus- the shoulders, within a year rolled trate the progress and condition, at on the block of execution. Put not various periods, of British Art. My your trust in princes. Yet pos- idea, therefore, would be to admit terity, like a higher tribunal, gene- either portraits of eminent men, rally decides fairly, and not unfre- though by inferior or unknown art- quently makes restitution. Time, ists, or portraits by eminent artists, in the end, reduces all things to though of obscure or unknown in- true proportions, and the distance dividuals. I have," continues the of a few hundred miles or years noble Lord, "of course, no means of gives to distracting circumstances knowing or estimating the number and discoloured lights just relative of such portraits which may exist " perspective. When I see," writes in the country ; but I am persuaded Addison, " kings lying by those that, exclusive of the large collec- who deposed them ; when I con- tions in many great houses, there sider rival wits placed side by side, are very many scattered about by or the holy men that divided the ones and twos and threes in private world with their contests and dis- families, the owners of which, putes, I reflect with sorrow and though they could not be persuaded astonishment on the little competi- to part with them, would willingly tions, factions, and debates of man- spare them for a few months for a kind. When I read the several public object. I should have much dates on the tombs of some that pleasure in placing temporarily at died yesterday, some six hundred the disposal of the Committee of years ago, I consider that great day Council, any portraits from my col- when we shall all of us be contem- lection at Knowsley which they poraries, and make our appearance might think suitable for their pur- together." pose." Knowsley, as we have said, Thus, as we have said, the great in the importance of its contribu- families of the country were present tions, came next to Windsor and at Kensington in the persons of Buckingham Palace. The Prime their distinguished ancestors. The Minister of England is the four- Gallery was specially rich in works teenth Earl that has borne the title contributed by her Majesty the of Derby ; on the side of Stanley, Queen, by Earl Derby, the Duke the family is of noble Saxon descent, of Devonshire, and in other por- and in the allied lineage of Aldith- traits long known in mansions, ley runs Norman blood. The Gal- such as Althorp, Burleigh, Hatfield, lery at Kensington contained the Donnington, Kimbolton, Hichin- portraits of nine earls, extending brooke, the Grove, Knole, Pens- from the time of the Plantagenets hurst, Badminton, and Longleet. to the reign of Charles II. The Her Majesty furnished no fewer portrait of Thomas Stanley, first 578 Historic Portraits. [Xov.

Earl of Derby, who died in the ed ; and patriotism being fed through year 1504, is engraved in Lodge's the eye, people find it good and series. Then came the portrait of pleasant to gaze on a crowned head. good Margaret Beaufort, Countess There are, however, two princesses of Richmond and Derby, who of royal blood who fail, in the por- founded Christ's College and St traits which have come down to John's, and the Lady Margaret us, to awaken the interest their Professorship of Divinity. She personal misfortunes deserve. Of was mother of Henry VII., and the thirteen pictures exhibited of became the wife of the first Earl Mary Queen of Scots, perhaps not of Derby. The second Earl held one is satisfactory. Some are posts of honour under Henry VII. painted by flatterers, others appar- and Henry VIII. The third Earl, ently by maligners. These several whose portrait has been attributed portraits confute one another, and to Holbein, was famed for his scarcely, when taken together, estab- charity ; indeed, Camden says that lish the beauty for which Mary at his death the glory of hospitality Queen of Scots obtains such large seemed to fall asleep. The fifth credit. The good looks of some Earl was a scholar and poet. Spen- evidently owe much to the ideal of ser designated him under the name the painter. Yet, notwithstanding "Amyntas," and his Countess as a startling diversity of features, " Amaryllis.'' In honour of this there may be traced some remote Countess of Derby Milton also type in common. The eyes are wrote " Arcades." The sixth Earl usually full and fine, yet with a travelled far and wide over land certain sinister cast. They seldom, and sea. The seventh and great indeed, look straight, yet are they Earl had, unlike his predecessors, large, tearful eyes, with a well of the advantage of descending to pos- sorrow ready to burst forth ; and terity by the hands of a master the whole face carries about it painter. The portrait of gallant somewhat of the Cenci's grief wT hich James Stanley, painted by Vandyke, Guido caught after a night of weep- was conspicuous at Kensington for ing. The second series of portraits, its admirable drawing, colour, and four in number, which come as a composition. This great Earl raised disappointment, are of Lady Jane 60,000 men, and fought many ac- Grey. That from the Bodleian tions in the service of Charles I. Library, however, bears some inter- At length his private resources were nal evidence of truth. It is the exhausted, and he fell into the face of a good, thoughtful, and hands of the Parliament. The pleasure-denying person. Portrait- scaffold on which he was executed painters, like the rest of mankind, is said to have been made of timber had little relish for the losing side. from his own house. It were im- Mary Stuart and Lady Jane cer- possible to illustrate more forcibly tainly received less favour than the lustre which has been reflect- their un sisterly persecutors, Queen ed on English history through the Elizabeth and "Bloody Mary." Gallery at Kensington than by the About this time came to the court enumeration of these successive re- of England, on the invitation of presentatives of the House of Derby. Philip of Spain, Sir Antonio More, The advantages which the n oble Earl an adept among portrait-painters, predicted from the Exhibition, the who struck the happy mean be- portraits from Knowsley have in no tween early austerity and late affecta- small degree helped to secure. tion and allurement. More's sitters, Royalty has in all nations and indeed, were released from the re- times received abundant honour of straint habitual to Holbein, and the portrait-painter. Kings have a saved from the tawdry showT which weakness for being seen and flatter- disfigured the subsequent school of 1866.] Historic Portraits. 579

Lely. Queen Mary, as painted in which characterise the best pictures miniature by More, makes a work of the period. of great art-beauty. The drawing The Stuarts obtain more honour, is precise and the handling firm. or at least success, in a portrait Mary's face is as well known as her gallery than commonly awaited

character ; of neither need much them in life. Finely-moulded fea-

be said in praise ; of the two the tures, a figure of command, and a face is the better. Her features bearing gentle yet stately, though are of a plainness which is down- qualities not necessarily of much right and outspoken. They tell account in the conduct of a nation's not so much of inveterate bad- affairs, are favourable to the making ness as of confirmed bigotry. The of pictures. Between the death of horizon which her eye swept was Elizabeth, indeed, and the interreg- narrow, and her mouth less often num called the Commonwealth, were relented with sympathy than closed painted some noble portraits. Cor- with resolution. In a private nelius Jansen and Gerard Hont- sphere such a person might have horst, the latter known in Italy as

been merely peevish and perverse : Gherardo dalle Notti, came from in a public position she became a Holland to paint in the court of persecutor. Royal heads of the James L, as Holbein and Sir An- sixteenth century are, in fact, so tonio More had worked in the courts accurately transcribed and trans- of Henry and Mary. James I. did mitted, that he who will take the not throw aside the pedant even on trouble to look can scarcely fail canvass—he loved to be painted in to interpret impartially. A mere the full trappings of royalty, and tyro in portraiture could hardly was possibly studious to maintain miss the pronounced profile of Eliza- that close semblance " in most re- beth, than whose head not even spects" to Solomon, which Lord that of the Duke of Wellington was Bacon politely hinted at in the more inviting to the painter. We dedication of the 'Novum Organ- are most of us all but too well um.' TheQueenof Bohemia, daugh- acquainted with the caresome ter of James, called from her countenance of the aged Queen, as beauty " The Queen of Hearts," depicted, for example, by Dela- sustains, in a magnificent picture by roche. To come upon the same Honthorst, the fame of her house face in youth, in days of simplicity, for good looks. In this reign, too, free from trouble and unburdened was painted another grand picture, by statecraft, was quite refreshing. George Villiers, first Duke of Buck- That portrait, ascribed falsely to ingham, and his family, in no Holbein, from St James's Palace, of way inferior to the best contempo- Elizabeth as a princess of the age rary works still found in the Hague of sixteen, was one of the most in- and Amsterdam. teresting pictures in the whole Ex- These and other fine portraits of hibition, not excepting another the period contributed by her Ma- youthful portrait, that of Edward jesty, were fortunately neither de- VI., also falsely set down to Hol- stroyed nor scattered in the ap- bein. These two first-class pic- proaching troubles. It is a suggestive tures are now, by recent investiga- fact, not without parallel in history, tions, and especially by the dis- that the reigning dynasty, while it covery of Holbein's will, left with- glided unconsciously to a downfall, out a painter. No small honour was adding to itself lustre through awaits their unknown author. The the arts. Charles L, when he texture of these works is transpar- ascended the throne, invited to his ent and thin, free from impasto court Vandyke, the most popular loading, and the execution has the portrait -painter that ever visited delicacy, detail, and tentative care England or any other country. 580 Historic Portraits. Nov.

The same ill-fated monarch also got sceptre or wield the sword. The together a grand gallery of pictures, governing classes are no longer of which not unnaturally took to flight refined clay, or clothed in choice on the approach of democracy. or even clean linen. An age of Vandyke, however, did not leave iron gains dominion. A plebeian till he had transmitted his royal nose asserts authority—a pragmatic patron to posterity. The two men, mouth impertinently meddles with king and servant, seem in some sort state affairs. Yet did these lines to have been made for each other. of stern action bring into suprem- Any historic character may be fortu- acy men of strong character and nate in finding a fitting biographer of necessity capacious brain. In- —happy even if he shall have a deed there is, as by anticipation, friend to write his epitaph neatly, somewhat of the American type of and with a touch of pathos. And statesmanship in these men of the few kings have received in such Commonwealth, as if a republic small ways greater benefit than poor naturally produces and thrives upon Charles from Vandyke. Charles I. a square massive skull, and features was perhaps scarcely made of ma- firmly set and deeply channelled by terial which would have satisfied lines. Perhaps, however, painting the chisel of Phidias or Michael did scant justice to the men of Angelo. The pencil of Raphael these times; for the art of portrait- had perhaps been better employed, painting, with possibly some ex- and the pallet of Titian or of Rubens ception in the department of minia- was loaded with colour out of place tures, was in decadence under the on a cheek sicklied over with the Commonwealth. The falling away pale cast of thought. Vandyke hit is indicated by the comparative the very thing required. Witness number of portraits exhibited at those matchless portraits of Charles Kensington in successive reigns. at Hampton Court and Buckingham For example, the number of portrait- Palace, and other galleries even of pictures belonging to the reign of the Continent. Who can look at Elizabeth was 187, of James I. 136, these pictures and wonder that the of Charles I. 234, of Charles II. 184, fate of the "martyr-king" has while of the Commonwealth only

touched so many hearts at home 52 ; and of this pittance of 52 pic-

and in distant lands ! Vandyke tures, a large proportion did not was not suited for the rude times rise in art-merit above mediocrity. now at hand; and so, with the over- The oil-portraits of Milton were far throw of the dynasty, he left Eng- inferior to the miniatures of the land, and an interregnum ensued same noble head exhibited at Ken- in the arts as in politics. sington a year before. The same With the revolution in the gov- must be said of the portraits of ernment, the very faces which look Cromwell, notwithstanding the for- out from a historic portrait gallery cible head in crayons by Cooper. suffer violent change. The old types But the Protector's family generally

are dethroned : Cavaliers make way was in great force—no fewer than for Roundheads, and in place of the ten members of the house were pre-

stately, refined, and attenuated feat- sent to speak for themselves : the ures of Charles and the house of wife, a quiet-looking woman; the Stuart, the rude, vigorous head of father, though a brewer, not with- Cromwell obtains command. The out refinement added to oily sanc-

delicate hands, elongated in the tity ; and the mother, with a mix- palms, pointed in the fingers, and ture of the grosser elements which drooping with sentimental lassitude, obtained aggravation in her re- which Vandyke in the previous markable son. reign loved to paint, have not now Charles II. and James II. fell the needful sinew to grasp the upon evil times even in portrait- 1866.] Historic Portraits. 581 painting. The beauties of the court such natural and simple manifesta- of Charles, including Nell Gwyn tion as power of intellect and cre- and the Duchess of Richmond, of ative imagination. A man thus voluptuous bosom and flaming at- endowed carries on his front the tire, as painted by Sir Peter Lely, sign of command ; his very head have become notorious. The arts, proclaims that he was made for a which always respond to the moral ruler ; and the witness which his and intellectual condition of a peo- face and person were to his contem- ple, had, it is well known, fallen poraries, his portrait remains for into sad corruption. Signs are after generations. A gallery filled not wanting that Lely was capable with such portraits might indeed of a better and purer style—as wit- be said to enshrine nature's veri- ness the portraits of Drs Dolben, table aristocracy. And of such Allestry, and Fell, manly in char- men there were in fact not a few acter and abstemious of colour. in the historic corridors at Ken- Also, it must be admitted, that such sington. Yet genius proverbially pictures as that of Lady Byron have is beset with infirmities, and it power of attraction and no ordinary often happens that the frailties of resource in art. Charles II., in order a man creep into and become un- to save himself trouble, sat at the duly conspicuous in his face and same time to the two rival painters, frame. We find sometimes—as, for

Kneller and Lely : Kneller made example, with iEsop and Pope—an his fortune by finishing first. His absolute breakdown in humanity. style was sketchy, even slovenly, In truth, the perfect form repre- and no refinements stood in the sentative of the species in its full way of expedition. Judge Jeffreys power, is an ideal rather than a fell into Kneller's hands, and re- reality, and cannot be looked for ceived the rough treatment he de- even in a gallery expressly set apart served. This was the age for big to characters of a high stamp. The wigs, without which support, the ideal man should unite such impos- weak irresolute head of James II. sibilities as the will of Jove, the could scarcely have held its place muscle of Hercules, and the intel- upon canvass. But the arrival of lect of Apollo ; the resolution the Prince of Orange before long should be firm, the arm strong to brought the King and painter to a hurl the spear, the eye keen, the standstill. It so happened that at reason comprehensive and aspiring. the very moment Kneller had the The ancients in their god-men were King before him, James heard of fond of striving for this unattained the landing of his successor in Tor perfection. Thus the Apollo Bel- Bay; "but," said the King, "I have videre has an arm strong to bend promised Mr Pepys my picture, and the bow, and an eye and forehead I will finish the sitting." And so, made for far vision and wide com- not inaptly, closes the first gallery mand. History, save in its early of historic portraits. The art which pages, devoted to legends and had sunk to its lowest depths is myths, adduces but few examples destined to find revival when the of manhood balanced after this sort pictures of Reynolds, Gainsbor- in mental and physical power. ough, and Romney shall be exhib- Goethe is said to have been a sin- ited. gular instance of such unwonted

We think it was Jeremy Bentham union ; and within our own experi- who laid down for aristocracies the ence we can speak of Professor Wil- triple basis of birth, wealth, and ta- son as a man of lion head and true lent. Genius, it has been sometimes heart : when a youth he wrestled, said, creates to itself what is called and in mature years filled the pro- nature's aristocracy. And certainly, fessor's chair. As our own pages of all forms of nobility, none gives have shown, Christopher North's 582 Historic Portraits. [Nov. writings abounded in animal spirits, Hobbs of l The Lsviathan,' has a wit, and wisdom—literary qualities character strong in idiosyncrasy as which, in the fine portrait painted by the author's works. Look, likewise, the late Sir John Watson Gordon, at heads, striking in contrast, of find unmistakable signs. Return- Samuel Pepys, Izaak Walton, But- ing to the historic portrait collec- ler of 'Hudibras,' Dryden, Richard tion, we must admit that there were Baxter, Jeremy Taylor, and John but few heads which confessed to Evelyn—look, and you will read the universality of genius. Even their several books written in the Shakespeare's face, on which played features. There are other faces and thought and passion in the infinite persons which speak of refined sens- variety of the drama, never strikes itive natures—the elongated nose, us as quite satisfactory. It is true sharply-modelled nostril, delicately- we only know of it through third- curved lip, and tapering hands rate portraits, the work of mere show as types of poetic mind. journeymen. Yet, after making Such portraits are those of the poet due allowance, it must be admitted who indited the ' Faery Queen,' and that the lower regions in Shake- of the "soldier, poet, and states- speare's face lack refinement. A man" known for his sonnets and like infirmity, too, lurks in the ' Arcadia.' Other heads, again, portraits of Beaumont, Fletcher, may approach the ideal standard and rare Ben Jonson. In short, a we have been long accustomed, in portrait gallery forces upon us the mingled faith and incredulity, to truth, which, though proclaimed by worship in the busts of Plato and highest authority, we are unwil- Schiller. Such high types are so ling to learn, that man in his high few and far between that even when estate is vanity, and that pride of seen they are scarcely believed. intellect is a snare. As, then, The suspicion comes that the art- it seems useless to seek for the ist may have added the precise head and the figure which a phre- grace which nature had denied. nologist and physiologist might Not very distant from an ideal pronounce the absolute type of the humanity are certain miniatures of species, we look around for some Milton; the oil -pictures at Ken- more partial developments which sington were of a lower order. may not be amiss in their several Andrew Marvell, too. the friend of degrees. Of men who have been Milton, shows a gentle and refined great in special departments, who type, scarcely, perhaps, compatible have possessed a one-sided power, with his power in satire and con- both written history and the paint- troversy. As a fine sample of hu- ed mirror of portraiture afford not manity in its higher moral and a few examples. There are " men intellectual forms, we must not of the robe," " men of the sword," forget to adduce the head of the " men of the pen," who bear on Hon. Robert Boyle, founder of the their persons such signs of great- Royal Society, and honoured as a ness or marks of singularity, that Christian philosopher. did they but walk across the street It remains for us simply to throw they could scarcely be forgotten. out the remark that portrait gal- Who that had once seen Lord leries do not afford conclusive evi- Burghley on his mule, or Lord dence of the hereditary transmis- Bacon in robes with staff in hand sion of genius. Poetry and philo- and high black hat on head, as sophy seldom descend from father painted by Van Somer, but would to son through successive genera- remember for ever and a day the tions. Genius, indeed, is like the Lord High Treasurer of Elizabeth, wind that bloweth—it is hard to and the Lord Keeper of James 1 say whence it cometh or whither The shrewd face, too, of Thomas it goeth. Physiologists, we believe, 1866.] Historic Portraits. 58; would corroborate the testimony- linear and aerial perspective, was, in recorded by portrait-painters. Ta- the fifteenth century, decidedly in lents, in fact, are often attached to advance of his age. In the same delicate physical tissues, genius is way it were curious, if space were without needful stamina for trans- permitted to us, to trace the pic- mission, and so may find itself in torial pedigree of each of the other the third or fourth generation either features. The eye is a little world in a madhouse or on the borders of in itself, and to rule it discreetly extinction. seems scarcely to have been more We will conclude by such gene- easy than to bridle the tongue. If ral reflections as a gallery of his- we take the eye in its inward toric portraits seems calculated to depths and transparencies, in its suggest. The physiognomist, and lights, shadows, droopings, and up- the being once called a phrenolo- gazings, not to speak of its sur- gist, if he be still extant, may each roundings of lashes, lids, temples, study his favourite science on a and brows, we shall hardly wonder grand national scale. The heads that so few painters could worthily of great men, by height or breadth endow it with form, beauty, and of brow, the seat of intellect, by the expression. Painting, indeed, gen- elevation of the coronal regions erally lags in the rear of poetry; where moral and imaginative facul- and it was not until two centuries ties have been supposed to reside, after Shakespeare had written of or by the broad area of the base the poet's eye in its fine frenzy, where will and passion may find a that Reynolds gave embodiment to stronghold, doubtless invite to scru- the Tragic Muse. Coming to his- tiny and provoke to argument. In toric mouths, a separate dissertation an assembly of a thousand heads, might be written upon them alone each graven with character, it is —mouths which, like poor Yorick's hard if some home truths shall skull, suggest the gibes, the gam- not be spoken. Certain facts, in- bols, the songs, and " flashes of deed, will be patent at a glance. merriment that were wont to set There will be heads which plead the table in a roar." The hand, their own cause effectually; other too, in which the curious read lines portraits, again, which no eloquence of fortune, deserves more than a can acquit. Heads, too, will have closing paragraph. Hands, espe- to be divided into distinct genera. cially before the making of knives There will be the statesman's, and forks, were primarily designed the soldier's, and the courtier's for use. Vandyke was the first head; the lawyer's, the scholar's, painter, at least in our country, who and the poet's head; each differing conceived the idea of rendering from the other, yet good and effi- them essentially ornamental. The cient after its several kind. And hands of Holbein were often but what is true of the whole head or rudimentary paws ; and religious face is true of the constituent feat- painters, being persons of one idea, ures. There are noses which be- turned the upper extremities to long to historic periods, which are monotonous account as mere sym- the heritage of special families, and bols of devotion. It was not, in- descend from generation to genera- deed, till the arts were enfran- tion in the sacred fixity of heir- chised, that hands, in a pictorial looms. It is curious to see what sense, were fairly set at liberty to do difficulty a painter found in the what they listed, and especially, by early stages of his art to do justice a language peculiarly their own,

to these historic noses ! Indeed, to address the spectator, and echo the painter who could turn a nos- and enforce the sentiments uttered tril with graceful sweep, and make by the eyes and mouth. In por- the further wing float off in befitting trait-painting, then, thus perfected, VOL. C. —NO. DCX1IT. 2 Q 584 Historic Portraits. [Nov. there was no longer a schism among thus lay3 hold of substantial and the members of the body ; all, reliable material. Even imagina- happily, consented to speak the tion kindles, and so, in the mind's same language, and to suffer and eye, great historic events move rejoice together. across the stage in the pomp of To the historian, the historical state and the circumstance of ac- painter, and the antiquary, national tual life. portraits are manifestly of incalcu- The gallery of historic portraits lable service. Even as relics, they which terminated with the reign of not only tickle the fancy but instruct James II., is designed to have its the reason. The parchment which chronological sequel in the approves a poet's title to his house, proaching year. And the noble the will by which he bequeaths his Earl now at the head of her Ma- worldly goods, if he have any, to jesty's Government has power to his next of kin, and the old por- give to the project of which he was trait which hangs over the fire, gain, the originator its complete fulfil- after the lapse of centuries, the im- ment. That Lord Derby is content port of historic documents. Such with the manner in which the Ex- muniments and heirlooms are more hibition was managed may be in- than pegs on which to hang rov- ferred from the words he spoke at ing affection and speculation; as the dinner of the Royal Academy. nails, they clench an argument. "I will venture," said he, "to The robe through which Brut as assert that, looking at the collection stabbed might settle a question of as a whole—looking at the length costume ; the wig that Bacon wore of the period of history over which might tell tales as to cerebral de- it ranges—looking to the variety of velopments. A portrait gallery, sources from which it has been too, puts the painter in possession taken—looking at the vast multi- of the very man : we look upon tude of the men and women repre- historic persons as they lived, we sented on the walls—there never has are able to surround leading char- been, in this country or any other, acters with the accessories and a contemporaneous exhibition of backgrounds true to the period. portraits so calculated to excite the The realism to which literature interest of the artist and the stu- and art have been so long prone dent of history." 1886.] Sir Brook Fosshrooke. —Conclusion. 585

SIB BROOK FOSSBROOKE.

CONCLUSION.

CHAPTER LXX.—THE TELEGRAM.

When Lucy reached the drawing- " It would have killed my fa- room she found her father and Sir ther. The shock would have killed Brook deep in conversation in one him," said Lendrick. " And it of the window-recesses, and actu- was this man—this Sewell—who ally unaware of her entrance till possessed his entire confidence of she stood beside them. late—actually wielded complete in- "No," cried Lendrick, eagerly; fluence over him. The whole time " I can't follow these men in their I sat with my father, he did no- knaveries. I don't see the drift of thing but quote him,—Sewell said them, and I lose the clue to the so—Sewell told me—or Sewell sus-

whole machinery." pected such a thing ; and always " The drift is easy enough to with some little added comment understand," said Fossbroke. "A on his keen sharp intellect, his man wants to escape from his em- clear views of life, and his con- barrassments, and has little scruple summate knowledge of men. It as to the means." was by the picture Sewell drew " But the certainty of being of Lady Trafford that my father " found out was led to derive his impres- " There is no greater fallacy than sion of her letter. Sewell taught that. Do you imagine that one- him to detect a covert imperti- tenth of the cheats that men prac- nence and a sneer where none was tise on the world are ever brought intended. I read the letter myself,

to light 1 Or do you fancy that all and it was only objectionable on the rogues are in jail, and all the the score of its vanity. She thought people who are abroad and free are herself a very great personage honest men ? Far from it. Many writing to another great person- an inspector that comes to taste the age." prison soup and question the gov- " Just so," said Fossbroke. " It ernor, ought to have more than an was right royal throughout. It experimental course of the dietary; might have begun, ' Madame ma and many a juryman sits on the sosur.' And as I knew something case of a creature far better and of the writer, I thought it a marvel purer than himself. But here comes of delicacy and discretion." one will give our thoughts a plea- " My father, unfortunately, deem- santer channel to run in. How well ed it a piece of intolerable preten-

you look, Lucy ! I am glad to see sion and offensive condescension, the sunny skies of Sardinia haven't and he burned to be well enough blanched your cheeks." to reply to it." " Such a scheme as Sir Brook " Which is exactly what we must

has discovered ! —such an ignoble not permit. If they once get to " plot against my poor dear father ! a regular interchange of letters, said Lendrick. "Tell her — tell there is nothing they will not say

her the whole of it." to each other. No, no ; my plan In a very few words Sir Brook is the best of all. Lionel made recounted the story of Sewell's in- a most favourable impression the terview with Balfour, and the inci- only time Sir William saw him. dent of the stolen draft of the Beattie shall bring him up here Judge's writing bartered for money. again as soon as the Chief can "

586 Sir Brook FossbrooTce. — Conclusion. [Nov.

be about : the rest will follow nat- ran to meet him, returning soon urally. Lucy agrees with me, I after to the room leaning on his see." arm. How Sir Brook knew this is Lendrick and Haire were very not so easy to say, as Lucy had old friends, and esteemed each turned her head away persistently other sincerely ; and though on the all the time he was speaking, and one occasion on which Sir Brook still continued in that attitude. and Haire had met, Fossbrooke had "It cannot be to-night, how- been the object of the Chief's vio- ever, and possibly not to-morrow lence and passion, his dignity and night," said Fossbrooke, musing; good temper had raised him highly and though Lucy turned quickly in Haire's estimation, and made and eagerly towards him to explain him glad to meet him again. his words, he was silent for some " You are half-surprised to see minutes, when at length he said, me under this roof, sir," said Sir " Lionel started this morning by Brook, referring to their former " daybreak, and for England. It meeting ; but there are feelings must have been a sudden thought. with me stronger than resentments." He left me a few —lines in pencil, " And when my poor father which went thus ' I take the knows how much he is indebted to early mail to Holyhead, but mean your generous kindness," broke in to be back to-morrow, or at farthest Lendrick, " he will be the first to the day after. No time for more.'" ask your forgiveness." " If the space were not brief that " That he will. Of all the men he assigns for his absence, I'd say I ever met, he is the readiest to he had certainly gone to see his redress a wrong he has done," cried father," said Lendrick. Haire, warmly. " If the world

"It's not at all unlikely that his only knew him as I know him ! mother may have arranged to meet But his whole life long he has been him in Wales," said Sir Brook. trying to make himself appear stern " She is a fussy, meddlesome wo- and cold-hearted and pitiless, with, man, who likes to be, or to think all the while, a nature overflowing herself, the prime mover in every- with kindness." thing. I remember when Hugh " The man who has attached to Trafford—a young fellow at that himself such a friendship as yours," time—was offered a Junior Lord- said Fossbrooke, warmly, " cannot ship of the Treasury, it was she but have good qualities." " " who called on the Premier, Lord My friendship ! said Haire, " Dornington, to explain why he blushing deeply ; what a poor tri- could not accept office. Nothing bute to such a man as he is ! Do but great abilities or great vices you know, sir," and here he lower- enable a man to rise above the ed his voice till it became a confi- crushing qualities of such a wife. dential whisper— " do you know, Trafford had neither, and the world sir, that since the great days of the has always voted him a nonentity." country—since the time of Burke, " There, Lucy," said Lendrick, we have had nothing to compare laughing—" there at least is one with the Chief Baron. Plunkett danger you must avoid in married used to wish he had his law, and life." Bushe envied his scholarship, and "Lucy needs no teachings of Lysaght often declared that a col- mine," said Sir Brook. " Her own lection of Lendrick' s epigrams and instincts are worth all my expe- witty sayings would be the plea- riences twice told. But who is santest reading of the day. And this coming up to the door ? such is our public press, that it is " Oh, that is Mr Haire, a dear for the quality in which he was least friend of grandpapa's." And Lucy eminent they are readiest to praise ;

1866.] Sir Brook FossbrooTce. —Conclusion. 587 him. You wouldn't believe it, sir. the preamble to a fancied Act of They call him a ' master of sarcas- Parliament — a peroration to an tic eloquence.' Why, sir, there was imaginary speech ; and as to fare- a tenderness in him that would not wells to the Bar, I think I have a have let him descend to sarcasm. dozen of them—and one, and not He could rebuke, censure, condemn, the worst, is in doggrel." if you will ; but his large heart had Though, wherever Haire's ex- not room for a sneer." periences were his guides, he could " You well deserve all the love manage to comprehend a question he bears you," said Lendrick, grasp- fairly enough, yet where these ing his hand and pressing it affec- failed him, or wherever the events tionately. introduced into the scene charac- " How could I deserve it ? Such ters at all new or strange, he be- a man's friendship is above all the came puzzled at once, and actually merits of one like me. Why, sir, lost himself while endeavouring to it is honour and distinction before trace out motives for actions, not the world. I would not barter his one of which had ever occurred to regard for me to have a seat beside him to perform. him on the Bench. By the way," Through this inability on his added he, cautiously, " let him not part, Sir Brook was not very see the papers this morning. They successful in conveying to him are at it again about his retirement. the details of the stolen document They say that Lord Wilmington nor could Haire be brought to see had actually arranged the condi- that the Government officials were tions, and that the Chief had con- the dupes of Sewell's artifice as

sented to everything ; and now much as, or even more than, the they are beaten. You have heard, Chief himself. I suppose, the Ministry are out 1" " I think you must tell the story " "No; were they Whigs 1 asked yourself, Sir Brook ; I feel I shall Lendrick, innocently. make a sad mess of it if you leave " Haire and Fossbrooke laughed it to me," said he at last ; and I heartily at the poor Doctor's in- know, if I began to blunder, he'd difference to party, and tried to overwhelm me with questions how explain to him something of the this was so, and why that had struggle between rival factions, but not been otherwise, till my mind his mind was full of home events, would get into a hopeless confu- and had no place for more. " Tell sion, and he'd send me off in utter Haire," said he at last — "tell despair." Haire the story of the letter of " I have no objection whatever resignation ; none so fit as he to if Sir William will receive me. break the tale to my father." Indeed, Lord Wilmington charged Fossbrooke took from his pocket me to make the communication in a piece of paper, and handed it to person, if permitted to do so." Haire, saying, " Do you know that " I'll say that," said Haire, in a " handwriting 1 joyful tone, for already he saw a

"To be sure I do ! It is the difficulty overcome. "I'll say it Chief's." was at his Excellency's desire you " Does it seem a very formal came," and he hurried away to " document 1 fulfil his mission. He came almost Haire scanned the back of it, immediately in radiant delight. and then scrutinised it all over for " He is most eager to see you, Sir " a few seconds. Nothing of the Brook ; and, just as I said, impa- kind. It's the sort of thing I have tient to make you every amende, seen him write scores of times. and ask your forgiveness. He He is always throwing off these looks more like himself than I sketches. I have seen him write have seen him for many a day." —

588 Sir Brook Fossbr^oolce. — Conclusion. [Xov.

While Sir Brook accompanied families, while the very nature of Haire to the Judge's room, Len- the accusation would be enough to drick took his daughter's arm with- arouse the jealousy and insult the in his own, saying, " Now for a pride of such a girl as Lucy. Come stroll through the wood, Lucy. It therefore what might, the marriage has been one of my day-dreams is at an end. this whole year past/' If Sewell were to fall ! She shud- Leaving the father and daughter dered to think what the world to commune together undisturbed, would say of her ! One judgment let us turn for a moment to Mrs there would be no gainsaying. Her Sewell, who, with, feverish anxiety, husband certainly believed her false, continued to watch from her window and with his life he paid for the for the arrival of a telegraph mes- conviction. But would she be senger. It was already two o'clock. better off if Trafford were the vic-

The mail-packet for Ireland would tim 1 That would depend on how have reached Holyhead by ten, Sewell behaved. She would be and there was therefore ample time entirely at his mercy—whether he to have heard what had occurred determined to separate from her or afterwards. not. His mercy seemed a sorry From the servant who had car- hope to cling to. Hopeless as this ried Sewell's letter to Trafford, she alternative looked, she never re- had learned that Trafford had set lented, even for an instant, as to out almost immediately after re- what she had done; and the thought ceiving it ; the man heard the order that Lucy should not be Trafford's given to the coachman to drive to wife repaid her for all and every- Bichmond Barracks. From this thing. she gathered he had gone to obtain While she thus waited in all the the assistance of a friend. Her feverish torture of suspense, her first fear was, that Trafford, whose mind travelled over innumerable courage was beyond question, would contingencies of the case, in every have refused the meeting, standing one of which her own position was on the ground that no just cause of one of shame and sorrow ; and she quarrel existed. This he would knew not whether she would deem certainly have done had he con- it worse to be regarded as the resulted Fossbrooke, who would, be- pentant wife, taken back by a for- sides, have seen the part her own giving pitying husband, or the wo- " desire for vengeance played in the man thrown off and deserted ! I whole affair. It was with this suppose I must accept either of view that she made Sewell insert those lots, and my only consolation the request that Fossbrooke might will be my vengeance." not know of the intended meeting. " How absurd, " broke she out, Her mind, therefore, was at rest on "are they who imagine that one only two points. Trafford had not re- wants to be avenged on those who fused the challenge, nor had he hate us ! It is the wrongs done by spoken of it to Fossbrooke. people who are indifferent to us,

But what had taken place since 1 and who, in search of their own that was the question. Had they objects, bestow no thought upon met, and with what result 1 If us,—these are the ills that cannot she did not dare to frame a wish be forgiven. I never hated a hu- how the event might come off, man being—and there have been, she held fast by the thought that, some who have earned my hate happen what might, Trafford never as I hate this girl ; and just as I feel could marry Lucy Lendrick after the injustice of the sentiment, so such a meeting. The mere ex- does it eat deeper and deeper into change of shots would place a my heart." whole hemisphere between the two " A despatch, ma'am," said her — —

1866.] Sir Brook Fossbroolce. — Conclusion, 589

maid, as she laid a paper on the sents a weariful road to be travelled, table and withdrew. Mrs Sewell uncheered and dreary. clutched it eagerly, but her hand Till she had read these lines it trembled so she could not break the never occurred to her that such a envelope. To think that her whole line of action was possible. But fate lay there, within that fold of now that she saw them there before paper, so overcame her that she her, her whole astonishment was actually sickened with fear as she that she had not anticipated this looked on it. conduct on his part. " I might " Whatever is done, is done," have guessed it ; I might have been muttered she, as she broke open sure of it," muttered she. " The the cover. There were but two interval was too long; there were

lines ; they ran thus twelve mortal hours for reflection. Cowards think acutely — at least " Holyhead, 12 o'clock. they say that in their calculations " Have thought better of it. It they embrace more casualties than would be absurd to meet him. I brave men. And so he has ' thought start for town at once, and shall be better of it' — a strange phrase.

! ' at Boulogne to-morrow. Absurd to meet him ' but not " Dudley." absurd to run away. How oddly

men reason when they are terrified ! She sat pondering over these And so my great scheme has failed, words till the paper became blurred all for want of a little courage, and blotted by her tears as they which I could have supplied, if

rolled heavily along her cheeks, and called on ; and now comes my hour dropped with a distinct sound. She of defeat, if not worse-—my hour of was not conscious that she wept. exposure. I am not brave enough It grief her; it to confront it. this was not that moved I must leave ; was the blankness of despair—the but where to go is the question. sense of hopelessness that comes I suppose Boulogne, since it is there over the heart when life no longer I shall join my husband," and she offers a plan or a project, but pre- laughed hysterically as she said it.

CHAPTER LXXI. —A FAMILY PARTY.

