"We Will Talk of Nothing Else": Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 2005 "We Will Talk of Nothing Else": Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837 Linda M. Clemmons Illinois State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Clemmons, Linda M., ""We Will Talk of Nothing Else": Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837" (2005). Great Plains Quarterly. 186. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/186 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. "WE WILL TALK OF NOTHING ELSE" DAKOTA INTERPRETATIONS OF THE TREATY OF 1837 LINDA M. CLEMMONS During treaty negotiations with federal Indian the other Dakota did not view the Treaty of agents in 1851, Taoyateduta (Little Crow), a 1837 in the same way. Instead, Taoyateduta's Dakota representative, warned that the coun- words illustrate the continued Dakota disillu- cil members would "talk of nothing else" until sionment and anger with the document, close conflicts related to the previous Treaty of 1837 to fifteen years after the Treaty of 1837 went had been resolved. His statement is surprising, into effect. given that government officials at the time, as Nearly thirty years ago, anthropologist Ray- well as subsequent historians, have interpreted mond D. Fogelson called for ethnohistorians the Treaty of 1837 as an uncontroversial, even to study Native interpretations of historic.al positive, event for both the Dakota and the events.' As Taoyateduta's reaction to the Treaty federal government. However, Taoyateduta and of 1837 illustrates, this admonition applies equally to the present day. Although in recent years ethnohistorians have integrated Native viewpoints into their work, many authors still Kev Words: Antebellum Indian Policv., , Eastern take the assumptions of white government offi- Dakota, Indian Historiography, missionaries, Treaty cials as their starting point.2 The Treaty of 1837, of 1837 negotiated between the Mdewakanton band of Dakota (one of the four eastern bands of the Linda Clemmons is assistant professor of history at lllinois State University. Her current research focuses Minnesota Dakota) and the federal govern- on the interaction of the Dakota and American Board of ment, serves as an excellent case study in how Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionaries during Native recollections of events and the histori- the antebellum period. This article would not have been cal record clash.3 Indian agents at the time, as completed without funding from the Newberry Library well as subsequent historians, have ignored Spencer Foundation and a research grant from Illinois State University. the significance of the Treaty of 1837. The Dakota, however, attributed great importance to the document, and consequences from the [GPQ 25 (Summer 2005): 173-851 events of 1837 influenced their relations with 174 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SUMMER 2005 removal, whlch began In the early 1830s, the federal government hoped to relocate all tribes living east of the Misslsslppi Rlver to areas west of the river. These newly vacated lands would then be opened for extracting resources (such as gold or timber), settlement, and cultivat~on.~ The Mdewakanton Dakota, as the only Dakota band with villages on the eastern side of the Mississlppl River, fell under the guidelines of this aggressive policy of removal. Indeed, as historian Gary Clayton Anderson argues, relo- catlng the Mdewakanton Dakota across the Mlssissippl River would allow Andrew Jackson to nearly realize his ultimate goal of clearing the eastern lands for settlement and resource de~elopment.~ Wlth regard to the removal of the Mdewakan- ton Dakota and other tribes, however, Andrew Jackson and federal Indian officials not only justified the land cesslons In terms of the ben- FIG. 1. Drawtng of "Little Crow" (Taoyateduta) efits that would accrue to settlers, land agents, by Frank B. Mayer. (Ayer Art Mayer Sketchbooks) and other investors, but they also insisted that Courtesy Edward E. Ayer Collection, The Newberry the new federal Indian policy would help the Llhrary, Chlcago. Indians. According to thls reasoning, Indians needed to become civilized, which involved, government officials and Protestant missionar- among other things, settling on permanent, ies for decades to come. Indeed, the Treaty of single-family farms, learning to speak, read, 1837 served as the turning point in govern- and wrlte English, following certaln gender ment-Dakota relations, instead of the Treaty roles, and converting to Chrlstlanlty. These of 1851, which usually is assigned this role things could not happen, the argument ran, by historians. The example of the Treaty of because unscrupulous whltes Influenced the 1837 illustrates that Native perspectives must Indlans m negatlve ways. be incorporated into the historical narrative For example, fur traders encouraged Indlans before a more nuanced and complete story of to roam over large areas of land