EVA Minerva Rockets 1 1 Vanessa Latini ,​ Barbara Neumann ,​ Igor Monsuetto¹, Naiane Negri¹, Fabrícia Feijó¹, Jonas Degrave¹, Nina Senna², ​ ​ Willian Costa³ 1 U​ niversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 2 U​ niversity of Exeter ³Instituto Internacional de Neurociências Edmond e Lily Safra 1 m​ [email protected] Abstract Extravehicular activities consist of any activities developed by humans outside the space vehicule, be it in open space or on the surface of a planet or moon. This type of activity started early in the flights space. Here, we describe every part and component necessary for a useful spacesuit. Our focus was in Microgravity and Mars EVA. We show all that has been developed and what would we implement in our own spacesuit. Also, we show for the first time our design for the spacesuit. Keywords: EVA, Microgravity, Mars, Space devices, Space Engineer. ​ September 30th, 2018 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report Summary 1. Introduction 6 2. Methodology 8 2.1. Literature Analysis 8 2.2. Spacesuit Design 8 2.3. Spacesuit Development 8 3. Results and Discussion 9 3.1. Soft Suit 9 3.2. Hard Upper Torso (HUT) 12 3.3 Shoulder Design 17 3.4 Gloves Design 18 3.5 Waist Joint 20 3.6 Brief Shell 20 3.7 Boots Design 21 3.8 Couplers 22 3.9 Helmet 23 3.10 Mobility 27 3.11 Primary Life Support System 29 3.12 Control Module 33 3.13 Biomedics Equipments 33 3.14 Final Mass 42 4. Conclusions 44 5. Spacesuit Design 44 6. Future Work 46 7. References 47 8. Authoral Responsibility: 52 For the Right to Fly Higher 2 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report List of Figures: Fig. 1 - Alexei Leonov performs the first EVA mission in Voskhod 2 (NASA) 4 ​ Fig. 2 - Ed White working on the first American EVA (NASA) 5 ​ Fig. 3 - Bruce MacCandless flying free through space (NASA) 5 ​ Fig. 4 - Svetlana Savitskaya on EVA first woman mission.(ROSCOSMOS) 6 Fig. 5 - Timeline of Spacesuit design (UNKNOWN) 6 Fig. 6 - Soft Suit Layers (AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION) Fig. 7 - EDS models (JOHANSEN) 11 Fig. 8 - Backpack Side View (NASA) 11 ​ Fig. 9 - Astronaut entering in the suit (NASA) 12 ​ Fig. 10 - Rear Entry (NASA) 12 Fig. 11 - Hard Upper Torso (Air-Lock) 13 Fig. 12 - HUT sizes covering the entire anthropometric range (DAVID CLARK COMPANY Co.) 16 Fig. 13 - HUT geometry changes 2018 (NASA) 16 ​ Fig. 14 - Bearing Shoulder Joint (AIR-LOCK) 17 Fig. 15 - The Bearing shoulders attached to the composite Hard Upper Torso (AIR-LOCK) 17 Fig. 16 - Phase VI gloves (NASA) 18 Fig. 17 - Back of the Phase VII fingers with aerogel pads (MACLEOD) 18 Fig. 18 - Fingertip tactility testing to 0.1875” with similar in bulk TMG at 8 psid (MOISEEV) 19 Fig. 19 - Body Seal Closure (AIR-LOCK) 20 ​ Fig. 20 - Waist Joint (NASA) 20 Fig. 21 - Brief Shell Z-2 Suit (NASA) 20 ​ Fig. 22 - Soft boots with aluminum heels to connect with foot restraints on orbit (WORKBOOK) 25 ​ Fig. 23 - Complete spacesuit adjusting both boots with a Boa® system at the same (ROSS) 25 ® ® Fig. 24 - La Sportiva’s G2 SM boot with dual Boa ​ closure system (Boa ​ WEBSITE) 26 ​ ​ Fig. 25 - Ankle Bearings (AIR-LOCK) 27 Fig. 26 - Composite Glove Disconnect Bearing Assembly (AIR-LOCK) 27 Fig. 27 - Sun Visor (AIR-LOCK) 29 ​ Fig. 28 - Set of Visors (NASA) 29 Fig. 29 - Camera and Light System (NBC NEWS) 31 ​ Fig. 30 - Performance graph for dual spot without focus after 1 hour of battery usage (NASA) 31 Fig. 31 - Manufacture in 3D Printing (NASA) 32 ​ Fig. 32 - Communication System (NASA) Fig. 33 - Movements similar to “jumping jacks” (ILC DOVER) 26 ​ Fig. 34 - Movements of the arms and shoulders (ILC DOVER) 27 Fig. 35 - “Handrail Test” (ILC DOVER) 27 ​ Fig. 36 - Taking a swab sample (ILC DOVER) and Collecting rock sample (ILC DOVER) 28 Fig. 37 - Oxygen Saturation (NASA) 28 ​ Fig. 38 - Ventilation system, with rebreather (AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION) 29 Fig. 39 - Peristaltic Pump BT300-2J (LONGER PUMP WEBSITE) 29 Fig. 40 - Electrodes position (ECG LEARNING CENTER) 30 Fig. 41 - Position of precordial electrodes (ECG LEARNING CENTER) 30 For the Right to Fly Higher 3 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report Fig. 42 - Pulse oximeter (AMAZON) 35 Fig. 43 - Thermistor (AMETHERM) 35 ​ Fig. 44 - Supporting electrodes for the reading of skin conductance (ZIYUN) 35 Fig. 45 - Functions presents in the VOC device (AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION) 40 ​ Fig. 46 - (a) Silicon Diode Detectors (NASA) and (b) Location of dosimeter (NASA) 41 Fig. 47 - Scheme of a Geiger-Müller Counter (ELEMENTAR SCIENCE) 42 ​ Fig. 48 - Location of Geiger-Muller Counter (AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION) 42 Fig. 49 - Final Design Concept (AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION) 45 Fig. 50 - Back view of spacesuit (AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION) 46 List of Tables: Table 1 – Female Population