AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 4, 1986
Towser's Huts, Cobar, New South Wales: Historic Ruin or Ruined History? HAROLD BOUGHEN The town of Cobar in western New South Wales, with its long mining and pastoral history, is an extremely fertile area for historical and archaeological investigation. One important site, located just outside the town, is Towser's Huts, the remains ofa group ofstone-walled buildings ofunusual design, including uncharacteristic semicircular fireplaces. A local mythology has grown up about these buildings and a well-meaning but misguided attempt at restoration in the late 1960s and early 1970s was unsuccessful and placed the remainder of the ruins in jeopardy. During an investigation into the history ofthe site, the author, an employee ofCobar Mines Pty Ltd, uncovered an aspect of the role of the non-British immigrant in the development of rural Australia and of the mining industry in particular. From oral history, documentary evidence, and analysis of the building remains, a tantalising glimpse ofone immigrant's life in an outback Australian town was obtained.
INTRODUCTION who might have first-hand knowledge, would also be inter viewed, With respect to the modem history of the site, records 'It would appear that these "original motel units" con from local newspapers, from tourist publications and from sisted of nine units of which there was an "executive the service club involved in the restoration, would be examined. suite" of two rooms (these are the rooms which have Members of the club still able to be contacted, who were been restored partially). There was also a dining room involved in the project, would also be interviewed to determine which is interesting because of the arch in the fire place the extent of restoration and the contribution of the restoration has been built with rock and clay and without the to the current status of the ruins. benefit of any support bars [sic]. To complete the The site would be surveyed to record the ruins in some "motel complex" is the three roomed residence of Mr detail and photographic records would be made, as appro Towser who it is understood was a native of Sweden priate. Close visual inspection of the ruins would attempt to and the units were let mainly to Italians who were distinguish the remaining features of the restoration and also "charcoal burners" to supply charcoal to the mines.' any features which might be pertinent to the overall history and significance of the buildings. The above unattributed and somewhat ungrammatical item, was printed in a special edition of The Cobar Age on 1 July 1969. The edition was produced to mark the celebration of EARL Y AND MIDDLE HISTORY the centenary of the discovery of copper at Cobar, This brief It has generally been recorded in the local history of Cobar, description is effectively the only recorded history of Towser's that Towser's Huts were constructed in the 1890s and were Huts. The remains of this series of stone buildings are located rented to miners of that time,' Since the area adjacent to the on the northern slope of Fort Bourke Hill, approximately site of the huts was occupied by the Fort Bourke Mine of The 3 kilometres from the town of Cobar, Because of the lack of Cobar Gold Mines Ltd, the records of mining leases in the knowledge of the true history of the huts and their occupants area were considered to be a potential source of information. and because of the deteriorating condition of the ruins, it was The area is currently held Cobar Mines Pty Ltd and that considered that detailed recording of the site and some company possesses significant quantities of archival material, research into the background of the buildings, was warranted. particularly in the form of lease plans, A search of these files Furthermore, the building materials and building design were resulted in the discovery of a plan of Portion 265, County of somewhat atypical of the general style prevailing in the area Robinson, Parish of Cobar (Fig. 1).' This plan was made in and it was thought that this might be significant both to the 1902 and shows two stone buildings, a shed and one stone history of the buildings and of Co bar. hut. These are, without doubt, Towser's Huts, thus confirming The history of the buildings may be divided into three the existence of at least some of the buildings early in this phases: century. There are several other interesting features shown 1. Early history covering the period of construction and on this plan. First, there is the name of the man for whom the use. survey was carried out, Antonio Tozzie, clearly an Italian 2. Middle history covering the period of anonymity and name, (Investigations have suggested that the spelling of the disuse. surname is either an Anglicisation or a misspelling and the 3. Modern history covering their 'rediscovery', recon- 'correct' Italian spelling, Tozzi, will be used in all future struction and current condition. references.) Second, is the fact that a part of one of the To investigate the first two phases, it was decided to search stone buildings and a corner of the fall outside of the through local records which might be able to confirm dates, surveyed area. Third, the area, which was apparently held as owners, origins and uses of the buildings. If possible, this a Mining Tenement for residential purposes under a Miner's investigation would be extended to archival records in other Right, was surrounded by and excluded from the Gold Lease areas and would also include retrieval of any photographic (GL) 48, held by The Cobar Gold Mines Ltd. Fourth, there is records that might exist. Long-term residents of the town, the existence shown within the surveyed area of a stake