While the interview between Sir " There, there," burst in Haire Brook and the Chief Baron lasted —" they are laughing, and laughing — and it was a long time — the heartily too. It does me good to anxiety of those below stairs was hear the Chiefs laugh." great to know how matters were Lendrick looked gratefully at the proceeding. Had the two old men, old man whose devotion was so un- who differed so strongly in many varying. " Here comes Chaytor respects, found out that there was what has he to say %" that in each which could command " My lord will dine below stairs the respect and esteem of the other, to-day, gentlemen," said the but- and had they gained that common ler; " he hopes you have no engage- ground where it was certain there ments which will prevent your meet- were many things they would agree ing him at dinner."

upon 1 " If we had we'd soon throw them " I should say," cried Beattie, over," burst out Haire. " This is "they have become excellent friends the pleasantest news I have heard before this. The Chief reads men this half-year." quickly, and Fossbrooke's nature is " Fossbrooke has done it. I knew " written in a fine bold hand, easy to he would," said Beattie ; he's just read and impossible to mistake." the man to suit your father, Tom. s;

590 Sir Brook Fosshroo/ce. —Conclusion. [Xov.

While the Chief can talk of events, Generalship, and none of us knew Fossbrooke knows people, and they who was going to be made Chief are sure to make capital company Baron. Plunkett was dining here for each other." that day, and when he tasted the

" ' There's another laugh ! Oh, if burgundy he said, This deserves one only could hear him now," said a toast, gentlemen,' said he. 'I can- " Haire ; he must be in prime heart not ask you to drink to the health this morning. I wonder if Sir of the Solicitor-General, for I believe Brook will remember the good there is no Solicitor-General; nor things he is saying." can I ask you to pledge the Chief "I'm not quite so sure about this Baron of the Exchequer, for I be- notion of dining below stairs," said lieve there is no Chief Baron ; but

Beattie, cautiously ; " he may be I can give you a toast about which over-taxing his strength." there can be no mistake nor mis- " Let him alone, Beattie ; leave giving—I give you the ornament him to himself," said Haire. " No of the Irish Bar.' I think I hear man ever knew how to make his the cheers yet. The servants caught will his ally as he does. He told them up too in the hall, and the me so himself." house rang with a hip-hurrah till it "And in those words'?" said trembled." Beattie, slyly. " Well done, Bozzy," said Beattie. " Yes, in those very words." " I'm glad that my want of memory " Why, Haire, you are almost as should have recalled so glorious a useful to him as Bozzy was to John- recollection." son." At last Fossbrooke's heavy tread Haire only caught the last name, was heard descending the stairs, and thinking it referred to a judge and they all rushed to the door to on the Irish bench, cried out, " Don't meet him. compare him with Johnston, sir " It is all right," cried he. " The you might as well liken him to Chief Baron has taken the whole me/" event in an admirable spirit, and " I must go and find Lucy," said like a truly generous man he dwells Lendrick. " I think she ought to go on every proof of regard and esteem and show Mrs Sewell how anxious that has been shown him, and for- we all are to prove our respect and gets the wrongs that others would regard for her in this unhappy mo- have done him." " ment ; the poor thing will need it." The shock, then, did not harm " She has gone away already. him'?" asked Lendrick, eagerly. " She has removed to Lady Lendrick' Far from it ; he said he felt

house in Merrion Square ; and I revived and renovated. Yes, Beat- think very wisely," said Beattie. tie, he told me I had done him " There's some burgundy below more good than all your phials. —Chambertin, I think it is—and His phrase was, ' Your bitters, sir, Chaytor won't know where to find leave no bad flavour behind them.' it," said Haire. 'Til go down to I am proud to think I made a the cellar myself—the Chief will be favourable impression upon him ; charmed to see it on the table." for he permitted me, not only to " So shall I," chimed in Beattie. state my own views, but to correct " It is ten years or more since I saw some of his. He agrees, now, to a bottle of it, and I half feared it everything. He even went so far had been finished." as to say that he will employ his " You are wrong," broke in Haire. first half-hour of strength in writ- " It will be nineteen years on the ing to Lady Trafford ; and he 10th of June next. I'll tell you the charges you, Beattie, to invite occasion. It was when your father, Lionel Trafford to come and pass Tom, had given up the Solicitor- some days here." — ' " ;

1866.] Sir Brook Fosshrooke.—Conclusion. 591

" Viva /" cried Haire ; "this is at the table, and, though pale and grand news." wasted, with a bright eye and a " He asks, also, if Tom could not clear, fresh look. come over for the wedding, which " I declare," said he, as they he trusts may not be long deferred, took their places, " this repays one —as he said with a laugh, * At my for illness. No, Lucy—opposite time of life, Sir Brook, it is best to me, my dear. Yes, Tom, of course leave as little as possible to Nisi that is your place—your old place," Priiis.'" and he smiled benignly as he said " You must tell me all these it. " Is there not a place too many, again, Sir Brook, or I shall inevit- Lucy ? ably forget them/' whispered Haire " Yes, grandpapa. It was for in his ear. Mrs Sewell, but she sent me a line " And shall I tell you, Lendrick, to say she had promised Lady what I liked best in all I saw of Lendrick to dine with her." him 1 " said Sir Brook, as he slip- The old Chief's eyes met Foss- ped his arm within the other's, and brooke's, and in the glances they drew him towards a window. " It exchanged there was much mean- was the way he said to me, as I ing. rose to leave the room, ' One word " I cannot eat, Sir Brook, till we more, Sir Brook. We are all very have had a glass of wine together. happy, and in consequence very Beattie may look as reproachfully selfish. Let us not forget that as he likes, but it shall be a bum- there is one sad heart here—that per. This old room has great tra- there is one up-stairs there who can ditions," he went on. " Curran, take no part in all this joy. What and Avonmore, and Parsons, and shall we — what can we do for others scarce their inferiors, held 1 her ' I knew whom he meant at their tournaments here." " once—poor Mrs Sewell ; and I was I have my doubts if they had glad to tell him that I had already a happier party round the board thought of her. ' She will join her than we have to-night," said Haire. husband/ said I, ' and I will take " We only want Tom," said Dr care that they have wherewithal to Lendrick. " If we had poor Tom live on.' with us, it would be perfect." " ' I must share in whatever you " I think I know of another, too," do for her, Sir Brook,' said your whispered Beattie in Lucy's ear. " " father j 'she has many attractive Don't you % qualities — she has some lovable "What soft nonsense is Beattie ones. Who is to say what such saying, Lucy 1 it has made you a nature might not have been, if blush," said the Chief. " It was spared the contamination of such a all my fault, child, to have placed

' husband 1 you in such bad company. I ought " I'm afraid shocked, if at I I did to have had you my side here ; not actually hurt him, by the way but I wanted to look at you." I grasped his hands in my grati- Leaving them thus, in happy tude for this speech. I know I said, pleasantry and enjoyment, let us ' God bless you for those words ! turn for a moment to a very diffe- and I hurried out of the room." rent scene—to a drawing-room in " Ah, you know him, sir ! you Merrion Square, where, at that read him aright ! And how few same hour, Lady Lendrick and Mrs " there are who do it ! cried Haire, Sewell sat in close conference. warmly. Mrs Sewell had related the whole The old Judge was too weak to story of the intended duel, and its appear in the drawing-room, but finale, and was now explaining to when the -company entered the din- her mother-in-law how impossible ing-room they found him seated it would be for her to continue any —; " "I

502 Sir Brook Fosshroohe. — Conclusion. [Nov. longer to live under the Chief " When I came here it never oc- Baron's roof, if even—which she curred to me I was to be insulted." deemed unlikely — he would still " Sit down again, Lucy, and desire it. don't be angry with me," said Lady " He'll not turn you out, dear Lendrick, pressing her back into of that I am quite certain. I sus- her chair. " Your position is a pect I am the only one in the world very painful one—let us not make he would treat in that fashion." it worse by irritation ; and to avoid " I must not incur the risk." all possibility of this, we will not " Dear me, have you not been look back at all, but only regard running risks ail your life, Lucy 1 the future." Besides, what else have you open " That may be more easy for you " to you 1 to do than for me." "Join my husband, I suppose, " Easy or not easy, Lucy, we whenever he sends for me—when- have no alternative ; we cannot ever he says he has a home to re- change the past." " ceive me." No, no, no ! I know that— " Dudley, I'm certain, will do his know that," cried she, bitterly, as best," said Lady Lendrick, stiffly. her clasped hands dropped upon " It is not very easy for a poor her knee. man to make these arrangements " For that reason then, Lucy, for- in a moment. But, with all his get it, ignore it. I have no need to faults—and even his mother must tell you, my dear, that my own life own that he has many faults—yet has not been a very happy one, and I have never known him to bear if I venture to give advice, it is not malice." without having had my share of " Certainly, madam, you are sorrows. You say you cannot go " justified in your panegyric by his back to the Priory 1 conduct on the present occasion " No; that is impossible." he has indeed displayed a most " Unpleasant it would certainly forgiving nature." be, and all the more so with these " You mean by not fighting Traf- marriage festivities. The wedding, ford, I suppose; but come now, I suppose, will take place there 2

Lucy, we are here alone, and can " I don't know ; I have not " talk freely to each other ; why heard ; and she tried to say this " should he fight him 1 with an easy indifference. " I will not follow you, Lady " Trafford is disinherited, is he

Lendrick, into that inquiry, nor not 1 passed over in the entail, or give you any pretext for saying to something or other? me what your candour is evidently " I don't know," she muttered eager for. I will only repeat that out ; but this time her confusion the one thing I ever knew Colonel was not to be concealed. Sewell pardon was the outrage that " And will this old man they talk no gentleman ever endures." of — this Sir Brook somebody — " He fought once before, and was make such a settlement on them as " greatly condemned for it." they can live on 1 " I suppose you know why, ma- " I know nothing about it at all." dam. I take it you have no need " I wonder, Lucy dear, it never I should tell you the Agra story, occurred to you to fascinate Dives " with all its shameful details 1 yourself. What nice crumbs these " I don't want to hear it; and if would have been for Algy and I did I would certainly hesitate to Cary." listen to it from one so deeply and " You forget, madam, what a " painfully implicated as yourself." jealous husband I have ! and her " Lady Lendrick, I will have no eyes now darted a glance of almost insinuations," said she, haughtily. wild malignity. " " — "

1866.] Sir Brook Fossbroohe. — Conclusion. 593

" Poor Dudley, how many faults coats, made him quite juvenile, we shall find in you if we come to and that nothing made a man so discuss you ! youthful as living beyond his in- " Let us not discuss Colonel come." Sewell, madam; it will be better " It is easy enough to see how I for all of us. A thought has just was left in arrear; and you, dear,

occurred ; it was a thing I was were you forgotten all this while " quite forgetting. May I send one and left without a shilling 1 of your servants with a note, for " Oh, no; I could make as many " which he will wait the answer 1 debts as I pleased ; and I pleased " Certainly. You will find paper to make them too, as they will dis- and pens there." cover one of these days. I never The note was barely a few lines, asked the price of anything, and and addressed to George Kincaid, therefore I enjoyed unlimited credit. Esq., Ely Place. "You are to wait If you remark, shopkeepers never for the answer, Richard," said she, dun the people who simply say, as she gave it to the servant. ' Send that home.' How quickly " Do you expect he will let you you did your message, Richard ! have some money, Lucy?" asked Have you brought an answer 1 Lady Lendrick, as she heard the Give it to me at once." name. She broke open the note with " No; it was about something eager impatience, but it fell from else I wrote. I'm quite sure he her fingers as she read it, and she would not have given me money lay back almost fainting in her if I asked for it." chair. " I wish I could, my dear Lucy; " Are you ill, dear — are you " but I am miserably poor. Sir Wil- faint 1 asked Lady Lendrick. liam, who was once the very soul "No; I'm quite well again. I of punctuality, has grown of late was only provoked—put out ; " and most neglectful. My last quarter she stooped and took up the letter. is over-due two months. I must " I wrote to Mr Kincaid to give me own all this has taken place since certain papers which were in his Dudley went to live at the Priory. hands, and which I know Colonel I hear the expenses were something Sewell would wish to have in his fabulous." own keeping, and he writes me " There was a great deal of waste; this a great deal of mock splendour and real discomfort." " Dear Madam,—I am sorry that "Is it true the wine bill was it is not in my power to comply fifteen hundred pounds for the last with the request of your note, inas- " year 1 much as the letters referred to were " I think I heard it was some- this morning handed over to Sir thing to that amount." Brook Fosbrooke on his producing " And four hundred for cigars V an order from Colonel Sewell to that " No ; that included pipes, and intent. —I am, Madam, your most amber mouth-pieces, and meer- obedient servant, schaums for presents — it rained " George Kincaid." presents ! " And did Sir William make " They were letters then 1 no remark or remonstrance about " Yes, Lady Lendrick, they were " this 1 letters," said she, dryly, as. she " I believe not. I rather think arose and walked to the window I heard that he liked it. They per- to hide an agitation she could no suaded him that all these indiscre- longer subdue. After a few minutes tions, like his new wigs, and his she turned round and said, " You " rouge, and his embroidered waist- will let me stay here to-night % " " :

594 Sir Brook Fossbrooke. —Conclusion. [Nov.

" Certainly, dear ; of course I ing, clothing us ; we shall have no- ; will." thing but what he will give us.' " But the children must be sent " That is very generous indeed." for — I can't suffer them to re- " Yes, it is generous—more gen-

main there. Will you send for erous than you dream of ; for we them 1 did not always treat him very well " Yes ; I'll tell Eose to take the —but that also is a bygone, and carriage and bring them over here." I'll not return to it." " This is very kind of you—I am " Come down and have some most grateful. We shall not be a dinner—it has been on the table burden beyond to-morrow." this half-hour—it will be nigh cold " What do you mean to do 1 by this." " To join my husband, as I told " Yes, I'm quite ready. I'd like you a while ago. Sir Brook Foss- to eat, too, if I could. What a brooke made that the condition of great resource it is to men in their his assisting us." dark hours that they can drink and " What does he call assisting smoke ! I think I could do both ,; you ? to-day if I thoughtihey would help " Supporting us—feeding, hous- me to a little insensibility."

CHAPTER LXXII. — PROJECTS.

Trafford arrived from England "What is this here?" asked on the evening after, and hastened Trafford, drawing out from the off to Howth, where he found Sir mass of papers the plan of a Brook deeply engaged over the very pretty but very diminutive maps and plans of his new estate cottage. —for already the preliminaries had " That's to be mine. This win- so far advanced that he could count dow you see here will project upon it as his own. over the river, and that little ter- " Look here, Trafford," he cried, race will be carried on arches all " and see what a noble extension along the river bank. I have we shall give to the old grounds of designed everything, even to the the Nest. The whole of this wood furniture. You shall see a model —eleven hundred and seventy acres cottage, Trafford—not one of those

•—comes in, and this mountain gingerbread things to be shown to down to that stream there is ours, strangers by ticket on Tuesdays or as well as all these meadow-lands Saturdays, with a care-taker to be between the mountain and the tipped, and a book to be scribbled Shannon—one of the most pictur- full of vulgar praises of the pro- esque estates it will be in the king- prietor, or doggrel ecstasies over dom. If I were to have my own some day of picnicking. But come way, I'd rebuild the house. With and report yourself—where have such foliage—fine old timber much you been, and what have you done, " of it—there's nothkig would look since I saw you ? better than one of those Venetian " I have a long budget for you. villas, those half-castellated build- First of all read that." and he ings one sees at the foot of the handed Sir Brook Sewell's letter. " mountains of Conigliano—and they What ! do you mean to say are grand, spacious places to live that you met him V " in, with wide stairs, and great cor- No ; I rejoice to say I have

ridors, and terraces everywhere. I escaped that mischance ; but you see, however, Lendrick's heart clings shall hear everything, and in as few to his old cottage, and we must let words as I can tell it. I have al- him have his way." ready told you of Mrs Sewell's visit 1866.] Sir Brooh Fossbrooke. — Conclusion, 595

here, and I have not a word to add affair, I am your humble and faith- to that recital. I simply would ful servant, Dudley Sewell.' say, that I pledge my honour to the " I don't think I was ever so strict truth of everything I have grateful to any man in the world told you. You may imagine, then, as I felt to him on reading his note, with what surprise I was awoke since, let the event take what turn from my sleep to read that note. it might, it rendered my position My first impression was to write with the Lendricks a most perilous him a full and explicit denial of one. I made Stanhope drink his

what he laid to my charge ; but as health, which I own he did with I read the letter over a third and a very bad grace, telling me at the even a fourth time, I thought I saw same time what good luck it was that he had written it on some sort for me that he had been my friend of compulsion—that, in fact, he had on the occasion, for that any man been instigated to the step, which but himself would have thought was one he but partly concurred me a regular poltroon. I was too in. I do not like to say more on happy to care for his sarcasms, such this head." a load had been removed from my "You need not. Go on!" heart, and such terrible forebod- " I then deemed that the best ings too. thing to do was to let him have his "I started almost immediately shot, after which my explanation for Holt, and got there by mid- would come more forcibly; and as night. All were in bed, and my I had determined not to fire at him, arrival was only known when I he would be forced to see that he came down to breakfast. My wel- could not persist in his quarrel." come was all I could wish for. My " There you mistook your man, father was looking well, and in sir," cried Sir Brook, fiercely. great spirits. The new Ministry " I don't think so ; but you shall have offered him his choice of a hear. We must have crossed over Lordship of the Admiralty, or in the same packet, but we never something else—I forget what ; and met. Stanhope, who went with just because he has a fine inde- me, thought he saw him on the pendent fortune, and loves his ease, landing-slip at Holyhead, but was he is more than inclined to take not quite sure. At all events, we office, one of his chief reasons being reached the inn at the Head, and * how useful he could be to me.' I had just sat down to luncheon, must own to you frankly that the when the waiter brought in this prospect of all these new honours note, asking which of us—was Major to the family rather frightened than Trafford. Here it is : ' Pray ac- flattered me, for I thought I saw cept my excuses for having given in them the seeds of more strenu-

you a rough sea passage ; but, on ous opposition to my marriage ; but second thoughts, I have satisfied I was greatly relieved when my myself that there is no valid rea- mother—who you may remember son why I should try to blow your had been all my difficulty hitherto brains out, " et pour si peu de —privately assured me that she had chose." As I can say without any brought my father round to her vanity that I am a better pistol- opinion, and that he was quite satis- shot than you, I have the less hesi- fied—I am afraid her word was re- tation in taking a step which, as a conciled, but no matter—reconciled man of honour and courage, you to the match. I could see that you will certainly not misconstrue. must have been frightening her With this assurance, and the not terribly by some menaced exposure less strong conviction that my con- of the family pretensions, for she duct will be safely treated in any said over and over again, ' Why is representation you make of this Sir Brook so angry with me % can't ; ;

596 Sir Broolc Fossbrooke. —Conclusion. [Soy. you manage to put him in better I meant to devote the morning to temper with, us 1 I have scarcely these maps and drawings, so that I had courage to open his letters of might master all the details before late. I never got such lectures in I should show them to my friends my life/ And what a horrid mem- at night." " ory you seem to have. She says Couldn't that be deferred ? I she'd be afraid to see you. At all mean, is there anything against events you have done me good ser- your going over at once 1 I'll own vice. They agree to everything to you I am very uneasy lest some and we are to go on a visit to Holt incorrect version of this affair with —such at least I believe to be the Sewell should get abroad. Even object of the letter which my mo- without any malevolence there is ther has written to Lucy." plenty of mischief done by mere "All this is excellent news, and blundering, and I would rather we'll announce it to-night at the anticipate than follow such dis- Priory. As for the Sewell episode, closures." we must not speak of it. The old " I perceive," said Sir Brook, Judge has at last found out the musingly, as with longing eyes he character of the man to whose con- looked over the coloured plans and fidence he committed himself, but charts which strewed the table, and his pride will prevent his ever men- had for him all the charm of a tioning his name/' romance. " Is there any rumour afloat as "Then," resumed Trafford, "Lucy to the Chief's advancement to the should have my mother's letter. Peerage V It, might be that she ought to reply " None—so far as I have heard." to it at once." " I'll tell you why I ask. There " Yes, I perceive," mused Sir is an old maiden aunt of mine, a Brook again. sister of my father, who told me, in " I'm sure, besides, it would be strictest confidence, that my father very politic in you to keep up the had brought back from town the good relations you have so clev- news that Baron Lendrick was to erly established with the Chief be created a Peer ; that it was he holds so much to every show somewhat of a party move to en- of attention, and is so nattered by able the present people to prosecute every mark of polite consideration the charge against the late Gov- for him." ernment of injustice towards the " And for all these good reasons," Judge, as well as of a very shame- said Sir Brook, slowly, "you would ful intrigue to obtain his retire- say, we should set out at once. ment. Now, if the story were true, Arriving there, let us say, for lunch- or if my mother believed it to be eon, and being begged to sta3r and true, it would perfectly account dine — which we certainly should for her satisfaction with the mar- —we might remain till, not im- riage, and for my father's 'resigna- possibly, midnight." tion!'" Perhaps it was the pleasure of " I had hoped her consent was such a prospect sent the blood to given on better grounds, but it may Trafford's face, for he blushed very be as you say. Since I have turned deeply as he said, " I don't think, miner, Trafford," added he, laugh- sir, I have much fault to find with ing, " I am always well content if your arrangement." I discover a grain of silver in a " And yet the real reason for the bushel of dross, and let us take the plan remains unstated," said Foss- world in the same patient way." brooke, looking him steadfastly in "When do you intend to go to the face, " so true is what the the Priory V Spanish proverb says, ' Love lias " I thought of going this evening. more perfidies than war.' Why not ;!

1866.] Sir Brook Fossbrooke. — Conclusion. 597

frankly say you are impatient to and I'd not be afraid nor ashamed

see your sweetheart, sir 1 I would to avow it ; but I yield to the plea, to heaven the case were my own, and let us be off there at once."

CHAPTER LXXIII. —THE END OF ALL.

The following paragraph appear- my son will like to hear its con- ed in the Irish, and was speedily tents also." copied into some of the English " " Downing Street, Tuesday evening. papers : An intrigue, which involves the character of more than " My dear Lord Chief Baron, one individual of rank, and whose —It is with much pleasure I have object was to compel the Chief to communicate to you, that my Baron of her Majesty's Exchequer colleagues unanimously agree with in Ireland to resign his seat on the me in the propriety of submitting Bench, has at length been discov- your name to the Queen for the ered, and, it is said, will soon Peerage. Your long and distin- be made matter of Parliamentary guished services, and your great explanation. We hope, for the abilities, will confer honour on any reputation of our public men, that station; and your high character the details which have reached will give additional lustre to those us of the transaction may not be qualities which have marked you

substantiated ; but the matter is out for her Majesty's choice. I am one which demands, and must both proud and delighted, my lord, have, the fullest and most search- that it has fallen to my lot to be ing inquiry." the bearer of these tidings to you " So, sir," said the old Chief to and with every assurance of my Haire, who had read this passage to great respect and esteem, I am, him aloud as they sat at breakfast, most sincerely yours, " they would make political capital " Ellerton." of my case, and, without any thought for me or for my feelings, convert " At last," cried Haire—"at last the conduct displayed towards me But I always knew that it would into a means of attacking a fallen come." party. What says Sir Brook Foss- " And what answer have you

brooke to this 1 or how would he returned'?" cried Lendrick, eagerly. " " act were he in my place 1 Such an answer as will gladden " Just as you mean to act now," your heart, Tom. I have declined said Fossbrooke, promptly. the proffered distinction." " And how may that be, sir V "Declined it! Great God! and " " By refusing all assistance to ,vhy 1 cried Haire. " such party warfare ; at least, my Because I have passed that Lord Chief Baron, it is thus that period in which I could accommo- I read your character." date myself to a new station, and " You do me justice, sir; and it show the world that I was not in- is my misfortune that I have not ferior to my acquired dignity. This earlier had the inestimable benefit for my first reason; and for my of your friendship. I trust," add- second, I have a son whose humil- ed he, haughtily, "I have too much ity would only be afflicted if such pride to be made the mere tool of a greatness were forced upon him. party squabble; and, fortunately, Ay, Tom, I have thought of all it I have the means to show this. would cost you, my poor fellow, Here, sir, is a letter I have just re- and I have spared you." ceived from the Prime Minister. " I thank you with my whole Bead it—read it aloud, Haire, and heart," cried Lendrick, and he " ;

598 Sir Brook Fossbrooke. — Conclusion. [Nov. pressed the old man's hand to his of me not to see it before. Haire has lips. been a bully all his life ; he is the "And what says Lucy?" said very terror of the Hall; he has bullied the Judge. "Are you shocked at sergeants and silk gowns, judges this epidemic of humility amongst and masters in equity, and his us, child 1 Or does your woman's heart is set upon bullying a peer of heart rebel against all our craven the realm. Now, if I will not be- " fears about a higher station ? come a lord, he loses this chance " I am content, sir; and I don't he stands to win or lose on me. think Tom, the miner, will fret Out with it, Haire ; make a clean that he wears a leather cap instead confession, and own, have I not hit of a coronet." the blot 1 " I have no patience with any " Well," said Haire, with a sigh, of you," muttered Haire. " The " I have been called sly, sarcastic, world will never believe you have witty, and what not ; but I never refused such a splendid offer. The thought to hear that I was a bully, correspondence willnot get abroad." or could be a terror to any one." " I trust it will not, sir," said The comic earnestness of this the Chief. "What I have done I speech threw them all into a roar have done with regard to myself of laughing, in which even Haire and my own circumstances, neither himself joined at last. meaning to be an example nor a " Where is Lucy %" cried the old warning. The world has no more Judge. " I want lur to testify concern with the matter than how this man has tyrannised over with what we shall have for dinner me." to-day." " Lucy has gone into the garden " And yet," said Sir Brook, with to read a letter Trafford brought a dry ripple at the angle of his her." Sir Brook did not add that mouth, " I think it is a case where Trafford had gone with her to assist one might forgive the indiscreet in the interpretation. friend"—here he glanced at Haire "I have told Lord Ellerton," —" who incautiously gave the de- said the Chief, referring once more tails to a newspaper." to the Minister's letter, " that I " Indiscreet or not, I'll do it," will not lend myself in any way to said Haire, resolutely. the attack on the late Government. " What, sir," cried the Chief, The intrigue which they planned with mock sternness of eye and towards me could not have ever manner—"what, sir, if I even for- succeeded if they had not found a " bade you 1 traitor in the garrison ; but of him "Ay, even so. If you told me I will speak no more. The old you'd shut your door against me, Greek adage was, ' Call no man and never see me here again, I'd happy till he dies.' I would say, do it." he is nearer happiness when he has " Look at that man, Sir Brook," refused some object that has been said the Judge, with well-feigned the goal of all his life, than he is indignation; "he was my school- ever like to be under other circum- fellow, my chum in college, my stances." colleague at the Bar, and my friend Tom looked at his father with everywhere, and see how he turns wistful eyes, as though he owed on me in my hour of adversity." him gratitude for the speech. " If there be adversity it is of "When it is the second horse your own making," said Haire. claims the cup, Haire," cried the " It is that you won't accept the old Judge, with a burst of his in- prize when you have won it." stinctive vanity, " it is because " I see it all now," cried the the first is disqualified by previous Chief, laughing, "and stupid enough victories. And now let us talk of ;

1866.] Sir Brook Fossbroohe. —Conclusion. 599 those whose happiness can be pro- said Fossbrooke. " I was thinking moted without the intrigues of a of it all the morning." Cabinet or a debate in the House. About three weeks after this, Sir Brook tells me that Lady Traf- Chief Baron Lendrick opened the ford has made her submission. She Commission at Limerick, and re- is at last willing to see that in an ceived from the grand jury of the alliance with us there is no need to county a most complimentary ad- call condescension to her aid." dress on his reappearance upon the " Trafford's account is most satis- Bench, to which he made a suitable factory," said Fossbrooke, "and I and dignified reply. Even the trust the letter of which he was the newspapers which had so often bearer from his mother will amply censured the tenacity with which corroborate all he says." he held to office, and inveighed "I like the young man," said against the spectacle of an old and the Judge, with that sort of autho- feeble man in the discharge of ritative tone that seems to say, The laborious and severe duties, were cause is decided — the verdict is now obliged to own that his speech given. was vigorous and eloquent ; and " There's always good stuff in a though allusion had been faintly fellow when he is not afraid of made in the address to the high poverty," said Fossbrooke. " There honour to which the Crown had are scores of men will rough it for desired to advance him and the a sporting tour on the Prairies or a splendid reward which was placed three months' lion-shooting on the within his reach, yet, with a marked

Gaboon ; but let me see the fellow delicacy, had he forborne from any bred to affluence, and accustomed reference to this passage other than to luxury, who will relinquish both his thankfulness at being so far re- and address himself to the hard stored to health that he could come work of life rather than give up the back again to those functions, the affection of a girl he loves. That's discharge of which formed the pride the man for me." and the happiness of his life. " I have great trust in him," said " Never," said the journal which Lendrick, thoughtfully. was once his most bitter opponent, " All the Bench has pronounced " has the Chief Baron exhibited his but one," cried the Chief. " What unquestionable powers of thought " says our brother Haire 1 and expression more favourably " I'm no great judge of men. I'm than on this occasion. There were no great judge of anything," mut- no artifices of rhetoric, no tricks of tered Haire ; "but I don't think one phrase, none of those conceits by need be a sphinx to read that he is which so often he used to mar the a right good fellow, and worthy of wisdom of his very finest displays the dearest girl in Christendom." h* was natural for once, and they " Well summed up, sir ; and now who listened to him might well call in the prisoner." have regretted that it was not in Fossbrooke slipped from the room, this mood he had always spoken. but was speedily back again. " His Si sic omnia—and the press had sentence has been already pro- never registered his defects nor nounced outside, my lord, and he railed at his vanities. only begs for a speedy execu- " The celebrated Sir Brook Foss- tion." brooke, so notorious in the palmy " It is always more merciful," days of the Regency, sat on the said the Chief, with mock solem- bench beside his lordship, and re- " nity ; but could we not have Tom ceived a very flattering share of over here 1 I want to have you all the cheers which greeted the party around me." as they drove away to Killaloe, to "I'll telegraph to him to come," be present at the wedding of Miss vol. c. —NO. DCXIII. 2 R 600 Sir Brook Fossbroolce, —Conclusion. [Nov.

Lendrick, which takes place to- garment, fought his way through morrow/' the servants into the breakfast- room. Much-valued reader, has it ever And I'd like to grow moral and occurred to you, towards the close descriptive, and a bit pathetic of a long, possibly not very inter- perhaps, over the parting between esting, discourse, to experience a Lucy and her father; and, last of sort of irreverent impatience when all, I'd like to add a few words the preacher, appearing to take about him who gives his name to what rowing men call " second this story, and tell how he set off wind," starts off afresh, and seems once more on his wanderings, no to threaten you with fully the equal one well knowing whither bent, of what he has already given 1 At but how, on reaching Boulogne, he such a moment it is far from un- saw from the steamer's deck, as he likely that all the best teachings landed, the portly figure of Lady of that sermon are not producing Lendrick walking beside her beau- upon you their full effect of edifi- tiful daughter-in-law, Sewell bring- cation, and that, even as you sat, ing up the rear, with a little you meditated ignoble thoughts of child holding his hand on either stealing away. side—a sweet picture, combining, I am far from desiring to expose to Boulogne appreciation, the unit- either you or myself to this painful ed charm of fashion, beauty, and position. I want to part good domestic felicity ; and finally, how, friends with you ; and if there may stealing by back streets to the hotel have been anything in my discourse where these people stopped, he worth carrying away, I would not deposited to their address a some- willingly associate it with weariness what weighty packet, which made at the last. And yet I am very loath them all very happy, or at least to say good-bye. Authors are, par very merry, that evening as they excellence, button-holders, and they opened it, and induced Sewell to cannot relinquish their grasp on order a bottle of Cliquot, if not, as the victim whose lapel they have he said, " to drink the old buck's caught. Now I would like to tell health," at least to wish him many you of that wedding at the Swan's returns of the same good disposi- Nest. You'd read it if in the tions of that morning. ' Morning Post,' but I'm afraid If, however, you are disposed to you'd skip it from me. I'd like to accept the will for the deed, I need recount the events of that break- say no more. They who have de- fast, the present Sir Brook made served some share of happiness in the bride, and the charming little this tale are likely to have it. They speech with which the Chief pro- who have little merited will have posed her health. I'd like to de- to meet a world which, neither over scribe to you the uproar and joyous cruel nor over generous, has a rough confusion when Tom, whose cos- justice that generally gives people tume bore little trace of a wedding their deserts. —

1866.] Scraps of Verse from a Tourist's Journal. 601

SCRAPS OF VEESE FROM A TOURIST'S JOURNAL.*

VII. You sail on Lucerne's lake, On either side huge hills appear, Come down, and cross, and make To all advance a barrier.

Sail on ! sail on ! only sail on ! The hills recede, the barrier is gone.

VIII. I pluck the flower, one moment to behold and of gold Its treasury of purple ; The blossom, and a nest of buds around, Ruthless I pluck, and fling them on the ground.

Plucked because fair, then flung to death away ! I might have stooped, and looked, and had a blameless joy. Nature's great prodigality, you say, E'en for man's wantonness provides. It may be so, but still with me abides A sense of shame that I should so destroy.

IX.

You have walked far, what found you on your way % " Found all I sought/' Oh, happy mortal ! say

What sought you then ? " I, under all the trees That flower or fruit, sought nothing but the breeze."

The stream to the tree—I shine, you shade, And so the beauty of the world is made.

XI.

Again, and yet again ! 'Twixt night and night The same day reappears. The morning light Soon fades into the vacant yesterday.

We have no morrows ; and the untravelled way

Is but the old still older : let us spare

The rest ; as well pause here as anywhere.

While speaking thus, I pause—look back—stand still And gaze insatiate on yon purple hill. Yet what I see, I've seen, nor can again

See brighter ; do I therefore gaze in vain ? Not for the new, but for the old I live, And ask of fortune only not to give.

XII. How pleasant in a foreign land to greet

Some dear familiar face ! and if the face

Concluded from the May number. ——— ;

602 Scraps of Verse from a Tourist's Journal. [Nov.

Be beautiful withal, gracious and kind

Yes ! yes ! 'tis well I saw the Matterhorn And Monte Rosa from the Gorner Grat Before this vision came 'twixt me and them. I could not see them now. With a new pride I walk beside her slowly pacing mule. Time was if in my solitary stroll I met a man on whose arm lightly hung Some fairy, smiling creature, I passed by With muttered note of self-congratulation. Not mine at least tliat weariness—to find The gay discourse, the prattle, and the jest, That suits a face which, being beautiful,

Wants to be lit with smiles : he might be happy I'd rather walk in gyves. And now I meet The stalwart free pedestrian, and I pass, Proud of my slender charge and fettered step, Proud at her stirrup to be bound. How pleased

To help dismount and mount ! how glad she needs

That trivial aid ! and I, who only know Of the wild flowers that the wild children know, Run here and there, pluck this and that, in hopes To find what botanists call rarities. She looks, and greets perchance an English friend, But smiles and thanks.

I, who was wont to throw Myself alone upon a mountain-side, And thought it misery if a human voice Broke on the stillness of the snowy Alps Half of whose magic is the silent sky, The undisturbed deep azure of their home Now look the way she looks, and wait to hear " " Her low how beautiful ! and feel the scene By sympathy with her, ay, find it speak To my own heart in one sweet human voice.

XIII.

I did not love ! I only wished to love, I pined for passion—did not pine for her. And passion takes no root now in my soul That only thinks, and feels along its thought, And, like this climbing spider I now watch, Gives forth, and then withdraws into itself, The film it treads through the air upon. I played at loving. I enthralled myself. And yet—if man can know himself— I know have played my part out to the end I should ; Have over-played it perhaps, and been a slave, A craven slave, to simulated joy. The hypocrite is of all worshippers

Most servile ; I, solicitous to hide, E'en from myself, a hated hollowness, Should have been trembling lest a look, or word Unguarded, might betray what sort of thing — —— — —

1866.] Scraps of Verse from a Tourist's Journal. 603

My voluntary love was : —half a lie, Half sacred duty to enact the lie. To choose to love—to say, I will be kind, Faithful and tender—this is not to love. She with her woman's instinct saw it all,

And answered thus : " I, rambling through this valley of Zermatt, Came once upon a field radiant with flowers Was it not strange 1 —I stood amongst the flowers, Yet stretching forth to gather them, my hand Felt where the glacier lay upon its rock. Here bloomed the frail and momentary flower, And one step off, behind the summer grass,

There lay the eternal glacier ! I fell back. Spring flowers that blossom where the eager hand, Warm to receive them, strikes upon the ice. Always the glacier neighbour to your rose. Such contrast to imaginative souls

May have its fascination ; me it scared. It is the snow we call eternal here, And not the flower. Soon I regained my path."

I take my proper burden up again, I am alone once more. To roam the world

Without an interest in it—sad enough ! But to desert one's self—be false within To strive to feel what others think you feel, Or hide your thought till honest thought dies out This sure were worse. I am alone again.

And, heaven be thanked ! where mountains stand around, Uniting earth and sky in one great home For all the homeless. 604 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov.

CELESTIAL KULE AND REBELLION".

The fundamental principles of years, must be tolerably unintel- the Chinese State have never yet ligible to Europeans ; and I pro- been fully discussed, and present pose to enter upon this inquiry as in themselves, as also in their prac- a preliminary to some sketches of tical development, a subject of con- the last years of the Rebellion of siderable interest. The events of the Great Peace, and of its virtual late years, especially the great Tai- extinction by what the Chinese ping Rebellion, and the ever-in- officially termed " The Ever-Victo- creasing intercourse between Chi- rious Army of Kiang-soo," that nese and foreigners, have given operated against it in 1863-64, practical importance to this sub- under the command of Major (now ject. Without paying some atten- Lieutenant-Colonel) Gordon, C.B., tion to these principles, the history of the Royal Engineers. of China during the last thirty

ir.

