Tailored Magnetic Properties of Exchange-Spring and Ultra Hard Nanomagnets

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tailored Magnetic Properties of Exchange-Spring and Ultra Hard Nanomagnets Max-Planck-Institute für Intelligente Systeme Stuttgart Tailored Magnetic Properties of Exchange-Spring and Ultra Hard Nanomagnets Kwanghyo Son Dissertation An der Universität Stuttgart 2017 Tailored Magnetic Properties of Exchange-Spring and Ultra Hard Nanomagnets Von der Fakultät Mathematik und Physik der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Kwanghyo Son aus Seoul, SüdKorea Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Gisela Schütz Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Sebastian Loth Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 04. Oktober 2017 Max‐Planck‐Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Stuttgart 2017 II III Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1 General Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Structure of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................... 5 Basic of Magnetism .......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Origin of Magnetism ........................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Magnetic moment ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Magnetization and Field ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 The Classes of Magnetic Materials ......................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Ferromagnetism .................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism ............................................................................................. 9 2.2.3 Paramagnetism .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Diamagnetism ..................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Basics of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis loop .............................................................. 12 2.3.1 The Stoner-Wohlfarth (S-W) model ................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Preisach model and First Order Reversal Curves ................................................................................ 15 2.4 Micromagnetism .................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Magnetic free energy .......................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Domain and Domain Walls ................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.3 Single- and Multi-Domain particles .................................................................................................... 20 2.4.4 Coercivity and Microstructural parameters ......................................................................................... 22 2.5 X-ray and Magnetism ............................................................................................ 24 2.5.1 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) .............................................................................................. 24 2.5.2 X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) .................................................................................... 26 2.5.3 Sum rules ............................................................................................................................................ 28 IV Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................. 33 Basic of Nanosized Exchange Spring Magnets .............................................................. 33 3.1 Nanomagnets ......................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Exchange-Spring magnet ...................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Soft and Hard Ferromagnetic materials ............................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Exchange-coupling effect ................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2.1 Critical size for exchange-coupling effect ..................................................................................... 40 3.3 L10-FePt / Co composition ES magnet .................................................................. 41 3.3.1 Phase diagram and Crystal Structures of FePt and Cobalt .................................................................. 42 3.3.1.1 FePt ............................................................................................................................................... 42 3.3.1.2 Cobalt ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................. 45 Experimental methods: Fabrication & Characterization................................................. 45 4.1 Sample preparation ................................................................................................ 45 4.1.1 Sputter deposition of thin films (Magnetron Sputtering) .................................................................... 45 4.1.2 Manufacture of regular nanopatterns .................................................................................................. 46 4.1.3 Structure and microstructure characterization method ........................................................................ 49 4.1.3.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) ............................................................................................................... 49 4.1.3.2 Atomic / Magnetic force microscopy (AFM, MFM)..................................................................... 50 4.1.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ........................................................................................... 51 4.1.3.4 Wavelength-dispersive X-ray analysis (WDX_EPMA) ................................................................ 51 4.1.3.5 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) .................................................................................... 51 4.2 Characterization of magnetic properties via SQUID............................................. 53 4.2.1 SQUID magnetometry ........................................................................................................................ 53 4.2.1.1 Correction of Diamagnetism ......................................................................................................... 54 4.2.2 Magnetic parameters ........................................................................................................................... 