67 l N Of PORTION 2GS (hllII o/' li'obinsol7 !JoI'is!li of'Coba.r LAN D DIST CT Of Coosr LAN D BOARO DISTRICT OF Bour/ieJ N~ Resumed Area ~drd /{e!Juidliooy Fastoral Holding, Weslern Division. )/il7/179 Appb>.1 /O/' under duo S,'c~i"'lQ ... 1' IA~ {;'..lOW 'fl,,,ll· .jet .,1' .Ri8:!. 6/1 ;In/onto 7OzzJe-
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fence. These features are considered to be highly significant that the doors were covered with hessian but could not in the light of subsequent analysis. Unfortunately, there was remember any windows. He thought there were about five little else found in the way of pertinent records from local rooms, of which three or four were occupied. This respondent sources: such as the Cabal' Shire Council; the Cabal' Mining, also recounted a story of Towser collecting firewood in a Pastoral and Technological Museum; or the Cobar Historical wheelbarrow and having it stolen by children. This story had Society, been told to him in recent years by a person who had been A number of elderly residents of Cobar were interviewed, one of those children. It is unfortunate that this latter person to determine whether any had first-hand of the is no longer living. as it may have been him who was the huts and their occupants. Quite remarkably, a number of source of the modern name of the site. Towser was stated to these residents. who had Jived a lifetime in Cobar and. in have been a Cornishman, but this was based, to some extent, some instances, close to the site in former had on association. In particular, it may have been due to the only very vague memories. or no recollection at of even similarity between the name Towser and the second name of the existence of the huts. From these interviews, there is one of the early Cornish mining captains (managers) in Cobar, some evidence to suggest that the name Towser's Huts is a James Tozer Dunstan. The surname Tozer, which occurred relatively recent name and probably was popularised during in Cobar in this century and is believed to be of Cornish the lead-up to the centenary celebrations in 1969. origin. was seen to be validation of this opinion. The respondent Two informants did claim to have had personal contact agreed that occupation of the huts probably ceased about with the huts whilst were in use. One of these encounters 1918.4 This date was also offered by another informant who was in 1906, when the would have been six years had no direct contact and it seems reasonable at the moment, old. He recalls that Towser was a 'rough well-built man with a since the mining industry went into severe recession at the beard-s-the sort of fellow who'd go through hell with his hat end of the Great War and all mines eventually closed for one off'. He estimated that Towser would have been about 40 reason or another by 1920. years old at the time. The huts were remembered as an Really reliable first-hand knowledge appears to be in short impressive house, with a flat sloping roof of unsawn timber supply, which is not surprising considering the time scale with bark covering. They were rented to miners from the involved. Other respondents reported the same basic story. Fort Bourke Mine for one shilling and six week. Towser was Cornish/German/Danish/Swedish/Baltic and The huts were lived in until 1918, by which was rented the rooms to single men who were miners/charcoal dead. remained in good condition until about 1930, burners/timber-getters. When the possibility of Italian when they were vandalised, Towser was declared emphatically nationality was raised. all stated emphatically that this was to be a Cornishman.' not so, However, one respondent that there had been The second respondent to have had direct contact quite a few Italians in Cobar in the days and that it was the huts in use, visited them as a baker's boy in possible. He recalled that several were employed at the mines, about 1910. He remembered that the huts had flat sloping particularly as calciners, This process involved stacking the roofs but could not recall details of materials. He did recall ore with timber and burning it to convert sulphide minerals to
68 oxides for the smelter and 'only Italians could stand the as Towser was found in these records, although the name heat'.' Sulphur dioxide is likely to be another significant Tozer occurred quite commonly. No record of Antonio Tozzi hazard with this stage of the ore treatment. has been found in records of naturalisations in New South Wales up to 1904, when such record keeping was transferred Italians in Australia to the Federal Government." A search of the Registry of The role of Italians in the early settlement of Australia is an Births, Deaths and Marriages around 1918, when Towser was interesting one, although records are scarce until 1871, when said to have died, produced a record of Antonio Tozzi, gold country of birth was incorporated into the census record. miner, who died in Parramatta Mental Hospital on 4 May Some arrived