Anthropometric Dimensions for Torso Sizing (David Clark Co.) 15 ​ Table 2 - Anthropometric measures for the chosen model (Adapted from David Clark Company) 17 ​ ​ Table 3 . Summary of desired adjustability for the HUT prototype (DAVID CLARK COMPANY) 16 Table 4 - Specifications of thermistor (AMETHERM, 2008) 44 ​ Table 5 - Density (areal and volumetric) and total mass of the suit components 54 ​ List of Symbols: ​ PMM Multi-Mission Platform EMU Extravehicular Mobility Unit psid pounds per square inch Kg Kilograms cm centimeters EVA Extravehicular Activity LTA Lower Torso Assembly CCA Communications Carrier Assembly lb pounds ITO Idium tin oxide WFM Work Function Matching Coating EDS Electrodynamic Dust Shield MMU Manned Maneuvering Unit atm Atmosphere HUT Hard Upper Torso TMG Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment LCVG Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment ≃ approximately equal to χ X- rays γ gamma radiation NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration For the Right to Fly Higher 4 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report PLSS Primary Life Support System For the Right to Fly Higher 5 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report 1. Introduction Extravehicular activities consist of any activities developed by humans outside the space vehicle, be it in open space or on the surface of a planet or moon. This type of activity started early in the flights space. The first of these occurred on March 18, 1965. At the end of the first orbit, cosmonaut Alexei Leonov performed an EVA that began over the north of Africa, ended on the eastern region of Siberia and lasted 12 minutes. To the end of the activity, Leonov faced difficulties to return to the interior of the ship because his costume had grown in volume and he could not get through the hatch. The solution for this was a dangerous operation: Leonov had to reduce the internal pressure of his suit, so he could get back through the hatch (Fig 1). Fig 1. Alexei Leonov performs the first EVA mission in Voskhod 2 (NASA). The first North American extra-vehicular activity occurred less than three months after Leonov's. On June 3, 1965, astronaut Edward H. White II also conducted an EVA on the Gemini IV mission for 21 minutes (Fig 2). He was attached to the spaceship and his oxygen was supplied by the umbilical cord. It also had communication equipment and biomedical instrumentation. His mission was remarkable because he was the first to coordinate his movements in space. In addition, he was also caught in trouble by detecting a malfunction in the capsule locking mechanism, causing problems in opening and closing the hatch, and a delay at the beginning of the EVA, putting the crew at risk. Fig 2. Ed White working on the first American EVA (NASA). For the Right to Fly Higher 6 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report The astronaut Bruce MacCandless II was the first one to do a spacewalk wich didn’t use any umbilical or restrictive tethers, on February 7, 1984. It was possible because he was using a Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) - a propulsion system unit. The MMU allowed the astronauts to go a few meters away from the space shuttle and it was controlled by astronaut’s hands. It was responsible for one of the most famous picture of an astronaut in space (Fig 3). Fig 3. Bruce MacCandless flying free through space (NASA). The first woman to perform EVA was a soviet named Svetlan Savitskaya, on July 25 of 1984, and it last 3 hours and 35 minutes (Fig. 4). She was in the space station Salyut 7. Fig 4. Svetlana Savitskaya on EVA first woman mission. In this way, space suits for EVA have been improving over time, aiming at ways to achieve mission success without much discomfort for the astronaut, and giving them more control over the system. EVA space suits are important for enabling technological advances during space operations. Over the years a variety of space suits have evolved with modular design and with increased functionality (Fig 5). Fig 5. Timeline of Spacesuit design (UNKNOWN) For the Right to Fly Higher 7 MINERVA ROCKETS Cobruf EVA Beta – Final Technical Report EVA's control team are able to follow up and can provide insights into a member's ability to complete mission-critical tasks. One of the greatest difficulties faced in the use of EVA is an increase of the parameters analyzed. For a long time, the focus was only on data such as heart rate, oxygen levels and cooling of the suit. However, nowadays it is sought to increase the biomedical parameters, using biosensors able to identify the health state of the astronaut and to pass the information in real time. The biosensors are usually constituted by the bio-recognition element, a signal transducer and a detector. The elements for bio-recognition will be the volatile biomarkers, or volatile organic compounds, emitted under stress, already described in the literature.