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Early Holocene Climate of Southwestern Alberta, Canada, Reconstructed from Lake Sediment Cores

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Early Holocene Climate of Southwestern Alberta, Canada, Reconstructed from Lake Sediment Cores University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 1997 Early holocene climate of southwestern Alberta, Canada, reconstructed from lake sediment cores Beierle, Brandon Dennis Beierle, B. D. (1997). Early holocene climate of southwestern Alberta, Canada, reconstructed from lake sediment cores (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/13885 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/26787 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca TtfE UNlVERSITY OF CALGARY Early Holoaae Climate of Soutbwmtrn Alkrt., Canada, Reconstructed From Lake Sediment Cores Brandon Dennis Beierle A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFlLLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY CALGARY,ALBERTA JANUARY, 1997 0 Brandon Dennis Beierle 1997 National Library Biblioth4que nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisiiions et Bibliographic Se~-ces services bibliographiques 39s warismet 395, rue Wdlington OltawaON KlAW -ON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accord6 melicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pemwttant d la National Library of Canada to Biblioth&quenationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or sell reproduire, pdter, distrhuer ou copies of Merthesis by any means vendre des copies de sa these de and in any form or format, making this thesis awleto interested fome que ce soit pour mettre des persons. exemplaires de cette thtse a la disposition des persomes int&ess&s. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propri6t6 du copyright in his/her thesis. Neither droit d'auteur qui proege sa these. Ni the thesis nor substantial extracts la thbe ni des extraits substantiek de fiom it may be printed or otherwise celle-ci ne doivent &re imprim& ou reproduced with the author's autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisatin, paiod,dimrSeddtunrtic9yd~pitrtio11~.Pnvi~~~memrchbu id~thiswum~howcv~ram~~'bsdhaeinhvcimprovcd dutiorrof~n811ak&~tbaipecadmQitymQity Sedinmt cores &om 3 gLd.pI-fibd -pine hka indicate that sedimentation in betweea l0,OOO ad 9400 BP, uggdng tht wspadal mdimcnt inaux tcnniruted in responac to inma@ climatic wrrmtb lad aridity which mused alpine gimers to wmpIetdy melt. Clerr water rcsuItiq .#?omt emination of suspended sediment influx allowed Ghc~-f'iingmolluscs to colonize lower Butrll Me, ad greuly inaucd organic productivity in dl three Wrcr through incrrued photosynthesis. Stable oxygen ud arbon isotope marurrmanr on o@c ud cubonate firctions of thcrt cores suggest ninimrl glrdJ ioauenct on subalpine Uu betwea~10,000 ud shortly &a 6734 BP. Additional rsdhnaot corn hm7 clodbash Was in the subalpine, montane MCI foothitls of southwestem Alksu suggest inaarcd warmth and aridity between 10,000 and sometime .fta 6734 BP. An erosional uncodormity Ldicatu that Cuhvright Lake had completely dried out by 6734 BP. Pat Mes in two other lakes also bdiute low wrta levels during the ariy Hdoocllt. The distance between the ullcddonnity ud peat ficies,mdmodanwua~uspsrtposriMt~od~wrtff1.MelowcMgof~ least 6.5 m. Strble omen nlwr from the organic Won of Sibbald Lake become propssivdy hervier rlta 10,000 BP, iadiclting r negative water balance existed for most of thc euty Holoccllc. iii Acknowiodgm8~ PiIwauld Wa to thrnlrDr. DaJd Sndth Dcputmcrdof~hy,The UniVCISity of Calgary, bbr his @eace, @ante md Upthmqbm the rrrerreh ud-oftbirt&dr. IwauldbliketotMtDr.~Hillrfahisfiidship, critid~~idgaikrrtnildcolrddcnbkhdp. AMitionrltbrdoueowadb~~~ptwi~~~k fidd help, aitid review ud hovr ofgood convaptioa md dcbae. Doug Nethelped me both in the fidd ud with dihmohma oft& concepts her& I wouM dm like to thank rll of my otha fidd assistmts: Mike Getty, Julia Ciccqlione, Duncan Milne, Wff Sdunidtkr ud myone else I myhave forgotten. NdeVddhoen is owed a debt of gmthdt for putting up with my late nights udlongtrips, mdtkpcovidingnrcwahlo~drupponthnnr~thtlut5yan. Fn9y,IwouldliLetotMrypucntrudamilyforrllofdwirhdpud ='Ppo** Sueisotope rnJrses were completed with the genctous support of Dr. HR Kmuy Dcprnment of Physics ud Astronomy, The University of Clguy, and a debt of gntitude is owed to Dr. Kmuse for providing much ddadvice and instruction in prepamtion and intaprrtrtion of ruapkr ud 61.. Nenita Lozrmo, Jam Pontoy md Muir hGhducu are Jlo thrnked for their imnluable assistance in irb methods, sample prepontions 8nd dyses. Fwding for this rrseuch anr provided by m NSERC opating grant to Dr. Smith. Funding for coring, uvlyring and dating Karf Lake was gcncmudy provided by Syncde Clludr, Ltd. Summit Wre wu codwith the fbm5aI assistance of WItnton Nrtiod Park, with special thanks to Chief Superintendent Rob Wan for logistical support. Badnd Watmon Nrtid Pula. ud Krnrnulris Cauntry are rtw thanked for pvidbq coUection pamb fbr coring. Thnla ue dm due to the Deputmcnt of Geography, The University of Calgary, for use of field urd lab equipment, u well as providiig space for core uulysis and stowe. Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... .* Approval Page ...11 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 111 Aclrnowiedgments .............................................................................................................. iv ................................................................................................................. Table of Contents ...v List of Figures .................................................................................................................. vlrl Equation List ................ ... ............................................................................................ xi .* Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................. xu I . Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Regional Setting............................................................................................................... 4 3 . Previous Research ............................................................................................................ 9 4. Methods ......................................................................................................................... 14 4- 1 Field Site Selection.. ................................................................ 14 4.2 Coring Methods ....................................................................................................... 16 4.2.1 Vibracoring system ........................................................................................... 16 4.2.2 Reasoner percussion coring system ................... ... .................................... -23 4.3 Laboratory Methods ................................................................................................. 25 4.3.1 Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 25 4.3.1.1 Sedirnentolo~and WeProductivity ....................................................... 25 4.3.1.2 Macrofossils ............................................................................................... 26 4.3.1.3 Isotor~~...................................................................................................... 28 4.3 -2 Splitting Core ................................................................................................... -29 4.3.3 Sieving, Sampling and Logging Core ............................................................... 30 4 .3.4 Tepbra Identification ....................................................................................... 31 4.3.5 Macrofossil Identification................................................................................. 32 4.3-6 Combustion Analyses ....................................................................................... 33 4.3.7 Stable Isotopic Analyses .................................................................................. -33 4.3.7.1 Possible Sources of Error........................................................................... 34 4.3.7.2 Carbonate Fraction .................................................................................... 35 4.3.7.3 &panic Fraction ...-.........*...-...... ......*................................................. 36 4.3.7.3.1 Oxygen ................................................................................................ 36 4.3.7.3.2 Carbon. ................................................................................................ 37 4.3.7.3.3 Hydrogen............................................................................................ -37 5 . Results ... ........................................................................................................................ -38 5.1.2 hoqpnic sand. silt or clay ................................................................................ 39
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