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The AMERICAN CAVER BULLETIN SIXTEEN of the NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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The AMERICAN CAVER BULLETIN SIXTEEN of the NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY The AMERICAN CAVER BULLETIN SIXTEEN of THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Member of the American Association for the AdYancement of Science IN THIS ISSUE ... Accurate and informative articles on caves including CAVES OF INDIANA THE SPELEO-BAROMETER ICE CAVES OF THE UNITED STATES CAVES AND KARST OF THE .U.S.S.R. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CAVERNS IN THE BEECH CREEK LIMESTONE IN INDIANA REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIMESTONE CAVES IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT ON THE MINERALOGY OF NEW RIVER CAVE PLEISTOCENE ECOLOGY OF CUMBERLAND BONE CAVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT 'OF SEA CAVES DECEMBER 1954 THE AMERICAN CAVER T HE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY was organized in 1940. It now has mem­ Published by bers scattered throughout the United States, and also has many members in THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY foreign countries. To stimulate interest in caves and to record the findings THE SOCIETY is a nOll-profit organiza­ of explorers and scientists within and outside the Society tion of men and women interested in the study and exploration of caves and allied phenomena. It is chartered under the law of the District of Columbia. Its energies IN THIS ISSUE ...... December, 1954 are devoted to the unlocking of the secrets of the world underground. PREFACE ........... .. .. .............. ............................. ........ ... ... .......... ... ... 1 THE SOCIETY serves as a central agency for the collection, preservation and publi­ cation of scientific, historical and legend­ FRONTIspmCE ...................................... ...... ... ... ......... ................... .. 2 ary information relating to Speleology. It arouses interest in the discovery of new caves and encourages the preservation of IcE CAVES OF THE UNITED STATES ........ William R. Halliday 3 the natural beauty of all caverns. THE AFFAIRS of the Society are con­ PLEISTOCENE ECOLOGY OF CUMBERLAND trolled by a Board of Governors. The Board appoints the national officers. T he BONE CAVE ................................ Bro. G. Nicholas, F.S.C. 29 Board also approves committee chairmen - who are chosen not only for their prov­ ed ability ill a particular field, but also CAVES AND KARsT OF THE U.S.S.R.. ................... M. B. Shelley 40 for their activity in the work of the So­ ·ciety. CAVES OF INDIANA ....................... ... ... ... ........ George F. Jackson 55 OFFICERS FOR 1954-55: W illiam E. Da­ vies, Falls Church, Va., President; Bur­ ton S. Faust, Washington, D. c., Vice­ ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CAVERNS IN Presidwt (Administration); Joseph D. Lawrence, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Vice­ THE BEECH CREEK LIMESTONE IN INDIANA President (Organization); Jerome M. Preston McGrain and O rville L. Bandy 65 Ludlow, Trenton, N. J. Vice-President (Pltblications); Albert C. Mueller, Scotch Plains, N. J. Vice-President (P.ublic Re­ ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEA CAVES. la tions); Brother G. Nicholas, F.S.C., David G. Moore 71 Cumberland, Md. Vice-President (Re­ search) ; Howard N. Sloane, Upper Mont­ clair, N. J.. Treasurer; Rhoda Coulson, SUPPLEMENTAL REpORT ON THE MINERALOGY Washington, D. c., Secretary to the OF NEW RIvER CAVE ........................... .John W. Murray 77 Board of Governors. DIRECTORS: Thomas C. Barr, Jr., Nash­ ville, Tenn.; Roger W. Brucker, Yellow REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIMESTONE CAVES Springs, Ohio ; Robert H. Flack, Silver Spring, Md.; WilIiaTl1 J. Foster, Falls IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE .... .................. Thomas C. Barr, Jr. 83 Church, Va.; William R. Halliday, Salt Lake City, Utah; George F. J acksoll, THE SPELEO·BAROMETER .................... Donald N. Cournoyer 91 Evansville, Ind.; Lewis C. Kibbee, Gaith­ ersburg, Md. ; Samuel A. Loyd, Jr., Waynesboro, Va.; Charles E. Mohr, LIST OF GROTTOES AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.................. 94 Greenwich, Conn. ; John Dyas Parker, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Miles D. Pillars, Washington, D. c.; Ivan T. Sanderson, WHO'S WHO IN BULLETIN SIXTEEN ............................................ 