It would appear very absurd to tiquity, and earnest in seeking attempt to explain a modern Eng- wisdom there. I do not make, but lish political movement by a refer- transmit, believing in and loving ence to Jack Cade or the Wars of the ancients." One emperor of the Roses, and a French revolution great note, Che Hoang-te, a sort of would not receive much elucida- Chinese Napoleon, and builder of tion from a history of the Carlo- the Great Wall, made a most vigor- vingian kings • but the early past ous attempt to cut out this rever- of China has, for many centuries, ence for antiquity. He sought to been so closely linked to its pre- destroy all records written previous sent, that the half -fabulous Em- to his reign ; and, in order to ac- perors, Yaou, Shun, and the Great complish this end, put nearly five

Yu, who lived about four thousand hundred men of letters to death ; years ago, are more really rulers of but his efforts eventually proved that country to-day than are its futile. To this day the Chinese living Manchu sovereigns. Con- State is based upon an inseparable fucius, "the Master," "the Throne- union of political, social, moral, and less King," " the Instructor of ten religious ideas, which existed in a thousand generations," who pos- period anterior to the birth of sessed the most powerful mind that Abraham. has appeared in the Far East for The history of the human race thirty centuries, and who is represents no similar phenomenon to garded by the Chinese with religi- this of China, preserving its na- ous veneration, repeatedly disclaim- tional unity and its virtual indeed being more than a transmitter pendence for four thousand years, of moral, social, and political truth.* without any serious change in its " I am not one," he said, " who ruling ideas, in its social civilisa- was born in the possession of tion, or in its theory of govern-

knowledge ; I am only fond of an- ment. Very many of its dynasties

* See his ' Analects,' Book vii. throughout, in Legge's edition and translation of the Chinese Classics. Hong-Kong, 1865. —

1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 605 have been violently overthrown, earliest times, and providing for and its external forms of govern- their independent development, in view some ment have varied from age to age ; Providence has had but the principles of its social and great purpose which, as yet, we can political organisation have remain- only dimly see. ed unchanged, despite the most " By a long road," says a Celes- violent attacks upon them both tial proverb, " we know a horse's from within and from without. strength ; so length of days shows Mongul and Manchu Tartars have a man's heart." Judged in that effected nominal conquests of the way, Chinese nationality has an Middle Kingdom, only to adopt its overpowering claim to respect, and ideas, manners, and institutions, to its most intelligent students have be absorbed into the mass of " the thought much and deeply over the Black-haired People,'' or, when re- causes of its extraordinary longevi- maining distinct, to sink into de- ty. Sir George Staunton (Preface spised feebleness. Elsewhere over to his translation of the Penal Code) Asia and Europe, great empires and the earlier Jesuit missionaries Assyrian, Egyptian, Persian, Gre- attributed the long duration and cian, Roman, Arabian, and Teu- stability of the Chinese empire to tonic — have risen in splendour, the influence of the doctrine of holding sway over vast portions of filial piety and parental authority, the earth, only to perish in their as inculcated by its sages, and uni- glory, and sometimes leave nothing versally accepted by the people.

' but their name behind ; while China Mr Meadows, in his Desultory has steadily pursued its quiet way, Notes,' asserts that " the long du- enlarging its boundaries and con- ration of the Chinese is solely and solidating its unity from above altogether owing to the operation twenty centuries before the Chris- of a principle which the policy of tian era to this year of grace. Na- every successive dynasty has prac- tions innumerable have risen and tically maintained in a greater or disappeared since the Chinese first lesser degree, viz., that good gov- presented themselves with most of ernment consists in the advance- the marked national characteristics ment of men of talents and merits which they possess at the present only to the rank and power con- day. How many pantheons of dei- ferred by official posts ; "—a prin- ties have been overthrown since ciple which makes able demagogues Pwan-ku was represented chisel- rare, by opening a satisfactory path ling out earth and heaven ! How to every man of real talent. Mr many languages have found no R. H. Patterson, in his able essay * tongues to utter them since the on the ' National Life of China,' Chinese monosyllables now used in which well deserves separate pub- the British colony of Hong-Kong lication, lays stress on the geogra- were first heard ringing on the phical isolation of the empire, banks of the Yellow River ! How bounded as it is on the north by many characters have men invented vast herbless and wind-swept de- to represent their speech since the serts, on the west by lofty moun- Chinese produced their system of tain-chains, and on the south and writing ! The more the antiquity east by a tempestuous sea. To and continuousness of this isolated these causes, which must all be ad- civilisation of the Middle Kingdom mitted as effective, there may be is considered, the more interesting added, on the same level, the pecu- does it appear, and the more forci- liar nature of the Chinese written bly does it suggest the idea, that in language, which has served as a thus preserving a people from the very powerful bond of union. The

' Essays in History and Art.' ;

606 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov.

characters of that script represent of the Chinese," and that "it is at not sounds, but things and ideas, once the foundation of their poli- in the widest sense of the term, tical system, their history, and their and consequently it has stood in religious rites—the basis of their great part superior to, and unaf- tactics, music, and astronomy." On fected by, the fluctuations of sound examining that fragmentary but and dialect. Thus, the speech and most ancient work in the light thought of the Chinese have been thrown upon it by the reported kept within certain rigid limits, all conversations of Confucius, and by the local streams of divergence the general practice of the Chinese being turned back, as it were, into in all the relations of life, there the fountain from whence they is- appear indications of a great and sued. Over the spoken language, most pregnant generalisation or with its frequent changes and cor- first principle, beyond which the ruptions, the written language has mind of the Celestials has never

stood supreme ; so that while a na- ventured to pass, and from which tive of Shantung may be unable to arise their whole system of ideas, understand the spoken words of a their social and their political or- Cantonese, they use identical cha- ganisation. It is difficult briefly to racters in expressing the same express this first principle, though meaning. If the Latin races had it makes itself constantly felt a single character, like the Chinese but I may roughly describe it as iorjen,to denote Man, then whether the assertion of a Divine Harmony pronounced Homo in Latin, Uorao in the universe, which affects all in Italian, Hombre in Spanish, existing objects, and to which the Homem in Portuguese, or Homme souls of men are naturally attuned. in French, the written word would Especially in the ' Shoo King,' be the same everywhere among but through all the classics, and them, and its being so would have in every Chinaman's principles of a tendency to check diversity of action, harmony is the fundamental pronunciation, especially among the and ruling idea. Of the Emperor educated classes. Out of the writ- Yaou, we are told in the ' Historical ten language thus universal among Classic,'* that "having become these races, there would arise a cer- harmonious, he equalised and illu- tain common standard for expres- mined the people of his domain." sions, both in speech and writing, The Emperor Shun was chosen for which would involve or evolve a high office, because he had been certain unity, otherwise unattain- able " to harmonise " his father, able, of thought and feeling, that his mother, and his brother, all would have an immense influence stupid, bad relatives. The Great in sustaining a common nation- Yu was made Prime Minister, be- ality. cause he had " alreadjr equalised But it seems to me there has the land and water." "When the been a deeper influence at work in empire is in disorder, it is said preserving Chinese nationality than that " the people are not harmoni- the doctrine of filial piety, the prin- ous." When Yu advises Shun how ciple of choosing able men for offi- to act, he says, " Let the elements cial posts, or the character of the of water, fire, metal, wood, and language, and one which under- earth, with grain, be well regulat- lies all these secondary causes. Dr ed ; adjust the domestic virtues ; Williams correctly states that the increase useful commodities, pro- 1 Shoo King,' or Historical Classic, mote human existence, and cause " contains the seeds of all things harmony to prevail. Let these

that are valuable in the estimation nine affairs be well adjusted ; and.

Medhurst's edition and translation. Shanghae, 1S4(3. ;

1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 607 being adjusted, let them be set to sition to it. This is the Tien, music." " The announcement of or " Heaven," of Confucius, the T'hang" was, " Heaven has com- Shang-te, or deity, of the older missioned me, a single individual, writings. Being understood only to harmonise and pacify all you by the Sage, it is his sacred, pecu- states and families." Of the liar, and inalienable privilege to be monarch T'hae-kea we read that the interpreter between Heaven and " Heaven noticed his virtues, and earth, Heaven and mankind. Per- made use of him to sustain the fectly in accord with the Divine great decree, and soothe and tran- idea, and illumined by its light, quillise the myriad states." The he alone knows infallibly how its intelligent prince is described as harmony may manifest itself in all one who " harmonises with his in- the affairs of human life—in the feriors ;" but we are expressly relations of prince and subject, of told that " he is only a substitute father and son, of husband and

(or medium) : it is Heaven that wife, of brother and brother, of works." So also in the 'Chung friend and friend. Consequently Yung/ or Doctrine of the Mean, a he, and he alone, has a right to profound work attributed to the govern mankind. As the repre- grandson of Chung -ne or Confu- sentative of Heaven, or the Su- cius, it is said of the great sage preme Emperor, he is by divine that " above, he harmonised with right Emperor of the Great Flow- the times of heaven, and below, he ery Land, of the Black-haired Peo- was conformed to the water and the ple, and not of these alone, but of land." Even in the physico-theo- all the nations of earth who sin- logical ideas of the ' Yih King/ or cerely desire to follow the ways of Book of Changes, perhaps the Heaven. And as he is Heaven to most venerated of all the classics, his people, so, when the divine the Yin and the Yang, the male harmony prevails, his viceroys are and female elements of creation, are Heaven to their provinces, and each considered as made in harmony, as father in his wide domains is worked on by harmonious powers, Heaven to his own family. As the as acting harmoniously, and as ' Doctrine of the Mean' has it, " All- moving man in the same manner embracing and vast, he is like when no disturbing causes inter- Heaven. Deep and active as a fere. fountain, he is like the abyss. He This idea of harmony underlies is seen, and the people all rever- all the thought and institutions of ence him ; he speaks, and the the Chinese. Dimly it may be, yet people all believe him ; he acts, most potentially they have and the people all are pleased with him. Therefore his fame over- '* A sense sublime Of something" far more deeply interfused, spreads the Middle Kingdom, and Whose dwelling is the light of setting extends to all barbarous tribes. suns, Wherever ships and carriages work And the round ocean, and the living air, strength of pene- And the blue sky, and in the mind of wherever the man

man, trates ; wherever the heavens over- A motion and a spirit that impels shadow, and the earth sustains; thinking All things, all objects of all wherever the sun and moon shine thought, ; fall And rolls through all things." wherever frost and dews —all who have blood and breath un- With this Divine spirit or ar- feignedly honour and love him. rangement the Sages are in perfect He is the equal of Heaven." accord ; the Worthies seek, with Remusat, W. H. Medhurst/ and ever- increasing success, to under- other scholars by no means inclined stand its dictates; and only the to exaggerate in such matters, con- Worthless stand in punished oppo- clude that a portion of the His- ' :

608 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov.

torical Classic was written 4000 and this harmony is the universal years ago; and, curiously enough, path. Let the states of equilibrium this view is supported by an inci- and harmony exist in perfection, dental reference in the commence- and a happy order will prevail ment of the work itself to the cul- throughout heaven and earth, and minating of certain stars on the all things will be nourished and evenings of the solstices and equi- flourish.'' Now, not being sages, it noxes. It is passing strange to cannot be expected that we should find thus, that in almost the earliest enter into the essential nature of dawn of time there were laid the this harmony, which bears a rela- foundations of an ideal state, so tion to equilibrium somewhat like similar in its principles, though that of the being-in-action of the not in all its details, to that which Buddhists to their being-in-rest, Plato shadowed out in his ' Repub- and which reminds one of Plato's lic,' to that which Fichte deduced intelligible ideas, and of that pas-

' in his Geschlossene Handelstaat/ sage in the Timaeus ' where he says

and to that which, less scientifi- Qibg o'u rot dq rors irap'jxora ravra cally, Mr Carlyle has made the ngojrov biiGyjri'xariaaTO s'ldsei rz xai burden of his message to his age uoiQ[M>ig—" Thus, in their first origin, and country. The wonder increases God certainly formed these things when we observe that the early after ideas and numbers ;" but it is Chinese sages have actually suc- open to us to note the particular ceeded in establishing their State so forms in which this idea of har- that, however it may have fallen mony is envisaged, and has been short in practice, yet has it always embodied in institutions. The aspired towards, and theoretically doctrines held by the Chinese in been guided by, the ideas on which regard to parental authority, and it was founded. And lastly—most the choosing of only able men as astounding fact of all—we find that rulers, are only subdivisions of the the State thus originated, instead great idea of harmonious unity of dissolving like a dream, exists which possesses their minds. Their after the lapse, and despite the notion is, that in all relationships, vicissitudes, of forty centuries ; has in all combined action, however extended its boundaries over the opposing the forces are, there most fertile region of Asia, and should be a symmetrical oneness. holds powerful sway over an ener- They regard all existence in its getic and myriad-numbered race, normal condition, from the lowest which, far beyond its own boun- to the highest, as moving sphere daries—in India, in Tartary, in within sphere. Among no other Malaya, in Australia, in California, people have organisation and cen- and even in the Atlantic-washed tralisation been carried out to such West India Islands—is competing an extent; but it must be specially not unsuccessfully with the labour noticed that their idea is that of of other nations, without losing its an organic unity, of an organisa- own ancient ideas and character- tion where the lower naturally and istics. willingly submits to and unites In the ' Doctrine of the Mean with the higher, not of an external " it is laid down : While there and apparent unity produced chiefly are no stirrings of pleasure, anger, by force. Hence they are really a sorrow, or joy, the mind may be very democratic people. In order said to be in the state of equili- to understand both the strength brium. When those feelings have and the weakness of Chinese civi- been stirred, and they act in their lisation, it is essential to bear in due degree, there ensues what may mind that their idea of harmony be called the state of harmony. manifests itself as regards man- This equilibrium is the great root, kind, as well as in reference to 1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 609

" everything else, in the sub-idea of liar proverb in China runs : The a vital organic unity, to which men Emperor offending the laws is the incline naturally, most usually, and same crime as the people doing for the most part. This is the so;" and it would be easy to quote means by which the Celestials have innumerable passages from the solved, in so far as they have done classics, and from the decrees of so, the problem of reconciling indi- the Government itself, illustrating vidual freedom with general inte- the great Chinese doctrine, that rests, and local with imperial gov- the harmony of all relationships is ernment. It is an utter mistake to be found in an adaptation of the to suppose that, either in theory or higher existence to the lower, as practice, the Emperor, or any of well as in submission of the lower his subordinates, have much liberty to the higher. of "enforcing their decrees. Confu- As the mystic doctrine of Har- cius and all the sages of China are mony—fit only for Sages to discuss at one with Plato when he said, —becomes more definite in that of Ka/cbg [x,h kxojv oud'sig—"No one does vital unity, which the Worthies evil willingly" —though they entire- may perhaps appreciate, so the lat- ly shirked the question as to how ter ought to be understood and evil exists at all; and, consequent- obtemperated even by the Worth- ly, they held that, usually at least, less, as it manifests itself in the good government would in itself five relationships—of ruler to ruled, secure willing obedience from the of father to son, of husband to people. I have already noticed wife, of brother to brother, and of what the ' Historical Classic' says friend to friend. On the one side about a prince being able to har- the ruler must act with benevo- monise with his inferiors. In the lence and in good faith ; while on ' Great Learning ' a perfect ruler is the other, the people must exercise " thus described : Profound was reliance and submission ; and it is King Wan. With how bright and held, so great is the confidence of unceasing a feeling of reverence the Chinese in the goodness of hu- did he regard his resting-places ! man nature, that if either act fitly, As a sovereign, he rested in bene- the other will act fitly also. When volence. As a minister, he rested Ke K'ang asked Confucius about in reverence. As a son, he rested inflicting capital punishment, the in filial piety. As a father, he rest- Master replied (Analects, xii. 19) : ed in kindness. In communication " In carrying on your government, with his subjects, he rested in good why should you use putting to faith." So in the third part of "The death at all 1 Let your desires be Great Oath," in the ' Historical for what is good, and the people Classic,' a proverb more ancient than will be good." In book ii. 2, 3, he " the book itself is quoted : He who expressly deprecates the notion of soothes me is my prince ; he who upholding government by force, oppresses me is my foe, the aban- saying, " If the people be led by " doned of heaven and men ! In laws, and uniformity sought to be the same work, in " The Announce- given them by punishments, they ment to K'hang," the crime of a will try to avoid the punishment, father failing " to soothe (or har- but will have no sense of shame. monise) his son," is coupled with If they be led by virtue, and it is that of a son who does not "re- sought to harmonise them by the spectfully subject himself to his rules of propriety, they will have a father;" and that of an elder sense of shame, and moreover will brother becoming unfriendly to a become good." In the ' Great younger, with a younger being Learning,' the commentator (ch. x.) " unmindful of heaven's clearly- thus answers what is meant by displayed relationships." A fami- making the empire peaceful and hap- ;

610 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov. py through government: "When harmony." It is a mistake to sup- the sovereign behaves to his aged pose, as many European writers as the aged should be behaved have done, that the idea of paternal to, the people become filial ; when authority is that on which the Chi- the sovereign behaves to his eld- nese State has been based. The ers as elders should be behaved conceptions of a certain complete to, the people learn brotherly sub- harmony for all relationships, and mission ; when the sovereign treats of a graduation of authority from compassionately the young and help- Heaven downwards, have deter- less, the people do the same. Thus mined their views, in regard both the ruler has a principle with which, to fatherhood and to the govern- as with a measuring square, he may ment, to such an extent that their regulate his conduct The peculiar institutions might have ruler will first take pains about his sprung up had the black -haired own virtue. Possessing virtue will race, by some mysterious means, give him the people. Possessing been brought into existence without the people will give him the terri- the aid of parents at all. tory. Possessing the territory will There is some difficulty in deter- give him its wealth. Possessing the mining how far, according to the wealth, he will have resources for Chinese system, the employment of expenditure. Virtue is the root force is lawful and expedient in wealth is the result. If he make preserving the due medium of rela- the root his secondary object, and tionships. Heaven is never spoken the result his primary, he will only of as vindictive, seldom even as wrangle with his people, and teach moved to anger, but it is considered them rapine." So likewise in family capable of terrible punitive judg- relationships, moral influence is re- ment; and this prerogative, some- garded as the appropriate ruling what inconsistently with passages I power. Of the great Emperor Shun, have quoted, is spoken of as shared we read in the ' Shoo King/ that by its representatives, the heaven- he was first elevated from the po- ly-appointed rulers of mankind. sition of a husbandman because Against unjust rulers Heaven be- " he went forth into the fields, and comes incensed, decrees their ruin, daily cried and wept to the soothing and sends down calamities on the heavens on account of his father and people as a mark of its displeasure. " mother : he bore the blame, and Even so early as in the Military drew upon himself the reproach Completion." in the ' Shoo King,' while he was respectful in business, we read of " Heaven's exterminating and waited on his sire Kow-Sow, decree" against an offending prince penetrated with veneration and awe, being delivered to " an insignificant until Kow also sincerely conformed one." Up to this hour the Imperial to virtue." And it is recommended edicts conclude with the admoni- that this almost Christian principle tion, " tremblingly obey;" and it is should be acted upon with regard sufficiently obvious that, constituted to the rebellious people of Meaou. as men are, even among so easily- Similar admiration is given by governed a race as the Chinese, the Chinese to a father for harmo- authority could not be sustained, nising his children by moral sua- and order preserved, without a very sion, though children regardless of considerable use of punishment and filial piety might perhaps be re- military force. Roughly speaking, garded as more blameworthy than proper relationship is sometimes so fathers neglecting their parental far departed from that punishment duties. In the celebrated " Sacred becomes a duty; and it is worthy Edict" of the Emperor Kang-he, the of note that, according to Celestial second maxim is, " Respect kindred, ideas, the great sign of incapacity in order to display the excellence of or wickedness in a ruler is great 1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 611

calamities befalling the people. At forty, I had no doubts. At fifty, Heaven is then displeased beyond I knew the decrees of Heaven. At endurance, and all the people are sixty, my ear was an obedient in expectation that some one will organ. At seventy, I could follow arise to put in execution the ex- what my heart desired without ; ' terminating decree. Hence in all transgressing what was right. Chinese political movements the This respect for learning and for declarations of both sides that they age is fostered among the Black- are divinely commissioned, and their haired People by their system of frequent references to examples of education. It is expressly asserted the past. in the classics that a knowledge of To the further understanding of the doctrine of the due medium the system of the Chinese, it is may be obtained even by common well to note their respect for learn- persons busily occupied in the af- ing, their respect for age, and the fairs of life, if their hearts are only

universal diffusion of education right ; and it is obvious that a very among them. In the ' Great Learn- considerable portion of the sacred ing' (text iv.) Confucius expresses writings may be understood and the convictions of almost every appreciated by persons whose minds Chinaman when he says, " The an- are not very highly developed, and cients who wished to illustrate il- who have not devoted the time to lustrious virtue throughout the study which would be required to empire, first ordered well their own gain what is considered a good states. Wishing to order well their education in European countries. states, they first regulated their fa- " Among the countless millions that milies. Wishing to regulate their constitute the empire," says Sir families, they first cultivated their John Davis, " almost every man persons. Wishing to cultivate their can read and write sufficiently for persons, they first rectified their the ordinary purposes of life, and hearts. Wishing to rectify their a respectable share of these acquire- hearts, they first sought to be sin- ments goes low down in the scale cere in their thoughts. Wishing to of society." And it must be ob- be sincere in their thoughts, they served that this education is not first extended to the utmost their devoted to inflating the mind with knowledge." It is this relation false accounts of contemporary between learning and harmony, be- events, with falsifications of his- tween knowledge and the sage, that tory, appeals to class-prejudices, has afforded the principle of com- and galvanic attempts at sharpness, petitive examination on which gov- such as constitute the intellectual ernmental officers are chosen, and pabulum offered by their news- which has opened up the way to papers to the labouring classes of the very highest offices for the son America, but to the laws and other of any Chinese peasant or coolie. institutions of the country, the Apart also from filial piety, this rev- principles on which these laws are erence for wisdom has afforded the based, and to great moral and social principle of reverence bear- for old age ; truths, having an immediate for, with their confidence in the ing on practice, and expressed in a goodness of human nature, the Ce- beautiful simple way, in sentences lestials cannot but regard the older of which the mind cannot easily man, with all his past studies and get rid. Hence the ordinary China- experiences, as superior to the young- man takes an interest in the theory, er, and specially deserving of vene- as well as in the practice, of his

ration. The Throneless King (Con- government ; and all the officials of fucius) himself said (Analects, ii. 4): the empire feel themselves in Tface "At fifteen, I had my mind bent on of an intelligent, and sometimes learning. At thirty, I stood firm. exceedingly intelligent, public —: ;

612 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov. opinion, which they dare not disre- assertion that good government regard in the absence of a priesthood quires no force for its support and of a standing army of any size or and, as Dr Legge says, " he allowed value. It is also obvious that this no j us divinum independent of per- power of the people, this general sonal virtue and a benevolent rule." information existing among them When asked (Analects, B. xii. 8) their respect for learning, their rev- whether sufficiency of military erence for sages, and their belief equipment, sufficiency of food, or that knowledge affords a key to the the confidence of the people, was harmony of relationships—are the most necessary to sustaining a gov- real supports of the principle of ernment, he selected the last as choosing only able men for office, most essential, and he declared that to which Mr Meadows attaches so the government of a personally much importance. correct prince would be effective Also proceeding from their ideas without the prince issuing orders. in regard to harmony, we have Thus the Emperor is properly not next the Chinese ideas and prac- so much an absolute ruler as the tice in regard to gradations of rank, embodier, recorder, and declarer of mutual responsibility, and mutual the wants and legitimate wishes of surveillance. The Emperor, repre- his people. senting Heaven, is Tien Tsz', Son of And the whole machinery of

Heaven ; Kwa Jin, the Solitary government may be viewed not so

Man ; Chin, Ourself ; Hwang Te, much as a means for carrying out

August Sovereign ; Hwang Shang, the Emperor's will, as an organisa-

August Loftiness ; Tieng Hwang, tion by which the wants of the

Celestial August One ; Siring Te, people may be met, and those of

Sacred Sovereign ; and Wan Sui their designs which require the ex- Ye, Father of Ten Thousand Years. ercise of supreme authority be But this is in virtue, not of his placed in Imperial hands. It is office, but only of the manner in quite true that China, as a nation, which he fulfils that office. So far may be compared to a vast army from his being of necessity pater at- under one generalissimo, the Son of que princeps, Mencius boldly says Heaven, and that this army is ela- " The people are the most import- borately divided into corps, regi- ant element in a nation ; the spi- ments, and companies paying, or rits of the land or grain are the called on to pay, implicit obedience next ; the sovereign is the least." to their immediate leaders ; but it Elsewhere he quotes approvingly is still more necessary to look at the the words of the Great Declaration matter in a reverse light, and to in the 'Shoo King'— "Heaven consider each leader as only such sees according as my people see; in so far as he represents the natu- Heaven hears according as my peo- ral action of those over whom he is ple hear/' In the ' Historical placed. Hence a peculiarity in Classic,' T'hang exclaims in his Chinese government which has "Announcement," "Should any of frequently been alluded to without you myriad states transgress, let being properly understood. Each the blame rest on me, a single in- family, clan, village, district, de-

dividual ; but should I, a single in- partment, and province, is expected

dividual, offend, let it not involve to harmonise itself ; and. strictly you, the multitude of states." In speaking, it is no part of the busi- the " Announcement at Lo," it is ness of supreme authority to inter- said that " the people came to meet fere, unless when called upon by a well-balanced government." Con- the parties themselves, with the fucius, who was very fond of incul- affairs of minor circles. If quarrels cating subordination, counterbal- or crimes arise in a family, then the anced his advice by his repeated head of the family must settle these, 1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 613 or take the consequences, and to sponsible for the crimes of its indi- that end he has very great power vidual members. The whole ar- committed to him. If a village is rangements of the nation, public as at war with itself, the head men well as private, are based on a sys- have power to settle the dispute, tem of mutual responsibility, which and have practically almost un- of course involves a system of limited power of punishing. So in mutual surveillance. Even the the district, the department, the Emperor, though nominally su- province. Each circle being called preme, stands in awe of the Cen- itself, im- sorate, and of a popular upon to harmonise has revolution ; mense power committed to it for the Futai, or governor of a pro- that end, and must take equal re- vince, has to stand well with his sponsibility. Hence the rationale, subjects, as well as at Peking; and if not the rationality, of the Chinese the Magistrate of a district is no- system of punishing a parent for thing more than the recorder and the sins of his children, and of executor of sentences passed by holding a village or a district re- local juries.

in.

Of course the Chinese State has and is something quite beyond the fallen very far short of the theory experience of younger and occiden- on which it was founded ; but I tal nations. Races may remain have indicated that theory, which unchanged, or nearly so ; the Copt hitherto has been overlooked by and the Negro may present the European scholars, because some same features which they had when comprehension of it is absolutely their effigies were sculptured on necessary to a proper understand- the ancient tombs of Egypt ; but of ing of Chinese rebellions and revo- all the nations which surrounded lutions. Every people has certain the Chinese in the dim morning of traditionary and religious ideas, history, not one remains to tell the sustained by spirit-stirring stories, story of its birth. The Hebrew which underlie its institutions, and race alone preserves many of its limit the working of the national ancient institutions, as well as its mind, however despised by indi- ancient features, but its chosen viduals, and imperfectly conformed place of abode knows it no more, to in the national life. Despite our and its nationality was destroyed modern disregard of tradition, and centuries ago, while the Chinese even amid the innumerable influ- still hold by their own ways in their ences affecting modern civilisa- Great Flowery Land, as they did tion, each nation of Europe, of any before the Hebrews issued from the strength, moves within a charmed loins of Abraham. Consequently, circle of its own ; and an instinc- the old ideas on which their State tive feeling of the limits of that was founded, their ancient institu- circle is necessary to the great tions, and the history of their statesman, even to the great war- ancient emperors and sages, still rior. But when religious, social, exercise upon them a most vital and political ideas are inextricably influence. interwoven, springing from one We require to go to the East in common root, as in the case of the order to find races that regard their Chinese, and when, moreover, these past in a manner which largely are hallowed by the history of at affects their present. What to the least four thousand years, it may modern Greek is the tale of Troy ? easily be believed that the influence or to the Roman the story of Lati- they exercise has become sacred, um 1 Thor and Odin exercise no —

614 Celestial Rule and Rebellion [Nov.

influence in Scandinavia, nor the tesque and the sublime, become Nibelungen heroes in Germanic inextricably blended. The ashy

Europe ; and even the Pilgrim Fa- devotee sitting at the roadside may thers are forgotten in New England. be a demon, or Vishnu himself, or

But with the immobile races of the the Lord of Devas ; but, with all East, matters in this respect are en- its modern touches, it is the world tirely different. The mind of the of ancient India in which the modern Oriental Hebrew is still possessed Hindu daily dwells, and for him, by visions of his earliest forefathers having turned away his wearied wending in grey antiquity from eyes the slopes of Ararat, holding special " communion with Jehovah, forming From earth's dull scene, Time's weary- round, a chosen people, led through the To realms eternal —heavenly ground terrible wilderness by pillars of Blue Krishna frolics o'er the plain, smoke and fire, destined to rule the Varuna skims the purple main, Gay Indra spans the crystal air, earth, and receiving amid the thun- And Shiva braideth Durga's hair, ders of Sinai a sacred, moral, and Where golden Meru rises high ceremonial law of which no clause His front to fan the sapphire sky. must pass away. Even at the pre- And nightly in his blissful dreams He sits by Ganga's holy streams, sent hour the Indo-Aryan, as he Where Swarga's gate wide open lies, watches the red flush of morning, And Narga's smoke pollutes the skies." or sits under the palm and banian, is really dwelling in an antique Even more, perhaps, than the ideal world of the most extraordin- Hindu, the Chinaman dwells in a ary kind. Accepting for his practi- peculiar ideal world of his own, cal life, with implicit submission, but it is one much less fanciful, the laws of Manu, and the most rigid much more definite, much more ancient caste arrangements, his incredible, and much more historical. effable yearning for eternity and for Still it is an ideal world beyond reabsorption into deity leads him which he can rarely pass, which to shut his eyes on the glories of constantly occupies his thoughts, nature in India, and on all this and conditions his actions. Every world of outward seeming, as one who has dwelt much among merely evil illusions obscuring eter- the Chinese, as I have done, and nal light. Aided by mystic rites especially in their villages, will and ancient hymns, he looks en- bear me out in saying that there tranced into a vague world, at first is common to them all a certain without sky above or firmament simple ideal of life which they re- beneath, but filled with a shoreless gard as constituting the highest dazzling light of power and love, human happiness, which they claim which is soon darkened by the vast as their right, which they hold shadowy forms of Varuna, and usually existed from the earliest Indra, and Agni, and all the mighty times, and which is intimately con- gods. Ushas, the beautiful dawn, nected with the doctrines of their passes over the horizon ; Vishnu, sages, and with their historical be- the preserving light, strides thrice liefs. Unlike the Hindu, the Chi- through the universe, and the Maruts naman lives in an ordered and or winds sweep over ; but the evil somewhat prosaic ideal world. He form of Shiva the destroyer appears beholds, indeed, against his Tura- upon the scene. Gods play with nian historical dawn the gigantic milkmaids ; Rama the divine hero figures of Yaou and Shun, and the mikes war on minor evil spirits and great Yu overshadowing the long hideous giants ; and long lines of valley of centuries ; and the great fabulous kings enter into the vision. sages, such as Confucius and Men- In the confusion which follows, the cius, correcting the errors of their natural and supernatural, the gro- times, and dropping words of in- ;;

1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 615

valuable wisdom ; but though all walls of his house as a warning to these are grand to him, they are foolish youth ; no change in old so not so much in themselves as customs to perplex the mind ; the in their useful relationship to the sacred books reverentially read and knowable and the attainable—to remembered ; the present definitely the great primary wants of his arranged ; the fruitage of the past race. The determination of the stored ; behind, sages and emperors, seasons, the building embankments around, happy families, beyond, a against devastating floods, or the darkness with which he little con- harmonising of land and water, the cerns himself, but into which his overthrowing of unjust kings, wise, spirit may occasionally float a short kind action in family relationships, way on some Buddhist or Tauist and the expression of moral doc- idea. trines in an intelligible, impressive We may now understand the way—these are the claims to rev- position in which a Chinaman finds erence of the heroes of the Chinese himself when he has very serious Pantheon. The (miscalled) Celes- reason to complain of the condi- tial is a narrow-minded, but ex- tion of his country. All the most ceedingly practical, sort of being. revered literature of that country, He wants an ordered world, but all the ideas which have possessed one ordered only in a certain kind his mind from childhood, and even of way. Before his rapt celestial the language of the Imperial revision lie the fruitful plains of the scripts of his day, point to the con- Great Flowery Land, lively and clusion that the existing authori- bright with the normal life of ties rather than the people are to China, guarded on the north by blame. I have looked through the snowy deserts, which are happily classics in vain for any indication far away from him, and on the of a belief that, where great cala- south by stormy seas, with great mities befall the country, the mass winds and waves, which he does of the people may be considered as not tempt. His ideal is a happy the guilty cause. The authorities family life, with age benignant, undoubtedly are in the habit of youth reverential, three or four throwing the blame off themselves, generations living contentedly un- but they do so only by accusing

der the same roof ; the fish-pond certain sections of the populace of

in front well stocked ; grain abun- living in guilty opposition to the

dant ; tea fragrant ; the village har- will of Heaven, and so out off from

monised ; the school well taught the rest of the people. The his- the young Confucius of the family tory of China also has been of such preparing for competitive examina- a character as to sustain the notion

tions ; the ancestral tablets going that the responsibility of national far back, and recording honoured disaster rests chiefly with the Gov-

names ; the ancestral hall well ernment. While admitting the ex- gilded, and a fit meeting-place for traordinary longevity of the Chin-

the wise elders ; the spirits of de- ese State regarded in its essentials, ceased ancestors comforted with we must not leave out of view the offerings and loving remembrances, fact that its life has been broken, not left to wander friendless in the but also preserved, by innumerable

air ; the holidays cheerful, with rebellions and changes of dynasty. bright silks and abundance of sa- Revolution is to the Chinaman

voury dishes ; the Emperor bene- something more even than it is to

volent ; the people obedient ; For- the modern Parisian. It is, so to eign Devils far away or reverential speak, the constitutional means of evil appearing only in the forms of getting rid of bad governments, impossible demons, and hideous and is associated in his mind with wicked emperors painted on the deeds of heroic daring, of noble VOL. C. —NO. DCXITI. 2 s ;

616 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov.

self-sacrifice, and with some of the Sung dynasties, with many others brightest periods of the national of less note, were founded by revo-

' history. De Guignes, in his Tab- lutionary violence ; and the Ming, leau de l'Histoire Ancienne de or " Bright," dynasty, which estab- la Chine/ correctly enumerates lished itself for a time against the twenty-two imperial dynasties, com- Tartars, excited patriotic feelings mencing with the Hea, founded by in the breasts of the Chinese. Thus, the Great Yu, and ending with the Tai-ping rebellion was no novel the Ta Tsing, the present Manchu phenomenon in the history of reigning family; and many of these China, but had intimate relation- were overthrown by violence, to ship with the national ideas and

the great advantage of China, or of history ; and Hung Sew-tsuen, its those portions of it over which leader, was influenced to his ter- they reigned. The ' Historical Clas- rible and unsuccessful, yet perhaps sic/ is full of "oaths" and "an- beneficial, movement, not less nouncements" and "chastisements" by the ideas which float in the of revolutionary leaders, to whom Chinese mind than by the actual was delivered " Heaven's extermi- events which, as we shall presently nating decree " against cruel or too see, led him up to that movement, luxurious princes. At a later pe- on into his terrible career, and to riod the famous Han, Tang, and its final catastrophe.

IV.