with the gold rushes in the 1850s6 1916 aged His place of birth was Switzerland." and a were brought out in the 1860s as plasterers, 'the There is no mention of Antonio records of Italian most skilled in the world', to out intricate plaster migration from northern Italy and Switzerland during the work that was in vogue during mid- Victorian period of 1850s,24 This is surprising considering that he would have architectural 7 In 1891 there 3890 of Italian been very young at the time. If he had at this time birth in of which 1477 resided in South Wales. he would have been an unlikely carrier of traditional building There 248 of these who were female. In 1901, there skills. As yet, no characteristic building method or style, were 1577 Italians in New South Wales, including 334 females," corresponding to those of Towser's Huts, has been found to Generally. Italians at this time tended to fill a fairly narrow prevail in this northern Italian region, although the search is range of occupations, including restaurants, fruit and vegetable far from complete. Unfortunately, at this stage it has not been growing and vending, fishing, cane-cutting, and to some extent possible to unearth any more significant data on Antonio mining and timber-getting,' particularly in Western Australia Tozzi, who is, without a doubt, the person responsible for the and Broken Hill." In Western Australia, was often construction of Towsers Huts. arranged employers and, as a Commission on the in 1902 found, 'the Italians hard workinc labourers who anxious to work and independence and a small property of their the 1960s there was a of interest in of and ternperence and the of Cobar as the centenary the of hottest of weather: approached. The culmination of this of contractors. a eellehr::ltimls held in 1969, In the to these mine)," This another representation celebrations, the Club conceived idea of tmdings of the Commissions carried out Western Australia the Towser's Huts. It in and 1904. Borrie also reports that 'In contrast the ""JU2;n) that this enhance the of the site as Australians who lived in wooden houses. the Italians tourist attraction and a contribution to the centenary built many stone houses. however. these followed celebrations. far can be determined from records Australian with wide verandahs' available the Club, the commenced in September Colonial laws with to the naturalisation of aliens 1968 and. after a completed in varied from to In New South this took 1969 .. in time for celebrations. Work the form of 'letters of denization' from the Governor to recommenced in vandals respectable persons, which the of British to the restored section this continued to be reported subjects an oath of was taken within a until June of that In March. a film made by Mid- year. a residential qualification of five years State Television, the There was introduced. were no restrictions on the holding of to have been another bout of between June real and by aliens of and and the commencement of yet more work in 1972. the being was the after this. there a reassessment of the viability of lack to hold office." the Club and the final mention of it in the Club in 1972. In an attempt to ascertain Italians in Cobar more detail than available in the Club records. a number Italians in Cobar in the late nineteenth of Club members and ex-members who involved in the twentieth included the names Padula. Indeed. in some eases visited Morelli. Agostinelli, Rossetti and Of most It in this . to determine is known about Michael Padula, who travelled overland ruins before restoration. the extent of the to Cobar from South Australia in He naturalised in the contribution restoration to the 1894 at the 43 He trade and the ruins. The results of this mvesuganon owned the town and an alderman something of distillation the information on the Cobar Council.': He a musician of collected. hlg~hllgh!t1rlg the common threads and some of some note. the and he involved in the local music and drama group. lJa:!g,lrno that proportion of the and Rossetti worked the Cornish Scottish and Australian mctuumu the two rooms that restored (Rooms E Mine. The latter by an that in a similar state to that nrcvaumu had been cached in a stove. M. was injured working started. The floors of the rooms on the surface at the Great Cobar Mine, on 14 February 1899, with up S00700mm of soil and when a log rolled onto his foot .1" This man may have been presumably from the walls. similar talus involved in ore at the time. A. Marconi suffered a the outside walls. Differences from the crushed and fall of rock underground recollection included walls the at the Great Mine, on 19 1901. dividiru: wall between the rooms virtually complete, Italians appear to have formed a segment of the including an arched , and that there were definite Cobar from successful businessmen to of windows in the front and/or walls, labourers at the mines. the to nn·-]lJllll recollection of the carried out only records of the Births, and uniform. The rubble from the failed to show any evidence for Antonio 21 Two records. to the of the The nreplace one the of and the other room walls birth of a child to listed. This the maximum of demonstrated the of the Tozzi in South from the rubble Wales at the time. No evidence for a name such about the site and
69 ,'- I I l1li Study I Area i., 'v'l " ~O~'~200km......
