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Siirtolaisuus Migration SIIRTOLAISUUS MIGRATION 1/2020 MIGRATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORDIC RURAL CONTEXT 1. VITALITY POLICY IN RURAL REGIONS 2. MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP 3. STALININ LUUTA SIIRTOLAISUUS SISÄLTÖ MIGRATION TUOMAS MARTIKAINEN 3 Juhlavuodesta eteenpäin MIKA RAUNIO & MARKKU MATTILA 6 Regional economic development and migration TEEMU MAKKONEN & PETRI KAHILA 11 Vitality policy as a tool to attract in-migration to rural regions HØGNI KALSØ HANSEN 15 Peripheral Denmark, population development and labour market dynamics RHIANNON PUGH & MATS LUNDMARK 21 Economic Development and Place Attractiveness JUHA TAINIO 30 Ajatuksia kielirajoista, niiden synnystä ja murtamisesta EKATERINA VOROBEVA 37 Revision of Pull and Push Factors to Migrant Entrepreneurship 46. vuosikerta / Volume 46 HEINI YLÄRAKKOLA ISSN 0355-3779 (painettu) 40 California Dreaming – Finns in California ISSN 1799-6406 (verkkojulkaisu) from the Gold Rush to Silicon Valley NAFISA YEASMIN 45 New frontiers of circumpolar human Päätoimittaja / Editor-in-Chief migration: towards an integrated society Tuomas Martikainen VELI-PEKKA KAIVOLA 51 Kun ”Stalinin luuta” lakaisi Toimitussihteeri / Editorial amerikansuomalaisen siirtolaisperheen Assistant Kirsi Sainio ANTTI KANNIAINEN 55 Kotoutuminen – kokemuksia, Toimittajat / Editors havaintoja ja tutkittua tietoa Elli Heikkilä KOLUMNI: ANTERO LEITZINGER Marja Tiilikainen Miika Tervonen 60 Kansalaisia vai alamaisia? KOLUMNI: ELLI HEIKKILÄ Taitto / Layout Kirsi Sainio 62 Migration Statistics – A Need for More Information in the World Julkaisija / Publisher SEMINAARIT / KONFERENSSIT Siirtolaisuusinstituutti Migration Institute of Finland 63 HENKILÖSTÖUUTISET Tilaushinta / Subscriptions 65 4 numeroa / nummer / issues KIRJA-ARVIOT 20 € / vuosi / år / year 66 Painopaikka / Print Painosalama Oy Siirtolaisuusinstituutti Puh. / Tel. Migrationsinstitutet + 358 2 2840 440 Migration Institute of Finland [email protected] Yksittäisten kirjoittajien mielipiteet Hämeenkatu 13, 20500 Turku siirtolaisuusinstituutti.fi ovat heidän omiaan. Finland migrationinstitute.fi PÄÄKIRJOITUS Tuomas Martikainen FT, dosentti, Toimitusjohtaja Siirtolaisuusinstituutti [email protected] Juhlavuodesta eteenpäin Vuosi 2019 oli Siirtolaisuusinstituutin 45. seen muuttoon ja aluekehitykseen liittyvät ai- toimintavuosi. Samalla vuosi oli instituutin heet ovat tärkeitä kautta länsimaailman. koko historian ylivertaisesti toimeliain. Me- Vuosi 2020 on alkanut rauhallisemmissa nestyksen taustalla on viime vuosien kova merkeissä ja olemme kaikki saaneet toipua työ toimintamme kehittämiseksi ja lukuisat viime vuoden hurjasta menosta. Tosin Seinä- rahoitusta saaneet tutkimushankkeet. Mah- joella käynnissä oleva kolmivuotinen alueke- tava kokeneempi tutkijakuntamme on teh- hityshanke on nyt päässyt oikein kunnolla nyt valtavasti työtä, joka on mahdollistanut vauhtiin, joten odotamme mielenkiinnolla lukuisten lisätutkijoiden palkkaamisen ja sen tuloksia. Seinäjoen seutu on aluekehi- sitä kautta myös edellä mainitun toimeliai- tyksen kannalta kiinnostava paikka, siellä on suuden kasvun. kova tekemisen meininki ja aktiivinen ote On vaikea nostaa mitään yksittäistä asiaa löytää ratkaisuja nykyisissä olosuhteissa. esiin, vaan pikemmin todeta, että uudistettu Syksyllä aloittava uusi toimitusjohtaja kokonaisuus on alkanut toimia hyvin ja sitä (valittava henkilö selviää kevään kuluessa) kautta monet asiat ovat loksahtaneet paikoil- pääsee aloittamaan työnsä pohjoismaisessa lensa. Esimerkiksi Siirtolaisuusinstituutin muuttoliikekonferenssissa, jonka järjestelyn medianäkyvyys kaksinkertaistui, kuten myös päävastuu on Siirtolaisuusinstituutissa. Ta- julkaisutoimintamme ja työntekijöittemme pahtuma järjestetään elokuussa Helsingissä eri puolilla pitämien esitelmien määrä. ja paikan päälle odotetaan noin 300 tutkijaa. Vuonna 2019 Suomessa keskusteltiin pal- Konferenssi toteutetaan joka toinen vuosi ja jon syntyvyyden laskusta ja siitä mahdolli- se on muuttoliiketutkijoiden tärkein sään- suudesta, että työperusteinen muuttoliike nöllinen tapaaminen Pohjoismaissa. lienee välttämätöntä nyt ja tulevaisuudessa. Kiitän vielä kerran Pasi Saukkosta, joka Tähän liittyen instituutti valmisteli Varsi- jätti lehtemme kolumnistin tehtävän vuoden nais-Suomen maahanmuuttostrategian, jot- 2019 lopussa. Hänen kirjoituksistaan voi naut- ta päättäjillä on käytettävissään paras mah- tia kevään mittaan ilmestyvässä Vimmainen dollinen ymmärrys aihepiiristä. maailma -kirjassa, johon Saukkonen on koon- Vähitellen myös julkisessa keskustelussa nut maahanmuuttoa ja kotoutumista käsit- on vähentynyt pakolaisuuteen ja turvapai- televiä kirjoituksiaan vuosilta 2015–2019. kanhakijoihin liittyneen uutisoinnin osuus, Lisäksi instituutti on julkaissut monia muita kun Suomen sisäiset väestökysymykset ovat teoksia, joista Johanna Leinosen pitkään val- nostaneet päätään. Koska ainakin toistaiseksi mistelema, 671-sivuinen Muuttoliikebibliografia elämme taloudellisesti hyviä aikoja, niin tämä näki päivänvalon joulukuussa. Teoksen lähes keskustelu jatkunee jonkin aikaa. Suomi ei ole 10 000 kirjallisuusviitettä kertovat, että muut- näissä pohdinnoissa yksin, vaan työperustei- toliiketutkimus on aina ajankohtaista. Hyvää alkanutta vuotta 2020! 