54 4.2.2.1 Saturation polarization JS .............................................................................................................. 54 4.2.2.2 Anisotropy constant K1 ................................................................................................................. 55 4.2.2.3 Exchange stiffness constant A ....................................................................................................... 56 4.2.2.4 Microstructural parameter, α, and Neff ........................................................................................... 57 4.2.3 First order reverse curves (FORC) measurement ................................................................................ 58 4.2.3.1 FORC density analysis .................................................................................................................. 58 4.3 Characterization of magnetic systems via XMCD ................................................ 60 4.3.1 Synchrotron Radiation - WERA beamline at ANKA .......................................................................... 60 4.3.1.1 Total Electron Yield (TEY) mode ................................................................................................. 63 4.3.1.2 Correction of Saturation effect _self-absorption ........................................................................... 64 V Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................. 67 Results: Artificially structured exchange-spring nanomagnets ...................................... 67 5.1 L10-FePt / Co nanopatterned samples ................................................................... 68 5.1.1 Characterization of the thin film structure..........................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Magnetism, Magnetic Properties, Magnetochemistry
    Magnetism, Magnetic Properties, Magnetochemistry 1 Magnetism All matter is electronic Positive/negative charges - bound by Coulombic forces Result of electric field E between charges, electric dipole Electric and magnetic fields = the electromagnetic interaction (Oersted, Maxwell) Electric field = electric +/ charges, electric dipole Magnetic field ??No source?? No magnetic charges, N-S No magnetic monopole Magnetic field = motion of electric charges (electric current, atomic motions) Magnetic dipole – magnetic moment = i A [A m2] 2 Electromagnetic Fields 3 Magnetism Magnetic field = motion of electric charges • Macro - electric current • Micro - spin + orbital momentum Ampère 1822 Poisson model Magnetic dipole – magnetic (dipole) moment [A m2] i A 4 Ampere model Magnetism Microscopic explanation of source of magnetism = Fundamental quantum magnets Unpaired electrons = spins (Bohr 1913) Atomic building blocks (protons, neutrons and electrons = fermions) possess an intrinsic magnetic moment Relativistic quantum theory (P. Dirac 1928) SPIN (quantum property ~ rotation of charged particles) Spin (½ for all fermions) gives rise to a magnetic moment 5 Atomic Motions of Electric Charges The origins for the magnetic moment of a free atom Motions of Electric Charges: 1) The spins of the electrons S. Unpaired spins give a paramagnetic contribution. Paired spins give a diamagnetic contribution. 2) The orbital angular momentum L of the electrons about the nucleus, degenerate orbitals, paramagnetic contribution. The change in the orbital moment
    [Show full text]
  • Stress Dependence of the Magnetic Properties of Steels Michael K
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1992 Stress dependence of the magnetic properties of steels Michael K. Devine Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Metallurgy Commons Recommended Citation Devine, Michael K., "Stress dependence of the magnetic properties of steels" (1992). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 227. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/227 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stress dependence of the magnetic properties of steels by Michael Kenneth Devine A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Materials Science and Engineering Major: Metallurgy Approved: Signature redacted for privacy In Charge of Major Work For the Major Department For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1992 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION • • • • • • 0 . • • 1 Origin of Ferromagnetism • . 3 Influence of Microstructure and Composition 5 Influence of Stress . • • • 0 • • 11 NDE Applications • • 28 Statement of Problem and Experimental Approach • 29 CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS • • • • • • • • ~0 Magnescope Instrumentation 30 Inspection Head Design • • • 32 CHAPTER 3. LABORATORY SCALE STRESS DETECTION WITH A SOLENOID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Introduction • • . 37 Materials and Experimental Procedure 37 Results and Discussion • • 38 Conclusions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • 45 CHAPTER 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Medium Theory of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetically Interacting Particles Heliang Qu and Jiangyu Li
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 41, NO. 3, MARCH 2005 1093 Effective Medium Theory of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetically Interacting Particles Heliang Qu and JiangYu Li Abstract—We report an effective medium theory of magnetiza- One of the breakthroughs was made about ten years ago tion reversal and hysteresis in magnetically interacting particles, when an exchange coupling mechanism was proposed to en- where the intergranular magnetostatic interaction is accounted hance the energy product of permanent magnets [3]. The idea for by an effective medium approximation. We introduce two is to mix the magnetic hard and soft phases at nanoscale so dimensionless parameters, and H, that completely charac- terize the hysteresis in a ferromagnetic polycrystal when the that they can be coupled through the intergranular exchange grain size is much larger than the exchange length so that the interaction, leading to dramatically enhanced remanence and exchange coupling can be ignored. The competition between the energy product. This again highlights the importance of inter- anisotropy energy and the intergranular magnetostatic energy granular magnetic interactions, and calls for new models that is measured by , while the competition between the anisotropy can take those interactions into account. While micromagnetic energy and Zeeman’s energy is measured by H. The hysteresis loop, magnetostatic energy density, and anisotropy energy density simulations are able to explain the remanence enhancement in calculated by using this theory agrees well with micromagnetic exchange-spring magnets [4], they are often computationally simulations. The calculations also reveal that the subnucleation extensive and time-consuming. There are also earlier efforts to field switching due to the magnetic field fluctuation is important modify the Stoner–Wohlfarth model by Atherton and Beattie when the magnet is not very hard, and that has been accounted using a mean field correction [5], where a magnetic field pro- for by a probability-based switching model.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Force Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