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elsewhere around the hill. Soil was used mortar. without Fig. 2: Location of To wser 's Huts. Inset maps show position near any real thought as to for the or to method of Cobar and within New South Wales. placement. It was conceded that the restored stone- work was much to the original. Stone or rubble was television coverage. This no useful information on the not removed from any of the other rooms. A sloping galvanised project. Back editions of Cobar the four- iron roof was installed, with steel bars driven through year period in question, were scanned but other than the the stonework to allow the roof timbers to fastened down article containing the brief at the beginning of with wire. No artefacts. other than broken bottles, this paper, there was no written no photographic coverage were the rubble excavated. of the in this The Club members' know- Differences from the version included a huts was limited to versions of flagstonle verandah area front of the rooms and clearing earlier. the rubble talus behind the rooms. One report also included demonstrated several features which water drain. and a toilet. Ash in the npl,'m,p",,, mvestrgauons into even the recent historical past, fireplace, a all iron coin and distant past. First, there is the fallibility and whole bottles mentioned as which were the human in investigations turned up on the site. The these facts no into all stages of the history of Second, there is the idea what have happened shorraoe of. and shortcomings in, the record-keeping and individuals, Undoubtedly. there are individuals who could not be interviewed and other records that might be It also important, however, to see what the stones have to say.
CURRENT STATE THE RUINS The position of the ruins is shown on a contour map of the general area (Fig. 2) by a block corresponding to Portion 265. The area of major concern, covering the ruins and environs, has been in some detail by stadia reduction. A of site in Fig. 3. Detailed measure- ments each of the have also been carried out tape and scale floor of each building have been involved in the centenary drawn crr .... Building outlines -_.. \ \ 1 Earthworks {' / \ I 1902 Plan -_. __ . fence"-''''''- 'v-' I / \ / \ / Lease corner '/ \ /' ,,/ main long building (Building 2) and for some distance to the Fig. 3: Plan of Towsers HUll showing major features. west. Second, there are the excavations further upslope connected by a flagstone-lined drain. Third, there are linear mounds further upslope again. Scattered over the site there of a amount of intact well present, although the are the remains of six buildings which will be described in northern wall was discernible. The position of the turn. chimnev was clear and of the door could be determined with a of The walls Building 1 of this room were 450-S00mm and the stonework was This building was a small two-roomed structure, located at fairly typical of the slabby siltstone used elsewhere. The the eastern end of the complex. The remaining structure is southern wall of this room did not align with the corresponding generally very low and particularly at the north-eastern corner, wall of Room A and to overlap the dividing wall. For definite details of walls cannot be detected other than by the this reason, as well as differences in stone and quality of scattered rubble. Room A 4) has the less complete floor stonework, it is thought that this room was built later than plan of the two rooms and no evidence could be found for the Room In fact, it seems likely that Room A is the small position of the door. From the regular termination of the 'Stone Hut' shown at the eastern end of the 1902 plan 1). eastern wall and the wider of rubble to this It may have been the first building on the site, if in area, it is thought that this have marked location of craftsmanship are any guide. the Wall-thickness of room is about 3S0-400mm. The type of stone used appears different and the of Building 2 the stonework to be of lower than is This is the building on the site, consisting of total of evidenced either room or throughout the five rooms in (what appears to have been) four units 4). remainder of the floor plan of B could These in all probability built at different times. all be determined with a greater of confidence because rooms, the front wall is in the most deteriorated condition 71 the subject of restoration by the local Lions Club. Relatively little evidence remains that would indicate to the casual observer that any such work had been carried out. Some of the stonework on the top of the back wall gives the impression of being less well bonded and of being