searching for Indian-white relations in the antebellum era animals, at the expense of learnlng about the can emerge. benefits of cultivating small farms and living In permanent log cablns. Government offi- clals also worried about the amount of alcohol sold to the Indians by whlte traders. Agents At first glance, there seems to be little con- argued that ~f the Indians were removed and troversy over the Treaty of 1837. In fact, the placed on smaller tracts of land, they would be sequence of events leading up to the nego- separated from amoral fur and liquor traders tiation and signing of the document is fairly who did not have the Indlans' best interests at straightforward, especially when compared with heart. Government officials could then watch other antebellum treaties. The Mdewakanton over the Indlans untll they became sophisti- Dakota, like the Cherokee or Choctaw, signed cated enough to separate themselves from the treaties as part of Andrew Jackson's policy unscrupulous elements of whlte soclety. On of Indian removal. According to this plan of the reservations the Indlans could also attend DAKOTA INTERPRETATIONS OF THE TREATY OF 1837 175 school, receive intensive training in farming, and learn about Christianity. To summarize, the reservations were seen as arenas for social change where Indians could learn to become civilized Christians. Federal Indian officials used all aspects of this preexisting rhetoric to justify opening nego- tiations with the Mdewakanton Dakota in 1837. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs at the time, Carey A. Harris, stated that it would be "better for both the Indians and the citizens of this Territory" if the Mdewakanton gave up their claims to their lands located east of the Mississippi River. First, the Commissioner argued that the land was of no use to the Dakota because it "was barren of game, and unfit for FIG. 2. Drawing of Dr. Thomas Williamson by cultivation." Thus, the Dakota would be much ~~~~k B. M~~~~.(A~~~M~~~~ sketchbooks) better off accepting Payments and goods for the Courtesy Edward E. Ayer Collection, The Newberry land, which would keep them from starvation. Library, Chicago. Second, the Commissioner stated that a treaty would save them from unscrupulous lumber companies. According to Harris, lumber com- 1837. Perhaps the most influential lobbyist was panies gave the Mdewakanton "very inade- the lumber industry. Loggers clamored for unre- quate considerations" for their timber. This stricted access to the pine forests of not only occurred because the Indians did not have the Dakota but also of the Ojibwe to the north. "the intervention or supervision of any agent Moreover, traders supported a treaty because of the Government." The solution to the prob- they wanted funds from the land sale to be used lem seemed obvious to Harris: the government to pay the Dakotas' debts for trade goods. needed "to ~urchasethe whole pine country at In theory, Protestant missionaries affiliated once, and to give them a liberal compensation, with the American Board of Commissioners to be applied for their benefit, under the direc- for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) also supported tion of the Pre~ident."~ a treaty. In 1835 the ABCFM, one of the larg- Finally, as an added benefit, Commissioner est and most influential missionary organiza- Harris argued that a treaty would aid the Indians tions of the antebellum era, opened mission by paying their "debts and claims" to traders, stations in Minnes~ta.~The organization sent and by providing funds for "the education of the Jedediah Stevens, Thomas Williamson, and young, the supply of agricultural implements their families to minister to the "savage" and and assistance, [and] the employment of inter- "untamed" Dakota. Once they arrived in Min- preters, farmers, mechanics, and laborers" who nesota, Stevens and Williamson, aided by two would teach them civilized ways7 Clearly, the independent missionary brothers, Gideon and treaty would serve a civilizing purpose, whereby Samuel Pond, immediately established stations the government would promote agriculture and near Fort Snelling (located in present-day St. education among the Dakota. Paul) and at Lac qui Parle (approximately a Despite the fact that the Commissioner of hundred miles to the west). These stations, how- Indian Affairs couched the treaty in terms of ever, were expensive to construct and maintain, its numerous benefits to the Mdewakanton, especially during times of financial uncertainty various interest groups also influenced the gov- brought about by the Panic of 1837. Thus, ernment's decision to press for a land cession in the ABCFM missionaries hoped that treaty 176 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SUMMER 2005 money would be given to their organization to delegates, expressed his dismay over this change help defray the cost of constructing and run- in focus. He told the negotiators that "we never ning their mission stations.