3 After and beyond the 45th Anniversary The year 2019 was the 45th for the Migration we and other researchers have done to im- Institute of Finland. It was also by far the prove knowledge about Finnish migrations. most successful in the entire history of the The year 2020 has started with a bit slower Institute. We have done several years of hard pace, but we will have plenty of activities to word to update our activities and been high- come. The largest event this year is the Nordic ly successful in external funding. This would Migration Conference that is held in August not have been possible without our excellent in Helsinki. We expect some 300 participants staff of senior researchers. from different Nordic countries. While I cannot point out to any particu- Public discussion in Finland has gradual- lar issue last year, I can mention some. The ly shifted away from the asylum and refugees national media visibility of the Institute dominated discourse to look more into de- doubled last year, as well our publications mographic developments. Declining fertility and presentations in various events. Our re- and worries about of the availability of work- searchers were even actively participating in ers both now and in the future have become different activities abroad. Amidst all this, we key issues. As we are still living in economi- moved to a new location. cally good times, in particular the need for In December, we published the Migration workers is acute. Bibliography, a project led by Academy Re- By the time of the next issue, we should search Fellow Johanna Leinonen. The 671-page also know who will be the new director of the volume is a great remainder of the hard work Migration Institute. Instituutti järjesti 18.12.2019 tupaantulijaiset uusissa toimitiloissaan. Siirtolaisuusinstituutin erikoistutkija Outi Kähärin (vas.) seu- rassa projektitutkija Linda Bäckman ja apulaisprofessori Magdalena Kmak Åbo Akademista. Kuva: Siirtolaisuusinstituutin arkisto. 4 Migration and regional development in Nordic rural context – Lessons from international seminar in Seinäjoki Markku Mattila & Mika Raunio It is said that in globalizing world urbani- ment and migration studies are based on the zation is a megatrend. In some parts of the presentations held at the seminar. The texts Western world, urbanization or population are presented here as such an order that they concentration is associated with a declining move from theoretical and political approach birth rate. In Finland, for example, population to quantitative and qualitative analysis. growth is only dependent on immigration, Mika Raunio and Markku Mattila seek and part of the country threatens to desert, es- to develop a conceptual framework to tack- pecially as the working-age population moves le with these questions. What is the field of to the largest population centers. How do the choices for migrants? They introduce the ap- rural regions survive, while being squeezed be- proach and further develops the concept of tween these lines of development? field of choices to serve as a focusing device Migration Institute of Finland, Seinäjoki for the analysis and maybe even for forth- Unit is currently working on these questions. coming policy design. The research and development project ”Mi- Teemu Makkonen and Petri Kahila dig gration as an engine of vitality for municipal- deeper into regional policy and write about ities”” (www.muuttomoottori.fi) uses migra- how to apply recently introduced “vitality tion research while seeking solutions to these policy” as a tool to attract people to move to problems. The project focuses on K-8 munic- the rural areas. Vitality policy is a holistic ap- ipalities that are situated around the city of proach that combines wellbeing of citizens Seinäjoki (Alavus, Ilmajoki, Isokyrö, Kauhava, and other “soft-issues” to more traditional Kuortane, Kurikka, Lapua and Seinäjoki) in and narrow business development policies. Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. Høgni Kalsø Hansen provides interest- The key questions includes the chick- ing insight to population development and en-and-egg-dilemma: Is it possible to have suf- labour market dynamics in Denmark’s pe- ficient economic development outside of few ripheral areas. According to results based on growth centers and even rural areas in order quantitative register data he suggests
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