of smaller stone which is not as well matched and coursed as elsewhere in the building. A wooden beam lies on the floor of the rooms. This was once of the restored roof The throuzh the stonework have it little rubble either or outside that some must have been removed at l Fig Floor plans ofindividual building remains, These are correctlv oriented but are not in their correct positions relative to one fa) Building], (b) Building 2, (c) Building 4, (d) Building S (e) Building 6. Broken lines indicate indefinite or inferred parts ofstructures. and in the case of the two-room unit the dividing wall is also the walls and the rear condition, up to 2.2m nn,h;, h!v survived better due, in the of the to lack of such doors and windows. and due to the buttress and rubble behind the rear walls. From an examination of the structure remaining. it would that Room D the be constructed, Rooms and E and the walls of these rooms form butt with of Room D. There is also a signilicant wall of Room C there is a 300mm step in Rooms D and E, Room evidenced the butt joins the rear comer F. There is also a considerable misalignment of the walls of this room, with the rest the building. Generally, Room is in a very poor state of repair, with the front wall in particular being virtually obliterated. Each room in this building, except Room E, has one the semicircular so characteristic of the site. Three of these are the corner of the room, whilst the fourth is somewhat off-centre in the rear wall. location in comers is somewhat unusual and at the moment is considered that this have resulted from constructional expediency rather than considerations of of ''',,''Ull1/S, location the in all the (,f'rl:.inl" more conventional. Rooms and F were [he part which were 72 the and An south-west. Note the semicircular occasional 1'1). Since in 50cm divisions. this building 1), it must be assumed although there is no real evidence from other constructional features for this. The latrines to have been of pit type, there is evidence of an below the northern one, consisted of three rooms whilst the southern one is filled with rubble, This could the 'residence of Mr Towscr' in accord with the statement by an ex-Lions Club member, that 1969. The also has some relativelv one of the toilets had been excavated during the restoration. and the and construction The in the south-western wall of the (,prl",i,,;!v merit attention. there the dpnf'I'hn'p northern unit could been a door, but only if the inter- the linear format the with the normal of such facilities in error. the interleaving is because it would have been rather placed in it was built relation to the if it was an door. Another possibility from the start and not in fashion that it been used access if. at some have been the case with the other multi-room units. pan latrine was in evidence of a has distinct from all other on the other unit. which in each room, Fourth. it shows the aesthetic refinements of the bullnose door-iambs Other J' eatures on all three which in one has There is other feature of on the site and curved transition from the wall. this the connected of excavations and earthworks on there is evidence on other far the most extensive the side of the 3). This must be evidence the to be found on this considered as a whole, because it almost represents building presumably post- a water-collection system. The linear mounds on the highest dates 1) and it appear from the parts of the site, have been positioned to direct the sheet run- extra attention to and the coherence of the structure, off from the into the large relatively shallow that it was not a rush job. excavation 2. As well as these two diversion banks. there are other features which are not so well defined further to the east. These might also have served to deflect water into the catchment of the silt-tank. This is how the excavation behind has been and when it filled, water overflowed the flagstone- lined channel into the well. The depth of the well is not but into the, visible, well mouth is excavated the Lions the able to recall how far the excavation went. 73 One other feature of minor interest on the site is an align Fig. 6: Aerial photograph of Towser's Huts the north-west, ment of stones set out in a right-angle. This was a normally showing Building 2 to the left and Buildings andS to the The site ofBuildingJ is indicated by the thick growth ofhop accepted method of marking the corners of mineral leases. /Dodonaea sp.) in the centreforeground. Photograph by Graham As nearly as can be determined. this is a modern lease Connah, 1.00 p.m., 19 August 1986. boundary and does not relate to the current project directly. at 5 