Recommended publications
  • The Rise and Fall of the Lake Pepin “Half-Breed Tract” Allison C. Bender
    Valuable People: The Rise and Fall of the Lake Pepin “Half-Breed Tract” Allison C. Bender History 489: Research Seminar Fall Term 2016 Contents Abstract………...……….……………………………...…………………………………………iii Introduction and Historiography…………………………………………………………………..1 Race as a Social Construct.....……………………………………………………………………..5 Treaty of Prairie du Chien 1825…………………………………………………….......................7 Understanding the Treaty of Prairie du Chien 1830......................................................................10 The Lake Pepin “Half-Breed” Tract..............................................................................................16 Franklin Steele and the Fort Snelling Internment Camp...............................................................18 Call for Further Research………………………………………………………………………...22 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….24 Works Cited.………………………………………………………………….………………….27 ii Abstract This paper focuses on the Dakota nation during the early nineteenth century while discussing the various tribes within the Midwest during that time. These tribes include the Ojibwe, confederated Sacs and Foxes, Ho-Chunk, Menominee, Ioway, Ottowa, and Potawatomi. As intertribal warfare disrupted the peace between these tribes, it also disrupted the plans of many European settlers who had wanted to live, farm, hunt, mineral mine, and trade in the Midwest. One can see evidence of this disruption by visiting treaties from the early nineteenth century as well as accounts from various Indian Agents from this time. Several treaties
    [Show full text]
  • Native American Context Statement and Reconnaissance Level Survey Supplement
    NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT STATEMENT AND RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SUPPLEMENT Prepared for The City of Minneapolis Department of Community Planning & Economic Development Prepared by Two Pines Resource Group, LLC FINAL July 2016 Cover Image Indian Tepees on the Site of Bridge Square with the John H. Stevens House, 1852 Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (Neg. No. 583) Minneapolis Pow Wow, 1951 Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (Neg. No. 35609) Minneapolis American Indian Center 1530 E Franklin Avenue NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT STATEMENT AND RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SUPPLEMENT Prepared for City of Minneapolis Department of Community Planning and Economic Development 250 South 4th Street Room 300, Public Service Center Minneapolis, MN 55415 Prepared by Eva B. Terrell, M.A. and Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D., RPA Two Pines Resource Group, LLC 17711 260th Street Shafer, MN 55074 FINAL July 2016 MINNEAPOLIS NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT STATEMENT AND RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SUPPLEMENT This project is funded by the City of Minneapolis and with Federal funds from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or disability in its federally assisted programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community Testimony in Response to the Department of Army
    OFFICERS Shakopee Mdewakanton Charlie Vig Chairman Sioux Community Keith B. Anderson 2330 SIOUX TRAIL NW • PRIOR LAKE, MINNESOTA Vice Chairman TRIBAL OFFICE: 952-445-8900 • FAX: 952-445-8906 Freedom Brewer Secretary/Treasurer Testimony in Response to the Department of Army, Department of Interior, and Department of Justice’s Tribal Consultation on Infrastructure Development Projects November 15, 2016 Federal Agency Consultation Prior Lake, MN The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (“SMSC” or “Tribe”) is a federally-recognized tribal government, located in Prior Lake, Minnesota. In recent decades, there has been a steady march of economic development toward our Reservation community. We are now surrounded by it. Our Tribe has been fortunate to play a significant role in the economic revitalization of our neighbors. With 4,200 employees, SMSC is the largest employer in Scott County. Our success with our tribal enterprises has allowed SMSC to provide a range of governmental services to our members. It has also enabled SMSC to partner with local governments to meet our broader community’s shared needs such as roads, water and sewer systems, and emergency services. Our Tribe administers social services for children and families, mental health and chemical dependency counseling, employee assistance, emergency assistance, public works, roads, water and sewer systems, health programs and a dental clinic, vehicle fleet and physical plant maintenance, membership enrollment, education assistance, regulatory commissions, economic planning and development, enterprise management and operations, cultural programs, an active judicial system, and many other governmental services. Our tribal government assumes full responsibility for the construction of all on-Reservation infrastructure. And in many instances, our infrastructure serves the needs of the neighboring communities surrounding our Reservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Was Gen. Henry Sibley's Son Hanged in Mankato?