    Magnetic Force Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Tanya M. Nocera, M.S. Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Gunjan Agarwal, PhD, Advisor Stephen Lee, PhD Jessica Winter, PhD Anil Pradhan, PhD Copyright by Tanya M. Nocera 2013 Abstract In recent years, both synthetic as well as naturally occurring superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPNs) have become increasingly important in biomedicine. For instance, iron deposits in many pathological tissues are known to contain an accumulation of the superparamagnetic protein, ferritin. Additionally, man-made SPNs have found biomedical applications ranging from cell-tagging in vitro to contrast agents for in vivo diagnostic imaging. Despite the widespread use and occurrence of SPNs, detection and characterization of their magnetic properties, especially at the single-particle level and/or in biological samples, remains a challenge. Magnetic signals arising from SPNs can be complicated by factors such as spatial distribution, magnetic anisotropy, particle aggregation and magnetic dipolar interaction, thereby confounding their analysis. Techniques that can detect SPNs at the single particle level are therefore highly desirable. The goal of this thesis was to develop an analytical microscopy technique, namely magnetic force microscopy (MFM), to detect and spatially localize synthetic and natural SPNs for biomedical applications. We aimed to (1) increase ii MFM sensitivity to detect SPNs at the single-particle level and (2) quantify and spatially localize iron-ligated proteins (ferritin) in vitro and in biological samples using MFM.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Dimensional Field-Sensing Map and Magnetic Anisotropy Dispersion
    PHYSICAL REVIEW B 83, 144416 (2011) Two-dimensional field-sensing map and magnetic anisotropy dispersion in magnetic tunnel junction arrays Wenzhe Zhang* and Gang Xiao† Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA Matthew J. Carter Micro Magnetics, Inc., 617 Airport Road, Fall River, Massachusetts 02720, USA (Received 22 July 2010; revised manuscript received 24 January 2011; published 22 April 2011) Due to the inherent disorder in local structures, anisotropy dispersion exists in almost all systems that consist of multiple magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Aided by micromagnetic simulations based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth (S-W) model, we used a two-dimensional field-sensing map to study the effect of anisotropy dispersion in MTJ arrays. First, we recorded the field sensitivity value of an MTJ array as a function of the easy- and hard-axis bias fields, and then extracted the anisotropy dispersion in the array by comparing the experimental sensitivity map to the simulated map. Through a mean-square-error-based image processing technique, we found the best match for our experimental data, and assigned a pair of dispersion numbers (anisotropy angle and anisotropy constant) to the array. By varying each of the parameters one at a time, we were able to discover the dependence of field sensitivity on magnetoresistance ratio, coercivity, and magnetic anisotropy dispersion. The effects from possible edge domains are also discussed to account for a correction term in our analysis of anisotropy angle distribution using the S-W model. We believe this model is a useful tool for monitoring the formation and evolution of anisotropy dispersion in MTJ systems, and can facilitate better design of MTJ-based devices.
    [Show full text]
  • High Coercivity Vs
    Card Testing International Ltd Level 4, 105 High Street PO Box 30 356 Lower Hutt 5040, NZ Phone: Asia/Pacific +64 4 903 4990 North America (800) 438 9036 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cardtest.com High Coercivity vs. Low Coercivity Accidental magnetic card erasure, a problem today? We have come to expect reliability in our electronic system. Yes, repairs are required, but when you add up all the electronic gadgets in our homes and businesses it's a miracle that service isn't needed more often. Banking, vending, identification and security are some of the most important systems in our lives, and it is critical that they work smoothly. Some of the cards we use in these systems are subject to reliability problems depending on the material used in their tape. The standard magnetic tape that is used on many bank cards are made with iron oxide, effectively rust. The magnetism needed to erase this medium is called coercive force. Units of coercivity are named Oersted. The coercivity of the iron oxide tape used in banking and many other application is 300 Oersted. Ordinary magnets with which we come into contact can easily erase this tape. The magnets that are sometimes used to hold messages onto our refrigerators fall into this category. Some handbags/wallets have magnetic latches that can be a problem. Magnetic force falls off rapidly as the card distance from the offending magnet is increased. It's unlikely that an ordinary magnet kept at least 10 to 15mm from the stripe will damage the tape.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Hysteresis
