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Chattanooga Shale and Related Rocks of Central Tennessee and Nearby Areas

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Chattanooga Shale and Related Rocks of Central Tennessee and Nearby Areas Chattanooga Shale and Related Rocks of Central Tennessee and Nearby Areas GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 357 This report concerns work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission Chattanooga Shale and Related Rocks of Central Tennessee and Nearby Areas By LOUIS C. CONANT and VERNON E. SWANSON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 357 "It is the geologist's plane of reference^ as well as puzzle" Safford(l86c}}. Ihis report concerns work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey has cataloged this publication as follows: Conant, Louis Cowles, 1902- Chattanooga shale and related rocks of central Tennessee and nearby areas, by Louis C. Conant and Yernon E. Swan- son. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. v, 91 p. maps, diagrs., tables. 30 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 357) Part of illustrative matter in pocket. Bibliography: p. 85-88. 1. Shale Tennessee. 2. Geology Tennessee-Chattanooga area. I. Swanson, Vernon Emanuel, 1922- joint author. II. Title: Chat­ tanooga shale. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Chattanooga shale Continued Page Abstract __________________ 1 Composition _________________ 42 Introduction. _______________ 2 Chemical determinations 43 Location and general relations. 3 Petrographic determinations 43 Quartz ___________________ 45 Fieldwork__ _ ______________ 4 Mica_ ____________________ 46 Acknowledgments. ___________ 5 46 Terminology. _______________ 5 Feldspar__ __________________________ 46 Rock terms.____________ 5 Pyrite and marcasite_ ________________ 46 Color terms_____________ 6 Phosphate. _________________________ 47 Plant matter. _______________________ 47 Linear measurements___ 6 Other constituents ___________________ 48 Sample numbering. ______ 6 Paleogeography during Late Devonian time_ 48 Surface features_____________ 6 Regional tectonic influence _________ 48 General geology.____________ Geosyncline_______ _______ _______ 51 Regional stratigraphy. ___ Landmass ___ _ _________________ 51 Interior platform. _______________ 51 Regional structure. _________________________ Extent of the Chattanooga sea ________ 51 Cryptoexplosive (cryptovolcanic) structural fea­ 52 tures in Tennessee________________________ Sources____ _________-___-_-_-____-----_-__. 52 Transportation. _ ___________________________ Flynn Creek feature ___ ________________ 10 54 Rate of accumulation. ______________________ 54 Chattanooga shale. _________________________________ 12 Compaction. _______________________________ 55 History of the name_ _ _________________________ 12 Relation of black shale to gray claystone_____. 55 Pre-Chattanooga surface _ ______________________ 13 Environment of deposition_____________________. 56 General character_________ __________________ 13 General considerations..-- _ __________________ 56 Sub-Chattanooga residuum. _________________ 14 Previous views __.._______________---_______. 57 Age_ ____ ______________ 16 Indications of deep-water origin of the shale. _. 59 Historical summary. ________________________ 16 Indications of shallow-water origin of the shale. 60 Fossils __ _________________________________ 19 Maury formation ___________________________________ 62 Plant matter. __________________________ 19 History of the name __ _________________________ 63 Conodonts _____________________________ 19 Suggested standard locality. _____________________ 63 20 General description. ____________________________ 63 Other fossils __ _________ 21 Phosphate nodules. _____________________________ 65 Present views _______________ 21 Extent and thickness__________-________-_______- 66 Stratigraphy. ___________________ 21 Age and fossils _________________________________ 67 Classifications. _ ____ _ ______ 21 Lower and upper contacts. ______________________ 67 Suggested standard locality. __ 23 Significance. ___________________________________ 68 Basal sandstone. ____________ 23 Economic geology____ _ ______________________________ 69 Hardin sandstone member____ 25 Light-weight aggregate. _________________________ 69 Dowelltown member. ____ _ _ 28 Oil shale__ _ ____________________________________ 69 Lithologic character. _____ 28 Phosphate. ____________________________________ 70 Extent and thickness _ __ 28 Pigment. _ _____________________________________ 70 Lower and upper contacts 29 Sulfuric acid_ __________________________________ 70 Lower unit __ __________ 29 Uranium __ ___________________________________ 70 Upper unit _ ___________ 30 Sampling. _________________________________ 70 Gassaway member. __________ 34 Determination __ _ _________________________ 71 Lithologic character ___ 34 Extent and thickness_____ 35 Relations __________________________________ 71 Lower and upper contacts 36 Origin and distribution_______________-_____. 