    The Filicide Enigma: Was Gen. Henry Sibley’s Son Ha nged in Ma nkato? By Walt Bachman Introduction For the first 20 years of Henry Milord’s life, he and Henry Sibley both lived in the small village of Mendota, Minnesota, where, especially during Milord’s childhood, they enjoyed a close relationship. But when the paths of Sibley and Milord crossed in dramatic fashion in the fall of 1862, the two men had lived apart for years. During that period of separation, in 1858 Sibley ascended to the peak of his power and acclaim as Minnesota’s first governor, presiding over the affairs of the booming new state from his historic stone house in Mendota. As recounted in Rhoda Gilman’s excellent 2004 biography, Henry Hastings Sibley: Divided Heart, Sibley had occupied key positions of leadership since his arrival in Minnesota in 1834, managing the regional fur trade and representing Minnesota Territory in Congress before his term as governor. He was the most important figure in 19th century Minnesota history. As Sibley was governing the new state, Milord, favoring his Dakota heritage on his mother’s side, opted to live on the new Dakota reservation along the upper Minnesota River and was, according to his mother, “roaming with the Sioux.” Financially, Sibley was well-established from his years in the fur trade, and especially from his receipt of substantial sums (at the Dakotas’ expense) as proceeds from 1851 treaties. 1 Milord proba bly quickly spe nt all of the far more modest benefit from an earlier treaty to which he, as a mixed-blood Dakota, was entitled.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prairie Island Community a Remnant of MINNESOTA SIOUX
    MR. MEYER is a member of the English faculty in Mankato State College. His familiarity with the history of Goodhue County, of which he is a native, combined with an interest in the Minnesota Sioux, led him to undertake the present study. The Prairie Island Community A Remnant of MINNESOTA SIOUX ROY W. MEYER A FAMILIAR THEME in American Indian recognition by the government and were al­ history concerns the tribe or fragment of a lowed to remain on Prairie Island, where tribe who either avoid government removal their children and grandchildren make up to some far-off reservation or who return to one of the few surviving Sioux communities their original homeland after exile. The in Minnesota today. Cherokee offer the most celebrated example. The Mdewakanton were one of the seven When they were removed from their native bands that composed the Sioux nation, and territory in the Southeastern Uplands and re­ the first white men to visit the Minnesota located west of the Mississippi in 1838-39, a country found them living near Mille Lacs few families remained behind and were Lake. The advance of the Chippewa, who later joined by others who fled the new area had obtained firearms from the whites, set aside for them. Their descendants hve forced them out of this region about the today on the Qualla Reservation in North middle of the eighteenth century, and they Carolina. moved southward to the lower Minnesota A Minnesota band of Mdewakanton Sioux River and the Mississippi below the Falls of provide another instance of this sort of back- St.
    [Show full text]
  • Reminiscences of the Early Days of Minnesota, 1851 to 1861
    Library of Congress Reminiscences of the early days of Minnesota, 1851 to 1861 / REMINISCENCES OF THE EARLY DAYS OF MINNESOTA, 1851 TO 1861.* * Read at the monthly meeting of the Executive Council, May 12, 1913. BY REV. FRANK C. COOLBAUGH, S. T. D. In the early days of which I speak there was no zealous rivalry, nor even friendly competition, between the Twin Cities. Minneapolis was not yet on the map, and St. Anthony was only a wayside village; while St. Paul had already assumed the form of a thriving and bustling city, of prosperous proportions, with two thousand people or more, the capital of the Territory. Of course there was a town of St. Peter, on the St. Peter river, the would-be rival and competitor for capital honors, but it was of less size, less prospects, and far away from the temporary and permanent head of navigation. For no little time both St. Peter and Minneapolis later strove, with much federal aid and no little misappropriation of money, to become the head of navigation, but all efforts and subsidies proved vain. Nature discountenanced, disfavored, and rendered futile all such artificial efforts. Above the Falls of St. Anthony stretched an unbroken wilderness of prairie and pine forest, trodden only by the foot of the wandering red man. At the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter rivers stood Fort Snelling, with its stone walls and frowning batteries, the military guardian of the unbounded West. Opposite to the fort and beneath it, crouched the modest hamlet of Mendota, wherein dwelt that prince of men, Henry Hastings Sibley, whose humble but baronial home yet stands as a memorial of him, the first governor of the state of Minnesota, and at no time less than among the first and foremost of its pioneer citizenry.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Days at Fort Snelling