In some most important respects Then comes ruin over the country the present state of China is very there are signs and portents in the much what it was in the earliest heavens, and there rises some pat- recorded times. The cities exercise riot to say, like T'ang, who destroy- but little influence, and power lies ed the most famous Hea dynasty, in the balance between the Emperor " I dread the Supreme Ruler, so I with his Ministers and the country dare not refuse to destroy the wick- people. Bold warriors, ambitious ed sovereign." priests, and designing statesmen Such a period in China was that play no great part in the national when Hung Sew-tsuen, the Tai-ping history. It is out of the country chief, arose. There were many cir- people, the innumerable owners of cumstances which had tended to the land, that the ruling power has throw the country into a state of arisen, and it is their wants that disorganisation, causing widespread

must be attended to. So long as misery ; and there were even spe- they are well off they are contented cial circumstances which tended to with the existing dynasty; but when ascribe the evil to the ruling dyn- they suffer greatly then Heaven ap- asty, and called upon a patriot to points some one to exterminate the remove it from the throne. As re- dynasty. This is the leading point gards the latter point, it is only ne- in the whole history of China. The cessary to note here that the Impe- dynasties are always established by rial family, as is well known, was men of lofty virtue and great force Manchu. In the thirteenth century of character, perhaps aided by able the immediate descendants of Gen-

and devoted Ministers ; but as gen- ghis Khan conquered China in a erations pass away their succes- sort of way, and established the sors deteriorate in character, and Yuen dynasty, which ruled the finally reach some one who com- country till a.d. 1368, but was bines debauchery and cruelty, so then overthrown by a native line, that he injures public affairs as much the Ming, or " Bright." This latter by his interference as by his neglect. reigned till the year 1664 but the 1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 617

last thirty years of their govern- always open, on account of their ment, which had been moved from being Tartars, to an extra share of Nanking to Peking, was a continual odium in the event of the Govern-

strife with the tribes of Manchu ment failing very grossly ; but up Tartars on the frontier, and with to 1830 there was no appearance of insurrection in the interior. In such failure, except the existence of 1664, a native Chinese, Le Tai- certain illegal associations in the ching, entered Peking with his in- shape of secret societies, such as surgent forces, and on his arrival that of the Triad and of the Water the last Emperor of the Mings com- Lily. mitted suicide. Le proclaimed him- There can be no doubt that these self emperor, but was soon driven societies had some effect, both di- from the capital by the Manchu rectly and suggestively, on the Tai-

Tartars, who were invited into the ping movement ; but, as in all such country by a Chinese general, Woo cases, it is difficult to find out to San-kwei, who had been defending what extent they existed, and what the frontier against them, but who, their real objects were. From the looking on the usurpation of the severity with which they were pur- throne by the rebel Le as intoler- sued by the Imperial Government, able, now begged their assistance we may infer that some of them against the usurper. The Manchus were really dangerous to the State; having entered the country had no but others again seem to have been intention of leaving it. They pro- harmless enough. Thus the " Tea claimed Shun Chi, their chief, Society" was suppressed in 1816,

Emperor ; and in a few years con- and its leaders executed ; but on trived to gain the government of turning to the Imperial edict * on China, and even compelled the the subject, it does not seem that people to shave their heads after this association, though illegal, was the Tartar fashion. This was long very hurtful. Of the leaders of it, resisted, especially in the south-east, who called themselves Wangs, the but after a time all open defiance worst that is said is, " They lyingly of the Tartar ceased, though in that and presumptuously affirm that the part of the country secret societies progenitor of the clan of Wang re- were formed for the purpose of sides in heaven. They affirm that throwing off the foreign yoke, and Mi-li-Fuh (the Buddha to come) defied the power of the Govern- will descend and be born in their ment to extinguish them. The family, and carry all the members Manchu Government, however, of the society after death into the reigned with great moderation and regions of the West, into the palace justice up to the end of last century, of the immortal Sien, where they

and in fact on to about 1830 ; it will be safe from the dangers of had become quite Chinese in char- war, of water, and of fire." Other acter, and was chiefly composed of societies, however, we know, did native Chinamen, so that in the be- conspire against the Government, ginning of this century resistance to and sometimes openly raised the

it had almost entirely ceased, or standard of rebellion ; and it is in- when it existed, was confined to teresting to notice how far they pre- those disorderly classes which, from sented characteristics common to early times, have infested the in- the Tai-ping also. In so far as they numerable islands which fringe the rose above mere robber associations, southern seaboard of the Flowery or guilds for mutual protection, Land. The Manchus as nominally they seem to have aimed either at ruling the country, and supplying professing a divine commission or the Imperial family at least, were an intention to substitute a native

' Peking Gazette,' 27th day, 5th moon, 21st year Kia-king. — '

618 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov.

Chinese for the Manchu dynasty. That the period of disorganisa- The Yaou-Jin rebels, who gave so tion, rapine, and war which afflicted much trouble in the provinces of China from 1851 to 1864 was not Kwang-tung, Kwang-si, and Hoo- entirely caused by foreign import, nan in 1832, but who had appeared is clear from the state of the coun- so far back in Chinese history as try from 1830 to 1840, when there the Sung dynasty,* alleged that was a greater number of rebellions, they were descendants of Pwan-ku, inundations, famines, and similar a sacred legendary character, the disasters, than it had seen for gen-

shaper of earth and heaven. The erations ; but though the people Pih Leen Keaou, or Water Lily were getting discontented, and the Society, which has appeared at Government weak, it is undeniable various times throughout the dura- that an enormous impulse was given tion of the Ta-Tsing, the present to these evils by the foreign rela- dynasty, scarcely made a secret of tionships which ensued. Soon after their desire to overthrow the Man- 1830 troubles began to arise with chus, and early in this century foreigners, which caused the Peking caused considerable trouble in these Government considerable alarm, provinces. The San Ho Hwui, or and induced it to take measures to famous Triad Society, the most for- maintain the isolation of the em- midable of all in late times, not pire. The history of the events only prepared the way for the Tai- which followed has been recorded pings, but also evidently gave from various points of view, and them a number of hints. Its origi- need not be repeated here ; but it nal title was " Tien Te Hwui—the may be remarked, that however de- Caelesto-terrestrial Society;" and sirable it was that Chinese exclu- its neophytes were sworn " to recall siveness should be destroyed, every the Ming, to exterminate the Bar- writer on the subject has expressed barian, to cut off the Tsing, and regret that the work of doing so to await the right prince." They should have been so much an at- took for their surname the word tempt on the part of Great Britain Hung. They had traditions of to force the objectionable opium being directed by supernatural traffic. beings, and their head-lance took The British war with China of the name of Tien Hung, or Tien 1841-42 was most injurious to the Yu-hung, the " Heaven - protected peace of the country, because the Hung," which is not very far from power of the Government had for prestige the Tai-ping Hung Tien-Wang long depended greatly on ; " Hung the heavenly prince," the because large districts had been

Chinese character for Hung being brought to ruin ; and because the in both cases the same—a point calling out bands of local militia worthy of notice. There is no had taught the people their power. ground to conclude that these so- It is well known that, previous to cieties were very formidable ; but that war, the appearance of the in- their mere existence, and the claims signia of a mandarin, accompanied they put forward, were sufficient to by a few lictors armed with whips, prepare the way for a wider associ- could disperse the most turbulent ated movement in troublous times, crowd in Canton, the most turbu- and such times did speedily arrive, lent city in the empire ; and, by caused by an external series of a long-established rule, the people events, and increasing incapacity were denied the possession of fire- in the Celestial Government.^ arms. But during the war arms

* ' Chinese Repository, ' vol. i. + See on the Triads Dr Milne's paper in ' Transactions of the Royal Society of

Great Britain and Ireland,' vol. i. part ii. (1S26), and the 'Chinese Repository, vol. xviii. p. 281. 1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 619 were so generally distributed that the Yellow River and the Yang-tsze loose characters of all kinds got occurred inopportunely to increase possession of them, while at the the distress and decrease the land- same time respect for the Govern- tax, the only great source of reve- ment had been destroyed by the nue. In these circumstances, the manner in which its immense pre- Government fell upon the fatal ex- tensions had been broken through pedient of commuting punishments

by the despised barbarian ; and in- for money, and putting civil offices stead of venturing on a bold course to sale, thereby increasing the num- against the local riots, robber bands, ber of criminals at large, holding and insurrections which then arose, out inducements to crime, and ex- the Administration, conscious of its citing against itself the animosity military weakness, and still stunned of the powerful literary and offi- by its recent defeat, began to tem- cial classes, who thus saw them- porise and appeal. In 1845 at selves defrauded of their just privi- Ningpo, and in 1847 at Canton, leges. Thus robbers began to in- arose crease land, when serious disturbances on and pirates at sea ; from trivial causes, the mandarins the local governments being power- quieted matters only by yielding. less to protect, the people armed The associated banditti of the Triad and organised themselves against

increased so in many parts of the banditti ; and everywhere over country that life and property be- China, but especially in the south, came exceedingly insecure. The troubles had gathered, and dark indemnity of 21,000,000 dollars times seemed at hand, when in exacted by Britain on account of February 1850 the Emperor Tau- the war, brought on a financial kwang "ascended on the dragon- crisis, while trade was suffering throne to be a guest on high," and from the operations which had his youthful, ill-fated son, Hien- taken place. Great inundations of fung, reigned in his stead.

It was in this troubled ferment- which the Kan Wang or Shield ing state of China that there ap- King wrote, prior to execution, peared one of those extraordinary when in the hands of the Imperial- men who incarnate in themselves ists in 1864. But it may be well, the tendencies of a revolutionary very briefly, to show the bearing of period, and who, more frequently these facts, to point out how far the in the East than elsewhere, gather chief's career potentially originated myriads round them, and pass over in the ordinary circle of Chinese their country like a destroying but ideas, and how far it was affected purifying tempest. by his peculiar descent and by his So many writers on this subject contact with foreigners; in brief, have availed themselves of the Rev. to give the rationale of his history. Mr Hamberg's pamphlet,* which No special notice seems to have really contains all that is known of been taken of the fact, that though the early life of the Tai-ping leader, born within thirty miles of Can- that the facts of Hung Sew-tsuen's ton, he was of the Hakka, a rude

early history must be quite familiar, race, who are . regarded as aliens and these have been further sub- by the Punti, the mass of the stantiated by the autobiography people of Kwang-tung.f This it-

* ' The Visions of Hung Sew-tchuen.' Hong-Kong, 1854. + For a description of the Hakkas, and of a residence among them by the author, see ' Six Weeks in a Tower,' in Maga for June 1862. ;

620 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nor; self goes some way to account for perhaps avenging, his slighted fa- his opposition to the Imperial mily race and person. So far we Government, and for the ease have got circumstances and charac- with which he formed the nucleus teristics which cut him off from the of his insurrection. There have mass of his countrymen ; and to been hatred and feud for nearly the characteristics may be added two centuries in Kwang-tang be- the fact that repeated failures to tween the Punti, or " In-dwellers," take his degree threw him, in 1837, and the Hakka, or " Strangers," into a state of madness, epilepsy, who came down on the province trance, ecstasy, or whatever else from the mountains of Kiang-si and we may like to call it. But this

Fu-kien ; and the latter are regard- disappointed youth was not an ed by the former very much in the Englishman or a Hindu. Essen- light of barbarians, or, say, as the tially a Chinese of the Chinese, his Irish of Liverpool are by the Eng- mind had a very wide circle of gro- lish workmen of that city. Whe- tesque superstitions and solemn ther Hung Sew-tsuen's genealogy, terrible thoughts in which it could as it was given to Mr Hamberg, find consolation. Was he the first was invented after he aimed at the in his country's history to mourn a empire or was literally true, is a distracted age, or be pursued by matter of no consequence ; he was the demons'? Might not "Hea- a poor youth of a rude despised ven's exterminating decree " be de- race; and, either from prejudice livered to him also, as to so many against him on that account, or from " insignificant ones " before % This inability, never succeeded in taking was the result into which his visions a degree at Canton. Thus his start hardened ; but in the first of them in life was on the opposition side I can recognise only the ordinary but the Kwang-tungers, generally, grotesque figures which haunt the would scoff at the notion of him imaginations of southern Chinese and his confreres having had of a low class. The tiger, the cock, any special claim to represent the the old woman who washed him in native patriotic element in China. a river, the taking out his heart and At the same time the Hakkas are putting in a new one, the old man Chinese, less intelligent, and, con- in a black robe, whom he after- sequently, more indifferent to the wards believed to have been God, grander ruling ideas of the country and the demon-exterminating sword, than are the rest of the agricultural are the ordinary stock-in-trade of population, but still pretty well the village geomancers of Kwang- imbued with these ideas. Bearing tung. The only things which give this in mind, it can easily be con- dignity to these visions are their ceived that a man of Sew-tsuen's connection with the old Chinese undeniable ability and wild vision- ideas of the exterminating decree, ary spirit, —steeped to the lips in and the biblical gloss he afterwards poverty, admired exceedingly by his put upon them. These visions, and immediate friends and neighbours, their change into loftier meanings members of a despised but sturdy as new ideas came to him, are ex- and numerous clan, moved, very actly what might have been ex- likely, by traditions of illustrious pected from a man of very power- ancestors, living in a portion of ful imaginative mind, brought up the country becoming more unset- amid the ignorance, superstition, tled every day, hearing a rising and squalor of a Hakka village. It undergrowl of discontent, and should be added, however, that, himself denied entrance at the looking at the verses he soon began door of admission to the ruling to ejaculate, at his early but as yet body,—would naturally cast about harmless proclamation of himself for some means of asserting, and as a heavenly king, and at his ;

1866.] Celestial Rule and Rebellion. 621 whole story, there is a certain but the old man, the very God who something about him—that which had appeared to him in his dreams ? Goethe used to call the daimonic He must have been in heaven, and —which defies analysis, and even the middle-aged man who instructed description. him how to exterminate the de- The elevation of character which mons was our Lord. But then the Sew-tsuen obtained from the con- seer himself was a Son of Heaven, viction his trances had given that so Christ became the Elder, and he was a chosen instrument of Hea- Hung Sew-tsuen was the Younger, ven, sustained him in quiet up to Celestial Brother. There is no trace 1843, but naturally led him to seek in any of the Tien Wang's produc- to extend the sphere of his influ- tions of his having in the slightest ence and knowledge. During these degree appreciated the real spirit of six years, though affairs in China Christianity ; but the skill and com- were degenerating, yet they were pleteness with which he turned some not so bad as to afford an opening of its doctrines to his own use is for a revolutionist; but in 1843, really wonderful. These results when he began seriously studying were far beyond the power of a Christian tracts, the opium war had mere cunning impostor. From the opened the flood-gates. It was hour when the Hung arose from his natural that he should turn curi- sick-bed after his first forty days' ously towards the teaching of a trance, and, poor and nameless, pro- people who had defied and so claimed his avatar by fixing on deeply injured the Government he his door - post the proclamation, " hated ; but the whole history of The noble principles of the Hea- his relation to Christianity shows venly King, the Sovereign King that his was a mind which, while it Tsuen," on through success and might incorporate foreign ideas with defeat and Imperial opposition, up its own, would never suffer itself to to the hour of his death at Nanking, be ruled by them. Neither at this when human flesh was selling in the time nor in 1847, when he went to market at so much per catty, he Canton and put himself under the seems never to have wavered or teaching of Mr Issachar Roberts, abated one jot of his claim to an uneducated American mission- supreme rule on earth. In ordinary, did he show any disposition to ary times it might have been that be a sober searcher after religious Hung Sew-tsuen would have found truth, but only sought that which an ordinary place as an able man- would give force and shape to his darin, a village teacher, or a liter- own divine mission. To the grossly ary farmer, of more than average superstitious Hakka, and to the power and eccentricity. He might ardent student of the more ancient have lived and died the admiration Chinese classics, there was now or the wonder of his neighbour- added a third person, so to speak, hood, but unknown beyond the imbued with certain Hebrew and Hwa district where he was born Christian beliefs. It is a proof of and only his near relatives, as they the extraordinary power of this pointed proudly to the gilded letters man's mind, and depth of his con- recording his name in the ancestral victions, that he could blend these hall, or gave his departed soul kind three individuals so completely into offerings of food, would have re- one under the transmuting belief membered his existence. His bones in his own mission. As the poor might have been inurned in some superstitions of the Chinese peasant peaceful spot on the hills close to were elevated into this egoism, so his home, where he used to confer the sublime doctrines of Chris- with his friend Fung Yun-san; and tianity were degraded into it. Who when his spirit desired to revisit could the God of the Christians be earth, it might there have had sweet — —;

622 Celestial Rule and Rebellion. [Nov. repose, shaded by the pine-trees, Ming. His visions turned into cheered by the singing of birds, heaven-sent edicts which decided looking down contented on the an- the fate of millions, and were pon- cestral fields still ploughed by his dered over in the distant capitals descendants, and beyond these to of Europe. At one moment the the flowing waters of the Pearl River Black-haired People seemed about

and the mountains of the White to accept his sway ; and when the Cloud. This is what, according to end came—when his earthly exist- all Chinese ideas, would have been ence was extinguished amid the

a happy and enviable fate ; but it horrors of the siege of Nanking was not decreed for him. The son his body was found by the Imperial of a small peasant farmer, and him- conqueror " enveloped in yellow literate, afflicted fits self a poor with satin embroidered with dragons ; of madness and trances and visions, his head was bald, without hair he was to sweep over the great his mustache remained, but had

Flowery Land, and, as Tseng Kwo- become grey ; there was flesh on his

fan says, cause devastation in six- left thigh and right shoulder ; and, teen provinces and six hundred as soon as the examination had cities. As it turned out, cruel, ex- been concluded, the head was se- terminating Wangs — not brown- cured, and the remainder of the haired, pot-bellied little children body, after being cut up, was were his disciples. His ploughshare burned"*—almost all China ex- of steel and fire drove through the claiming, with Peking officialdom, great valley of the Yang-tsze, and " Words cannot convey any idea encircled the walls of Peking. No of the misery and desolation he

small tawdry yamun, or village caused : the measure of his iniquity school-house, was his abode for was full, and the wrath of both many years, but the ancient capital gods and men was roused against of China and the palaces of the him."t

* Tseng Kwo-fan's Memorial to the Throne with respect to the disposal of the two rebel leaders Hung Sew-tsuen and Li-sew-cheng. f Imperial Edict of 1st Aug. 1864, in reply to Memorial announcing the taking of Nanking:. ";

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 623

THREE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

By a remarkable coincidence, tinacity of purpose and simple- the greatest dangers and difficulties minded honesty, he carried to vic- of the American Union have al- tory the greatest cause in which an ways befallen it during the incum- American statesman was ever en- bency of the Presidential office by gaged. Andrew Johnson, who now men of humble origin, defective occupies the perilous seat left va- education, and unpolished manners. cant for him by the assassin's pistol, It has also happened that these is a man in every way as remarka- men have belied the fears of the ble as Jackson or Lincoln for the timid, and surpassed the expecta- obstructions which he has removed tions of the hopeful, by the extra- or surmounted, for the stubborn ordinary ability they displayed, and and victorious will which he has the combined wisdom and auda- displayed, for the natural gifts city with which they steered the which have enabled him to act a ship of State through difficulties leading part in the history of his and dangers which might have country, and for the tremendous overpowered the statesmanship of difficulty of the task which he has leaders with more cultivated minds to perform, unless the light that and less resolute convictions. These now shines so brilliantly is to be men were Andrew Jackson, who darkened before its noon, and he, began life fatherless and penniless, one of the greatest of the Presi- glad to do the meanest " chores dents, is to be remembered among

about a farm for bare subsistence ; the least. Abraham Lincoln, a boatman and A short sketch of the work done

splitter of logs ; and Andrew John- by Jackson and Lincoln will en- son, a journeyman tailor in a able the reader at this critical pe- third-rate country town. Jackson, riod to understand more clearly throughout the whole of his long than he otherwise might, what and brilliant career, never managed Johnson has to do in supplement- to attain education enough to write ing and completing their labours, a grammatical sentence, and never and how peculiarly his rough train- read but one book besides the ing has fitted him for a rough Bible, and that was the 'Vicar of crisis. Personal and intellectual Wakefield.' By dint of innate en- culture are of little or no advan- ergy and indomitable will he rose tage to an American politician. A from the lowest to the highest practical people admire a practical

estate, and was successively day- man ; above all, they love a bold labourer, pedlar, soldier, lawyer, one. Provided they have courage, a shopkeeper, merchant, planter, clear purpose, and the " gift of the judge, senator, general, and Presi- gab," without which latter all other dent of the Republic. Abraham gifts are of no avail, the politicians Lincoln rose by similar means to of America have but little need for the same height, and was also la- scholarship. This has been more bourer, petty trader, lawyer, mem- especially the case during the last ber of the House of Representa- thirty-five years, during which the tives, and President. Like Jackson, disruption of the Union has always he had few advantages of education been more or less a question in dis- read no books but law-books and pute to embitter controversy, and the Bible — except 'Joe Miller's force the strongest minds to take Jests' and Esop's Fables.' He up a position either for or against was blunt of speech and ungainly it. Although there is no aristoc- in appearance; but by sheer per- racy of birth and title in the 624 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov.

United States, there is, as there is a power in the State. Rude, must be in every civilised country, ignorant, poor, and characterless as a natural aristocracy, the result of they may be, they have votes ; can education and refinement. While make or unmake legislators, judges, it is true that the king or emperor and presidents, and know them- who can make a duke or a marquess selves to be parts of the sovereign cannot make a gentleman, it is people, and sovereigns themselves. equally true that no republic, how- " He who hath sixpence," says Mr ever democratic, can prevent a man Carlyle, " is king to the extent of from making himself a gentleman. sixpence.'" In like manner he in The first six Presidents of the America who has a vote is sove- United States were all men of this reign to the extent of his vote, un- class, statesmen by training and less he happen to be a man of capacity, and gentlemen by man- wealth and education, when he be- ners and cast of thought. None of comes disgusted with the com- them by his personal character in- panionship of the polling-booth, ab- spired much popular affection, but dicates his right, and leaves the all commanded respect for their sovereignty to the multitude. The talents and public services. Wash- " rowdies " are full of animal vig- ington was the only one among our. They drink, they swear, they them who was a popular favour- fight, and think themselves as good ite, and even his popularity was as the President whom they help but partial while he lived, and to elect, and perhaps a great deal required the sanctity of the grave better. They enter his presence to confirm and make it univer- unintroduced at any hour they sal. With John Quincy Adams, please, shake hands with him if the sixth President, the line of the they like him, and pull his nose if gentlemen and scholars was inter- he has offended them—as one did rupted ; and with that of Andrew to General Jackson publicly on Jackson, the seventh, that of the board of a steamboat, Jackson de- illiterate pioneers and working- fending himself as well as he could men commenced. During his in- with his cane. If there be any- cumbency the Union was first seri- thing in the world which they ad- ously assailed ; and it is his lasting mire, it is physical force and the claim to the gratitude of his coun- plainest possible speaking. They trymen that he saved it without are the same in the cities as in the bloodshed. He was nevertheless a backwoods, and in all their beha- man of blood, and would, if driven viour show how thin are the par- to the alternative, have shed any titions that separate the so-called quantity that was necessary for the Christian and civilised man of the vindication of a principle and the nineteenth century from the pagan supremacy of a cause. and the savage. Of this class of Before we proceed to tell of his men was the seventh President of work, it will be necessary to describe the Republic—a profane swearer, a a little more particularly what man- drunkard, and a bull}T yet a brave , ner of man was the worker. Andrew soldier, an able commander, an up- Jackson was a " rowdy. " The word right magistrate, and, when in the is Anglo-American, and so is the highest place, a consummate states- variety of the human species whicli man. He was accustomed to a border it designates. There are black- life ; he had fought the British in guards and bullies, and drunken his early youth, the wild Indians and profane vagabonds everywhere, in his prime; and again, in mature and certainly more than enough age, he had struggled against, and of them in the British Isles; but defeated, the British at New Or- America is the only part of the leans. In addition to all this pub- earth where the rowdy exists, and lic battle, he had done an immen- " — —

1866.] Three Presidents oftlie United States. 625

sity of private fighting. He was wound in his skull, received from scarcely three months together out the sword of a British officer, the of a duel or a street-brawl. He scar of which was as long and as

had deliberately killed one man broad as a man's finger ; and for for speaking disrespectfully of his the last twenty years of his life he

wife ; had quarrelled with his best carried in his left shoulder a bullet friends, and transformed them into received in an affray with his po- his bitter enemies. He was always litical and personal friend, Colonel armed and ready for the fray. He Benton, whom, in a fit of ungovern- carried his life in the hollow of his able passion, he had attempted to hand, ready to risk it at all times horsewhip. Yet this man won against the meanest foes for the upon the people, and, even before smallest offences. Though he be- he had led his volunteers to vic- came a lawyer, he never knew any- tory -against the British at New thing but the commonest rudi- Orleans, was the idol of the mul- ments of the profession; yet he titude. After that event his popu- knew enough to be constantly em- larity became all but limitless. ployed in the simple but numerous Even the refined and educated causes of dispute that arose be- minority were compelled to for- tween the quarrelsome backwoods- give his boorishness and brutality, men among whom his lot was and to acknowledge, in the light cast. As a tradesman he was of his public services, that be was shrewd and sagacious. a true man if a coarse-grained one, a good patriot, and, what every one " The business of his store," says his admiring biographer, Mr Parton, "was admires, a successful soldier. He of several kinds. He sold goods brought was no sooner proposed for the from Philadelphia—such as cloth, blan- Presidency in 1824, than every kets, calico, and dry goods generally reflecting politician in the country prices on the Cumberland river, where saw that he was the favourite. At h.e dwelt, being about three times higher that election he received a larger than at Philadelphia. The firm was that popular vote than any of his com- of Jackson, Coffee, and Hutchings ; and besides dealing in dry goods, they dealt petitors ; but none of them having in salt, grindstones, hardware, gun- received the majority requisite for powder, cow-bells, and whatever else a valid election, the ultimate choice the people of the country wanted. In devolved upon the House of Repre- payment for these commodities they sentatives, voting by States, each took not money, but cotton, ginned State having one vote. A majority and unginned, wheat, corn, tobacco, of States being necessary to secure skins, furs, and indeed all the produce of the country. This produce they sent an election, some one of the three in flat boats down the Cumberland, the candidates highest on the list Ohio, and the Mississippi to Natchez, who were Andrew Jackson, John where it was sold for the market of New Quincy Adams, and William Craw- Orleans. ford—had to secure the votes of In this trade Jackson became rich thirteen of the States out of the enough to buy a plantation, and twenty-four then constituting the become the owner of a hundred Union. By the adroit manoeuvring and fifty slaves. Yet, amid all of Henry Clay—himself a candi-

this busy work as lawyer, store- date, . but low on the list — the keeper, and planter, he always choice fell upon Mr Adams, father found time for a public battle or of the gentleman who now so well a private shindy. His pugnacity represents the Republic at the Court was like the quarrelsomeness of the of St James's. This result but ad- dog recorded in * Rab and his journed Jackson's chances for four

Friends,' that only looked serious years ; and when, in 1828, he was and sad because it could not get again nominated, he was far in ad- enough of fighting. He had a vance of all competitors, and won 626 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov. the Presidential race, not by a neck tion with that peculiar bitterness merely, but by a whole furlong. which generally distinguishes theo- As President, " Old Hickory," as logians and the weaker sex when he was familiarly and affectionately they indulge in controversy. Up named, from his toughness of char- to the year 1828 the expenditure acter, had three hates (in addition of the Federal Government had to the private ones, which were in- been so small, and the revenue so numerable) and a single love. He large, that it became a difficult hated debt, paper money, and the question how to dispose of the sur-

United States Bank ; and he loved, plus. One school of politicians and with a love unutterable and un- economists (the Protectionists), who changeable, with a love such as desired to encourage native indus- only an American can understand, try, and fill their own pockets by the union of the States; the union the process—the party which, by a that was to make the Republic the majority in Congress, had succeed- first power in the world, to spread ed in laying upon foreign goods the itself over the whole continent from heavy duties which brought in so the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the large a revenue,—proposed to con- Arctic Sea to the Isthmus of Pana- tinue the protective system, or to ma—and, dearest and most ardent- divide the accruing surplus from ly wished-for consummation of all, time to time among the various that was to domineer over Great States, according to population. Britain, and press it down into the The opposite school (that of the second or third rank by an irresis- Free-Traders), including the South- tible preponderance. He hadfought ern planters and all engaged in agri- and bled for it against foreign foes culture, considering the protective —he was equally ready to fight and tariff to be wrong in theory and bleed for it against domestic ene- oppressive in practice, proposed to mies. How he conquered his fa- abolish the surplus by the simpler vourite aversion, the Bank, and top- process of reducing the duties upon pled it to the ground never to rise foreign manufactures to the lowest again—how he kept himself and the rates sufficient to provide a revenue. country out of debt—and how des- Upon this point issue was joined. perately he fought the battle of The majority' in Congress was in hard money against paper, need not favour of protection, but not alto- here be recounted. But how he gether disinclined to lower the struggled against disunion, and gave tariff provided the principle of it a blow from which it never re- protection were affirmed. The covered until the election of Abra- President did not care much about ham Lincoln twenty- eight years the question ; but the Vice-Presi- afterwards, is part of our purpose dent, the celebrated John C. to narrate, for the better compre- Calhoun, once a Protectionist, had hension of the tragic history which gone over to the other side, and, is still enacting before our eyes, and like most converts either in politics of which no one can foretell the or religion, distinguished himself catastrophe. by his zeal in the advocacy of the The struggle did not arise on new doctrine. The office of Vice- the Slavery question. Nobody in President, though dignified, is one America except the Southern plant- of no great importance to the holder. ers cared much for the negro until No patronage is attached to it, and Great Britain emancipated the race the salary is not so liberal as to in her West Indian colonies ; and make it an object of desire, except the Evangelical and Puritanic ladies to very poor men. Its real value and preachers of New England, lies in the fact that, if the President taking heart of grace from British dies before the expiry of his term, example, began to agitate the ques- the Vice-President steps unchal- —

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 627 lenged into his place. As General Union were adverse to its inte- Jackson was a strong man, though rests, or otherwise intolerable to he had lived a hard life, and was in its people. Mr Calhoun prepared his sixty-fifth year in 1832, when his way by the publication of an the tariff question reached the cli- elaborate document, setting forth max of its agitation, the Vice-Pre- not alone his reasons for abandon- sident, who perhaps never troubled ing the Vice-Presidency, but the himself to speculate on his remote views upon Free Trade, and the chances of succeeding to the presi- nullification by any State of the dential chair, took measures to be laws of the United States, which elected to the Senate of the United he intended to advocate in the States. These measures proving Senate, if the tariff were not successful, he resigned the Vice- amended to suit the views of the Presidency for the more active and party, with which he acted, and influential position of senator for which comprised the whole South- South Carolina, in which he could ern people, and many of the Nor- oppose the Protectionists on the thern. " It is," said he, " one of tariff question with more effect the peculiarities of the station I than in the nominally higher office occupy, that while it necessarily of Vice-President. Mr Calhoun, connects its incumbent with the like General Jackson, was of North politics of the day, it affords him Irish descent— a race said by the no opportunity officially to. express Celtic Irish to possess the defects his sentiments, except accidentally, both of the Scotch and the Irish on an equal division of the body character, but the virtues of neither over which he presides (the Senate). —a race which, however, in Ire- He is thus exposed, as I have often land as well as in America, has experienced, to have his opinions proved well able to take care of erroneously and variously repre- itself, and make its mark in the sented. In ordinary cases, the world. Unlike the President, Mr correct course, as I conceive it to Calhoun was a man of education be, is to remain silent, leaving to and culture, a trained lawyer, a time and circumstances the correc- master of language both with the tion of misrepresentation. But pen and the tongue, an acute logi- there are occasions so vitally im- cian, and in his manners and con- portant that a regard both to duty versation a gentleman, and neither and character would seem to forbid a rowdy nor an associate of row- such a course ; and such I conceive dies. General Jackson, who was a to be the present. ... I have thorough hater when he did hate, concluded that it is now my duty had a dislike to his Vice-President, to make known my sentiments." which speedily ripened into the hot- The whole document is much too ter feeling more consistent with his long for quotation. It consists of violent nature. He was relieved two propositions—first, that nulli- of a burden when Mr Calhoun re- fication (or, in other phraseology, signed. But the resignation was secession, and consequently a dis- only the beginning of trouble to solution of the Union) is the natu- the President, and brought Mr Cal- ral remedy for any intolerable griev- houn prominently before the public ance inflicted by the general or as the apostle of a doctrine old and Federal Government upon an indi- dear to the Southern, but new and vidual State of the Union, or a hateful to the Northern people congeries of such States ; and, the doctrine that every State of second, that the tariff law of 1828, the Union was sovereign within unless peaceably rectified by the itself, and had a right to " secede" action of Congress, would be such and establish its own independ- a grievance. He strongly denounced ence, if the legislation of the the protective principle, which he ;

628 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov. declared to be unconstitutional, it " by the Eternal" —his favourite unequal in its operation, oppressive oath.—and would, if his character to the South, and an evil alike has not been greatly misunder- dangerous and inveterate. " The stood, have hugely enjoyed the obvious and honest course," said opportunity. he, "is to prevent the accumula- The question was brought into tion of a surplus in the treasury Congress in December 1831, when by a timely and judicious reduction Mr Clay, in the Senate, proposed a of the imposts, and thereby to leave slight and unsatisfactory compro- the money in the pockets of those mise, to the effect that the duties who made it, and from whom it upon articles imported from foreign cannot be honestly nor constitution- countries, and not coming into com- ally taken, unless required by the petition with similar articles made fair and legitimate wants of the or produced within the United Government. If, neglecting a dis- States, be forthwith abolished, exposition so obvious and just, the cept the duties upon wines and Government should attempt to keep silks, and that those be reduced. up the present high duties when Long debates, which lasted nearly the money is no longer wanted, or seven months, ensued. Ultimately, to dispose of this immense surplus in the summer of 1832, the mea- by enlarging the old or devising sure, vehemently opposed by the new schemes of appropriation ; or, Southern representatives and sen- finding that to be impossible, it ators, and particularly by Mr Cal- should adopt the most dangerous, houn, was passed by both Houses, unconstitutional, and absurd pro- by 32 against 16 in the Senate, and ject ever devised by any Govern- 129 against 65 in the House of Re- ment, of dividing the surplus among presentatives. Such majorities the States (a project which, if car- commanded, of course, the respect ried into execution, could not fail and adhesion of the President. The to create an antagonistic interest bill reaffirmed Protection, and only between the States and general reduced the revenue to the small Government); eitherof these modes extent of three millions of dollars, would be considered by the section or ,£600,000 sterling, thus leaving suffering under the present high open the original questions of pro- duties as a fixed determination to tection to native industry and the perpetuate for ever what it consi- distribution of the surplus. The ders the present unequal, uncon- whole South, which had been for stitutional, and oppressive burden months in a state of perilous ex- and from that moment it would citement, broke into a blaze of fury. cease to look to the general Govern- The manufactures of the North ment for relief." were prosperous ; immigration was In these last words the gauntlet pouring northwards and westwards, of battle was thrown down. There and avoiding the South and the was no mistaking the issue to be contiguity and competition of slave raised ; and General Jackson, who labour, while the South was de- distinctly understood it, but did pressed in every department of its not either greatly care for, even if industry. Cotton, rice, sugar, and he understood, the economic prin- corn were all falling in price ; while ciples involved in the struggle be- cloths, shirtings, tools —everthing tween Free Trade and Protection, beyond mere food that a commu- determined that, right or wrong, nity required—were rising, to the be would nullify nullification by advantage of the North that pro- making it treason, and hanging up, duced, and to the disadvantage of " as high as Hainan," Calhoun or the South that consumed them. any one else who committed an South Carolina, under the leader- overt act in its support. He swore ship of Mr Calhoun, took the ini- — "

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 629 tiative in giving vent to her dis- preventing the egress or ingress pleasure, and boldly resolved that, of vessels, or should in any way whatever Southern State might harass or obstruct the foreign com- submit to the tariff law, South merce of the State, then South Carolina would not. The State Carolina would no longer consider Legislature, early in the autumn, herself a member of the Federal " passed an Act calling for a conven- Union ; the people of this State tion of the whole people, to take would thenceforth hold themselves into consideration the action of absolved from all further obliga- Congress, and the course to be pur- tion to maintain or preserve their sued in consequence. The Conven- political connection with the peo- tion met at Columbia in Novem- ple of the other States, and would ber, and seemed to be entirely of forthwith proceed to organise a one mind—the mind of John C. separate government, and do all Calhoun. The result of its delibe- other acts and things which sove- ration was the memorable Ordi- reign and independent States may nance of Nullification, which was of right do. ,; passed unanimously, amid the In this document the right of greatest excitement—every mem- secession was clearly proclaimed. ber pledging his life and honour The Convention, before adjourning, to support it. The Ordinance con- issued an address to the people sisted of five distinct decrees : in justification of its proceedings. That the tariff law of 1828, and The people supported them with the amendment to the same of the greatest enthusiasm. The few 1832, were null, void, and no law, influential planters and politicians nor binding upon this State, its who were averse from pushing mat- officers or citizens. ters to extremity, were overpowered That no duties enjoined by that by the vastness of the majority law, on its amendment, should be against them, and yielded to the paid, or permitted to be paid, in impetus which they found it im- the State of South Carolina, after possible to resist. Mr Hayne, the the 1st day of February 1833. governor of the State, in a mes- That in no case involving the sage to the Legislature, went be- validity of the expected nullifying yond even the Convention in the act of the Legislature, should an assertion of the principle of seces- appeal to the supreme court of the sion, and his determination to fight United States be permitted. No for it if the struggle were forced copy of proceedings should be al- upon him by the general Govern- lowed to be taken for that purpose. ment. " I recognise," he said, Any attempt to appeal to the Su- " no allegiance as paramount to preme Court " might be dealt with that which the citizens of South as for a contempt of the court Carolina owe to the State of their from which the appeal was taken. birth or adoption. I here publicly That every office-holder in the declare, and wish it to be distinctly State, whether of the civil or the understood, that I shall hold my- military service, and every person self bound, by the highest of all hereafter assuming an office, and obligations, to carry into full effect, every juror, should take an oath to not only the Ordinance of the Con- obey this Ordinance, and all acts vention, but every act of the Legis- of the Legislature in accordance lature, and every judgment of our therewith or suggested thereby. own courts, the enforcement of That if the Government of the which may devolve on the execu- United States should attempt to tive. I claim no right to revise enforce the tariff laws then existing their acts. It will be my duty to by means of its army or navy, by execute them, and that duty I closing the ports of the State, or mean, to the utmost of my power, 630 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov. faithfully to perform." He went To be seen without the badge even farther than this, and declared was to be considered disloyal. The that, " if the sacred soil of Carolina public excitement went so far that should be polluted by the footsteps medals were struck in honour of of an invader, or be stained with Nullification, bearing on one side the blood of her citizens, shed in the portrait of Mr Calhoun, and her defence, he trusted in Almighty on the other the inscription, "John God that no son of hers, native or C. Calhoun, first President of the adopted, who had been nourished Southern Confederacy." The pear, at her bosom, or been cherished by however, was scarcely ripe for a her bounty, would be found raising Confederacy, and South Carolina a parricidal arm against her. And stood alone in act, though not in even should she stand alone in the thought, supported by the sym- great struggle for constitutional pathy and good wishes of all the liberty, encompassed by her ene- Southern States. mies, that there would not be President Jackson was no indif- found, in the wide limits of the ferent spectator of these events. State, one recreant son who would Lying carefully in watch for Mr not fly to the rescue, and be ready Calhoun, and resolved " by the to lay down his life in her defence. Eternal" to hang him if he com- South Carolina," he added, "could mitted any act w7 hich might be not be drawn down from the proud construed into treason, he sent eminence on which she had placed secret orders to the collector of the herself, except by the hands of her customs at Charleston, an officer own children. She asked but a appointed by the general Govern- fair field, and no more. Should ment, commanding him to enforce she succeed, it would be glory the laws for the collection of the enough for her to have led the way duties at any cost and risk, and put- in the noble work of Reform. And ting several revenue cutters, fully if, after making these efforts due to armed, at his disposal for the pur- her own honour and the- greatness pose. He also sent General Win- of the cause, she were destined ut- field Scott, the same who acted as terly to fail, the bitter fruits of that Commander-in-Chief of the Federal failure, not to herself alone, but to army in the first year of Mr Lin- the entire South, and to the whole coln's struggle with the South, to Union, would attest her virtue." confer quietly with the collector These were brave words, though on the amount of military strength considered by the North as little that might be necessary to enforce better than braggadocio. There the obedience of South Carolina. can be no doubt that both the There was no shrinking or hesita- governor and the people were for tion on the President's part. While the time in earnest. The Legisla- he exhausted his copious vocabu- ture was nothing loath to follow lary of wrath and scorn, all in the when the governor pointed the way. profanest vernacular, against Mr Every act which he recommended Calhoun, whom he considered the as necessary for the crisis was great fomenter, if not originator,

passed unanimously ; the young of the mischief, he neglected no men enrolled themselves in multi- means to crush the South Carolin- tudes as volunteers, and were daily ians if they resisted what he con- drilled, to be in readiness at an sidered to be his legitimate author- hour's warning. Every man wore ity. " If this kind of thing goes a blue cockade, with a palmetto on," he said, " our country will be button in the centre, as the emblem like a bag of meal with both ends of South Carolina, the Palmetto open. Pick up the bag middle wise State. Every lady wore the same fa- or endwise and the meal will run vour in her bonnet or on her bosom. out. Ell tie the bag and save the ; "!