    Magnetic hysteresis Magnetic hysteresis* 1.General properties of magnetic hysteresis 2.Rate-dependent hysteresis 3.Preisach model *this is virtually the same lecture as the one I had in 2012 at IFM PAN/Poznań; there are only small changes/corrections Urbaniak Urbaniak J. Alloys Compd. 454, 57 (2008) M[a.u.] -2 -1 M(H) hysteresesof thin filmsM(H) 0 1 2 Co(0.6 Co(0.6 nm)/Au(1.9 nm)] [Ni Ni 80 -0.5 80 Fe Fe 20 20 (2 nm)/Au(1.9(2 nm)/ (38 nm) (38 Magnetic materials nanoelectronics... in materials Magnetic H[kA/m] 0.0 10 0.5 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. Mater. Magn. J. Magn. 190 , 187 (1998) 187 , Ni 80 Fe 20 (4nm)/Mn 83 Ir 17 (15nm)/Co 70 Fe 30 (3 nm)/Al(1.4nm)+Ox/Ni Ni 83 Fe 17 80 (2 nm)/Cu(2 nm) Fe 20 (4 nm)/Ta(3 nm) nm)/Ta(3 (4 Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 199, 284 (2003) Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 186, 423 (2001) M(H) hysteresis ●A hysteresis loop can be expressed in terms of B(H) or M(H) curves. ●In soft magnetic materials (small Hs) both descriptions differ negligibly [1]. ●In hard magnetic materials both descriptions differ significantly leading to two possible definitions of coercive field (and coercivity- see lecture 2). ●M(H) curve better reflects the intrinsic properties of magnetic materials. B, M Hc2 H Hc1 Urbaniak Magnetic materials in nanoelectronics... M(H) hysteresis – vector picture Because field H and magnetization M are vector quantities the full description of hysteresis should include information about the magnetization component perpendicular to the applied field – it gives more information than the scalar measurement.
    [Show full text]
  • EM4: Magnetic Hysteresis – Lab Manual – (Version 1.001A)
    CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY GOTEBORÄ G UNIVERSITY EM4: Magnetic Hysteresis { Lab manual { (version 1.001a) Students: ........................................... & ........................................... Date: .... / .... / .... Laboration passed: ........................ Supervisor: ........................................... Date: .... / .... / .... Raluca Morjan Sergey Prasalovich April 7, 2003 Magnetic Hysteresis 1 Aims: In this laboratory session you will learn about the basic principles of mag- netic hysteresis; learn about the properties of ferromagnetic materials and determine their dissipation energy of remagnetization. Questions: (Please answer on the following questions before coming to the laboratory) 1) What classes of magnetic materials do you know? 2) What is a `magnetic domain'? 3) What is a `magnetic permeability' and `relative permeability'? 4) What is a `hysteresis loop' and how it can be recorded? (How you can measure a magnetization and magnetic ¯eld indirectly?) 5) What is a `saturation point' and `magnetization curve' for a hysteresis loop? 6) How one can demagnetize a ferromagnet? 7) What is the energy dissipation in one full hysteresis loop and how it can be calculated from an experiment? Equipment list: 1 Sensor-CASSY 1 U-core with yoke 2 Coils (N = 500 turnes, L = 2,2 mH) 1 Clamping device 1 Function generator S12 2 12 V DC power supplies 1 STE resistor 1­, 2W 1 Socket board section 1 Connecting lead, 50 cm 7 Connecting leads, 100 cm 1 PC with Windows 98 and CASSY Lab software Magnetic Hysteresis 2 Introduction In general, term \hysteresis" (comes from Greek \hyst¶erÄesis", - lag, delay) means that value describing some physical process is ambiguously dependent on an external parameter and antecedent history of that value must be taken into account. The term was added to the vocabulary of physical science by J.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Aspects of Modern and Future Permanent Magnets
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Ralph Skomski Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 2014 Practical Aspects of Modern and Future Permanent Magnets R.W. McCallum Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa L. H. Lewis Northeastern University Ralph Skomski University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] M. J. Kramer US Department of Energy, Iowa State University I. E. Anderson US Department of Energy, Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicsskomski Part of the Engineering Physics Commons, and the Metallurgy Commons McCallum, R.W.; Lewis, L. H.; Skomski, Ralph; Kramer, M. J.; and Anderson, I. E., "Practical Aspects of Modern and Future Permanent Magnets" (2014). Ralph Skomski Publications. 98. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicsskomski/98 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ralph Skomski Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MR44CH17-McCallum ARI 9 June 2014 14:8 Practical Aspects of Modern and Future Permanent Magnets R.W. McCallum,1,2 L.H. Lewis,3 R. Skomski,4 M.J. Kramer,1,2 and I.E. Anderson1,2 1The Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; email: [email protected] 4Department of Physics and Astronomy and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; email: [email protected] Annu.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Materials: Hysteresis
    Magnetic Materials: Hysteresis Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials have non-linear initial magnetisation curves (i.e. the dotted lines in figure 7), as the changing magnetisation with applied field is due to a change in the magnetic domain structure. These materials also show hysteresis and the magnetisation does not return to zero after the application of a magnetic field. Figure 7 shows a typical hysteresis loop; the two loops represent the same data, however, the blue loop is the polarisation (J = µoM = B-µoH) and the red loop is the induction, both plotted against the applied field. Figure 7: A typical hysteresis loop for a ferro- or ferri- magnetic material. Illustrated in the first quadrant of the loop is the initial magnetisation curve (dotted line), which shows the increase in polarisation (and induction) on the application of a field to an unmagnetised sample. In the first quadrant the polarisation and applied field are both positive, i.e. they are in the same direction. The polarisation increases initially by the growth of favourably oriented domains, which will be magnetised in the easy direction of the crystal. When the polarisation can increase no further by the growth of domains, the direction of magnetisation of the domains then rotates away from the easy axis to align with the field. When all of the domains have fully aligned with the applied field saturation is reached and the polarisation can increase no further. If the field is removed the polarisation returns along the solid red line to the y-axis (i.e. H=0), and the domains will return to their easy direction of magnetisation, resulting in a decrease in polarisation.