    Library of Congress Early days at Fort Snelling. 420 EARLY DAYS AT FORT SNELLING. Previous to the organization of the Territory of Minnesota, in 1849, Fort Snelling was the only place of note beyond Prairie du Chien. For years it had been the point at which the missionary of the Cross, the man of science, the adventurous trader, made preparations for their journeys among the villages of the wandering Dakotas. Beautifully located on an elevated bluff, at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi, its massive walls make a strong impression on the mind of the traveler. Within its enclosure have been quartered some of the most efficient officers of the United States Army, who have received with hospitality the various scientific expeditions that have from time to time passed through the country. Its history and associations are full of interest and worthy of record in the Annals of Minnesota. On the island in front of the Fort, Pike encamped, and entered into negotiations for the site of the present Fort, as the extracts from his journal, published in a previous chapter show. In 1817, Major Long , in a report to the War Department, recommended the site for a permanent Fort. In 1819, three hundred men of the Sixth regiment, under the command of Colonel Leavenworth , left Detroit, for the purpose of commanding the Fort. They came by the way of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At this point a detachment was left, and the remainder ascended the Mississippi. On the 17th of September, they established a cantonment, on the South side of the Minnesota, at the present ferry.
    [Show full text]
  • Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life (Worksheets)
    Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life (Worksheets) Background Information: About 8.3% of South Dakotans hold dual citizenship. Most of the 64,000 American Indians living in South Dakota are members of the Lakota, Nakota and Dakota Nation (also known as the 1 Great Sioux Nation) as well as Americans. Lakota histories are passed from generation to generation through storytelling. One story tells about the Lakota coming to the plains to live and becoming Oceti Sakowin, the Seven Council Fires. The story begins when the Lakota lived in a land by a large lake where they ate fish and were warm and happy. A man appeared, and told them to travel northward. The Lakota obeyed, and began the journey north. On their way they got cold, and the sun was too weak to cook their food. Two young men had a vision, and following its instructions, they gathered dry grasses and struck two flint stones together, creating a spark and making fire. There were seven groups of relatives traveling together. Each group took some of the fire, and used it to build their own fire, around which they would gather. 2 As a result, they became known as the Seven Council Fires, or Oceti Sakowin. During the mid-17th century, nearly all the Sioux people lived near Mille Lacs, Minnesota.3 Pressured by the Chippewas, they moved west out of northern Minnesota in clan groups by the early 18th century.4 The three tribes spoke the same general language, but each developed dialects or variations, which also became their known name.
    [Show full text]
  • Taliaferro Portrait : Was It Painted by Catlin?
    i Taliaferro Portrait: Was it painted by Catlin? i Rena Neumann Coen FOR NEARLY twenty-five years the Minnesota His­ newly designated St. Peter's Agency. The young Talia­ torical Society has owned a rather large and imposing ferro resigned his army commission because Indian portrait of Major Lawrence Tahaferro (1794-1871), agents, although generally chosen from military ranks, United States Indian agent from 1820 to 1839 at the were nevertheless civilians. "The Major," as Taliaferro St. Peter's Agency near Fort Snelling. The painting is was called, assumed his duties at St. Peter's in July, an oil on canvas, measures 55 inches by 48 inches, and 1820, and remained there, with but a few brief inter­ was presented to the society in 1947 by Taliaferro's ruptions, until his resignation in 1839. For twenty years grandniece and grandnephew, Mrs. Virginia Bonner he was "the most important and influential civil official Pesch and her brother, John F. Bonner. In publica­ on the upper Mississippi."- For the first seven years tions that reproduce the undated, unsigned painting, his authority extended over the Sioux (Dakota) and the artist usually is referred to as "unknown." > In this Chippewa (Ojibway) tribes of the Upper Mississippi article, the author contends, however, that the por­ and the Sioux of the St. Peter's (later Minnesota) River trait is the work of George Catlin, the well-known as well. After 1827, Indian Agent Henry R. Schoolcraft painter of Indians. at Sault Ste. Marie had technical jurisdiction over the But let us first consider, briefly, the career of Talia­ Chippewa of the Mississippi headwaters, but School­ ferro (pronounced Tol'-li-ver).