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 631

country." " By the God of hea- legally repealed. Under no cir- ven ! " he said on another occasion, cumstances could he recognise a " I will uphold the laws. They are right of nullification or secession. trying me too much." " Things If there were such right under the will yet go right," said his sympa- constitution, the Union was " a thising friend, General Sam Dale. wretched, inefficient, and clumsy " By the Eternal, sir," he replied, contrivance," " an airy nothing," withdrawing his pipe from his and " a bubble to be blown away mouth and shattering it to pieces by the first breath of disaffection." on the table, " they shall go right." The theory of nullification was But violent as he was in language "self-destroying and visionary," and manners among his private utterly unworthy of "the profound friends, he was prudent and decor- statesmen and exalted patriots ous in his public utterances. He who established the independence knew what to say, if he did not of the United States. Rising to know how to say it. Resolved to true eloquence, which Jackson's appeal to the whole people against heart inspired if Jackson's hand the proceedings of South Carolina, was inadequate to pen, the per- and to justify the course he was oration was worthy alike of the determined to pursue if the State theme and of the office, and ad- proved as refractory in deed as dressed itself particularly to South she had shown herself in speech, Carolina, of which the President he retired one day at the end believed himself to be a native, of November to his private room, though he was born on the borders and dashed off at one sitting, of North Carolina. "Fellow-citi- writing so fast in his excitement zens of my native State," he said, that his hand could scarcely keep " let me admonish you, as the first pace with his thought, the rough magistrate of our common country, memoranda of a Proclamation not to incur the penalty of its laws. which was destined to increase In paternal language, with paternal immensely his already large popu- feeling, let me tell you, my coun- larity, and to rally around him trymen, that you are deluded by the whole North and all the wa- men who are either deceived them- verers of the South. There was selves, or wish to deceive you. method, and law, and logic, and Contemplate, I implore you, the sound common - sense, although condition of that country of which there was much heterography and you still form an important part little grammar, in the document as Consider its Government, uniting it originally stood. The President, in one bond of common interest and fully aware of his own deficiencies general protection so many differ- of education, placed it, while the ent States, giving to all their in- ink was yet wet, in the hands of habitants the proud title of Ameri- Mr Livingstone, his Secretary of can citizens, protecting their com- State, to be made fit for the public merce, securing their literature and eye. Mr Livingstone performed their arts, facilitating their inter- his task to the President's satis- communication, defending their faction ; and the document, trim- frontiers, and making their name med in phrase, but not enfeebled respected in the remotest parts of in argument, was sent to the press, the earth ! Consider the extent of bearing date the 11th of December its territory, its increasing and 1832. The President admitted that happy population, its advance in the tariff might operate unequally, arts which render life agreeable, but so, he urged, might all laws and the sciences which elevate the but, unequal or not in its incidence, mind ! See education spreading it was the duty of every State in the lights of religion, morality, and the Union to conform to it until general information into every cot- VOL. C. —NO. DCXITI. 2 T — —

632 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov. tage in this wide extent of our Ter- tion, as soon as the proclamation ritories and States ! Behold it as appeared, requesting the governor the asylum where the wretched and to issue a counter -proclamation, the oppressed find a refuge and warning the people against the at- support ! Look on this picture of tempt of the President of the United happiness and honour, and say, We, States to seduce them from their too, are citizens of America. South allegiance, exhorting them to disre- Carolina is one of these proud gard his vain menaces, and to sus-

States ; her arms have defended, her tain the dignity and protect the best blood has cemented, this happy liberties of South Carolina against

Union ! And then say if you can, his arbitrary measures. The gov- without horror and remorse, ' This ernor issued his proclamation in the happy Union we will dissolve—this sense prescribed, and not only did picture of peace and prosperity we not fall short of, but bettered his will deface—this free intercourse instructions. He denounced the we will interrupt — these fertile doctrines of the President as " dan- fields we will deluge with blood gerous " and "pernicious," "speci- the protection of that glorious flag ous "and "false," and as tending to we renounce—the very name of uproot the political system, annihi- Americans we discard.' And for late the rights of the States, destroy what, mistaken men ! for what the liberties of the citizen, and would you throw away these inesti- leading infallibly, if not resisted, mable blessings 1 for what would " to the establishment of a consoli- you exchange your share in the dated empire, one and indivisible advantages and honour of the the worst of all despotisms." He Union % For the dream of a se- declared that the State of South parate independence ! a dream in- Carolina would assert her sove- terrupted by bloody conflicts with reignty by force of arms against all your neighbours, and a vile depend- who dared attack it ; and if, which ence on a foreign power." he did not anticipate, she should be The President struck the right abandoned by her sister States, and chord in the popular heart. The left to fight the battle alone and Northern States rose, as it were, en unaided, she would not shrink even masse to re-echo this stirring ap- from that alternative, and would peal ; meetings were held in every rather perish in defence of the city, condemnatory of South Caro- liberties of America, than live on, lina and approbatory of the Presi- the willing and quiescent victim of dent's policy; while the border an intolerable tyranny. The pro- and many of the Southern States clamation was published on the were divided in sentiment — ap- last day of 1832, and the 1st of proving of the President's deter- February 1833 was that appointed mination to preserve the Union, for the nullification, by act as well but denying the validity of the ar- as word, of the obnoxious tariff. guments he employed against Se- There were thus but thirty-one days cession. But South Carolina held to bring the question to the deci- her own course. Unconvinced by sion of the sword, unless, in the the President's arguments, unmov- mean time, a compromise could be ed by his appeals, undaunted by effected. South Carolina, on her his fulminations, she determined, part, showed no signs of yielding. coute qui couterait, to strike for in- The President, on his, was as reso- dependence rather than be coerced, lute as ever, and a great deal more though hopeful all the while that impatient and truculent. All the others of the Southern States young Carolinians capable of bear- would unite their fate with hers ing arms were in readiness ; and all in resistance to sectional domina- the young women, and the old ones tion. The Legislature of the State also, were busy making cockades, was warlike, and passed a resolu- embroidering banners, and scrap- — —

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 63; ing lint for hospital purposes. The A few days before the 1st of flag of the United States was hung February a meeting of the principal upside down on the great hotels, nullifiers and enemies of the pro- public buildings, and steamboats tective tariff was held at Charles- in some instances surmounted by ton, who, taking into consideration the palmetto flag and the " lone the unpleasant fact that the South- star." President Jackson, to be ern States had manifested nothing ready for the worst, asked Congress but barren sympathy in the cause, for an increase of powers, which and that such a hard-headed and was granted, after a speech in the hard-fisted President as Jackson Senate from Mr Calhoun, in which a man who had conquered the he declared himself still devoted British, and who could doubtless to the Union, of which he would conquer the Carolinians even more be the last man in the country to easily—was not to be fought with question the authority, if the Gov- mere words, passed a series of re- ernment would but adhere to the solutions to the effect that, as meas- principles of the constitution. ures had first been introduced and As the decisive day approached, were then pending in Congress, it was found that the President's which contemplated the reduction measures were well taken. There of the tariff duties of which South were adequate troops, and an ade- Carolina complained, it was expe- quate naval force within easy reach dient to postpone the nullification of Charleston ; and if the Collection of the existing laws until after the of Customs were violently resisted adjournment of Congress. The at that port, it was the well-known mountain had laboured, and the determination of Jackson, sworn mouse was born. Mr Clay, who had as usual " by the Eternal/' to ar- engineered the election of General rest Mr Calhoun and every member Jackson, was the deus ex rnachina of Congress from South Carolina of the occasion, and introduced a who had supported nullification, bill providing that, on the last day either inside or outside of that body, of the year 1833, all ad valorem to try them by court-martial, and duties on foreign goods of more hang them up within twenty-four than twenty per cent should be re- hours of their conviction. The duced one-tenth ; that on the last enemies of Mr Calhoun alleged, day of 1835 there should be a simi- then and subsequently, that he lost lar reduction ; and so on every heart as the day drew near. The two years until 1842, when all truth seems to be that he had duties should be reduced to twenty never calculated that South Caro- per cent, or as much lower as the lina would be left alone to fight so then sitting Congress should de- tremendous a battle ; that he had termine. Mr Calhoun supported not even imagined that the Presi- this measure— South Carolina ac- dent and Congress would dare to quiesced ; Nullification died the coerce a sovereign State ; and that, death, and Secession, its son and undeceived on both of these points, heir, stepped into its place. The he was not unwilling, even if he victory, it will be observed, was were not anxious, that some com- really with South Carolina. She promise might be discovered in resisted the tariff by word, was which both parties might yield a ready to resist it by deed, and, little. A compromise was disco- rather than force her to execute vered. The great question of the her threat, Congress found a means right of secession was not settled, of modifying the obnoxious meas- but simply adjourned, to break out ure. The President disapproved again with ten thousand times the compromise, and spoke vio- greater fury, twenty - eight years lently against its concoctors, but afterwards, under President Lin- was dissuaded from vetoing it, as coln. he might have done. To the last —

634 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov. day of his life he retained his in the fulness of time, the South, hatred of John G. Calhoun. When that after the quasi triumph of he lay on his death-bed, in 1845, nullification under Calhoun never he suddenly asked the Eev. Dr loved the Union unless Southern Edgar, who had come to visit him, men could rule it, began to be what he thought posterity would goaded by the Northern enemies of most blame or praise in his career 1 slavery into secession, Free Trade, The Doctor hesitated to reply, as against Protection, became the doubtless because he had been less important of the two great Jackson's political opponent, and causes of strife betwixt the sections. did not wish to give pain by speak- It fell to the lot of a man very differing the whole truth. But the dy- ent from Andrew Jackson to wage ing man insisted upon an answer. the second battle for the preserva- " Well, then," said the Doctor, " I tion of the Union, on a plea more think posterity will blame you exasperating than Free Trade, on an most for proscribing people for issue more stupendous, and on a opinion's sake"—that is to say, for scale of grandeur which no war be- introducing and acting upon the tween the States in Jackson's com- notably immoral doctrine that the paratively early time could possibly spoils belonged to the conquered, have equalled. From 1833 to 1860, and that all the employes of the Southern statesmen had been con- Government in the Customs, the templating, if they had not been Post-office, and every department planning, the disruption of the of the public service, should be re- Union. Northern statesmen were moved on the accession of a new aware of the fact; some of them President, and their places given were reconciled to it, and others to those who had aided in his elec- were resolved to aid in its consum-

tion. The General denied the mation ; not a few of them for the charge, and said he had never sake of the North itself, which they turned but one man out of office, imagined would be better with- and he was a postmaster. The out Southern companionship. Time charge, however, was a true one but increased the bitterness and if not against Jackson personally, widened the estrangement of one against his administration—and the section against the other. When Doctor knew it. To change a dis- secession at last was accomplished, agreeable subject, he asked the ex- under circumstances far too recent President what he would have done and too well known to need recapit- with Calhoun and the other milli- ulation, the South was prepared

ners if they had proceeded to vio- at most points, the North at none ; lence '1 " Hung them, sir, as high and a man was at the head of as Hainan," said the old man, affairs, who, on a hasty or superfi- springing up in his bed, his fading cial judgment, might have been eyes flashing for a moment with pronounced singularly inefficient all their youthful fire. " They and unsuited for the task of coer- should have been a terror to trait- cion which cruel fate had thrust ors for all time, and posterity upon him. Like his great prede- would have pronounced it the best cessor Jackson, he was a man of the act of my life." people, without culture or manners. The question of Free Trade, al- Unlike Jackson, however, he had ways interesting to the agricultural the instincts, if not the education, Southern people, and always a sub- of a gentleman ; —was no rowdy? no ject of acrimonious contention be- drunkard, no profane swearer; but a tween them and the manufactur- plain, honest, quiet, quaint, good ing North, was, shortly after these man, with no strong will, but with events, thrown somewhat into the a very strong sense of duty. Jack- shade by the more exciting ques- son cared little either for Free Trade tion of Negro Slavery. And when, or Protection, but he cared very 1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 635

much for the Union. In like man- sion, and excused without admiring ner, Abraham Lincoln cared little it. He felt, perhaps, that the trea- for the negro or his freedom, though son of Jefferson Davis, like that of he disliked slavery; but he cared George Washington, might be justi- greatly, and with his whole heart fied by success, and so cease to be and soul, for the Union. Weak treason. He was a Border man and irresolute as to the means to himself, and knew what the South- be pursued, he was steady and ern people were—what hot blood, faithful to the end in view. Some- what determination, what enthusi-

times doubtful of the result, he was asm, what heroism was in them ; never doubtful of his duty. In his and never despised the foe that character there was no malice, no perhaps in his heart, if all the truth animosity, no arriere pensee. To were known, he loved rather than his mind the South did not appear hated, and whom, most certainly, as it did to some of the people he admired for many noble quali- about him—a wicked rebel, to be ties. Pushed on and backed up scourged, to be decimated, to be by the will of the people, without exterminated if need were; but a any will of his own, except the will- beloved brother who had gone ingness to restore the Union at any astray, and to be brought back price, he marched from dogma to into the right path by concession dogma, from doctrine to doctrine, of all points that did not involve from principle to principle, by ex- the one great and fundamental ternal rather than by internal im- principle of the integrity of the pulses, and with a sad heart that Republic. In the darkest days of he should have to do, even under the deadly struggle, when few Nor- the pressure of overpowering state thern men ventured to hope for necessity, anything inconsistent ultimate success — when the best with that constitution which Wash- attainable boundary between North ington and Jefferson had made, and South was almost the only re- and which Abraham Lincoln had sult that the clearest-headed and sworn to uphold. Andrew Jack-

most sanguine men anticipated—Mr son put down Nullification ; Abra- Lincoln, half despairing, half hope- ham Lincoln did not put down ful, but wholly resolute, saw no- Secession. What the one did by thing for it except, as he said in his force of his own will, the other did own homely phraseology, to " keep by the force of the will of the peo- pegging away," trusting to Provid- ple. The one was the fiery horse, ence to shape the ends, however man acting by his own volition; the other might rough-hew them. He would was but the inert carriage drawn let the South maintain slavery with- by the stalwart muscle of the crowd. out extending it into new regions, Jackson did well, but Lincoln did until the Southern people were better. Jackson accomplished less

wise enough to let it go, provided than he intended ; but Lincoln far only that the South would remain more than he hoped, or that at the in the Union. He would excuse outset of his career he could even everything, forgive everything, con- have dreamed of. That he who done everything, if it would but would merely circumscribe slavery rehoist the starry banner of the within its existing limits, and who reunited Republic. Even when the was conscientiously of opinion that fierce passions engendered by the if every negro in America left Ame- struggle grew fiercer and more en- rica and went back to the native venomed, and permeated all classes Africa of his fathers and grand- and ranks of the people down to the fathers, it would be better for Ame- women and children, he was calm, rica and better for the negro, should equable, patient, and merciful as be- by the stroke of his pen—by the fore. He admitted the strong logic war -power, and contrary to the of the Southern arguments for seces- spirit and letter of the consti- —

636 Three Presidents of tlie United States. [Nov. tuition—abolish slavery, was a re- It was then that a new man stepped sult of the struggle that, in the first upon the scene, a man whom the two years of its fury, he was the North little trusted, and whom it last man in the Union to imagine. had only elected to the Vice-Presi- Yet so it was. The weak man became dency because his name lent a little strong by the irresistible strength extra popularity to Mr Lincoln's in of events. In Jackson's time the those Border States of Kentucky, love of the Union in the North was Maryland, Tennessee, and Missouri, but a latent feeling; in Lincoln's it which had not quite so much faith was an irresistible force, and, lashed in the negro and his cause as into fury by the passions of the war, was felt by the North and West. would have preferred the utter de- The new-comer was more remark- solation of the Southern States able than Abraham Lincoln or their conversion into the original Andrew Jackson, remarkable as wilderness, and the extermination they both were, and was called to or banishment of their whole pop- the highest office under circum- ulation — rather than see them, stances, public as well as private, by their own exertions or the aid that were peculiarly unfavourable. of a foreign state, erected into The murder of Mr Lincoln had ex- an independent Confederacy. This asperated the public mind to a good and merciful man was good pitch of frenzy never before known and merciful to the end. Even in America. When all men's hearts when the South was on the point were opening to the ideas of re- of collapse — when its last hope conciliation and peace, a dastardly of foreign recognition had long assassin converted all these feelings since died away—when its armies into hatred and revenge. And the were reduced to the minimum of Vice-President—elected not for his hope as well as of numbers—when, own sake, but to carry the election in mingled pride and despair, it with greater triumph for Mr Lin- refused to arm the negroes, pre- coln—became the President of a ferring conquest by its white bro- party to which he had been opposed thers to independence to be pur- all his life on every public question chased by the aid of black soldiers except that of the inviolability and Mr Lincoln was ready and anxious perpetuity of the Union. He had to grant honourable terms of sur- besides, as Vice-President, on his render. In the flush of victory first public appearance in that ca- there was much he could have done pacity, exhibited himself in the which no other man could have at- Senate Chamber in a state of what tempted. He could have issued a is commonly called " the worse

general amnesty ; he could have for liquor." Americans of all declared the Union restored in fact classes are too much addicted to and in theory, on the sole condition the pernicious habit of drinking that his military proclamation for spirits in the forenoon. They jus- the abolition of slavery should be tify the practice by hygienic argu-

adopted by every Southern State ments ; and if they exceed the tem- as the basis of a legal enactment. perate allowance, the offence is too But this great and happy result was common to excite much remark in not to be attained. The pistol of a the backwoods or in the rural vil- fanatic deprived the Southern people lages. Mr Johnson's offence was

of a friend, and the Northern people more flagrant ; and many political of a man after their own hearts, foes, who would have thought no- who, through good and ill fortune, thing of it if it had been commit- had fought their fight with a hum- ted by a friend, endeavoured to turn ble, a contrite, and an honest spirit, it to political account. Mr Lin- and given them the victories for coln was not witness of the scene, which they had hungered and thirst- and only arrived in the Senate at ed for four miserable years. the conclusion of the Vice-Presi- —

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 637

dent's speech. Mr Lincoln, how- possessed all the indomitable will ever, was not the man to throw a and energy of Jackson, but was free stone at a friend, and one so stanch from his truculence and ferocity. and trustworthy as the Vice-Presi- Though his early education was defi- dent had been. " It is unfortu- cient, he had in later life turned his nate," he said, to one who condoled leisure to such account as to make with him on the subject, " but not himself familiar with the master- sobadasyoumakeitout. Don't you pieces of English literature. Jack- fear for Andy; he's all right." And son might be content with the Bible the event proved that " Andy " was and the 'Vicar of Wakefield/ and right, as his kind-hearted superior Lincoln with the Bible and ' Joe

predicted ; and that the American Miller/ but Andrew Johnson had

public was not in the mood to a larger thirst for knowledge ; and make a political victim of Mr John- though he did not constantly inter- son for a personal vice only too lard his speeches with trite poetical common among all classes. It was quotations, like some of the so- not so much the matter as the man- called ornaments of the Senate ner of his speech that was wrong. Chamber, his reading was as exten- In taking credit to himself for the sive as theirs. In his unfortunate lowness of his origin, considering speech as Vice-President he was co- what he had made of himself, and herent enough to declare a prin- in giving credit also to the institu- ciple which, as President, he after- tions of his country that had allow- wards made the corner-stone of his ed him such chances as those of policy—the principle that a sove- which he had availed himself to reign State, such as his native Ten- rise so high, he committed no of- nessee, could not commit treason, fence that an American should have and that a State might be de facto, complained of. Born and nurtured but could never be theoretically, in poverty—ignorant of the alpha- out of the Union. He reiterated bet until he was a married man this assertion with marked empha- a day-labourer at an art which sis of tone and manner, few if any many consider to be only fit for the of his hearers imagining at the time fingers of women, and which fools the importance which either the in all ages have agreed to ridicule speaker or the principle was so (though, as Mr Johnson once re- speedily to assume, and what tran- marked to one of this rather nu- scendent issues of peace or war, merous class, it might claim a prosperity or ruin, were involved diviner sanction than that of any in it. other handicraft, as all who take The war was all but over when the trouble to refer to the 21st he spoke. When he was called to verse of the 3d chapter of the Book fill the perilous seat which an act of Genesis may perceive), he was of martyrdom had left vacant, the even more of a plebeian, if that were Confederacy had collapsed, and its possible, than his great predeces- brave but luckless President was sors, Jackson and Lincoln. To his flying for his life towards Texas, parents he owed absolutely nothing with a hope—which, if it had been but a strong body and a stout realised, might have changed the heart ; and to the world, nothing but fortunes of the North American con- a fair field and no favour. Not so tinent—that if he could reach this much of a rowdy as Jackson, and vast and not easily to be conquered far more of a rowdy than Lincoln, territory, he might have prolonged he had some qualities in which he the war for twenty years. Jack- was superior to them both. Like son's task was but child's play com- them he had studied the law to fit pared with Lincoln's, as Lincoln's himself for political life ; but, un- was compared with Johnson's. It like them, he was a thorough law- is easier to conquer a foe than yer and an excellent speaker. He to raise him, maimed and bleed- 638 Three Presidents of the United States. [Nov. ing, from the ground, and make in him who undertook it. The him love the hand that smote him. honesty, the courage, the wisdom, It was the business of Jackson and the devotion were with Andrew and Lincoln to prevent the disin- Johnson. It remains to be seen tegration of a great community of whether the good fortune will at- free men, and to hand the national tend him. flag to their successors without the Acting upon his great and fun- erasure of a single star from its damental principle, that a State galaxy. They performed the duty could not commit treason, and well and wisely—the first with com- could not therefore be punished, parative facility, the second amid except vicariously in the persons all but superhuman difficulties and of the individuals who might have discouragements. Upon Johnson committed the crime, the President devolved a more gigantic work. has been wholly consistent in his When he became chief magistrate, scheme for the reconstruction of it might almost be said that poli- the Union. The ordinances of se- tical chaos had come again. The cession having been severally an- war had destroyed slavery, but had nulled—the armies of the South hav- not provided for the negroes. War ing been disbanded—the abolition had deluged the land with blood, of slavery having been accepted destroyed friendships, exasperated purely and simply, and without animosities, laid waste what might mental reservation or intention to have been the garden of the world, revive the evil thing—and the con- consumed countless millions of stitution of the United States hav- wealth, taken a father, a son, or ing been legally amended to that a husband from every household, effect—Mr Johnson holds it to be laid low in bloody and nameless his duty to efface as fast as he can graves and trenches the heads of the memories of the war, by the ad- families, pauperised the rich and mission of the Southern States to delicately- nurtured, and thrown that place in Congress which the back for half a century the civilisa- constitution commands — which tion of the fairest half of the Re- these States may for a while have public. It is true that the National relinquished, but which as States, Temple still stood on the hill-top, a as long as the Union lasts, they goodly structure, to be seen and ad- never can forfeit. The position is

mired of men ; but many of its main impregnable, though it is violently pillars were broken, strewn upon the assailed. The dominant party, ground, blackened with the torch who, if their principles are to pre- of destruction, or reddened with vail, must ultimately destroy the the blood of unhappy thousands Union, and erect in its place a who had been crushed beneath strong central government—a Re- their fall. How was Andrew John- public, one and indivisible — mis- son, the poor plebeian, to restore trust the South, and seem deter- these broken columns to their mined at any cost to exclude its places 1 How was he to efface the several States from representation bitter memories of conquest, and during the whole of Mr Johnson's

reconcile the victim to the victor 1 incumbency, and until after the How was he to draw North and election of a new President, in South into that partnership of in- which election these States shall terest and affection without which take no part. They seem to think the Union would be but another that if all the States were admitted name for cruel domination on the to Congress, and to the right of one side, and humiliating submis- election for the Presidency, a sion on the other 1 The task was combination of the Conservative indeed Herculean, and needed not party, North and South, might only honesty, courage, devotion, either renew Mr Johnson's term, and wisdom, but rare good fortune or place such a man as General — — " ;

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 639

Lee in his place. To prevent such citizens of the United States and of the wherein they reside. No State a consummation, they are willing State shall make or enforce any law which to make a temporary, or perpetual, shall abridge the privileges or immuni- to falsify the Poland of the South— ties of citizens of the United States whole spirit and letter of the con- nor shall any State deprive any person stitution—to maintain a large stand- of life, liberty, or property, without ing army—to incur a new debt as due process of law, nor deny to any stupendous as the old—to impeach person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." and depose the President if he prove refractory—and to govern America The second section contains a as the Long Parliament governed provision peculiarly distasteful to England, apparently without fear the South, inasmuch as it would that any Cromwell will arise to de- either compel the Southern States prive it of its usurped authority. to do what many Northern and Though to exact degrading terms Western States are not called upon from a conquered people is always to do—namely, to grant to all dastardly, and generally defeats its citizens of twenty-one years of age, own purpose, the Radicals of the irrespective of colour, property, or United States hold on their cow- education, the right to vote, or ardly way, like the Septembrists abridge to the basis of the white and Terrorists of the French Re- electoral population the number volution, and will hold on, if his- of representatives of such States in tory repeats itself, and like passions Congress : produce like catastrophes in all "Sec. 2. — Representatives shall be countries, until the great Conserva- apportioned among the several States tive multitude shall come to the according to their respective numbers, rescue, and restore Common Sense counting the whole number of persons in State, to its desecrated throne. each excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at It may be asked whether no any election for the choice of electors compromise between the President for President and Vice-President of the acting for the whole Union and United States, representatives in Con- the Radicals acting for the Northern gress, executive and judicial officers of section is practicable, and whether a State, or the members of the Legis- no means can be discovered to de- lature thereof, is denied to any of the feat the attempted despotism of male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens the North, or prevent a new civil of the United States, or in any way to avert it 1 The difficulty to war abridged except for participation in re- be surmounted has in reality nar- bellion or other crime, the basis of re- rowed itself to one document (and presentation therein shall be reduced a very pregnant one), entitled "The in the proportion which the number of Joint Resolution of the Senate and such male citizens shall bear to the whole of male citizens House of Representatives proposing number twenty- one years of age in such State. an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States." This Reso- It seems however, to us, spectators lution, divided into four sections, at a distance, that the South might is to be adopted by all the States accept the situation without making by a three-fourths majority before too many wry faces. If the South- it can become valid. The first sec- ern whites retain anything like tion presents no true difficulty their old ascendancy of blood, tal- either to North or South. Without ents, and character over the negro mentioning slavery, it expressly population, they might very easily forbids it; and, while simply ignor- manage the negro vote, and divert ing colour, makes all men equal it into the channels of white opin- before the law : ion. Even if averse from doing this, they would gain their full " Section 1. —All persons born or nat- uralised in the United States, and sub- representation in the Senate, to ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are which each State sends two mem- — " ; —

640 Three Presidents of tlie United States. [Nov. bers, irrespective of population faith the second proposition, to de- and be thus enabled, with the aid lete the third. of their Northern friends, to exer- The fourth section is prompted cise a strong influence on the legis- by fear that when the South, as lation and policy of the Republic, sooner or later it must, shall as- especially with a President of their sume its proper place in the Union, own way of thinking, which they it will seek to foist the Southern have in Mr Johnson, and whom debt upon the Northern people. they might possibly replace at the But even this difficulty might be appointed time by a statesman of removed by the omission of the the same policy and principles. three words in italics, "nor any With so strong a majority against /State;" by which means the South them as they will have if the pre- would pledge itself to the payment sent system should be perpetuated, of the Federal debt without calling they might well make a virtue of upon the North to pay that of the necessity, and accede to a principle Confederacy, but leaving the South- which is not humiliating to them, ern States severally to pay their though intended to be so, and in debts— debts of honour they may which the North will have the be called — whenever they might sympathy of Europe. feel themselves solvent enough to

The third section is hard upon assume the liability : the South, and would virtually ex- "Sec. 4. —The validity of the public clude nearly the whole white pop- debt of the United States authorised ulation from political rights. It by law, including debts incurred for enacts that payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and ' 3. ' Sec. —No person shall be a sena- rebellion, shall not be questioned. But tor or representative in Congress, or neither the United States nor any State elector of President and Vice- President, shall assume or pay any debt or obliga- or hold any office, civil or military, tion incurred in aid of insurrection or under the United States, or under any rebellion against the United States, or State, who, having previously taken an any claim for the loss or emancipation oath as a member of Congress, or as an of any slave ; but all such debts, obli- officer of the United States, or as a gations, or claims shall be held illegal member of any State legislature, or as and void." an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the constitution of the Such are the great issues now United States, shall have engaged in depending. As far as the Northern insurrection or rebellion against the elections have yet gone, they prove same, or given aid or comfort to the that the Radical faction is in the enemies thereof. But Congress may, ascendancy ; and that, during the by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remainder of his term, the antago- remove such disability. nism between the President and The North is much too strong Congress will be widened and em to render it necessary, either to its bittered. Yet it is time for the safety or its pride, to insist upon North to yield a little. It has had this provision ; and it is between everything its own way. Its an these second and third propositions cient foe is powerless, and might, that a compromise is possible. It with a little dexterous manage- is in Mr Johnson's power, and ment, be converted into a friend. within his undoubted prerogative, No one can say that the foe was to issue a general amnesty, and no unworthy of Northern prowess ; Congress could or would dare im- that he did not comport himself peach him for it. And even if he like a hero when there was a blow fur- do not feel himself strong enough to be struck ; or that, when to assume such a responsibility, the ther resistance became useless, and conquering party, if it really desires would have been criminal, he did union and peace, might well afford, not know how to yield with dig- if the South would accept in good nity. Divided in spirit, the two — I

1866.] Three Presidents of the United States. 641 sections will weaken each other ka. On the miseries and misfor- the Union will be no Union—peace tunes brought upon my country I will be no peace—liberty will be a look back with the deepest sorrow, false pretence—and America, from and wish to avert still greater cala- Maine to Texas, will become as mities. You are a brave man— dangerous an abode for a man who trust to your generosity. You will prizes his safety, as the vicinity of exact no terms of a conquered peo- a powder-magazine when there is ple but such as they should accede lightning in the atmosphere. It to." General Jackson was wise as is the duty of the North to yield well as brave. He listened to this something. It can afford to be touching appeal, and made a firm magnanimous. The South might friend, not only of Weatherford, but say to it, as Weatherford, the In- of all his nation. Andrew Johnson, dian chief, said to General Jackson. if he could have his way, would pur- " Once," he said, " I had a choice, sue the same exalted policy. Un- and could have answered you—now happy will it be for North and

I have none ; even hope has ended. South if passion continues to Once I could animate my warriors sway the councils where wisdom to battle, but I cannot animate the alone should enter, or raving fana- dead. My warriors can no longer ticism continue to usurp the place hear my voice. Their bones are at of sound policy and Christian Talladega, Tallahatchie, and Tope- charity.