pounds." When the area surveyed for the 1902 plan is SYNTHESIS plotted on a modern plan 3), some very interesting features come to light. The line of the northern boundary If Mr Tozzi was solely responsible for the works present on coincides almost with the limits of recognisable walls this site. he must have been a truly prodigious worker. It is of Building 3 and the rubble embankment leading from the estimated that some 150 cubic metres of materials would limits of the extant wall to the vicinity of the well. Virtually all have been required to build the maximum number of rooms of the extant remains fall inside the 1902 boundary. except that probably stood on the site. This would be approaching for part of Room G in Building 2. Buildings 4. 5 and 6 are 300 tonnes of rock and soil. It is considered unlikely that this adjacent to and approximately aligned with the boundary. amount would have been lying around close by. The stone This is suggestive that, as a result of the 1902 survey Mr could have arisen as a result of mining operations and there is Tozzi was obliged to demolish Building 3 which fell largely a small shaft only 50m to the east of the site. About 200m outside his boundary. It is possible that the step in the front away to the north-east. there is also a small quarry, which wall of Building 2 may have resulted from an attempt to occurs on an outcrop that would have provided the sort of realign part of this building also. Possibly using the materials material used. Whatever the source. the stone would have from Building 3, Buildings 1 and 2 were extended by adding a had to be transported some distance over ground that was far room each, and Buildings 4, 5 and 6 were constructed. The from level or smooth. The levelling of the site for Buildings 1, stake fence, which is only shown on the 1902 plan within the 2 and as well as the excavations for the silt tank. well and surveyed area, in all probability would have extended outside latrines, would also have required a considerable input of that area and around the buildings, delineating what Mr labour. This is all without the building, demolishing and Tozzi thought was his block of land. The alignment of the rebuilding of the huts themselves. fence roughly parallels the alignment of the main buildings Fairly obviously, this work would have been done in stages and the limit of the levelled area in front of them. It also and as suggested earlier, it seems that Room A of Building 1 would have run along the southern bank of the silt-tank. It is may have been the first on the site. By the time of the survey thought unlikely that the Crown would have been responsible in 1902 (Fig. 1), Building 2 (Rooms C, D, E and F) and for obligating Mr Tozzi to remove his building. If he was Building 3 had also been built. It is estimated from its size, obligated, it was most probably by the mining company whose that Building 3 would have consisted of at least five rooms. A lease surrounded him. The Cobar Gold Mines Ltd." This is shed, presumably of wood, and a stake fence had also been purely speculative at this stage. However, it might be possible built. The buildings were valued at 100 pounds and the fence that records do exist which could confirm the idea. 74 Firenlace in eastern wall of Building 4. Photograph facing 2m 50cm divisions. Why did Mr Tozzi build in stone? It cannot have been because of lack of suitable building materials. Bricks were produced in Cobar at a very early stage, probably from about 1872.3 1 The general of house built by the miners was a timber-framed cottage, with gable roof. skillion verandah 75 The unitary nature of the suggest that in the northern wall 01 Building Photograph were intended for multiple It seems lInlik,olv south. Scale of40cm in ltlcm divisions. considering their location on the of town, that were intended for casual occupancy, If this However, it seem that the stonework was family residence, which to accommodate an expanding sufficiently robust to withstand such treatment, although some family, family of this would have left more in the of the restored local history, Certainly, the extent of the buildinzs section, has occurred. At present, the is still visited by shown on the 1902 plan, such residence the occasional tourist, who appears to do litle more than stop would surely have shown records, Whether on the road, look out of the car window and take a Mr Tozzi was a or whether he The occasional beer bottle and can and signs of was a contractor accommodation his emnlovees attest to visits by local youth but, by (possibly also Italian), is uncertain. Given the. of the main of the ruins appear to be time women of Italian