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ED441639.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 441 639 RC 022 420 AUTHOR Carlton, Rosemary TITLE Sheldon Jackson the Collector. INSTITUTION Alaska State Museums, Juneau. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 98p.; Photographs may not reproduce adequately. AVAILABLE FROM Alaska State Museums, 395 Whittier St., Juneau, AK 99801 ($14). Tel: 907-465-4840; e-mail: [email protected]. PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Acculturation; *Alaska Natives; American Indian Culture; American Indian Education; Art; *Cultural Maintenance; Eskimos; Federal Indian Relationship; *Material Culture; *Museums; *State History; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Alaska; Eskimo Culture; *Jackson (Sheldon); Missionaries ABSTRACT Missionary, educator, humanitarian, and collector, the Reverend Sheldon Jackson came to Alaska in.1877.to,assimilate Native populations into the dominant White culture, but his collecting efforts between 1877 and 1902 represent a significant effort to preserve the legacy of Alaska Natives during a period of tumultuous change. A zealous missionary, Jackson established numerous missions, schools, and churches during his early work in Minnesota, the Rocky Mountains, and the Southwest. His interest in collecting things grew during this period, and by the time he went to Alaska, he had the support of the Smithsonian Institution and a display at the Princeton Theological Seminary. His successful fundraising was fueled by his public speaking abilities, his missionary newspaper ,and educat.i.onal tours to Native sites. He believed that Pmerican Indians wc,uld be better converted to Christianity if they first learned the White man's lifestyle through concrete educational experiences. JackLton hoped to avoid reservations by establishing civil government and an education system in Alaska. In 1885, Jackson was appointed as General Agent of Education for Alaska. Importing reindeer from Siberia and teaching Alaska Natives to herd them tied in with his educational goals for Alaska. He founded a vocational school at Sitka, and the Alaska Museum of Natural History and Ethnology. Jackson did his collecting by acceptable standards of the 19th century and in a relatively sensitive manner. Although his collecting methods would not measure up to today's museum practices, had he not collected, much of the state's material culture would have been irretrievably lost. Appendices present the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology constitutions and list exhibit catalogs, Jackson's memberships in societies and organizations, world expositions involving Jackson or his collections, and all known repositories of Jackson's collections. (Contains end notes, many photographs, and an index.) (TD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. I '1 1-1 n 1 r r ( I L L LL \.LL U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUC TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) his document has been reproducedas received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been madeto improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated inthis document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1,tiy,V;UOMMY-' "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEDBY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Rosemary Carlton Sheldon Jackson Museum MINN AMON The Collector By Rosemary Carlton Sheldon Jackson Museum Alaska State Museums Juneau, Alaska 1999 Alaska State Library Cataloging-In-Publication Data Carlton, Rosemary. Sheldon Jackson, the collector / by Rosemary Carlton. 96 p. ; cm. Published by: Alaska State Museums. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Jackson, Sheldon, 1834-1909.2. Indians of North AmericaMaterial cultureAlaskaCollectors and collecting. 3>AlaskaHistory-1867-1959. I. Alaska State-Museums. F909.C36 1999 © Copyright 1999 Published by Alaska State Museums All rights reserved. Alaska Department of Education and Early Development Division of Libraries, Archives and Museums Alaska State Museums 395 Whittier St., Juneau, Alaska 99801 Sheldon Jackson Museum 104 College Dr., Sitka, Alaska 99835 Printed by the Friends of the Sheldon Jackson Museum and the Friends of the Alaska State Museum 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. "Gatherers and Grabbers" 7 2. "Go Ye Into All the World" 9 3. "God Blesses Aggressiveness" 13 4. "If I Can't be First, I Will be Foremost" 17 5. The Napoleon of Alaska 23 6. General Agent of Education 29 7. How Their Fathers Lived 43 8. At the Front 59 Afterword 69 Appendix A. Exhibit Catalogs Containing Objects from the Sheldon Jackson Collection, Princeton Art Museum 73 B. Memberships in Societies and Organizations 74 C. Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology Constitutions 75 D. World Expostitions and Sheldon Jackson 77 E. All Known Repositories of Objects Collected by Sheldon Jackson 78 Endnotes 79 Index 93 PREFACE Born in 1834 to staunch Presbyterian to Alaska. Other works mention Jackson's parents, Sheldon Jackson decided collections at Princeton University, his founding at an early age to dedicate his life to of the Alaskan Society of Natural History and "doing the Lord's work." His Ethnology, and the substantial collection of his schooling, friendships, and goals artifacts made for the Chicago's World focused on that purpose, and after completing Colombian Exposition in 1893. However, his education at Princeton Theological Seminary many questions about Jackson's collecting he began a life-long career in Presbyterian remain unanswered. As a staff member of the missions and education. Sheldon Jackson Museum in Sitka, Alaska, I Jackson's life can be divided roughly was often frustrated by the glaring lack of into four phases which are linked directly to information on one ofJackson's most positive geographical regions: his youth and education on and lasting contributions to societyhis the East Coast from 1834 to 1858; his early collecting. years in Oklahoma and Minnesota as circuit rider When, how, what, where, and why and church pastor from 1859 to 1869; his years Jackson collected were questions no one had in Denver as Superintendent of Missions for the clearly or completely answered. Historians Ted Rocky Mountain Presbytery from 1870 to 1882; Hinckley and Douglas Cole touch on Jackson's and his final years in Alaska as Superintendent of collecting, primarily in the Pacific Northwest, Missions and General Agent of Education from but neither cover his early collecting nor his 1884 to 1908. great Arctic acquisitions. This book examines Two biographies have been written each of these questions as well as the important about Jackson along with numerous short pieces and lasting impact ofJackson's changing emphasizing either his mission and educational methods and motives for collecting. work, or his part in the introduction of reindeer Rosemary Carlton ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Historical research and writing Donald Baird's insights and photocopies can be accomplished only of information on the Sheldon Jackson through team effort. I would Collection in Princeton's Museum of Natural like to thank the following History were invaluable since the bulk of the "team members" who coached collection and documentation had been put me through this seemingly endless project; into "dead storage" the year I started this Dr. Robert Griswold, my thesis advisor; project. Peter Corey, for his recommendations and Many thanks to the librarians, historians, leads to resources around the country and curators, and archivists of the Smithsonian critical readings of the initial drafts; Carolyn Institution, the Field Museum of Natural History, Young and other museum staff members for the P.T. Barnum Museum, the Gardner House at their suggestions and corrections; and Irene Brown University, the University of Michigan Shuler for her computer expertise and Museum of Anthropology, the Bishop Museum, editing skills. Westminister College of Salt Lake City, the Trans- Susan Miller and Kristen Gleason of the Mississippi Expo Historical Association, the Presbyterian Historical Society unearthed Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, the numerous Jackson materials held there their Montgomery County Historical Society, and the genuine interest in Sheldon Jackson matched my Kettleson Memorial Library. Special thanks to the own. William 0. Harris and his staff at the Speer Stratton Library at Sheldon Jackson College, Library, Princeton Theological Seminary, took particularly Nancy Ricketts and the Volunteers in time from their busy schedules to arrange for the Mission, who assisted my research in many ways. microfilming oftheir Jackson holdings. The helpful research suggestions and Without the persistence of Kay Shelton and encouragement from Alaska historian Ted the financial support of the Alaska State Library, Hinckley were gratefully appreciated. the Sheldon Jackson Papers housed at the Speer My children, Charlotte and Derek, put up Library, Princeton Theological Seminary, might with my disappearances to the library and not have been microfilmed and made available computer room and three trips to Oklahoma to to Alaskan researchers. Gladi Kulp, India Spartz, complete the Master's program that fostered this and others on the staff of the State Library gave book. My friends gave unending support and me special assistance during my research in encouragement but special thanks goes to Gary Juneau as well as through many letters and Candelaria for assuring me I could write
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