WHAT SHOULD THE MINISTERS DO 1

It appears to us, looking to the principle on which it professed to state of the world abroad, and con- be founded. These denied that sidering the phase into which party such a thing as the right to vote spirit has of late entered among for members of Parliament belongs, ourselves at home, that the Govern- by nature, to any class of persons ment would be acting injudiciously whatever ; and, holding to the old- —whether Whigs or Tories guided established principle that the end its counsels—which should think of of Parliament itself is good govern- beginning the next session of Parlia- ment for the nation, proved, by the ment with a Reform Bill. In the rule of three, that the nation being first place, the experience of the late well-governed already, any change in session shows that, in the opinion detail could not improve, but would, of a majority of the people's repre- in all probability, throw the whole sentatives, it is one thing to assert machinery of government out of in general terms that Reform is de- gear. As to our own people, they sirable, and quite another to pro- played but a secondary part in that pose such a plan as shall material- great contest. Liking neither the ly popularise without endangering Bill nor its authors, and especially the existence of the Constitution. distrusting the open alliance into This was clearly proved by the which Whiggery, as represented in reception awarded to Mr Glad- the Cabinet, had entered with Ra- stone's measure, and especially by dicalism, they took advantage, as the very varied terms in which it they had a perfect right to do, of was denounced and contemned. the dissensions which had arisen in

While one section of the so-called the enemy's ranks ; and, throwing Liberal party opposed it on the their influence into the scale against ground that there was trickery in the Government, they compelled its concoction and dishonesty in the Ministers to resign, and them- its manipulation, another at least selves took office. One point, how- as candid objected in toto to the ever, in this memorable transaction ;

642 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov. must never be lost sight of. No of a military empire, on the future member of the present Cabinet career of which it would be profit- uttered a single word against the less to speculate. Our statesmen principle of Parliamentary Reform; saw what was coming, but were and he who is now Chancellor of powerless to modify or avert it. the Exchequer and the leader of We could neither help a friend nor the House of Commons pronounced restrain an enemy, even though decidedly in favour of such changes aware that our commercial inter- as appeared to him at once practi- ests—the command of markets for cable and safe. And what is more, our manufactured goods—might be the views which Mr Disraeli enun- seriously affected by this display of ciated were accepted and approved, weakness. And now the only if not in the House, certainly out thing left for us is to make the of it, by the ablest supporters most of the unfortunate plight into of Liberalism in the newspaper which we have been forced, by pre- press. Now all this proves that as tending to be satisfied with results yet, and in spite of the agitation which please no one, and holding which has been going on, more or our tongues. But surely no rational less, for twenty years, the country, man, whatever his views on the speaking through these its repre- subject of reform may be, can de- sentative men, whether members of sire that a drama so little creditable Parliament or political writers, has or even safe should be repeated. not made up its mind respecting Europe is very little likely to have what it really wants in the way of settled down in February next reform of Parliament. And the and if in February, and through- case being so, the minister who out the following session, we be should again stake the existence not better prepared than we were of a Cabinet on passing a measure, last year, to express and maintain be it ever so reasonable in his own an opinion on points involving, it opinion and so sound, would show may be, our existence as a nation, that he put far more stress upon the sooner we make up our minds posi- the shadow than upon the reality ; to abandoning our high that he was determined to imperil tion the better. The British em- the honour and best interests of pire cannot be maintained amid the empire rather than endure the anarchy at home and confusion taunts of his rivals, were it only for abroad. We must, therefore, choose a moment. between a repetition of a foolish Again, the wretched figure which struggle over a new Ministerial England as a nation was made to Reform Bill, involving, as it inevi- cut last year, while affairs were tably must, some such consequences working up on the Continent to as are here adverted to, or the Minis- the gigantic struggle just suspended, ters must boldly take their stand on may well induce all sober thinkers what is of infinitely more import- to pause before they do anything ance, and say, that however expe- to bring her again into such a des- dient the passing of a Reform Bill picable plight. While we were may be, there are other matters a wrangling over a miserable Reform thousand-fold more urgent to which Bill—the Queen's Ministers taking they are bound, before trying to up the entire time of the governing accomplish that in which their pre- power of the country with disputes decessors failed, to give their undi- about a pound or two in the money vided attention. value of the franchise—Germany Again, we mistake the signs of and Italy rocked to and fro with the times if they do not foreshadow the preliminary heavings of a tem- a consummation to which, for some pest, which has stricken down time past, rational men of all thrones, and broken up old treaties, shades of opinion have been look- and resulted in the establishment ing forward. It is impossible, after —

1866.1 What should the Ministers do ? 643 the line which Mr Bright has judged to aspire at the highest place in the it expedient to take, that between counsels of his Sovereign, which, him and the more moderate of the with Lord Derby and Mr Disraeli great Liberal party any further pre- as colleagues, was evidently beyond tence at cordiality should be main- his reach. Hence, even though tained. For years back he has smarting under the sense of recent been to the leaders of that party outrage, he declined to enter the more of an encumbrance than a Cabinet with these statesmen, after help. The support which he was having been mainly instrumental, able to render them by his elo- by the overthrow of Lord John quence and influence in the House Russell's Administration, in paving was more than counterbalanced by the way for their accession to office. his violence out of doors. The os- So far as the gratification of his own tentatious way in which he claim- honourable ambition was concern- ed, last session, to dictate to them ed, Lord Palmerston played his their policy, was as hurtful to their cards well. He got rid of Lord prestige among their followers col- Derby as he had done of Lord John, lectively as it could not fail to be and stepped at once into place. offensive to each man's individual Place was not, however, even to him, self-respect. Now it is a great mis- a bed of roses. He found himself take to suppose that personal feel- the ostensible leader among men ing either operates not at all, or with most of whom he had few

operates slightly, in determining ideas in common ; and to manage public men in the selection of the whom, even as he managed them, course which they are to follow. taxed all his energies. And though Public men are just as sensitive on to few men is it given to possess this head—perhaps they are more the equability and adroitness with sensitive—and for excellent reasons, which he was gifted, we suspect than other people. To one who un- that, whenever a true history of his dertakes to guide public opinion, Administration is written, it will be character is everything. We do not found to have been to himself a mean moral character, though that season of far greater anxiety and tells, or ought to tell, likewise. annoyance than the world is aware But the sort of estimation in which of. How the late Mr Cobden hated

he is held in regard to his power him ! How bitterly Mr Bright of forming judgments for himself, used to speak of him living, and

and constraining others to be guid- still reviles him, now he is dead ! ed by them ; —that is the criterion by How hard he must have found it are tried which statesmen mainly ; at times to put a restraint upon and a very just and becoming crite- the effervescent vehemence of some

rion it is. Now it is no longer a se- of his own colleagues ! Still Lord cret that even in Lord Palmerston's Palmerston was a man among a

day, the Cabinet was continually thousand ; and if thwarted, as thwarted by the interference of we believe that he often was, he self-willed friends. Lord Palmer- had always the skill to conceal

ston had taken his line—we say the fact ; and above all, his posi- it without the slightest wish to tion and moral ascendancy were throw discredit on his memory such that no member of Parlia- rather at the suggestion of private ment, not being a member of his feeling than of public principle. Cabinet, ever presumed to give out In many respects he was more of that the ministers were his crea- a Tory than Lord Derby or Mr tures, and that they could not go Disraeli, or even than Mr Henley. on except on such terms as he chose But Lord Derby and he had once to dictate. Feeling, therefore—gra- been rivals ; Mr Disraeli was per- tified feeling—helped to keep Lord

sonally obnoxious to him ; and an Palmerston where he was. It was honourable ambition impelled him a prodigious triumph that, through- ;

644 Wltat should the Ministers do ? [Nov.

out the ten year3 of life which carefully turned aside, led to the most men give up to reflection state of things which we are now and retirement, he was able to sit contemplating. They leaned upon at the helm of State, and keep a reed which broke in their hands, the vessel on her course. And that and their fall has, we firmly be- consciousness, we may depend upon lieve, been of the greatest benefit it, more than made amends for the to the country. anxieties and troubles with which On other occasions we have it was accompanied. Besides, spoken very freely in regard to the vigorous as his old age was, it was connection which appeared to sub- still old age, compelling him, as sist between Mr Bright and the late it compels others, to quietude. Cabinet previously to the introduc- Enough if he could keep the vessel tion of the defunct Reform Bill of State on her course—he desired and we do not desire to retract one no more. We are far from saying, single word of what was then re- be it observed, that he kept her on corded. It was worse than a fault, the right course. He could not it was a blunder, to allow any man possibly do that. He had taken up not in the Cabinet to claim the a party which was pledged to dem- credit, directly or indirectly, of ocratic progress at home, and to having dictated their policy to the peace at any price, as well as to Queen's Ministers. Affairs have, revolutionary proclivities, abroad. however, since the recess, taken And he certainly did not care to such a turn, that if there be honesty embroil himself with that party in in man, it seems impossible that order to regain the influence which the opportunity of repeating the his predecessors had lost in the coun- boast can again be afforded to cils of foreign realms, or put the do- the member for Birmingham. Mr mestic affairs of the country on a safe Gladstone was not very wise in footing. Still the vessel under his corresponding as he did with Mr management staggered on. The Beales last July. Had he been world heard only that the springs of less under the influence of mortified commerce were continually lighten- self-love, he would have known ed, that public burdens were year that men of his calibre gain no by year diminished, and that the strength by being made the objects revenue increased. It heard, too, of what are called popular ovations. that England was rich beyond all Neither the speeches at Charing precedent or calculation, and that Cross, nor the serenade in Carlton her resources were not only not Gardens, added anything to his overstrained, but that to a great prestige with the country. But extent they remained still undevel- the speeches at Charing Cross, and oped. The world was not told how the serenade in Carlton Gardens, defenceless this wealthy England even though supplemented by the had become, and how all the other attack on the Athenaeum Club-house civilised nations of the earth were and Lord Elcho's house in St James's learning to despise, as well as to Place, were soon cast into the shade; dislike, her. At last he died, and first, by the disgraceful outrage of with him disappeared the veil which Hyde Park wr as the scene, wherewith he had managed for so and next by that series of in-door many years to blind the English and out-door meetings which seem people to their real condition. His still to be in progress, and through successors could not do as he had the medium of which London, Dub- done. Their chiefs were committed, lin, and the great manufacturing or supposed themselves committed, towns of the country, are instruct- to measures which he had never ed what the people have a right made his own ; and their inability to claim, and how they are to assert to stir without seeking support in that claim. It is no longer a ques- the very quarter from which he had tion of howT much or how little —

1866.] What should the Ministers do ? 645 shall be required in the shape of On this subject the 'Saturday Re- property to qualify for the right to view' of the 6th of October expresses vote at parliamentary elections. itself so distinctly and so well, Mr Gladstone's £7 franchise is now that we gladly transfer a portion of as worthless in the eyes of his the article on Mr Bright and Reform old allies, as Lord John Russell's to these pages. We do not profess

£10 of 1831 ; and Lord Russell to coincide with the opinions of and Mr Gladstone are left to choose the writer in some other respects. whether they will help to pass a We dissent entirely from his con- bill establishing manhood franchise clusion that " the events of the re- and vote by ballot, or be ranked, cess have probably strengthened with the members of the present the conviction that a reasonable Re- Administration, among the enemies form Bill ought to be passed without of the people. To do them justice, further delay." If the ingenious all the members of the late Admin- writer will make plain to our un- istration—all, that is to say, who derstanding, and to the understand- have received formal invitations to ings of the universal people of Eng- be present at these Reform banquets land, what "a reasonable Reform —have refused to attend. The terms Bill " may be, then we shall have in which these refusals are con- little to object to in his conclu- veyed vary, as was to be expected, sions. But forasmuch as there is according to the temperament of no general agreement on that head, the individuals appealed to. But nor the faintest probability that in this all are agreed : the writers any such is likely to be arrived at, cannot go the length to which Mr we are of opinion that to propose Beales and the Reform League in- what must certainly fail, at least to vite them to go ; and they will not, stake the existence of the Gov- by any act or ambiguity of language, ernment upon it, would be pure lead the Radical party to believe fatuity. There can be no ques- that there is, or can be, between tion, however, in regard to the truth them and the writers of these civil of the following remarks, which notes the slightest co-operation in we beg to indorse and accept as or out of Parliament. our own : significant that, as It is rather " At a time when the English nation far as we have observed, no invita- is supposed to be almost unanimously tions should have been sent to Mr engaged in the pursuit of democratic Milner Gibson, Mr Villiers, or Mr Reform, it is remarkable that the upper Goschen; at all events none, as and middle classes— including, with one exception, every known politician in the far as we know, have been by these kingdom— deliberately and unanimously gentlemen publicly acknowledged. stand aloof from the popular agitation. recollect aright, has Neither, if we It was not, perhaps, to be expected that Mr Gladstone been requested, ex- the House of Lords or the landed pro- cept at the outset, to take part in a prietors should devote themselves to the the existing Constitution Reform meeting. These facts, if overthrow of ; facts they be, signify a good deal. but in the present instance the House of Commons, the merchants, the manufac- But without stopping to inquire turers, the farmers, and the tradesmen what they exactly mean, we may are equally indisposed to abdicate their observe, that while the leadership share in controlling government and in the movement is assumed by legislation. Mr Bright stands alone demagogues— all of them, except amongst the multitudes whom he ex- violence and Mr Bright, poor both in talent and horts to disaffection and ; opening the flood- influence—not one man of note, not while he is eagerly he is, perhaps, uncon- one nobleman, gentleman, member gates of sedition, sciously preparing insuperable barriers Parliament, or eminent barrister, of against the torrent of anarchy. Eight has given to Mr Beales the smallest or nine years ago he rendered Reform countenance, or directly orindirectly impossible for the time by his menacing thrown in his lot with the League. harangues, and, unless he prevails by 646 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov.

the mere influence of terror, he has now party and of the nation, Lord Rus- still more effectually alienated all mode- sell and Mr Gladstone have settled rate allies. His wanton threat of revolu- themselves in Rome, where Lord tion is felt almost as a personal offence Clarendon, Mr Milner by every Englishman who values order, Gibson, and freedom, or Parliamentary Government. Mr Cardwell are reported to bear It is not likely that Mr Bright seriously them company. Here, then, we are desires an armed insurrection and a civil presented with a very pretty by-play, war between the working classes and pointing to what results remains to the owners of property. His hopes are be shown ; but on this we may rely, probably directed to the assemblage of that the representatives of Consti- formidable London mobs, which might tutional Whiggery, dictate, like the Parisian Sections of of Moderate 1793, to a frightened Parliament. His Liberalism, and Democratic Pro- imagination has evidently been excited gress, do not meet at a distance by the Hyde Park riots, and it is but from the pressure which would fair to assume that he would prefer suc- have been applied to them in Eng- cessful intimidation to massacre. If land, except for a purpose. They England submits to be governed by the are doubtless taking counsel with London rabble, Mr Bright' s opponents one another, will deserve their inglorious defeat. The and preparing a plan risk scarcely deserves consideration for of campaign against the approach- itself, but there is too much reason to fear ing session. Lord Russell has that the Hyde Park precedent may lead never made a secret of his de- to serious embarrassment. The law of termination to go on with the public meetings is vague and indefinite, bill which it pleases him to re- because, amongst other reasons, the Con- gard as his own, or, if that be stitution never contemplated a capital city with three millions of inhabitants. impossible, to be satisfied with As soon as a hundredth part of that nothing which does not come as number acquires the habit of holding near to it as one measure, not political meetings in the streets, public identical, can approach to another. order and the independence of Parlia- And we all know that Lord Rus- ment are seriously threatened. If no sell's firmness approaches, if it do other remedy could be found, Parlia- not pass, the line of obstinacy. ment might at pleasure hold its sittings out of reach of Mr Beales and his asso- Mr Gladstone, judging from his speech at Salisbury, is disposed ciates ; but it would be more prudent and more dignified to pass any laws to act in a more statesmanlike which might be necessary for its own manner; and, insisting only that protection, in the certainty that public Lord Derby's Government shall opinion would support the vigorous sup- bring forward some Reform meas- pression of tumult and riot. For any ure out of hand, professes himself bloodshed which might ensue, as well as for the interruption of quiet and pro- prepared to give to it a fair hear- sperity, Mr Bright would be chiefly re- ing. Of Mr Milner Gibson's views sponsible. No demagogue has ever re- there can be no doubt. The world commended sedition or treason so pre- gives him credit for having been maturely or with so little excuse." the go-between in the negotiations Another significant fact con- with Mr Bright which preceded nected with the operations of the the introduction of the defunct Re- Reform League is this,—that the form Bill. Whether this assump- late Cabinet, at all events the fore- tion be correct or otherwise, it is most men in the several sections of very certain that a measure as which it was composed, have taken broad and deep as the League re- the opportunity of Mr Bright's quires would receive very little op- crusade andMrBeales's glorification position from him. Lord Claren- of himself, to withdraw, not only don, on the other hand, and we from public notice, but from the believe Mr Cardwell, are averse to country. While the people's tri- making shipwreck of the Constitu- bunes are starring it in the provinces, tion in order to regain their places and speaking of Lord Russell and in a Liberal administration. It is Mr Gladstone as the props of their probable, therefore, that they are 1866.] What should the Ministers do ? 647 willing to settle the question of world. Russia has not forgiven Reform on any reasonable terms, us—she will not forgive us in a and, like the best of their party hurry — the Crimean War. Her not candidates for office, would be affections, which we certainly once well pleased to see it postponed possessed, are transferred to the till the passions of men should sub- United States of America; and side, and common sense regain its what this unnatural alliance for- ascendancy. If these our surmises bodes to us we shall be better able be well founded, then another argu- to anticipate after we have taken ment is supplied for not rushing note of the terms on which we hastily into an effort, success in stand towards the Great Republic. which is so little to be reckoned Austria has ceased to be a source of upon. With a Parliament as far strength to anybody, and if she were as possible from being unanimous ever to become again as powerful as on the subject, with a House of she once was, it is very little likely Lords generally averse to change of that she would return to her old any sort, and a House of Commons habits of amity with a power which ready enough to say that " some- has behaved to her as England did. thing must be done," yet starting Will she ever forget the counten- off into half-a-dozen hostile cliques ance which Ministers of the Eng- the moment an attempt is made to lish Crown, among others the give this " something " a definite brother-in-law of the English For- shape, can any good arise from an eign Minister, gave to her Italian early proposition to reform the con- subjects when they rose in rebel- stituencies % will any Government lion against her in 1848 1 Can she act wisely which, preparing an ever forgive the more than coquet- elaborate measure beforehand, pro- ting which went on between the duces it, say in February, declar- English Government and M. Kos- ing at the same time that on the suth at a time when Hungary de- acceptance or rejection of the clared itself independent 1 And as scheme, its own tenure of office to Italy, is any man silly enough must depend 1 The very heads of to imagine that because a London the Opposition are at variance mob marched in procession after among themselves. They have no Garibaldi, and English newspapers scheme concocted which they can write up the independence of Italy, offer should the opportunity of of- that the Italian people entertain fering it fall in their way. They any sentiments of regard, far less can only oppose, therefore, what- of gratitude, to a power which gave ever their rivals bring forward, and, them in the hour of need what it opposing successfully, land us again called moral support, but would in the difficulty from which we neither furnish a man nor supply a escaped last July by changing the guinea to help them out of their

Government. difficulties 1 Italy will have enough It is not, however, exclusively, to do for some years to come in nor, we must be permitted to ob- establishing order and respect for serve, mainly because of the dis- law within her own limits, if she location of parties at home in re- ever succeed in doing so; and ference to the Reform question when this is done, and probably that the further discussion of it before, she will find other and ought, in our opinion, to be post- more pressing claims made on her poned for at least twelve months. military support than England has Our foreign relations—it is idle to a right to advance, or policy sug- ignore the fact—are at this moment gests she should afford to England. in a very uncomfortable, not to say Indeed there is, in the bare idea a critical, situation. We have not of England looking to Italy for one cordial friend or ally in the military support, something socomi- vol. c. —NO. DCXIII. 2u —

648 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov. cal that it is difficult to contem- we presume, the expulsion from plate the possible contingency and the Hanoverian throne of a dynasty restrain our laughter. And when which has filled it for a thousand we pass northward over the Alps, years, is treated as an act meritori- what is the prospect which meets ous, though harsh ; and that, too, us there 1 Switzerland can neither in the face of the most numerously help us nor can we help Switzer- signed remonstrance that was ever land, be the emergency what it may presented to a conqueror against on either side. an act of conquest meditated and Germany, on the other hand, not yet fulfilled. In like manner, from the Danube to the Vistula, it may be true that Hanoverians, detests and despises us. We first Saxons, Hessians, and suchlike, offended the amour propre of the will find themselves happier and Bund by protesting against the greater under Prussian taxation, invasion of Denmark, and then in- the Prussian law of conscription, curred its contempt by the way in and Prussian police regulations, which we blustered, threatened, than they were under the free and and did nothing. -And now, in light - taxing governments which the face of extraordinary changes they have hitherto been accustomed brought about by violence, and to obey. But however this may boding greater changes still, we be, we doubt very much whether find ourselves in the position of any portion of their enlarged spectators at a pageant, about whom happiness will ever extend to us ; the actors care nothing, if they so and we entirely believe that, in much as remember that such beings the meanwhile, we take nothing exist. Meanwhile, the parent stock from the transaction except a from which our own royal house slight addition to the indifference, springs is cut down, and no man not to say contempt, with which regards it. Prussia absorbs several our opinion on subjects of Euro- smaller states, with the royal blood pean politics has come to be treat- of which ours is intimately blended at Berlin and elsewhere. ed, and we do not venture on But France ! Are we not secure so much as a remonstrance. No in the entente cordiale which sub- doubt it is a moot point whether sists between the two nations ? good to Germany will not arise out may we not reckon confidently on of the injustice done to Hanover, the good feeling of the Emperor, Saxony, Hesse- Cassel, Frankfort, and depend upon his support and other conquered states. The should danger threaten from any

' Times ' assures us that more than quarter ? Instead of answering

Germany will gain by this ; that these questions categorically, we small states are mere sources of think it best to put one or two of weakness to themselves and their our own to the ideal questioner. neighbours ; and that it is in- Has our policy towards France finitely better for people to live been such as to bind her to us by under strong governments, and to the ties of common interest and be portions of strong empires than mutual respect ? Were we satisfied of weak. Perhaps so. In our with the manner in which the boyish days the question used to Emperor huddled up a peace with be discussed at debating societies Russia, just as we were in a condi- whether the profligate or the miser tion to play a leading part in the did most injustice to society ; and war 1 And did we in our diploma- the devil's advocate against the tic communications make him feel miser sometimes expressed a doubt how cordially we approved his whether to rob his client's hoards, system of independent action ? if not to kill himself, would not be Were we with him heartily when meritorious in the sight of God he entered on the Solferino cam- and man. On the same principle, paign, rejoicing in "his successes, —

1866.] What should tlie Ministers do ? 649

and wondering at his moderation 1 honour and even of political pru- Were no objections offered on our dence, no reasonable man can part to the annexation of Nice and doubt ; but what we shall do if the

Savoy 1 And when he urged us to emergency arise, will depend first establish a settled government in upon the temper which prevails in Mexico, and to join him in declar- the Cabinet for the time being and ing the Confederate States inde- in the House of Commons, and pendent, did we treat his proposals next on our state of preparation to with the deference which he had a enter upon a war with any prospect right to expect % In what terms of success. Now of that state we did we reject his notion of a shall take occasion to speak pre- European congress a few years sently. Meanwhile let us cast our ago % And in what spirit were eyes across the Atlantic, and take negotiations carried on between an impartial survey of the terms on his Government and ours, with a which we stand towards the Gov- view to enforce the observance of ernment and people of the United the treaties of 1852, and to save States.

Denmark from dismemberment 1 We wish that we were able to Lastly, what are we to think of speak of our relations with the his circular of the other day, United States as satisfactory, and wherein the policy and interests we further wish with all our hearts of the nations of Europe are that there was no reason to confess considered — of all the nations that for the unsatisfactory state in with one rather remarkable excep- which they stand we are ourselves tion, England, of whom, from first in a great degree to blame. Ob- to last, not the slightest notice is serve that we have not a word to taken ? If all this give note of utter in defence of the language cordial intimacy and mutual re- of American statesmen and news- spect between the two powers, paper writers. We cannot deny then, a la bonheur, we have at least that the acts both of the Govern- one ally, and a stout one, in the ment and of individuals have often world. If otherwise, where are we been offensive towards this coun- to look, assuming that events may try, and perfectly unjustifiable. occur such as shall create, we do The seizure of the island of San not say the need of some powerful Juan during a period of profound friend to stand by us, but the peace, was a proceeding which we pleasant assurance that if com- bore with only because the Gov- pelled to draw the sword we shall ernment of the day would have not draw it alone % sacrificed all its American colonies Belgium, Holland, the small sooner than go to war in defence northern powers, and the two na- of them. But the outrage has been tions of the Spanish peninsula, condoned by time and our own ac- may be" friendly, but they are ceptance of it, and we advert to it scarcely sources of strength to us. only as indicating the temper of If the independence of some of the people with whom we have to them be threatened, we are bound deal. So, likewise, the Trent affair, to fight for it. If the others be at- and the seizure on the high seas tacked, it would redound little to and unjust condemnation of more our credit were we to sit idle and than one British vessel—these might leave them to their fate. Whether have furnished us over and over in any case we should fire a shot in again -with a very pretty ground of order either to redeem a pledge or to quarrel had we been in the humour perform an act of public justice, that of looking for it. We were not, is a matter on which we decline, however, in a belligerent humour; as at present advised, to express an and, accepting such reparation as opinion. What we are bound to we could get, we kept the peace, do by considerations of national and then, so far as we were con- ;

650 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov. cerned, there was an end of each cases in equity than as mere differ- matter. Not so with the United ences about points of law. The Ame- States. Whatever concessions they rican Government, at all events, made to us were made in the worst persists in holding to this opinion. possible spirit, and the wrongs It has not withdrawn its demand, done or asserted to be done to though it has ceased to carry on a them are not forgotten. The case correspondence which, however proof the Alabama is, to say the least, longed, could not lead to a satisfac- a very awkward one. We might tory issue while the correspondents have prevented her going to sea saw fit to look at the matter under had we either dispensed a little discussion from such opposite points with the technicalities of our own of view. But, though ceasing from municipal law, or had the American the written controversy, the Ameri- minister at the Court of London can Government is not therefore re- been more prompt in supplying the conciled to the act. Congress has necessary evidence ; and we cer- shownby more than one recent enact- tainly should have stopped her, ment ho w little it is satisfied with the but for the unfortunate illness result. The American Foreign Enlist- of the Queen's Advocate. The ment Act has been modified with a documents handed over to him view, scarcely concealed, of offering for examination, and unfortunate- facilities for the invasion of Canada ly not examined for several days, by Fenians from the States. The are proved to have contained all Reciprocity Treaty, from which both the testimony that was required nations derived such substantial in order to justify the detention of advantages, has been repealed ; and the ship. The delay of these days now the Irish element in the States was taken advantage of by the is encouraged to come forward and commander of the Alabama, and she dictate his line of foreign policy to put to sea unchallenged by the cus- the President. Very likely this lat- tomhouse officers. All the world ter contingency would have occurred knows the results. She preyed like had there been no Alabama ques- a hawk on American commerce, tion in dispute between England

she baffled every attempt of Ameri- and the United States ; but, with- can cruisers to catch her, and was out doubt, that dispute and the sunk at last in a rash action with grounds of it rankle in many an an American man-of-war, more American mind which would not heavily armed and as well com- be swayed into open h ostility against manded as herself. For all the us by sympathy with the Irish race, mischief which she did the Ameri- which, next to the negroes, they can Government insists on holding most abominate. the English Government responsi- Whether it will ever be possible

ble ; and the English Government for England and America to live up to the other day has refused together as peoples cognate in race, either to make compensation or to language, and law ought to do, submit the case, as between the may be doubted. Family feuds are two nationalities, to the arbitra- proverbially more hard to heal than

tion of a neutral power. N ow, we any others ; and as in private life, cannot go so far as to say that so with nations, the people who Lord Russell had no justification inflict upon others the heaviest for the course which he pursued. wrong are always the bitterest and His correspondence with Mr Adams most persevering haters. The Ame- is dignified enough—it proves that ricans may take our word for it, the letter of the law is on his side that there is neither hatred nor jeal- but it makes nothing of the equity ousy of them in this country— cer-

of the case ; and disputes between tainly none among the members of two great nations should, as it ap- the party to which we have the pears to us, be regarded rather as honour to belong. We wish that ; ;

1866.] What should the Ministers do ? 651 they would give us less reason than ing to the way in which the United they do to suppose that they hate States behaved, under circumstances us. Why throw in our teeth that still more vexatious, to the Portu- we are aristocrats, and proud ; and guese, Lord Russell was justified that, not enjoying such perfect in quoting American acts against liberty as they do, we detest them American argument. But the heat because they go ahead of us in com- of that controversy is over, and now merce, arts, and even in arms % That that both parties are able and will- is a great mistake. We prefer our ing to look rather to the future than own form of government to theirs, to the past, an excellent opportunity considering that the worst of all is afforded us of doing the right tyrannies is the tyranny of a mob, thing in such a way as shall add to, and that our own House of Lords not detract from, the dignity of our and Established Church are better position. The ' Times,' of the 4th guardians of rational freedom than of October, put forth a very good Houses of Assembly elected by leading article on this subject. universal suffrage, and religious in- After arguing the case fairly, the stitutions paid for by such as are writer says : — religiously disposed, and therefore "Let a joint commission be appointed, neither sought nor obtained by the not to adjudicate upon the claims pre- very persons who stand most in ferred against Great Britain by Ameri- need of them. But as we have no can shipowners, or to review the trans- desire to thrust our view of things actions connected with the equipment of the Alabama and her consorts, but to down the throats of our cousins, so deliberate on the rights and duties of we cannot but think that they might neutrals in time of war, as hitherto de- better employ themselves than by termined by international law or usage, inventing causes of anger which we and to devise, if possible, a set of rules never gave them, and then remon- which all maritime nations should be strating against these imaginary invited to adopt, and to carry out by legislative measures. commission causes in a threatening tone. A of this kind should not be exclusively com- For example, they will be quite posed of British and American subjects, justified, in our opinion, if they but should include eminent Continental reopen the question of the Alaba- jurists, and should be invested with the ma with the present Government amplest possible liberty of recommenda- and the present Government will tion. If, upon a perusal of their report, do both a graceful and an equit- Her Majesty's Government shall be of opinion that, under the circumstances, able thing if they prevent that move some reparation is due, either in inter- on the part of the American Gov- national law or in international equity, ernment, and themselves take the to the United States in respect of the initiative in it. Lord Stanley is ravages of the Alabama, it will not be not bound by the acts of Lord Clar- too late to make it, and no false pride endon and Lord Russell in a matter should prevent our doing so with a good like this. A treaty contracted by grace." either of these noblemen he would, This is good as far as it goes of course, hold sacred ; but a nego- but it appears to us not to go far tiation about a matter of moral right enough. Admitting the fact that or wrong between the two nations the Alabama got to sea solely may, with perfect propriety, be through the inopportune illness opened and reopened till it shall be of the Queen's Advocate, we are settled to the satisfaction of both scarcely justified in declining to parties. Let us not, however, be refer the matter in dispute between misunderstood. We are not charg- our Government and that of the ing either Lord Russell or Lord United States to impartial arbitra- Clarendon with conduct unjust in tion. By all means let a commis- itself or contradictory to the letter sion investigate and report ; but a of the law. According to the letter final reference to the only court of the law they were right; and look- capable of deciding between the 652 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov. high litigant parties would on our dia, and the general and growing part be an act of grace, by which decrepitudes of the Turkish empire. we should gain in prestige infinitely Her eye is upon Constantinople at more than we might lose in hard this moment, just as keenly as it cash, or other material compensa- was in 1853, and with a far better tion, the award going against us. prospect of satisfying its lust. Who Once more we repeat, that not is to gainsay her? Will France even by such a concession as this join England in restraining the can we make sure of conciliating a great northern bear as England people and a Government so in- foolishly joined France twelve comprehensible as the Americans; years ago 1 and if she did, would and if they had demanded compen- America stand by and leave the sation at the point of the bayonet, three powers to fight it out as we should have counselled refusal, they formerly did % And if France let the consequences be what they decline, as she doubtless will, might. But whether we are or are to shed more of her blood, and not to have war in the end, it is spend more of her money, in well to get rid of what may be an enterprise which has ceased to regarded as just cause of war in the be important, even in a dynas- meanwhile ; and as to a comparison tical point of view, can England between the costliness of the alter- venture single-handed to stand natives—assuming them to be pro- in the breach, assured as she must posed as such—the utmost amount be that the first gun fired in hos- of compensation which could be tility against Russia will bring required of us would not pay the down upon her the whole naval expenses of a single campaign. War, and military strength of the United whenever waged, will not hence- States'? These, then, are questions forth be waged by driblets. The enough to occupy the whole atten- Waterloo campaign cost this coun- tion of a Government just, so to try ^£100,000,000 of money: a single speak, come into office, and having year of fighting in Canada and all the diplomatic and other mis- along the seaboard of the United takes of the last twelve years to States would probably make quite consider and to mitigate, if they as large a demand on the pecuniary cannot be removed. With such work resources of this country. And let cut out for them, which can neither us not, under any circumstances, be evaded nor postponed, is there be unprepared for this disagreeable any just man in the three kingdoms emergency. The United States and who can expect or ask them to meet

Russia are sworn friends ; and amid Parliament in February next with

the complications that have occur- a cut-and-dry Reform Bill 1 red and are occurring in Europe, The list of difficulties here pre-

is any reasonable man sanguine sented is tolerably large ; but it by enough to expect that the Eastern no means exhausts the number by

question will not turn up again 1 which Lord Derby's Government Russia has already notified that is beset. The state of Ireland, as the tearing up of the treaties of it has been handed over to him by 1815 justifies her in regarding the his predecessors, is enough to appal treaty of 1856 as a dead letter. the boldest heart. You cannot She has not exactly avowed the leave things as they are with any intention of driving her ironclads hope that they will right them-

through the latter treaty in the selves ; you cannot suggest any Black Sea, or anywhere else; but it plan for their improvement which is simply impossible that she can shall not bring with it evils assur- long look with indifference at the edly as great as those which it is establishment of a government in intended to remove. Whatever Roumania virtually independent the true causes of the misfortune of the Porte, at the revolt in Can- may be, the very framework of 1866.] What should the Ministers do ? 653 society in the Emerald Isle ly, as it seems to us, understand threatens to fall to pieces. There their own duty, or are fairly called is no material distress among upon to discharge it. They must the people—far from it. Wages make themselves one with the peo- are higher than they have ever ple, as persons of their class do in been in living memory. The cattle England and Scotland, and not trade—the staple export of Ire- look for ever to the Castle or to an land—is brisk and remunerative. armed police for protection against Stock never before brought such their own tenantry. The priests high prices in the English markets, must be, by some process or an- and the demands for it were never other, rendered independent of more urgent. In Ulster, the linen their congregations. There are trade has taken a start which bids among them many excellent men, fair to keep that province far in ad- who would be glad, if they could, vance of any portion of the em- to give as much prominence in pire of similar acreage; and the their teaching to loyalty to the amount of building that goes on in Crown, and obedience to the laws, as the suburbs of Dublin, and, indeed, to loyalty to the Church. In the round all the more considerable of present temper of the people this the Irish towns, is unprecedented. is scarcely possible, for priests Still Ireland is discontented, out must live, and Fenians, secret and of heart, ripe for convulsion. Fen- avowed, will hardly pay their fees ianism, though hidden, is as wide- to the teachers of good citizenship.

spread as ever it was ; and priest, This is a fact that all who know and parson, and minister, and anything of Ireland are aware of, country gentleman, are all at their though fanatics and ignorant men wits' end how to deal with it. refuse to credit it. For it is with What can be done for a country in the priestly order as with other

such a plight % To offer to the orders of men, that the noisy few Irish people a bill for enlarging the bring discredit on the respectable

franchise would be like giving a many ; and the best way of putting stone to a hungry man, or a hand- a stop to such a state of things is ful of meal to one perishing of to let the whole body see that the thirst. Yet this is Mr Bright's laws are good, and the Crown well- panacea, which the late Govern- disposed towards them. Glebes ment were unwise enough to adopt, and glebe-houses provided at the most of them without so much as public expense, with the same professing to have the smallest kind of aid in money which is ren- faith in it. Lord Derby will, we dered to the Presbyterian clergy in trust and believe, keep clear of Ireland, would in no degree affect such transparent folly. It may their perfect liberty of action, while be doubted whether Ireland, in the it raised the priests above a state of present temper of the people, is fit absolute dependence on their flocks. for constitutional government at As to the Established Church, we all. There can be no doubt that do not believe that any rational a further extension of the fran- Irishman, be his creed what it may, chise would be fatal. But much desires to destroy it. Ireland can- space is afforded for skilful ad- not afford to lose more resident ministration, if there be courage gentry from its rural districts. Ire- to undertake, and wisdom to de- land is not prepared to see the vise, a proper line of action. Ire- Church of Rome displace the land has hitherto been treated, not Church of England, and become

as an integral part of the United the religion of the State ; and if Kingdom, but as an appendage to Ireland were so prepared, Scotland it. We must reform our policy in and England would never tolerate that respect. The country gentle- the arrangement. And we really do men or landed proprietors scarce- not see our way to any other which —

654 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov. would not strike at theprinciple of a Look at the sanitary state of London, religious establishment altogether. and of all the great towns in the Still, if Lord Derby can arrange a three kingdoms, the pollution of our scheme which shall hold out any rivers, the inadequate and most un- prospect of reconciling Irishmen of wholesome supply of water which all classes to the Church as an in- is furnished to the metropolis alone, tegral element in the Constitution, the confusion and recklessness of we shall be glad when it is pro- our railway system — the general posed to consider it. And we are mismanagement, in short, of our humbly of opinion that the time of public affairs, foreign and domestic. the Government will be far more Look at India, where thousands of advantageously spent in trying to people die daily for lack of food, concoct and throw such a plan into and nobody, whether he be Euro- shape, than in devising a bill for pean or native, seems to be able or the extension of the right of vot- willing so to work the machinery ing, among a people whose sole of local government as to render idea of political justice seems to be, the recurrence of such a visitation that the property in the soil should impossible. Look at the North be redistributed so as to give to American provinces — loyal, high- every man a slice. spirited, and anxious to do for The subject of Ireland inevitably themselves as much as they can, pressed itself upon us. We could yet heretofore snubbed or disap- not pass it absolutely by while con- pointed just as they begin to considering the difficulties which stand template the fulfilment of some long- in the way of any immediate settle- cherished hope. Look at Jamaica, ment of the Reform question by the reeling under recent calamities — present Government. Let it not at New Zealand, up to the present be supposed, however, that in the day a mere burden on the resources few hints dropped here we give, or of the mother country, instead of profess to give, a deliberate judg- contributing to their expansion. ment in the matter. The case is Look everywhere, in a word, and too difficult, it involves questions you will see that the British stan- at once too comprehensive and too dard floats over outlying provinces grave, to be dealt with out of hand. which can scarcely be said to form It deserves, and in the common a portion of the empire, so entirely course of things will probably are they alienated from us by our command, from us special and errors of administration. All these elaborate notice. Meanwhile we things must be seen to, sifted, and turn to other points which, quite rearranged, for we have the apathy, as much as the state of Ireland, not to say the wilful neglect, of deserve attention, and with regard many years to atone for. And to to which it is our conscientious expect that any set of men, be they belief that, even more than Irish ever so able and willing, can set affairs, they render any attempt to themselves at once to a task of this pass a Reform Bill in the course of sort, and carry on at the same time the next session impossible. We a Reform struggle, is to expect have no navy—we have no army what is simply impossible. From we have no seamen to man our the restless desire of the late Minis- ships, if our ships were all worth ters to carry a Reform measure, or manning—we have no machinery the wretched pressure that was con- wherewith to keep the ranks even of tinually upon them in that direction, the few regiments now at the dis- have risen all the neglects and short- posal of her Majesty's Government comings of which we are now speak- filled up. Our Home Office, our ing, and of which the consequen- India office, our Colonial Office, and ces, if not speedily and effectually the other branches of our Executive averted, will be some great national Government, are all out of gear. disaster, from which it may be im- — !