birth in New South Wales at the tune, he and the weather, As an site, the two rooms was married, there is a fair chance that it was not to an that were restored have received a set back, as may Italian. The construction of the three-room is more have one of the toilets and the well. However, this is part of evocative of a Iamilv home and considering the in the of an record and must be the sort and the extra care in construction, the influence the of interference that the should be trying to fairer sex might be a possibility detect and allow for in any interpretations. In it does appear that the history of Tozzi's Huts CONCLUSION tarnished, but by no means ruined. In a relatively short time, it has been possible a more coherent of the purpose Huts than was available. Thanks must go to the many people who were of assistance to deal more be done with detailed rp"",rrJino me during this investigation. In particular, thanks are due to of the stonework. It also seems Cobar Mines Pty Ltd for allowing access to records and research would be fruitful. the equipment, to the Lions Club of Cobar for access to their that much more first-hand knowledve records, and to Wally Snelson and Arthur 'Pop' Burgess, who ~="";~d"l from oral sources, unless the work gave so freely of their time and recollections. To the others, Overall. further work would justified too numerous to mention by name, thank you. possibility of throwing Italian migration development of the Outback. The results the restoration the Lions Club have fortunatelv not been as far themselves L Anon. J978. are concerned. It served to attract the attention of vandals at Crown Lands Office. the time and the restoration has been effectivelv 3. AM. Burgess, 1985: personal communication. 76 4. W.P. Snelson, 1985: personal communication. BIBLIOGRAPHY 5. W.P. Snelson, 1985: personal communication. 6. Borrie 1954: 49. Published sources 7. Freeland 1968: 146. AGOSTI, P. 1979. Immagine del 'mondo dei vinti', Mazzota/Fotografia, 8. Borrie 1954: 50-51. Milano. 9. ibid: 57. ALLEN, L 1967. The Cornish round chimney in Australia, Cornish Archaeologv. 6: 68-73. 10. ibid.' 60-61. ANON. 1933. The Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 11, The Clarendon 11. ibid.: 146-7. Press. Oxford. 12. Pyke 1948: !O3. ANON. 1978. Cohal' information hooklet. 13. Berrie 1954: 120. ANON. 1981. Grana Region tourist Orana Tourist Association, 14. ibid: 25. Development Advisory Dubbo. 15. W.P. Snelson. 1985: personal communication. BORRIE, w.o. 1954. Italians and Germans in Australia: A study of 16. R. Maguire, 1986: personal communication. assimilation. F.W Cheshire Pty Ltd. Melbourne. 17. Clelland 1984: 84,133. CLELLAND. . 1984. Cobar Founding Fathers, Macquarie Publi- cations. Dubbo. 18. W.P. Snelson. 1985: personal communication. FREELAND, J.M. 1968. Architecture in Australia, Penguin Books, 19. Slee 190(): 92. Melbourne. 20. Slee 1902: JEANS,D.N. SPEARRITT, P. 1980. The open air museum, George 21. Registry of Births. Deaths and Marriages. Allen Unwin. Sydney. 22. R. Maguire, 1986: personal communication. MEGAW LV 1984. The of rubbish or rubbishing 23. Registry of Births. Deaths and Marriages. archaeology: Backward looks and glances. Australian Journal of Historical Archaeology 2. 7-12. 24. A. Pagliano. 1986: personal communication. PYKE. N.O.P. 1948. An outline history of Italian immigration into 25. Lions Club of Cobar. Australia, The Australian Quurterly 20 (3): 99-109. 26. Jeans and Spearritt 1980: 51 SLEE, \N.H.J. 1900. Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Mines and 27. G. Connah. 1986: personal communication. Superintendent of Diamond Drills. Annual report the Ue nurt ment 28. Anon. 1981: 39. of Mines and Agriculture of' New South Wales, 29. Crown Lands Office. SLEE, W.H.J. 1902. Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Mines and Superintendent of Diamond Drills. Annual ofthe Department 30. G. Dalby and LA. Chalker. 1985: personal communications. of' Mines of South Wales. 1901: 74-8. 31. Clelland 1984: 37. SMITH. R. 1980. Historic Australia. Curry O'Neil. Melbourne. 32. Agosti 1979: 40. 57. 33. G. Young. 1986: personal communication. Unpublished sources 34. Jeans and Spearritt 1980: 51. CROWNLANDS OFFICE, Plan LB02-1480 Be. 35. Smith 1980: 34. L.lONS CLUB OF COllAR, 1968-1973. Meeting minutes and monthly reports. 36. Allen 1967: 68-73; Megaw 1984: 9. REGISTRY OF BIRTHS, DEATHS AND MARRtAGES. Microfiche index 37. Jeans and Spearritt 1980: 51. of prc-1900 registrations, Dubbo Municipal Library. 38. Anon. 1933: Vol. 11, 192,206. REGISTRY OF BIRTHS, DEATHS AND MARRIAGES. Register of deaths occurring in New South Wales, Sydney. Newspapers The Cohar Age 77