95 New York, N. Y.; Ida V. Sawtelle, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Howard A. Shugart, Glendale, Calif. ; Phil ip M. Smith, Spring­ field, Ohio; John L. Spence, Brooklyn, PUBLISHED intermittently, at least once a year; EDITOR: Jerome M. Lud­ N. Y.; William J. Stephenson, Bethesda, low, 1108 West State St., Trenton 8, N. J. Md.; Ralph W. Stone, Harrisburg, Pa.; Inquiries relating to the publication of manuscripts in the BULLETIN J oh11 N. Thomasson, Waynesboro, Va.; should be addressed to the Editor; those relating to the distribution of Halvard Wanger, Shepherdstown, W. Va. the BULLETIN should be addressed to the Office of the Secretary, National OFFICE SECRETARY : Mrs. Lois B. Cutler. Speleological Society, 2829 So. Buchanan St., Fairlington, Arlington, Va. LOCAL SECTIONS of the Society are called COPYRIGHT, 1955 by The National Speleological Society. Grottoes. They serve to stimulate and co­ ordinate activity and increase the interest, PUBLICATIONS include the BULLETIN published at least once a year, and en joyment and productiveness of caving. the NEWS appearing monthly. All members receive the BULLETIN and the NEWS. LIBRARY: An excellent speleological library is owned by the Society and is Membership helps to support the publications, special investigations, and being constantly enlarged. Items on hand the operation of the Society. may be borrowed by NSS members. Ex­ Associate . ... .. ... $ 3 Sustaining .. ... ..... .. $10 tensive collections of cave maps, photo­ Regular .... ... ... .. $ 5 Institutional .. ......... $10 graphs and slides are being gathered and Life .......... .. .... $100 are available on a loan basis. Preface During every year of its life the f-.:a tional Speleological Society has increased in stature, influence, and activities. The period since the last Bull etin was released has been no exception in the general prog­ ress and g rowth of the Society. The Society has conducted its fi rst large-scale, scientific study of a cave. The report of this activity is presented in a book entitled "The Caves Beyond". This is the culmination of the cooperative ef­ forts of a large g roup of members who spent many long hours of heavy, arduous labor. a considerable amount of vacation time, and a very substantial personal financial sacrifice to make the F loyd Collin s Crystal Cave Expedition a success. Our thanks and appreciation are extended to all who contributed time, equipment, talent, or finances to thi s project. \Ve ha\'e been honored by having the officials of our Kational Park Ser vice consult us on matters of policy governing speleological acti\"­ ities within areas under their jurisdiction. N umerous conferences ha\'e been held and a f ree exchange of ideas and thoughts encouraged, vvhich resulted in a vastly improved and more understanding appreciati on of mutual problems. As a result a modified and liberali zed set of regula­ ti ons that affect the Society and its members has been formulated. \Ve have been in vited to attend the \ \To dd Cong ress of 1Iineralo­ g ists to be held in Mexico in 1956. This is the fir st time an invitation has been extended to speleologists to attend these meetings. Conse­ quently, \\'e feel g reatly honored by this recognition. This Cong ress meets every four years and only rarely on the ::\ orth ~-\1l1 e ri can conti­ nent. Our recent meeting . held concurrently with the American Associ­ ation for the AC!\'ancement of Science. at Berkeley, Cali fornia, was the best attended of any such session since the Society has been a member of that scientific g roup. Such meetings are for the primary purpose of providing sessions at which papers directed to the more serious aspects of speleolog-y may be presented. They provide, also, an additional focal poi nt at which widely scattered members may meet and exchange ideas. The r\nnual Convention continues to be the most important and inl ~lu e nti a l acti\'ity of the Society. 1t is at these meetings that a def­ ini te attempt is made to provide a program of papers. discussions, and acti\·iti es. among- which every person, regardless of the length of hi s membership will find something of interest. T here has been a substantial increase in our Affi li ated members. all of \\'hich are foreig-n g roups of speleologi ts. T hese memberships g-ive our publications a worlC\ -\\·ide circul ation. ] n turn, we receive publications from such member g roup '. This arrang-ement brings ( Coll l illll cd (} II PII[Jc' 95 ) Ice Caves of the United States By WILLIAM R. HALLIDAY, M.D. Ice (UlVes harue lOll Y fas cinated Ih e speleologist but few persons realize Ih e ex lelll 10 which Ih ey exist in Ih e Ull ited S Ia.les. T he accompa.lIyil1g article presel1ts a delailed ill velll ory 0/ icc caves to be fO llnd in Ihis couutry togelh er w ilh 1110.1IY oili er fa.cls as 10 Ih ei1' origin. a.l1d develo/,1II ell t. That ice should he found in certain caves has estimable contributions, far greater gaps \-"ould long stirred the interest and curiosity o f the caver, exist in our present knowledge, and to them, the a nd 0 [ the imagi na ti \'e observer in general. T o a uthor's appreciation is sincerely rendered. \ i\' ith m any, fallliliar with the year-round comfort o f few exceptions, the data so contributed, whether the majority o f our A merican caves, its occur­ or not included in the reference li st as "personal r ence seems anomalous if not incredible, A little communication" , is on fil e vvith the National Spe­ refl ectiun, however, wi ll show that to expect this leological Society, to be the universal case would be unreali sti c. In Nevertheless, despite all the data which could the case o f the Nakimu Caves, high in the Selkirk be gathered through field, bibliographic and inter­ M ountains o f British Columbia, the surprising personal research, this paper inevitably indicates feature is not that one o f the caves contains ice that important data is l\J1 a\'ailable in far too ma ny the year round ( 23) .
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