1866.] What should the Ministers do ? 655 possible to recover. Who will un- force it through a reluctant House dertake to say, for example, that of Commons will as surely go to America, whose desire to obtain a pieces as the last Government did. settlement in Europe is now openly It appears to us, then, as at avowed, may not any day fasten a present advised, that the policy to quarrel upon us, and before we are be pursued by the statesmen now aware sweep down upon Malta, and in office is very clearly pointed out wrest it out of our hands 1 We are by the actual condition of public much mistaken if there be a single affairs. Before attempting to re- gun mounted on the works which construct the framework of the protect that island and harbour Constitution, they must see that which could make any impression the Constitution, as now construct- upon the sides of a good ironclad ed, has justice done to it. The frigate, whether she be a turret or a Ministers of the Crown are, or ought broadside ship. And we are very to be, rather the administrators of certain that the bastions and para- the existing Government than a pets which did very well to cover body of persons brought together the garrison against the artillery of for the purpose of devising some half a century ago would not be of new and better machinery for gov- the smallest avail, if attacked either erning. Of late years it cannot from the land or the sea by such be said that the Ministers of the guns as are now available for such Crown have kept this vital truth purposes. Nay, Gibraltar itself, we much in view. Not one of the suspect, is, for the same reason, great departments of State is in very much at the mercy of Spain, a healthy condition. The abuses should she be disposed to forget in every branch of our naval ad- her internal discords for a time, ministration have grown into a and strike for a prize which must public scandal. What must have be to her of inestimable value. been the neglect, or worse, of Now, what we contend for is this Admiralty Boards and Dockyard that, forasmuch as the welfare of Superintendents, when an expendi- the empire at home and abroad is, ture, within seven years, of seventy or ought to be, the first considera- millions of money leaves us without tion of the Government, so, her ships enough to carry on the ordi- Majesty's Ministers finding that nary reliefs at foreign stations object entirely neglected, will be How grossly must those have ne- guilty of a grave dereliction of glected their duty whose business duty if, of their own accord or in it was to man the fleets, when it obedience to external pressure, appears that we are unable, after they plunge, at the opening of a weeks of coaxing, to get one newly- new session of Parliament, into the commissioned frigate supplied with bewilderment of a Keform debate. a crew and sent to sea. As to the A Reform debate we must have armament of our ships of war, the sooner or later, to be followed, it less said about that the better. may be, by the passing of a Reform While Americans, Russians, French-

Bill ; but to make a measure of Par- men, and even Italians, calculate liamentary Reform the first battle- the weight of their naval artillery ground of a new Administration by hundreds of pounds, we stick at a time, too, when there is neither to our old sixty-eight pounders, unanimity of sentiment regarding relieved here and there with a its principles, nor any clear concep- hundred-and-twenty pounder Arm- tion anywhere of what its details strong, in which no naval officer ought to be—would be worse than with whom we are acquainted has a useless sacrifice of individual the slightest confidence. Now, energy and public patience. For all this is most disgraceful to us,

no bill would pass at present ; and whether we look at the matter the Government which attempts to from a moral point of view, or — ;

656 What should the Ministers do ? [Nov. consider it as affecting our posi- deavour so to modify the constitution and interests as a nation. tion of the Board itself that, here- Looking at the subject from a after, shortcomings such as now moral point of view, it is impossi- entail upon him the work to which ble for the most trusting to put he is set shall be, if not impossi- away all suspicion that somewhere ble, at best less easy of accomplish- or another, in high places or in ment. For what the country wants low, there must have been a in her leading statesmen is, that wilful misuse of public money. they shall be practical reformers Blundering can do a good deal and certainly in no department is that we readily admit—in the way the hand of a practical reformer of extravagance. But the utmost more urgently needed than at the conceivable amount of blundering, Admiralty. whether in the construction and We believe that the Admiralty repair of vessels or in anything has, up to the present moment, else, can hardly account for waste been the very worst managed branch on a scale so gigantic as that with of the public service. We cannot which the late Board of Admiralty is say, however, that in this respect chargeable. Here, then, is a subject the departments which administer calling for attention, of far greater, the affairs of the army come very because of more urgent, importance much behind the sister establish- than any change whatever in the ment. When General Peel returned Parliamentary constituency. Grant- to the War Office, he found, we sus- ed that the House of Commons pect, that, with a vast accumulation were as little a true representative of detail, festering and fretting of the people as it pleases Mr everybody, nothing had either been Bright and the Keform League to done, or was proposed, to improve say that it is, we can go on for a the military system of the country. while longer as we have done in There was a continual renewal of times past, deriving from its work the experiments at Shoeburyness, as a branch of the Legislature great which had been going on for years, practical benefits. But if in the yet no particular gun for ship or present state of the world we have fortress was fixed upon. Projects no navy that is efficient, then we for converting muzzie-loading into cannot but feel that our very ex- breech-loading rifles had been con- istence is at stake. And surely it sidered, yet at the end of a year is of far greater consequence to only twelve breech-loaders were in provide against the risk of some store. It was acknowledged, both sudden and fatal blow from within the service and out of it, that out than to enlarge the voting our system of recruitment is out of powers of the people to a greater date, and that, if we desire to keep or less degree within our own bor- the army effective, a better must be ders. Sir John Pakington has devised and adopted, even were it something else to do at this mo- to prove more expensive. Beyond ment than waste his time in pon- the reading of minutes, however, dering over questions of specula- written, answered, replied to, and tive policy. His predecessor in referred back again, nothing, we office has thrown upon him the are assured, was done, and nothing onus as well as the duty of creat- would have been done had things ing an English fleet, and he must continued as they were. General create it. The process cannot fail to Peel's work is, therefore, quite as devolved be costly—that is certain ; let him arduous as that which has show, however, that it will be effec- upon Sir John Pakington. He tual, and neither will Parliament must create an army, as the First grudge the necessary supplies, nor Lord of the Admiralty must create the country blame him for demand- a fleet. He has already, we believe, ing them. Probably, too, he will en- got together breech-loaders enough —

1866.] What should the Ministers do ? 657

to arm twice the amount of force thrice larger than ours, at a yearly now in Europe, and a further supply expenditure little, if at all, exceed- will be forthcoming, to the amount ing that which we incur? And of 200,000 stand, by next April at why should Prussia be able to put the latest. But graver questions her entire male population under than even the armament of the arms for less than it costs us to troops demand his attention. We keep up our handful of regular cannot keep our small army com- troops and the staff of our disem- plete by voluntary enlistment. For bodied militia 1 in ten years men quit the ranks Looking next to the state of the just as they have become first-rate law, and to the constitution of the soldiers. Will a small increase of country by which it is administer- pay get us the sort of recruits we ed, surely nobody will pretend to

desire to have 1 Will the ten-years deny that they offer ample employ- men be tempted to renew their en- ment to any Lord Chancellor or gagements by a rise of wages and Home Secretary who will take the the extension of some of their pri- trouble seriously to find an answer

vileges ? Is it wise to drill old to the question, Do they, or do they soldiers as you drill new? Or not, fulfil the purposes for which would it not be better to bring they exist % Our ecclesiastical extra work within their reach, and courts, like the law which they to make it worth their while to do administer, are simply a disgrace such work 1 And last, though not to the age and the country. The least, will it be possible for England sooner a Cabinet can agree to make alone, among all the nations of a clean sweep of them, and put the Europe, to persevere in the neglect affairs which they now mismanage of that first law of national exist- in a state that can be approved of, ence, that every able-bodied man the better. The same may be said living within the state—protected of our bankruptcy laws, in spite of by its government and enjoying its Lord Westbury's honest endeavour

privileges—shall by law be com- to improve them ; and the courts pelled, in some way or another, to of equity themselves are scarcely contribute to the military strength beyond the reach of reform. In-

of the state 1 Finally, are the deed, there is not one branch of affairs of the army to be conducted, administration under the Crown, till they break down, by a machine whether it deals with navy, army, so cumbrous that those best ac- law, police, or the church, but quainted with it are the loudest to offers a large field of inquiry to cry out against it 1 —or may we men who are honestly disposed to hope to receive from a man of ster- correct abuses, and to adapt old ling good sense, who knows what machinery to new requirements, the real requirements of the service without innovating upon the prin- are, some plan at once simple and ciples of the Constitution itself. effective 1 These are, in truth, the Some of these may require more questions which every reasonable immediate attention than others person is now asking himself. We as, for axample, the navy, the all want practical reform. We are army, and the administration of willing enough to pay our taxes, the law. But there is not one and begrudge no portion of them among them all which can be much that is spent on either the navy or longer overlooked with impunity; the army. But we desire to have for there are abuses in the very both navy and army effective, and best of them which will soon be- we certainly do begrudge every come intolerable. Here then is the shilling which is not expended in proper work for her Majesty's pre- making them effective. Why should sent advisers to do. They are France keep on foot a fleet equal bound, in our opinion, to see that to our own, and an army twice or the country shall not go on noun- —

658 What should the M{rasters do ? [Nov. 1866. dering, as for the last ten years it Commons refuse to accept this has done, amid the grossest ad- which we do not believe that it ministrative mistakes. And feel- will—if Mr Gladstone press for a ing that this is their duty, they Reform Bill immediately, and Mr will be justified in meeting Parlia- Bright support him—contingencies ment with an enunciation of the both of which we consider to be fact ; indeed, they will not be jus- most problematical—then Mr Glad- tified, in our opinion, if they meet it stone and Mr Bright in the House with any other enunciation. They, of Commons must take their own at least, are hampered by no pledges. course. Let Mr Gladstone, if he Mr Disraeli offered a measure to pleases, or Mr Bright, or anybody the House of Commons eight years else, press on a measure and bring it ago, which it has become fashion- forward. The Government will give Liberal members now it the utmost possible attention able among ; to commend, though they then re- but as it will not be a Government jected it. "We cannot see that he measure, Ministers can be expected is called upon to renew the offer, to deal with it only as individual either in its simplicity or modified, members of Parliament. In this next session, whatever circumstan- case they stake nothing upon it ces may incline him to wish, or even except their separate opinions and to attempt to do so, on some future their votes. And whether it pass the occasion. On the contrary, his role, House or not—whether it be re- and the role of his colleagues, is jected or accepted in its simplicity the correction of practical abuses, or subject to a thousand modifica- which have grown till they are be- tions — as the scheme was none of come intolerable, and the applica- theirs, so they remain at their posts tion to the business of the country whatever the issue of the debate may of such a measure of administrative be. For they go in not for theoreti- ability as it has not known for cal, but for practical reform ; and by many years past. If the House of practical reform they will prevail.

" Note on "Westminster School" {Blackwood's Magazine, Sept. 1866). In the concluding portion of the account of "Westminster School in our September number, the present tense was used in describing some customs "which have been changed since the Report of the Royal Commission. "Wherever the "writer "was aware of such changes, they were specially noted. But it maybe only justice to the present regime of the school to state the following additional points upon which a reform has recently been made. No juniors now get up earlier than 6 A.M. The "Watch" (p. 316) is now on duty only during the summer half-year; and the duties of "Monos" are almost nominal, and bring with them no exemption from school work. There is now one general tea during the evening (instead of two or three at the pleasure of the seniors), and a sufficient supper of cold meat for all who choose. The reform in the supply of small necessaries obliged to be carried by a junior for his seniors' use, mentioned p. 317, has since been extended to the abolition of the practice in toto.

Printed by William Blackwood

OFFICE OFFICE IN LIVERPOOL, IN LIVERPOOL, North John Street. North John Street. DZ2USCTOB8 BOtSOTOBS Cljainnan. 1jp.-fijainimt. C. TURNER, Esq.M.P. R. BItOCKLEBANK, Esq. T.D.ANDERSON,Esq T. BOUCH, Esq. M. BELCHER, Esq. M. HYSLOP, Esq. G-. BOOKER, Esq. R. L. JONES, Esq. M. BOUSFIELD, Esq. E. T. KEARSLEY, Esq. D. CANNON, Esq. D. MALCOMSON, Esq. T. DOVER, Esq. W. J. MA.RROW, Esq. JAMES HOLME, Esq. P. MAXWELL, Esq. T. D. HORNBY, Esq. HENRY ROYDS, Esq. G-. H. HORSEALL, Esq WILLIAM SMITH, Esq R. HOUGHTON, Esq. JOHN TORR, Esq.

GOW OFFICE Chairman, Sir J. SINCLAIR Dep. -Chairman. Commercial Bank JOHN MIDDLETON, Esq. Buildings, JOHN A WOOD, Esq. Gordon Street. JAMES CONNELL, Esq. Medical Officer. Captain G-. SINCLAIR DAVID B. HOPE, II. D. TANN AHILL, Esq, Esq. M.D., F.F.P.S.G. G-. B. ROBERTSON, Eso. T. E. O. HORNE, Esq., W.S. Bankers. E. MAXWELL, Esq. COMMERCIAL BANK t-E SC0 1 LAND. Edinburgh Office, lineal Manager. 13, George Street. T. FRAME, Esq. Medical Officer. |if. D. LITTLEJOHN, Esq "JNDS M.D. IN HAND, Solicitors. December 1864, Messrs. £1,160,649. J. & J. MILLIGAN Surveyor. N E W A. J. LAING-, Esq. Bankers. LIFE POLICIES NATIONAL BANK. 1864, liocal Manager. Sum Assured,

r . MJLLIGAN, Esq. S.S.C. £1,014,897. CAPITAL, ANNUAL TWO REVENUE, MILLIONS. EXTRACT FROM REPORT TO ANNUAL ISEETISfi £600,000.

"TAKING FIRE AND LIFE BUSINESS TOGETHER, 3sro cjoiM^îsrY ajîsr s:eiow AâojcoES!

tf&i nd Actuary. JIW I1Q2 1LS ^ti Khuibeixft and Co., London,, Manchester, and Glasgow, EXEMPTION OP ASSURED FROM .LIABILITY OP PARTNERSHIP. ACCUMULATED FUNDS IN HAND EXCEED ONE MILLION STERLING. THE "ixTRAORDlNARY SUCCESS OF TH£~C§MPANY,

AND THE PERFECT SECURITY ITS GREAT RESOURCES AFFORD TO I>SIRERS> HAVE BEEN COMMENTED UPON BY MOST OF THE LEADING NEWSPAPERS BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD. Amongst the number are included the Times— Daily News—Nomina Herald— Standard— The X *— 'Manchester Examiner and Times—Leeds Mercury—Manchester Courier— Glasgow Herald— Norwich Mercury—Southampton Time*—

Commercial itecord—Aberdeen Free Prest—Birmingham Daily Post—Bury Times—Edinburgh Evening News—Halifax Guardian Sunday Times—Bristol Mercury— Insurance Gazette— Illustrated Xcta of the World— Weekly Chronicle and Register—-Zing's County Chronicle -Nottinghamshire Guardian— Watcrford Ifail—Weslcvan Times— Worcester Herald— Donoaster, Nottingham, and Lincoln Gazette — Guernsey Mail—Docer Iclcyraph — Yarmouth Independent— Leeds Times^r- and many others, too numerous to mention in our limited ftpaoe,

ELronheiin aud Co., London, Manchester, and Glasgow. I 193, Piccadilly, October, 1866.

Chapman and HalTs LIST OF NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS,

RALPH N. W OR NUM. Life of Holbein.

By Ralph N. Wornum. Author of " The Epochs of Painting," "The Characteristics of Styles," &c, &c. With Portrait and Numerous Illustrations, Imperial 8vo. [In November,

E. S. DALLAS. The Gay Science.

Essays towards a Science of Criticism. By E. S. Dallas. 2 Vols. Demy 8vo. [In November,

W. T. PRITCHARD. Polynesian Reminiscences ; OR, LIFE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS.

By W. T. Pritchard, F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., formerly H.M. Consul at Samoa and Fiji. With Illustrations, and a Preface by Dr. 'Seemann. Demy 8vo. [In November.

LOUIS FIGUIER. The Vegetable World.

By Louis Figuier. Author of the "World before the Deluge," &c. 5 &c. Translated from the French. With 447 Illustrations, drawn chiefly from Nature, by M. Faquet, and twenty-four full-page Illustrations. Demy 8vo. [In October. A CHAPMAN AND HALLS

LOUIS FIGUIER. The World before the Deluge. By Louis Figuier. With 25 Ideal Landscapes of the Ancient World designed by Riou; and 208 Illustrations of Animals, Plants, and other Fossil Remains, &c. Corrected from the Fifth French Edition. Second Edition. Revised and enlarged by H. W. Bristow, F.R.S., of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Demy. \Jn October.

JOHN BOWDEN. Norway: its People and its Institutions.

' By the Rev. John Bowden. Post 8vo. [Pi November.

MARK LEMON. Up and Down the London Streets. A Series of Sketches. By Mark Lemon. With many Illustrations. Demy 8vo. [In the Press.

EMMELINE LOTT. Nights in the Harem. By Emmeline Lott. Formerly Governess to H.H. the Viceroy of Egypt. Author of " Harem Life in Egypt and Turkey.'' With a Frontispiece. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. [In the Press.

The Prince of the Fair Family. A FAIRY TALE. By MRS. S. C. HALL. With numerous Illustrations by E. M. Ward, R.A., Mrs. E. M. Ward,

Noel Paton, R.S.A., Kenny Meadows, W. J. Allen. W. J. Coleman, &c, &c. - [In November.

NEW NOVELS. CHARLES READE.

Griffith Gaunt ; or, Jealousy.

A Novel. By Charles Reade. 3 Vols. [In October. —

LIST OF NEW WQEKS.

Thomas Adolphus Trollope. A new Novel. By the Author of " La Beata," &c. In 3 Vols. % [In October. Ouida. A new Novel. By Ouida. Author of " Chandos." 3 Vols. [In the Press. Annie Thomas. A new Novel. By the Author of " Walter Goring." In 3 Vols. [In the Press.

Arthur Locker. A new Novel. By the Author of " Sir Goodwin's Folly." 3 Vols. \In the Press,

Isa Blagden.

A New Novel. By the Author of "The Cost of a Secret." . 3 Vols. In the Press. I

Henry F. Chorley.

A new Novel. In 3 Vols. [In October.

THE NEW STORY. Second Edition. Post 8vo. Price 8s. Aunt Margaret's Trouble. By A New Writer.

" After wading through the ordinary novels of the season, after learning to what depths of dulness and folly the human intellect can descend, and wondering at the hideous pictures of vice or inanity which men and women can paint as representations of human life, it is positive mental refreshment to come across such a hookas' Aunt Margaret's Trouble,' which for pathos and idyllic tenderness may compete with even the best Novel of the day. It has nothing of the grandeur of high art about it ; it has nothing of heroic tragedy nor of stately romance, still less of sensationalism ; it is absolutely free from all deadly crimes, from all monstrous vices,

from all maddening mysteries ; being just a quiet story of selfishness on the one hand, and of love betrayed on the other, with the retribution sure to follow upon wrong as the moral justice done at the end. Yet it is a charming book, and worth half a hundred fictions of the more ambitious and elaborate kind.—In the first work of a new and young writer we have to consider, not only the ability it displays or more remotely indicates, but also the cast of mind shown in the work. Thus, if a new book is all about illicit love and the slangy talk of fast men we know at once what manner of author we have to deal with. But if the book be sweet and modest, as this is, we know then that, whatever may be the strength or weakness of the future, we shall never be revolted by licentiousness, or shocked by coarseness we shall at least have pure work and decent, and sorrow gently touched, and sinfulness dealt with as sinfulness should be dealt with in life—tenderly and yet abhorrently." Saturday Review, A 2 — —

CHAPMAN AND HALLS PROFESSOR MORLEY. RE-ISSUE AND CONTINUATION OF ENGLISH WRITERS. By HENRY MORLEY. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

Vol. I. Part I. Price 12s. The Celts and Anglo-Saxons. WITH AN INTRODUCTORY SKETCH OF THE FOUR PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.

Vol. I. Part II. Price ioj. From the Conquest to Chaucer.

Each Part is indexed Separately. The two Parts may also be had in One thick Volume, with an Index, which completes the account of English Literature during the Period of the Formation of the Lan- guage, or of The Writers Before Chaucer.

Vol. II. Part I. From Chaucer to Dunbar. [In November.

" Mr. Morley has a sense of the duty and dignity of his task, and he is evidently prepared for a commensurate effort to perform it successfully We have confined ourselves to the Introduction of nearly 120 pages, which, as it is the vestibule only of the entire edifice, only permits the reader to sec the outline and plan of the projected work. There are GOO or 7u0 pages more in this volume, in which lie the detailed fruits of Mr. Morley's research, erudition, and critical judgment In fact, he does not appear to have overlooked any one important work from the very earliest, whatever that may have been ; and the extent to which he describes and analyzes some of these will make his book a most valuable addition to our libraries when it is the important whole, of which this is the first and, perhaps, the most valuable instalment." — Times. " Mr. Morley's volume looks, at first sight, a formidable addition to the existing mass of English writings after Chaucer; but it is well worth reading. It comprises the foundation and ground story, so to speak, of a work upon the whole sequence of English literature. If carried out with the same spirit and on the same scale as the volume already published, the complete work will undoubtedly form a valuable contribution towards the story of the growth of the literary mind of England, told as a national biography of continuous interest." Saturdjy Review. " Through all he makes his way steadily ; his admirable faculty of arrangement enables him to marshal the thronging multitudes of facts, proofs, and illustrations that crowd upon him according to their proper affinities, and to extract from each its concentrated essence, so that, without occupying inordinate space or time, he gives us in this volume a fair panoramic or synoptical view of English mind and culture from the earliest times to the time of Chaucer. The present volume is to he followed by others, which will bring the history down to our own day, and when finished, we do not hesitate to say that it will be a monument of learning, and an essential portion of every complete library," Daily Nev'S, LIST OF NEW WORKS.

EDITED BY PROFESSOR MORLEY. •

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Sketches of Russian Life BEFORE and DURING the EMANCIPATION of the SERFS.

Edited by HENRY MORLEY.

' 6 The author of this book has spent fifteen of the mature years of his life in Russia, under conditions of business that have caused him to travel from end to end of the empire in various directions, and to make his home now in a remote provincial village, now in a government country town, now in the capital. His duties and his inclination have brought him into close contact with people of every class, and he is a shrewd man, with immediate perception of the pith of any incident or conversation. He does not write a history or a dissertation, but he represents the most characteristic features of Russian life in a series of sketches which tell notable things that he has met with in his experience. They are all, as a doctor would say, chosen with an eye to diagnosis ; they contribute always a definition of the state of Russia, and that with especial reference to a particular crisis in her social history Any page of the book might have served as well as those we have quoted to show the author's clear and animated manner of description, and the strength that lies in plain speaking of what it is worth " while to tell, undamaged by the too familiar arts of empty men who struggle to be 'graphic.' —Examine)'.

ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING. The Complete Poetical Works.

With a Portrait, Seventh edition, In 5 Vols, Fcap. 8vo, 3 ox.

Aurora Leigh,

A Poem in Nine Books. Eighth Edition, Fcap. 8vo. p.

Last Poems, Poems Before Congress, the Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets,

Are included in Vol. IV. of the Complete Edition and sold separately.

A Selection from the Poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

With a New Portrait, and an Engraving of Casa Guidi. Crown '8vo. 10s. 6d. [Second Edition in October.

*** The Seventh Edition of the Complete Works in g Vols, contains the whole of

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ROBERT BROWNING. The Poetical Works.

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Dramatis Personae.

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A Selection from the Poems of Robert Browning.

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OWEN MEREDITH. Owen Meredith's Poems.

Collected Edition. In 3 Vols. Vol. I. will be published early in November. [In the Press.

HENRY TAYLOR. Plays and Poems.

By Henry Taylor, Author of " Philip Van Artevelde," &c. Collected Edition. 3 Vols. 16s.

NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF "CLARA VAUGHAN."

3 Vols. Post 8vo. At all Libraries. Craclock Nowell: A TALE OF THE NEW FOREST By R. D. BLACKMORE.

" ' Cradock Nowell ' is a clever novel, decidedly original in style and mode of treatment ; it is amusing too, and the reader who once fairly enters upon it will hardly tail to read it through.—There are some excellent descriptions of forest scenery, and a storm at sea with the wreck of a ship, which are very powerfully given." Athcnceum. — —

LIST OF NE W WORKS.

THOMAS CARLYLE.

History of Friedrich the Second, called Frederick the Great.

By Thomas Carlyle.

With Portraits and Maps. Third Edition. In 6 Vols. Demy 8vo.

20 j*. each.

Uniform Edition of Mr. Carlyle's Works.

Handsomely printed in Crown &vo. Price 6s. per Volume.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION : a History. In 2 Vols. 12s. OLIVER CROMWELL'S LETTERS AND SPEECHES. With Elucidations and Connecting Narrative. In 3 Vols. 185. LIFE OF STERLING. V , J JOHN v 1 vol. os. {LIFE OF SCHILLER. f CRITICAL AND MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEC ESSAYS. In 4 Vols. 24s.

SARTOR RESARTUS. 1 , J v , Vo1, bs ' * \ HERO WORSHIP. { LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. 1 Vol. 6s. CHARTISM. PAST AND PRESENT. 1 1 Vol. 6s. TRANSLATIONS OF GERMAN ROMANCE. 1 Vol. 6s. WILHELM MEISTER. By Gothe. A Translation. In Vols. I2S.

ALEXANDER DYCE. The Works of Shakespeare.

A New Edition, to be completed in 9 Volumes. Demy 8vo. Edited by the Rev. Alexander Dyce.

[ Vols. I. to VIII. are Published. NOTICE.— In consequence of the length to which the Glossary has run, it has been judged expedient to issue it as a separate Volume ; so that the Edition will now consist of Nine Volumes, instead of Eight, as originally proposed.

" The best text of Shakespeare which has yet appeared Mr. Dyce's Edition is a great work, worthy of his reputation, and for the present it contains the standard text." Times.

" We have no space for more than a word of welcome to Mr. Dyce's new and beautifully- printed edition of the Works of Shakespeare. As a critic of Shakespeare, Mr. Dyce combines qualifications which have never before met in one man ; and, fearlessly following his own j udgment, he is giving us an edition worthy of both editor and poet." Quarterly Review. CHAPMAN AND HALLS

CHARLES DICKENS. Original Editions of Mr. Charles Dickens's Works.

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13. OLIVER TWIST; or, the Parish Boys Progress. Illustrated by George Cruikshank. Third Edition. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. il. 5s.

14. OLIVER TWIST.' i Vol. 8vo. Cloth. Illustrated, us. 15. GREAT EXPECTATIONS. New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece and Vignette by Marcus Stone. Post 8vo. ;s. 6d. 16. CHILD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. New and Cheaper Edition. With Illustrations by Marcus Stone. Post 8vo. Cloth. ;s. 6d.

17. HARD TIMES. Small 8vo. Cloth. 51. 18. THE UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER. Third Edition. Post 8vo. Cloth. 6s. 19. AMERICAN NOTES, for General Circulation. Fourth Edition. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. il. is. 20. CHRISTMAS CAROL. With Illustrations. Fcap. Svo. Cloth. 5* 21. CRICKET ON THE HEARTH. With Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. Cloth. 5s. 22. THE CHIMES. With Illustrations. Fcap. Svo. Cloth. 5* 23. THE BATTLE OF LIFE. With Illustrations. Fcap. Svo. Cloth. 5s. 24. THE HAUNTED MAN AND THE GHOST'S BARGAIN. With Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. Cloth. 73. 6c?, LIST OF NEW WORKS.

CHARLES DICKENS. Illustrated Library Edition of Mr. Charles Dickens's Works. Beautifully printed in Post %vo., and carefully revised by the Author. With the Original Illustrations.

t JL • Pickwick Papers . , 43 Illustrations . 2 vols. 1 6s.

2. Nicholas Nickleby , 40 ditto 2 vols. 16s.

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8. Barnaby Rudge , # 4

9- Old Curiosity Shop . 4

10. Oliver Twist . , 3 6 11. Sketches by Boz 6

12. Christmas Books # 3 6

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Mr. Dickens's Readings.

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W. W. STORY. The Proportions of the Human Figure ACCORDING TO A NEW CANON—FOR PRACTICAL USE. By W. W. Story. Author of " Roba di Roma." Super Royal Svo. Illustrated by Plates. 10s. also Roba di Roma.

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LIST OF NE W WORKS. 1

C. E. FRANCATELLI. The Royal Confectioner. By Francatelli. A New and Cheaper Edition, with Illustra- tions, gs. [Ready,

International Policy. ESSAYS ON THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF ENGLAND.

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V. England and China. By J. H. Bridges, M.B. VI. England and Japan. By Charles A. Cookson, B.A. VII. England and the Uncivilized Communities. By Henry Dix Hutton, BA. In Demy 8vo. i6s<

M. P. W. BOLTON. Inquisitio Philosophica BEING AN EXAMINATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF KANT AND HAMILTON. By M. P. W. Bolton. Author of " An Examination of the Principles of the Scoto-Oxonian Philosophy." Demy 8vo. ios.

'• It is very able, very lucid, and will interest metaphysical readers as much by its defence of their favourite study as by the acuteness of its examination of certain points of Kant and

Hamilton." Mr. 6r. //. Lewes in Fortnightly Review.

W. N. MOLESWORTH. The First Reform Bill History of the Reform Bill of 1832. By the Rev. W. N. Molesworth, M.A. Second Edition. Demy 8vo.

10 s. 61.

" This very interesting and useful book, which was published in the course of last year, is very opportune at the present moment The book is written in a vigorous and animated style. The story is neither so prolonged as to be tedious nor so short as to omit any material facts in the transactions of the time." Times. " We may here say that Mr. Molesworth has performed his task admirably. He has con- structed his narrative with great judgment, and with a clear appreciation of what was necessary to record, and what might safely be omitted. His arrangement is perspicuous, and his style is both easy and forcible. Reformers will find in it a faithful account of their tremendous triumph, which, like the Bill, was not a victory, but a conquest; while Conservatives may read it without exasperation, and, possibly, with profit." Pall Mall Gazette. ;

12 CHAPMAN AND HALLS

GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK. The English of Shakspere u Illustrated in a Philological Commentary on his Tragedy of Julius Caesar." By George Lillie Craik, Professor of History and of English Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. Second Edition. Post 8vo. Cloth. 5s.

Outlines of the History of the English Language.

For the Use of the Junior Classes in Colleges, and the Higher Classes in Schools. Fourth Edition, revised and improved. Post Svo. Cloth. 2s. 6(f,

SYDNEY HALL. Travelling Atlas of the English Counties. By Sydney Hall. New Edition, with Railways, 50 Coloured Maps. 10s. 6d.

COLONEL BLYTH. The Whist Player.

By Colonel Blyth. Third Edition, Imperial 8vo., with Coloured Plates.

OLIVER BYRNE. The Young Geometrician ; OR, PRACTICAL GEOMETRY WITHOUT THE AID OF COMPASSES.

By Oliver Byrne. With 40 Diagrams Printed in Colours. Price 10s. 6d.

EUGENE RIMMEL. The Book of Perfumes.

By Eugene Rimmel. Fourth Edition. With 200 Illustrations.

Post Svo. 5 j. LIST OF NEW WORKS, 13

R. BURCHETT. Linear Perspective. For the Use of Schools. By R. Burchett, Head Master of the Training Schools for Art Masters of the Science and Art Department Sixth Edition. Post 8vo. ys. Practical Geometry.

Seventh Edition. Post 8vo. 5^.

Farm Homesteads. A Collection of Plans of English Homesteads existing in different Districts of the Country, carefully selected from the most approved Specimens of Farm Architecture, to Illustrate the Accommodation

required under various Modes of Husbandry ; with a Digest of the Leading Principles recognised in the Construction and Arrangement of the Buildings.

Edited by J. BAILEY DENTON, M.I.C.E., F.G.S., Engineer to the General Land Drainage and Improvement Company. One Volume. Imperial 4to. Cloth. 3/. $s.

The History of Gibraltar, AND OF ITS POLITICAL RELATION TO EVENTS IN EUROPE. With Original Letters from Sir George Eliott, Admiral Collingwood, and Lord Nelson. By FREDERIC SAYER, F.R.G.S., Civil Magistrate at Gibraltar. Demy 8vo. Second Edition, with Illustrations. 14^.

The Life of General Wolfe. By R. WRIGHT. Demy 8vo. Cloth. 16s.

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JOHN FORSTER. The Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith, By John Forster.

With 40 Illustrations. New Edition. Post 8vo. js. 6d.

VON WEBER. Carl Maria Von Weber. A Biography. From the German of his Son, Baron Max Maria Von Weber.

By J. Palgrave Simpson. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 22s.

The Art of Making British Wines, Cider and Perry, Cordials and Liqueurs;

With Directions for the Management of Foreign Wines and Spirituous

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W. K. KELLY. Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk Lore.

By Walter K. Kelly. Post Svo. Cloth. Ss. 6d.

W. L. R. CATES.

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LIST OF NEW WORKS. 15

PERCY FITZGERALD. The Life of Laurence Sterne.

By Percy Fitzgerald, M.A., M.R.I.A. With Illustrations. In 2 vols. Post 8vo. Cloth. 1/. 4j.

TFIOMAS ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.

History of the Commonwealth of Florence :

From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the

Republic in 153 1. By Thomas • Adolphus Trollope. In 4 vols. Demy 8vo, 6oj.

WILLIAM HEPWORTH DIXON. The Holy Land,

By W. Hepworth Dixon. With Illustrations from Original Drawings, and Photographs on Steel and Wood. Second Edition. 2 Vols. Demy 8vo. 24s.

WALTER WHITE.

Eastern England. From the Thames to the Humber.

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RALPH N. WORNUM.

The Epochs ol Painting.

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The Characteristics of Styles

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Recent Novels,

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LAND AT LAST. By Edmund Yates. 3 Vols.

THE GRALIAMES OF BESSBRIDGE HOUSE. 3 Vols.

THE SPANISH MATCH. By Harrison Ainsworth. 3 Vols.

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MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE.

THE CORPOKATION OF The Scottish Provident

E^ea 183, Institution. —„. No. 6 ST. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH.

This Society differs in its principles from any other Office.

Instead of charging rates admittedly higher than are necessary,

and afterwards returning the excess, or a portion of it, in the shape of

periodical Bonuses, it gives from the first as large an assurance as the Premiums will with safety bear—reserving the Whole Surplus for those Members who have lived long enough to secure the common fund from loss on account of their individual Assurances.

A Policy for .£1200 to £1250 may thus at most ages be had for the

Premium elsewhere charged to assure .£1000 only ; while the result of the equitable mode of reserving the surplus has been, that Policies originally for £1000, which have shared at two septennial Investigations, have already been increased to £1300, £1500, and even to £1700 to be further increased (in the case of those which may then subsist) at the Division of Profits to be made at the close of the present year.

ITS TERMS are therefore well calculated to meet the requirements

of intending Assurers ; and they are specially adapted to the case of

Provisions under Family Settlements or otherwise, where it is of importance to secure, for the smallest present outlay, a competent provision, of definite amount, in the case of early death.

THE DIRECTORS' REPORT to the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting stated that " the progress of the Institution in the year 1865 is the most favourable which o they have yet had the satisfaction of reporting? The New Assurances were 1.030,

for £501,905 : 13s., with £ 16,232 : 5s. of Premiums. The claims were only £53,123 :19s., being little above one per cent on the amount assured. The

Accumulated Fund, which amounts to £1,133,471 : 2 : 7, had increased by £110,000 in the course of the year. O Robert Chambers, LL.D., in moving its approval, referred to the distinctive principle t-s of the Office—the reservation of the Surplus—as i(, one which I always find recommends the Institution very much to strangers, wlten I have load occasion to discuss with them " Vie characteristics of the various Offices.

Above 15,000 Policies have been issued. The Subsisting Assurances exceed five Millions. The Annual Bevenue is £200,000. The Accumulated Fund, arising entirely from Premiums, is upwards of £1,130,000,—the whole of which is invested in unexceptionable securities in this country.