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippi River Guide
    see map on page 31 Mississippi River 815.3R Lock and Dam No. 2, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers lock on right 814.6R Lake Rebecca Municipal Park, City of Hastings 814.1R concrete plank ramp on lake, picnic area, trail, portable chemical toilet (across road) Lake Rebecca 814.3R Mississippi River - Hastings Public Access, MN DNR and City of Hastings concrete slab ramp Conley Lake 813.8L King’s Cove Marina, LLC, Private entrance at River Mile 812.7L, dockage, fuel, pumpouts, repair facilities, restrooms, service and canvas department, ship’s store, slips for rent, storage, brokerage (651) 437-6186, (651) 480-8900 fax (651) 480-8926 www.kingscove.com Mississippi River 815.3- Hastings area 812.0R food, lodging Dakota County Sheriff emergency 911 or non-emergency (651) 438-4771 814.2L Hub’s Landing and Marina, Private concrete slab ramp (fee), transient slips, overnight parking available (651) 437-4358 www.hubslanding.com 813.3R Hastings Marina, Inc., Private concrete slab ramp (fee), fuel, pumpouts, restrooms, showers, snacks, water & pop (651) 437-9621, fax (651) 438-9924 St. Croix River 0.4- Prescott area 810.8L food, lodging away from river www.saintcroixriver.com Pierce County Sheriff emergency 911 or all other services (715) 273-5051 28 St. Croix River Continued 0.5L Prescott Public Beach, City of Prescott beach 0.3R Point Douglas, Washington County Parks fishing pier, picnicking, restrooms, swimming beach (651) 430-8240 www.co.washington.mn.us/parks 0.1L Prescott City, Courtesy Dock temporary docking (fee) Mississippi River 811.5- Prescott area 810.8L food, lodging www.saintcroixriver.com Pierce County Sheriff emergency 911 or all other services (715) 273-5051 811.4L Leo’s Landing, Private temporary dockage, fuel, full service marina, pumpouts, restrooms (715) 262-5998, fax (651) 770-8870 e-mail: [email protected] 811.4L Point St.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Goals and Materials 2 Photograph List 3-4 Books and CDs in the Kit 5 Music CDs and DVD in the Kit 6 Erasing Native American Stereotypes 7-8 Teacher Resource 9-18 Bibliography 19-20 Worksheets Word Find 21 Word Find Key 22 Crossword Puzzle 23 Crossword Puzzle Key 24 Word Scramble 25 Word Scramble Key 26 Activities Reading an Object 27-28 Object Identification Sheet 29-35 Trek to Wind Cave 36-37 South Dakota Coordinates Worksheet 38 Comparing Families 39-40 Comparing Families Worksheet 41 What Does the Photo Show? 42-43 Beadwork Designs 44-45 Beadwork Designs Worksheet 46 Beadwork Designs Key 47 Lazy Stitch Beading 48-49 Lazy Stitch Beading Instructions / Pattern 50-51 What Do You Get From a Buffalo? 52-53 Buffalo Uses Worksheet 54 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo 55-56 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo Worksheet 57 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo Worksheet Key 58 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo Outline & Key 59-60 Create a Ledger Drawing 61-62 Examples of Ledger Drawings 63-66 Traditional & Contemporary: Comparing Drum 67-68 Groups Come Dance With Us: Identifying Powwow Dance 69-72 Styles 1 Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit Goals and Materials Goals Kit users will: explore the history and culture of the Dakota, Nakota and Lakota people understand the changes brought about by the shift from buffalo hunting to reservation life appreciate that the Dakota, Nakota and Lakota culture is not something
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process Within Canada.” Please Read This Form Carefully, and Feel Free to Ask Questions You Might Have
    Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process within Canada A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Interdisciplinary Studies University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Leo J. Omani © Leo J. Omani, copyright March, 2010. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of the thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis was completed. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain is not to be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Request for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis, in whole or part should be addressed to: Graduate Chair, Interdisciplinary Committee Interdisciplinary Studies Program College of Graduate Studies and Research University of Saskatchewan Room C180 Administration Building 105 Administration Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5A2 i ABSTRACT This ethnographic dissertation study contains a total of six chapters.
    [Show full text]