    [Show full text]
  • High Coercivity, Anisotropic, Heavy Rare Earth-Free Nd-Fe-B by Flash Spark Plasma Sintering
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN High coercivity, anisotropic, heavy rare earth-free Nd-Fe-B by Flash Spark Plasma Sintering Received: 29 June 2017 Elinor Castle 1, Richard Sheridan2, Wei Zhou2, Salvatore Grasso1, Allan Walton2 & Michael J. Accepted: 17 August 2017 Reece1 Published: xx xx xxxx In the drive to reduce the critical Heavy Rare Earth (HRE) content of magnets for green technologies, HRE-free Nd-Fe-B has become an attractive option. HRE is added to Nd-Fe-B to enhance the high temperature performance of the magnets. To produce similar high temperature properties without HRE, a crystallographically textured nanoscale grain structure is ideal; and this conventionally requires expensive “die upset” processing routes. Here, a Flash Spark Plasma Sintering (FSPS) process has been applied to a Dy-free Nd30.0Fe61.8Co5.8Ga0.6Al0.1B0.9 melt spun powder (MQU-F, neo Magnequench). Rapid sinter-forging of a green compact to near theoretical density was achieved during the 10 s process, and therefore represents a quick and efficient means of producing die-upset Nd-Fe-B material. The microstructure of the FSPS samples was investigated by SEM and TEM imaging, and the observations were used to guide the optimisation of the process. The most optimal sample is compared directly to commercially die-upset forged (MQIII-F) material made from the same MQU-F powder. It is shown that the grain size of the FSPS material is halved in comparison to the MQIII-F material, leading to a 14% −1 −3 increase in coercivity (1438 kA m ) and matched remanence (1.16 T) giving a BHmax of 230 kJ m .
    [Show full text]
  • Exchange Interactions and Curie Temperature of Ce-Substituted Smco5
    Article Exchange Interactions and Curie Temperature of Ce-Substituted SmCo5 Soyoung Jekal 1,2 1 Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland Received: 13 December 2018; Accepted: 8 January 2019; Published: 14 January 2019 Abstract: A partial substitution such as Ce in SmCo5 could be a brilliant way to improve the magnetic performance, because it will introduce strain in the structure and breaks the lattice symmetry in a way that enhances the contribution of the Co atoms to magnetocrystalline anisotropy. However, Ce substitutions, which are benefit to improve the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, are detrimental to enhance the Curie temperature (TC). With the requirements of wide operating temperature range of magnetic devices, it is important to quantitatively explore the relationship between the TC and ferromagnetic exchange energy. In this paper we show, based on mean-field approximation, artificial tensile strain in SmCo5 induced by substitution leads to enhanced effective ferromagnetic exchange energy and TC, even though Ce atom itself reduces TC. Keywords: mean-field theory; magnetism; exchange energy; curie temperature 1. Introduction Owing to the large magnetocrystalline anisotropy, high Curie temperature (TC) and saturation magnetization (Ms), Sm–Co compounds have drawn attention for the high-performance magnet [1–12]. The net performance of the magnet crucially depends on the inter-atomic interactions, which in turn depend on the local atomic arrangements. In order to improve the intrinsic magnetic properties of Sm–Co system, further approaches[5,7,9,12–19] have been attempted in the past few decades.
    [Show full text]