.iim^ i wre^iiwviaqa^^ i^naBnaaS^y^^^j

LONDON Office : 18 King William St., E.C.—J. Mum Leitch, Local Secretary. —

MANCHESTER Office : 12 Police Street.—P. P. Rickards, Local Secretary.

JiîaîiuSÎBMiii.iiiiiîjfljai^M^gaUMiaWm^^^

The Scottish Provident Institution.

TABLE of PEEMIUMS, Payable Yearly during Life, For Assurance of £100 at Death. With. Profits.

Age. Premium. Age. Premium. Age. Premium.

21 £1 16 3 31 £2 2 6 41 £2 16 8 22 1 16 9 32 2 3 5 42 2 18 8 23 1 17 2 33 2 4 6 43 3 11 24 1 17 7 34 2 5 7 44 3 3 3 25 1 18 35 2 6 10 45 3 5 9 26 1 18 6 36 2 8 2 46 3 8 5 27 1 19 2 37 2 9 8 47 3 11 5 28 1 19 11 38 2 11 3 48 3 14 29 2 8 39 2 12 11 49 3 18 1 30 2 1 6 40 2 14 9 50 4 17

Trie Rates of all the Offices will be found in Letts' Diary, &c. A comparison will show how very favourable are the terms of this Institution to Assurers. TRANSFER OF ASSURANCES.

FROM. the lowness of these Rates, this Society is peculiarly suited to the case of those who have joined Offices of less established position, and may wish to transfer their Assurances. Even after 10 or 12 Years, there may be a pecuniary gain in sur- rendering the existing Assurance, and opening a new one with this Office.

TABLE op PEEMIUMS, Payable for Twenty -one Years only, For Assurance of £100 at Death. "With Profits.

Premium limited Premium limited Premium limited Age. Age. Age. to 21 payments. to 21 payments. to 21 payments.

21 £2 10 6 31 £2 16 2 41 £3 9 2 22 2 11 32 2 17 1 42 3 11 1 23 2 11 6 33 2 18 43 3 13 1 24 2 12 1 34 2 19 44 3 15 3 25 2 12 6 35 3 2 45 3 17 6 26 2 13 36 3 15 46 4 27 2 13 6 37 3 2 9 47 4 2 8 28 2 14 1 38 3 4 3 48 4 5 8 29 "2 14 8 39 3 5 9 49 4 8 9 30 2 15 4 40 3 7 5 50 4 12 1

Thus a person of 30, if unwilling to burden himself with payment during his whole

life, may secure a Policy for £1000 for a Premium of £27 : 13 : 4, limited to twenty- one yearly payments—being thus relieved of payment before he has passed the prime of life —for a Premium little higher than most offices require during its whole term.

To PROFESSIONAL MEN, and others, whose income is dependent on the con- tinuance of health and activity, this mode of Assurance is specially recommended.

Tables of Premiums to cease after 7, 14, or other number of years, may be had.

Reports with full Tables of Rates, and every information, may be had at the Head Office, at the Branches in London, Dublin, Glasgow, &c, or from any of the Agencies. JAMES WATSON, Manager. Edinburgh, 1866. 11

'•"•"Q1-" :::: : a ''^ ^^ . (ii ''3 . ,. ^tr|i miim ij^'""m iQi r>7^r^-f^r7^v...~ ,iff,7r^, -^,^Tg^. M gjjgffij^mfg^ggjgjgggg^gg ^ ) 1l gi l L 1j o r GLASGOW Office : 67 St. Vincent Street. Wm. Church Jun., Local Secretary. The following are some of the V. No smoke escaping—the advantages of this mode of ceiling is not blackened. Lighting:—

I. It carries off all the heat With this arrangement Gas and foul air from the burner. may now be introduced into II. It also ventilates the apart- Drawing Rooms, Dining ment by removing the Rooms, and Libraries, heated and vitiated air. without any risk of a III. It introduces damage to the De- constant supply corations, Furni- of external ture, Pictures, or fresh air.

Books ; and the IV. The flame is injurious effects powerful and on the Health steady, and can- are also entirely not be affected by draughts. avoided.

MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY BENHAM & SONS 19,20 & 21, WIGMORE STREET. LONDON.*.

WHERE THEY MAY BE SEEN IN OPERATION.

[TURK OVER.] RICKETS'S VENTILATING GLOBE-LIGHTS.

T~ -^%^%-m%!^y§S|

DESCRIPTION.

A. Burner and Gas Pipe to supply the same.

B B. Pipe to carry off the foul air from the burner.

In large rooms, C C. Pipe to carry off the where the centre heated air of the room. light is insuffi- cient, Bracket DD. Inlet for cold external Lights are used, fresh air. the pipes for the removal of the The arrows show the di- foul air being rection of the currents of chased into the air when in operation. wall,and entirely concealed from (See Illustration on other side.) view.

MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY BENHAM AND SONS,

19, 20, 21, WIGKOSE STREET, LONDON, W.,

WHERE THEY MAY BE SEEN IN OPERATION.

[TVRX OVEN.] Grant & Co., Turnmii.t. Street; London, E.C [Specimen Pays']

THORLEY 8

ILLUSTRATED FARMER'S ALMANACK, 1867.

""Thanks to Thokley for a fortified constitution, that enables me to

walk into the Dens of Rinderpest and come out harmless."

SIXPENCE. THE GEM OF THE SEASON! THORLEYS

ILLUSTRATED

'Alffill'S 1JMJLIIM1K. 9 1867.

First 28 Pages Beautifully Illustrated in Colours,

INCLUDING A

portrait nf losrplj (^Ijorltn.

THE MOST BRILLIANTLY ILLUMINATED ALMANACK EVER ISSUED.

NOW READY, CROWN 8vo., 92 Pages.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

MAY BE HAD OF ALL IjOOKSELLERS AND NewSVENDORS,

AND ALSO OP ALL PERSONS SELLING 'i HORLEY's UoRSB AND Cattle Spice, throughout the World.

[TVRX OVRK.] Grant & Co., Ttrxmtt.t, Street; London, E.G. — THE "EXCELSIOR!" % neur mil tmprauett Prize Medal (Btasttc-jStttclt

FAMILY SEWING MAGHIN 9 MAKES THE MOST RELIABLE STITCH WHERE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY ARE REQUIRED, COMBINED WITH BEAUTY OF APPEARANCE. "Is Simple to learn."

" Easy to operate."

a Quiet in working."

" It sews from two ordinary cotton reels, and on any thickness of material, at the rate of one yard per minute."

" The work is much stronger than by hand sewing."

" The reels do not require RE-WINDING- as in other machines."

" The seam, if cut at every inch, will not rip.

The Excelsior has been preferred by PRICE from £6 6 many thousands of purchasers as the cheapest, simplest, and best for all kinds of Dress- gwmtfed the frise peM at the making and Family Sewing ; and it should be remembered that although the Excelsior gtt0to-4tmwh tut 1865. (BMUtxm will perform a far wider range of superior work than most other Sewing Machines, it Purchasers are taught the use of Ma- is only about two-thirds their price, on ac- chines gratis, by competent female assistants, count of the extreme simplicity of its mechanism, which you are respectfully in- either at the Sale rooms, or, if preferred, at vited to call and examine. their own residences.

" One of the best Machines for domestic use that has been invented." fIpswich Journal. May 20th, 1865 J

iHi Patentees and Manufacturers, GIPPING WORKS, IPSWICH, (Near the Railway Station,) and at 143, HOLBORN BARS, LONDON, E. C. [please turn over. —

EXTRACTS FROM SOME OF THE NUMEROUS TESTIMONIALS.

There are many rival machines, each of -which put forth some real or alleged claim to the favourable consideration of the public, but if simplicity of construction, durability in wear, and readiness of adaptation to every required purpose, and extraordinary cheapness* are to be taken as the tests of popularity and general adoption, the palm must most decidedly be given to Messrs. Whight & Mann's Patent "Excelsior" Machines, which are distinguished - from other manufacturers by tangible advantages peculiar to them, and exclusively possessed by them. We should advise a perusal of the Illustrated Price List issued by the Patentees,. and to be obtained at their Warehouses. Illustrated News.

68, Eotherfield Street, Islington.

Sirs,—We have used the "Excelsior" two years on all kinds of work, which it does in a superior manner and we are glad to say the very ; machines do not get out of order ; and after having them only three weeks we were able to execute very elaborate pieces of work. We have done Embroidery for her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, which has given the greatest satisfaction. We are now using Five of them on Embroidery, and have no hesitation in saving that no Machine in the market can produce so beautiful and perfect a stitch, and from the facility with which the work can be turned, we find no difficulty in executing the most intricate and elaborate patterns. We have much pleasure in recommending the " Excelsior." Yours respectfully, Messrs. Whight & Mann. S. & E. HALLER.

The Palace, Kensington. Gentlemen,—I have used your "Excelsior" Machine nearly three years, on every variety of work, and have great pleasure in recommending it to my friends, who are charmed with its simplicity. Please send a Machine at once to Madame a friend of mine at Scotland. Tours respectfully, Messrs. Whight & Mann. MADAME CHELU.

Nelson Square. Gentlemen,—We have used the " Excelsior " two years on every variety of Dress Making and Mantles, and have much pleasure in stating the work done by it has given the highest satisfaction to our customers.

We have no trouble with the Machine, as it never gets out of order ; and will work equally wr ell on thick or thin material. Yours, &c., THE MISSES HOWELL, Messrs. Whight & Mann. Dress and JIantle JIakers.

95, Gambden Road Villas, August 20th, 1863. Dr. Croft presents his compliments to Messrs. Whight and Mann, and begs to state that the " Excelsior " Sewing Machine, which has now been in use at his house during the past two years has answered every expectation, and given complete satisfaction. Dr. Croft considers that the Machine in question possesses the advantages,— l,of being extremely simple in its mechanism ; 2, of being very easily learned by the beginner ; and 3, of being well adapted to the work required in private families, especially where there are children.

29, King Street, Baker Street. Gentlemen,—I have used your "Excelsior" two years upon all kinds of plain work and ladies' under-clothing, table linen, sheetings, &c, and find it much stronger and neater than hand work. The Machine is never out of order, and works even better now than it did at first ; the work done by it gives the greatest satisfaction, both as regards its appearance and durability, and is much improved by washing. Messrs. Whight & Mann. E. RUSSEL.

10, Lordmayor s Walk, York. The Sewing Machine I purchased of you twelve months since is all that can be wished for. I should not like to part with it for twice its cost. I shall be glad to answer any inquiries to intending purchasers. I have not met with any half so good as it is for any kind of work, shall have much pleasure in recommending it. Yours respectfully, Messrs. Whight & Mann. M. A. LUMLEY. From Miss G. Creed, 58, Whiting Street, Bury St. Edmund's.

Having- used Messrs. Whight & Mann's "Excelsior" Machine for more than three years, I can testify to its extreme usefulness, and to the durability of the work done by it. The simplicity of its mechanism renders the working- it both easily and quickly acquired. Messrs. "Whight & Mann.

The Vicarage, Monhfry'stone, Yorkshire.

Mrs. Jackson, presents her compliments to Messrs. Whight and Mann, and_is happy to be able to state that their Sewing Machine continues to give the most perfect satisfaction, it was selected, not on account of its being cheaper than others, but solely on account of its being more simple in construction. It has never in any way been out of order. "Without any lessons, but merely from the instructions sent with it, Mrs. Jackson in a short time acquired the perfect use of it with very little trouble.

23, Nutford Place, Edgware Road, W. Gentlemen, —Having derived much benefit in my business, as a dressmaker, from the use of one of your Sewing Machines, (the work of which is exceedingly durable.) I am desirous of adding my testimony as to their usefulness. I have had one in constant work for more than two years without requiring any repairs, and it is still as good as new. I should be willing to answer any inquiries to intending purchasers. Tours truly, Messrs. "Whight & Mann. JANE TURNER.

Eamsden Bellhouse, Billericay, Essex. Sirs, —I have much pleasure in informing you that your Sewing Machine, " The Excelsior," continues to give me entire satisfaction I find it ; quite capable of doing every kind of work required in a private family efficiently and well. During the two years I have worked it I have found no difficulty, except such as must necessarily arise inexperience, from and it is now in as perfect order as when it first left your warehouse nor have I ever broken a ; needle in working, though it has been rather severely tested. It seems impossible to damage it by fair usage. I am glad to hear another friend has bought one, and have no doubt will more follow her example, as I have invariably spoken of it in the highest terms, fully believing it to be the most simple and best Machine out for family use. I only regret it is not more known. I am, Sirs, yours truly, Messrs. "Whight & Mann. M. M. JACKSON

H.M. Ship FembroJee, Harwich, March 23rd, 1865. Gentlemen,— I have to inform you Mrs. Dunn is much pleased with the "Excelsior" Sewing Machine purchased of you. It is an ingenious piece of mechanism, and from the fewness of its bearings, and small amount of friction, I am convinced it will wear a very long- time. The mechanical principles involved in its construction are reaUy beautiful, as well as simple and efficient. I have seen | many other machines, but I very much prefer the Excelsior ; for the reasons given, combined with its small cost as compared with other machines of established repute. A Ghi ' DIJNN Engineer. Messrs.m wWhight &* Mann.at > tf

" The 'Excelsior ' sews from two ordinary reels." " Is " well adapted for family use " 1U seam is highly elastic." The stitches are so securely fastened bv their peculiar mode of forma tion, that the seam cannot be pulled apart."—See article Lady's Newspaper, Sept. Uth 1862

" Nothing that we could say would be too much in praise of this truly admirable Machine, so compact, efficient, and durable. To all requiring a really good Sewing Machine, we say, purchase the < Excelsior,' and you will not be disappointed."—West London Times.

Mac mes for eneral Purposes is that • ? which makes the double lock .« J? v t Jf* J n elastic stitch, m which the threads are variously interwoven, and pass both through and around each e on this principle is made by Whight and " Man£, of 143, Holborn Ears. It™ caUed Jhe < Excelsior.' It is simple m construction, easily managed, cheap in cost, and elegant in its forking. - Such is the strength of its stitch, that even if cut at every inch i will no? have never seen £ We one better adapted to general family purposes."_MARYLEBONE Mercury . : . .. .. LIST OF PRICES.

The EXCELSIOR MACHINE is always sent out ready for work accompanied with full printed instructions, and warranted.

Machine with Polished Hard- wood Top and Plain \ including Tucking Guide, Stand, Screw-driver, Oil ( _ can, Tweezers, two Keels of Cotton, and half- ( dozen Needles Ditto, with Walnut-wood Top, French Polished 6 10 Ditto, with Japanned Stand, Gilt 6 1-5 Ditto, with Fancy Top, ditto 7 Ditto, with Fancy Top, Machine Inlaid with Pearls 7 7

Machine Inlaid with Pearls, and in full Cabinet Case, ) with Drawers, from ...... )

N.B. —The above Machine at £6 6s. is equally well made and useful as the higher priced ones, the difference being for extra finish and decoration onlv. When Crate and Box are required for Packing, the charge is 3s. 6d. ; but if returned within ten days two-thirds the amount, or 2s. 4d. is sent back in Cottons, Needles, Silks, or Stamps, as the purchaser may wish.

HALF-CABINET COVERS of Polished Hard-wood, .. ) iOrn 12 with Brass Lock ...... j 6

Ditto, Walnut or Mahogany . . . . . 15

LIST OF EXTRA APPLIANCES which, although not indispensable, will be found extremely useful, and can be attached to the Excelsior Machine, if desired, at the following prices, viz.

Embroidering Plate . . . £0 2 6

Gilliott's Hemfolder, single width . . 5 Excelsior Hemfolder, set of three widths, (recommended) 10

Adjustable Binding Gauge . . . 8

Quilting Guide ...... 4 6

Trimmer ...... 4 6

Top Braider ...... 4 6

Under Braider ...... 4 6

PLEASE NOTE.—All the above appliances are rarely or never wanted on the same Machine, each Purchaser selecting those most useful for the kinds of work required. Even/ requisite for Sewing Machines kept in Stock. The Excelsior Machines of Tf~. 8$ M. are- wade by the most skilful workmen, with automatic tools and self-actixg maciiixery driven by Steam Power, thus enabling them to offer a Jirst-class article at prices which will be found to compare very favorably with those of any other Souse in the Trade.

if & G-izpzpiiisrG- works, ipswich. (NEAR THE RAILWAY STATION.) — cb a BONUS YEAR 1866.

The

Scottish Widows Fund

IS THE LARGEST MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICE IN THE WORLD.

EDINBURGH. LONDON. DUBLIN. 9 St. Andrew Square. 4 Royal Exchange Buildings, 9 Lower Sackville

{Head Office). Comhill. Street. MANCHESTER. LIVERPOOL. GLASGOW. 39 Cross St. King St. Oriel Chambers, 14 Water St. 141 Buchanan St. And Agencies in the other principal Cities and Towns in the United Kingdom.

> »»» <•

Jr ERSONS who are intending to effect Life Assurances may do

so in the SCOTTISH WIDOWS' FUND with the greatest prospect

of advantage during the current year 1866. The following

are the general recommendations of the Society as a Life

Assurance Institution : FIRST Ground of Recommendation.

Security. The only evidence of security satisfactory to a business

man is a Balance-Sheet, specifying not only the Funds realised and the

values of the Assets and Liabilities in expectation, but also the Table of Mortality and Rate of Interest by which these values have been ascertained. It should also explicitly show that the Margin or Loading on

future Premiums has not been a?iticipated to any extent; in other words, that the means of producing future Profits and the Stability of the

Institution have not been to any extent impaired. The following

Balance-Sheet supplies these essential points of information regarding the Society. eg gp —

rfb~ a Scottish Widows' Fund Life Assurance Society. BALANCE-SHEET At last Septennial Valuation (Carlisle £$ per cent Tables), 3 1 st December 1859. LIABILITIES. ASSETS.

Value of Sums Assured . ;£5, 752,365 Landed Securities . 2 £ , 5 74,694 Balance— Profit (^724,177 Railway Debentures and Bank of which was realised be- Stocks .... 120,468 tween 1852 and 1859) . 762,014 Loans on Policies of greater Value .... 408,215 Government Securities, Rever- sions, &c 338,924 wSundry other Securities. . 33,442 in Money Bank, &c. . . 42,487

Realised Fund, 31st ) ,. j^3>5i8,2 o Dec. (1859) 3 Value of future Premiums ^"3, 745, 186 {less whole Load-

^£749,037) • • • ^2,996,149

^6,514,379 ^6,514,379

Balance, being PROFIT, ) „ Q2 ' Q14 brought down . . . I

Since last Division of Profits at 31st December 1859

The Funds have increased from ^3,5 18, 230 to . £4,300,000

The Revenue has increased from ^"41 2, 767 to . £550,000 SECOND Ground of Recommendation.

Profit Realised. The Society having, from an early period in its history, transacted a very large Life Assurance business of the best class,

and the magnitude of its Funds having long commanded for it the best investments which can be obtained, both as regards Security and Rate

of Interest, Profits 011 the largest scale have bee?i realised. The results are

as in the following figures : PROFIT REALISED. Profit from 1815 to 1845—31 years £708,968 Profit from 1846 to 1852—7 years 591,158 Profit from 1853 to 1859—7 years 724,117 Total Profit for 45 years £2,024,243 Upwards of TWO MILLIONS STERLING.

There being no Shareholders, as in Life Assurance Companies of the Proprietary Class, to receive Dividends out of the Profits, the Policy- & holders {among whom exclusively the whole Profits are divided) have en- —

ft Scottish Widows Fund Life Assurance Society.

joyed advantages which will be found to contrast favourably with those of any other Institution. Thus at the last two Septennial Divisions of Profit (1852 and 1859), the Bonuses added to the Original Sums As- sured averaged

£2 : 5s. per cent per annum, believed to be the LARGEST BONUS declared by any Life Office since the Society was founded in 181 5. By Division among the Policy- holders of the above enormous Surplus, exceeding Two Millions Sterling, their Policies amounted in 1865 to the sums in the following Table

Policy Amount of Amount of Amount of Amount of Issued. ;£iooo Policy. ^2000 Policy. ,£3000 Policy. ^5000 Policy.

1815 ^2583 5 3 £5166 10 6 ,£7749 15 9 £12,916 6 3 1825 2034 5 IO 4068 11 8 6102 17 6 10,171 9 2 1835 I729 4 2 3458 8 4 5187 12 6 8,646 10 1845 1417 15 IO 2835 11 8 4253 7 6 7,088 19 2 1855 1 191 19 7 2383 19 2 3575 18 9 5,959 17 11 THIRD Ground of Recommendation.

Settlement of Claims. By Special Act of Parliament Claims are payable to the Representatives of English and Irish Members on production of Probate or Letters of Administration—neither Registration thereof in Scotland nor Scotch Administration being required in such cases. FOURTH Ground of Recommendation.

Surrender Values. There is no interval of years, as in most other

Offices, during which the discontinuance of the Policy Involves forfeiture of all the Premiums paid. The following are examples of Surrender Values of Policies of .^1000, including Vested Bonus Additions for the

number of years specified ; age at e?itry being 35.

Percentage of Premiums Duration of Policy. Premiums paid. Surrender Value. returned.

I Year £29 1 8 £9 13 2 33 per cent. 10 Years 290 16 8 173 14 O 60 per cent.

20 Years 58i 13 4 s- . 439 16 4 76 per cent. Years "872 30 10 774 7 1 89 per cent. 40 Years 1163 6 8 1130 8 6 97 per cent. 45 Years 1308 15 1448 2 2 in per cent.

Thus, a Policy of the Scottish Widows' Fund is at any time as con- vertible as a Bank-note to the extent of its value. n_ . & —

[fh Hi ; Scottish Widows Fund Life Assurance Society FIFTH Ground of Recommendation.

Progress. Satisfactory as the results reported under the preced-

ing heads are, it is important to keep in view that these have been attained in times when the general progress of the Society could bear no comparison with that of the Seven Years about to close. Thus, com- paring the progress made during 1865 with that of the corresponding

year (1858) of last Bonus period, the following are the results :

Sums Assured. Annual Premiums.

New Assurances 1858 . ^407,200 ^12,987 New Assurances 1865 1,045,498 34,690

The foregoingfacts serve to show that the Policyholders of the Scottish Widows' Fund enjoy every advantage which the system of Life Assui'ance, conducted under the most favourable circumstances, is capable of yielding. The Directors, therefore, with confidence call attention to the following SPECIAL Recommendation applicable to the present Year, 1866.

The Whole Profits realised during the Seven years from 31st December 1859 will be divided among the Policyholders at 31st December next.

The Business of the Society having increased since last Division of Profits in a ratio much exceeding anything formerly attained, and the return of interest on the investments having also considerably im-

proved, it is anticipated that the Profits of the Seven Years, which are to be divided as at 31st December next, will amount to an unusually large sum. In the approaching Division

Every Policy issued during 1866 will participate.

forms of Proposal to effect Assurances with right to participate in the approaching Division of Profits may be obtained, free of charge, at the Head Office or any of the Agencies. By Order of the Board. SAMUEL RALEIGH, Manager.

29th Sept. 1 866. J. J. P. ANDERSON, Secretary. .V-ff — lMTUlUAJNX JFAMllil MraUUlim

SHAKESPEARE'S PETITION IKATION.AGAINST From "Hamlet."

To the Honourable the Commons of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliament assembled. The humble petition of William Shakespeare, late of Stratford-on-Avon, in the County of Warwick, Sheweth, That your petitioner looks upon vaccine lymph u as the leprous distilment whose effect holds such an enmity with blood of man, that, swift as quick- ) silver, it courses through the natural gates and alleys of the body, and with a sudden vigour it doth posset and curd, like eager droppings into milk, the thin and wholesome blood—most lazar-like continuec with vile and loathsome crust, all the smooth body" That there is a great excess in the deaths since you made vaccination compulsory. That there is now a marked and radical want of development in the human frame, and also of strength and energy. [HILL. Your petitioner therefore prays your Honourable House that the vaccination laws may at once be altogether repealed. And your petitioner will ever pray, &c.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,. tainty effect In Myslum. Norton's Extrc herb has fix Per Electric Telegraph. ily esteemed dyne, imparti

Englishmen ! Let the above be the form of ste, and a pie; your petitions to Parliament next Session. strength to t

5 of indigestk Issued by the British College of Health, Euston Road, London, iolic, and gene: for the Society cf Hygeists. )een strongly eminent pr it beneficial.*'. T -Fri f Sc

Prog ing headf tained in comparis paring th year (i8<

Theft Widows' conducted The Dire<

The Decemb Decemb The of Profi the retui proved, to be di large su Bv Forms . approa Head

29th S IMPORTANT FAMILY MEDICINE.

THE MOST CERTAIN PRESERVER OE HEALTH,

THE LAST

A NEW SERIAL STORY

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY GEOEGE H. THOMAS,

Will be commenced on December 1st, and continued Weekly. PRICE SIXPENCE.

SMITH, ELDER AND CO., 65, CORNHILL.

--'- *r - ~S^££~?-^J-*-j~?*M-^rt:'£-^^ '*Z**»£t&^^*!4££*&^*

certainty effect so can eat heartily, although without much gra- speedily or with more -Norton's Extract tification * a long train of nervous symptoms desirable an object than herb has from are also frequent attendants, general debility, of Camomile flowers. The esteemed in great languidness, and incapacity for exer- time immemorial been highly imparting tion. The minds of persons so afflicted fre- England as a grateful anodyne, a pleas- quently become irritable and desponding, an aromatic bitter to the taste, and strength to the and great anxiety is observable in the coun- ing degree of warmth and

stomach ; and in all cases of indigestion, tenance ; they appearthoughtful,melancho]y, general and dejected, under great apprehension of gout in the stomach, windy colic, and some imaginary danger, will start at any weakness, it has for ages been strongly re- peti- unexpected noise or occurrence, and become commended by the most eminent pr The so agitated that th«y require some time to tioners as very useful and beneficial*-. tj3 -Fh

Pros

Forms c approa Head C

.1!

29/// IMPORTANT FAMILY MEDICINE

THE MOST CERTAIN PRESERVER OF HEALTH,

A MILD, YET SPEEDY, SAFE, AND EFFECTUAL AID CASES OF INDIGESTION AND ALL STOMACH COMPLAINTS, AND, AS A NATURAL CONSEQUENCE, A PURIFIER OF THE BLOOD, AND A SWEETENER OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM

all this Indigestion is a weakness or want of power calm and collect themselves ; yet for of the digestive juices in the stomach to con- the mind is exhilarated without much diffi- drink into healthy pleasing events, society, will for a vert what we eat and culty ; matter, for the proper nourishment of the time dissipate all appearance of disease ; but whole system. It is caused hy everything the excitement produced by an agreeable which weakens the system in general, or the change vanishes soon after the cause has stomach in particular. From it proceed gone by. Other symptoms are, violent pal- nearly all the diseases to which we are pitations, restlessness, the sleep disturbed by

liable ; for it is very certain that if we could frightful dreams and starlings, and affording

always keep the stomach right we should little or no refreshment ; occasionally there only die by old age or accident. Indigestion is much moaning, with a sense of weight pr

tioi ' : amongst the most prominent of its It is almost impossible to enumerate all jniserable effects are a want of, or an inor- the symptoms of this first invader upon the dinate appetite, sometimes attended with a constitution, as in a hundred cases of indi- constant craving for drink, a distension or gestion there will probably be something

feeling of enlargement of the stomach, flatu- peculiar to each ; but, be they what they lency,heartburm pains in the stomach.acidity, may, they are all occasioned by the food unpleasant taste in the mouth, perhaps sick- becoming a burden rather than a support to

ness, rumbling noise in the bowels : in some the stomach ; and in all its stages the medi- cases of depraved digestion there is nearly cine most wanted is that which will afford a complete disrelish for food, but still the speedy and effectual assistance to the diges- appetite is not greatly impaired, as at the tive organs, and give energy to the nervous stated period of meals persons so afflicted and muscular systems,—nothing can more can eat heartily, although without much gra- speedily or with more certainty effect so tification • a long train of nervous symptoms desirable an object than -Norton's Extract are also frequent attendants, general debility, of Camomile flowers. The herb has from great languidness, and incapacity for exer- time immemorial been highly esteemed in tion. The minds of persons so afflicted fre- England as a grateful anodyne, imparting quently become irritable and desponding, an aromatic bitter to the taste, and a pleas- and great anxiety is observable in the coun- ing degree of warmth and strength to the

tenance ; they appear thoughtful,melancho]y, stomach ; and in all cases of indigestion, and dejected, under great apprehension of gout in the stomach, windy colic, and general some imaginary danger, will start at any weakness, it has for ages been strongly re- unexpected noise or occurrence, and become commended by the most eminent pr icti- so agitated that they require some time to tioners as very useful and beneficial.*-. The ; OBSERVATIONS 0^ ISDIGESTIOX.

great, indeed only, objection to its use lias it is only doing them justice to say, that they been the large quantity of water which it are really the most valuable of all Toxic takes to dissolve a small part of the flowers, Medicines. By the word tonic is meant a and which must be taken with it into the medicine which gives strength to the stomach stomach. It requires a quarter of a pint of sufficient to digest in proper quantities ah dissolve the soluable por- wholesome food boiling water to ; which increases the power tion of one drachm of Camomile Flowers of every nerve and muscle of the humai; and, when one or even two ounces may be body, or, in other words, invigorate? taken with advantage, it must at once be nervous and muscular systems. The soliditv seen how impossible it is to take a proper or firmness of the whole tissue of the body dose of this wholesome herb in the form of which so quickly follows the use of Norton's tea ; and the only reason why it has not long Camomile Pills, their certain and speedy since been placed the very first in rank of effects in repairing the partial, dilapidations all restorative medicines is, that in taking it from time or intemperance, and their lastinp the stomach has always been loaded with salutary influence upon the whole frame, i- water, which tends in a great measure to most convincing, that in the smallest corn- counteract, and very frequently wholly to pas is contained the largest quantity of the destroy the effect. It must be evident that tonic principle, of so peculiar a nature as to loading a weak stomach with a large quan- pervade the whole system, through which it tity of water, merely for the purpose of con- diffuses health and strength sufficient to re- veying into it a small quantity of medecine, sist the formation of disease, and also to fortify must be injurious; and that the medecine the constitution against contagion ; as such, must possess powerful renovating properties their general use is strongly recommended only to counteract the bad effects likely to as a preventative during the prevalence of be produced by the water. Generally speak- malignant fever or other infectious diseases, ing, this has been the case with Camomile and to persons attending sick rooms they are Flowers, a herb possessing the highest res- invaluable, as in no one instance have they torative qualities, and when properly taken, ever failed in preventing the taking of illness, decidedly the most* speedy restorer, and the even under the most trying circumstances. most certain preserver of health. As Norton's Camomile Pills are particu- NOKTOISTS CAMOMILE PILLS are larly recommended for all. stomach com prepared by a peculiar process, accidently plaints or indigestion, it will probably be discovered, and known only to the proprietor, expected that some advice should be given and which he firmly believes to be one of respecting diet, though after all that ha? the most valuable modern discoveries in been written upon the subject, after the medecine, by which all ihe essential and publication of volume upon volume, after extractive matter of more than an ounce of the country has, as it were, be

ceive any injury from taking them, but, on what to avoid ; we want no other adviser. the contrary, they would effectually prevent Nothing can be more clear than that those a cold being taken. After a long acquaint- articles which are agreeable to the taste were ance wiclia :id strict observance of the medi- by nature intended for our food and suste- cinal properties of Norton's Camomile Pills, nance, whether liquid or solid, foreign or of OBSERVATIONS ON INDIGESTION.

Camomile Pills, which will so promptly as- native production : if tkey are pure and unadulterated, no harm need be dreaded by sist in carrying off the burden thus imposed abuse. upon it that all will soon be right again. their use ; they will only injure by Consequently, whatever %} palate approves, It is most certainly true that every person eat and drink always in moderation, but in his lifetime consumes a quantity of noxious matter, which, if taken at one never in excess ; keeping in mind that the meal,

fatal : it is first process of digestion is performed in the would be these small quantities noxious matter which mouth, the second in the stomach ; and that, of are intr@duced into in order that the stomach may be able to do our food, either by accident or wilful adul- its work properly, it is requisite the first teration, which we find so often upset the process should be well performed ; this con- stomach, and not unfrequently lay the foun- sists in masticating or chewing the solid food, dation of illness, and perhaps final ruination so as to break down and separate the fibres to health. To preserve the constitution, it and small substances of meat and vegetable, should be our constant care, if possible, to mixing them well, and blending the whole counteract the effect of these small quantities is together before they are swallowed ; and it of unwholesome matter ; and whenever, in particularly urged upon all to take plenty that way, an enemy to the constitution finds of time to their meals and never eat in haste. its way into the stomach, a friend should If you conform to this short and simple, but be immediately sent after it, which would comprehensive advice, and find that there prevent its mischievous effects, and expel it are various things which others eat and drink altogether ; no better friend can be found, with pleasure and without inconvenience, nor one which will perform the task with and which would be pleasant to yourself greater certainty than NORTON'S CAMO- only that they disagree, you may at once MILE PILLS. And let it be observed that conclude that the fault is in the stomach, the longer this medicine is taken the less it that it does not possess the power which will be wanted ; it can in no case become it ou^ht to do, that it wants assistance, and habitual, as its entire action is to give energ}r the sooner that assistance is afforded the and force to the stomach, which is the spring better. A very short trial of this medicine of life, the source from which the whole will best prove how soon it will put the frame draws its succour and support. After stomach in a condition to perform with ease an excess of eating or drinking, and upon all the work which nature intended for it. every occasion of the general health being at By its use you will soon be able to enjoy, all disturbed, these Pills should be imme- in moderation, whatever is agreeable to the diately taken, as they will stop and eradicate taste, and unable to name one individual disease at its commencement. Indeed, it is article of food which disagrees with or sits most confidently asserted, that by the timely unpleasantly on the stomach. Never forget use of this medicine only, and a common that a small meal well digested affords more degree of caution, any person may enjoy all nourishment to the system than a large one, the comforts within his reach, may pass even of the same food, when digested im- through life without an illness, and with the perfectly. Let the dish be ever so delicious, certainty of attaining a healthy OLD AGE. ever so enticing a variety offered, the bottle On account of their volatile properties,

ever so enchanting, never forget that tempe- they must be kept in bottles ; and if closely- rance tends to preserve health, and that corked their qualities are neither impaired health is the soul of enj oyment. But should by time nor injured by any change of climate an impropriety be at an}r time, or ever so whatever. Price, 13M. & 2s. 9d. each, with often, committed, by which the stomach be- full directions. The large bottle contains the comes overloaded or disordered, render it quantity of three small ones, or Pills equal immediate aid by taking a dose of Norton's to fourteen ounces of Camomile Flowers.

Scld fey nearly all respectable Me&ieine Vendors.

Be particular to ask for "NORTON'S FILLS," an<

do not be persuaded to purchase an imitation. A CLEAR COMPLEXION 1 ! ! GODFREYS XTI ER FLOWER

Is strongly recommended for Softening, Improving, Beaut fv- ing and Preserving the Skin, and giving it a blooming and charming appearance. It will completely remove Tan, Sunburn, Redness, &c, and by its Balsamic and Healing qualities render the skin soft, pliable, and free from dryness, &c„ clear it from every humour, pimple, or eruption, and by continuing its use only a short time, the skin will become and continue soft and smooth, and the complexion perfectly clear and beautiful.

Sold in Bottles, price 2s. 9d., by ail Medicine Vendors and Perfumers.

FOR GOUT, RHEUMATISM, AND RHEUMATIC GOUT.

are a certain and safe remedy. They restore tranquillity to the nerves, give tone to th stomach, and strength to the whole system. No other medicine can be compared ti these excellent Pills, as they prevent the disorder from attacking the stomach or head, and have restored thousands from pain and misery to health and comfort.

Sold by all Medicine Vendors, at Is. 1-Jd., or 2s. 9d. per box.

Influenza ; the first two doses generally arrest the progress of this distressing complaint. and a little perseverance completely removes it. Children's coughs, as well as recent

ones in Adults, will be removed by a few doses (frequently by the first) : and Asthmatic persons, who previously had not been able to lie down in bed, have received the utmost benefit from the use of SIM GO'S ESSENCE OF LINSEED.

Sola in Bottles at Is. Ud., and 2s. 9d. each. T^im^.fr&H. 1250,000 HAS BEEN PAID AS COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS, BY THE RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY.

OFFICES:

64 CORNHILL, & 10 REGENT STREET, LONDON.

INVESTED CAPITAL and RESERVE FUND, £50,000; ANNUAL INCOME, £85,000.

An Annual Payment of £3, to £6, 5s., secures £1000 in case of Death, or £6 per week while laid up by Injury.

For particulars apply to the Clerks at any of the Railway Stations, to the Local

Agents, or at the Head Office, 64 CORNHILL, LONDON, E.C.

WILLIAM J. VIAN, Secretary.

RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, 4"roj>oi«red by Special Acts o/Purliamcitt, 1S49 & 18W.