71 Basis for subdivision. ____ 36 Regional variations in content _ ______________ 75 Lower unit _ ___________ 36 Tonnage__ _ ________________________________ 76 Middle unit _ __________ 39 Locality register. ___________________________________ 77 Upper unit __ __________ 40 Selected references. _________________________________ 85 Distribution ___ ________ __ ____ 40 Index___ _________ ____--________-_________----_____. 89 m IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 1, 3, 7,8,12,14,15, and 17 in pocket] Page PLATE 1. Outcrops of the Chattanooga shale and of the Maury formation in central Tennessee and nearby areas. 2. Falls of Fall Creek. _____________________________________________________ Faces 2 3. Sub-Chattanooga geologic map of central Tennessee. 4. A, Basal part of the Fort Payne chert. B, Folded and crumpled beds of the upper (Gassaway) member of the Chattanooga shale on east side of the Sequatchie Valley. C, Gentle syncline in the Eastern Highland Rim area. D, Dipping beds of Chattanooga shale on sloping side of the Flynn Creek cryptoexplosive feature Faces 18 5. A, Angular unconformity of about 4° at base of Chattanooga shale, west of Nashville, Tenn. B, Sub-Chat­ tanooga residuum near Pulaski, Giles County, Tenn. C, Photomicrograph of a Tasmanites spore in gray claystone of the upper unit of the Dowelltown member of the Chattanooga shale ____ ____ Follows 18 6. A, Massive black shale of the Gassaway member overhanging shale of the Dowelltown member. B, Character­ istic outcrop of the Chattanooga shale in De Kalb County, Tenn________________________________ Follows 18 7. Fence diagram showing relations of the several units of the Chattanooga shale and of the Maury formation. 8. Thickness of the Dowelltown member of the Chattanooga shale. 9. A, Massive shale of the Gassaway member overhanging the weaker beds of the upper unit of the Dowelltown member. B, Gray claystone and black shale beds of the upper unit of the Dowelltown member. C, Center Hill bentonite bed in upper unit of the Dowelltown member. D, Minute laminae of siltstone in sawed block of massive black shale of the Gassaway member ______________________ ______________ __ Faces 19 10. A, Massive black shale of the Gassaway member in contrast with the friable shale of the Dowelltown member. B, Typical outcrop of weathered Chattanooga shale in road cut______________________________________ 34 11. A, B, Photomicrographs of black shale of the upper unit of the Gassaway member showing regularity of the lamination ___________________________________________________________________ Follows 34 12. Thickness of the Gassaway member of the Chattanooga shale. 13. A, "Varved" bed at base of middle unit of the Gassaway member. B, Maury formation between the Fort Payne chert and the Chattanooga shale. C, Maury formation.____________ _________ Follows 34 14. Approximate regional distribution of Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian black shale and related rocks in the United States. 15. Thickness of the Chattanooga shale, exclusive of the Hardin sandstone member. 16. A, Standard section of the Maury formation. B, Phosphate nodule bed at base of the Maury formation. C, Contact between Fort Payne chert and Maury formation._______________________________________ Faces 35 17. Graphs showing oil yield of the Chattanooga shale. FIGTTBE 1. Index map of area in which the Chattanooga shale and the Maury formation were studied in detail.__ ___ 3 2. Chief physiographic features of central Tennessee and nearby areas _______________________________________ 7 3. Cross section of the Flynn Creek cryptoexplosive feature._______________________________________________ 10 4. Map and cross section of the Swan Creek area of Tennessee showing the gradual thickening of the black shale unit of the Chattanooga shale seaward from a large island-_____________ ________ _________ 15 5. Standard section of the Chattanooga shale_____________-______----_--_-----_-----_---------__------_--_ 24 6. Thickness and distribution of the Hardin sandstone member.____________________________________________ 26 7. Map showing distribution of the Center Hill bentonite bed in central Tennessee_____________________________ 32 8. Map of outcrops that show the thinning of the upper unit of the Dowelltown member_____________________ 34 9. Cross section along an east-west line of diamond-drill holes that passes 2 miles south of Smithville,
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