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The Treatment of Tuberculosis in Ireland from the 1890S to the 1970S a Case Study of Medical Care in Leinster

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The Treatment of Tuberculosis in Ireland from the 1890S to the 1970S a Case Study of Medical Care in Leinster The treatment of tuberculosis in Ireland from the 1890s to the 1970s a case study of medical care in Leinster by Alan Francis Carthy Thesis for the degree of PhD Department of History National University of Ireland Maynooth HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisor of research: Dr Jacinta Prunty 2015 Contents Acknowledgements i Abbreviations ii Technical notes iii List of plates iv List of appendices vii Introduction 1 1 The international origins of the sanatoria movement 17 2 The establishment and early years of the National 49 Hospital for Consumption for Ireland 1891-1907 3 The contribution of voluntary organisations to 86 combating tuberculosis 1898-1916 4 Laying the foundations for tuberculosis treatment— 113 legislative change 1908-1911 5 The development of sanatoria and complementary 145 facilities for the treatment of tuberculosis 1904-1914 6 Dispensaries, domiciliary treatment, workhouse 189 infirmaries and approved institutions— implementation of the National Insurance Act 1912- 1918 7 Reform and consolidation of tuberculosis services— 229 inter war developments 1918-1940 273 8 Filling the void— the role of religious organisations and philanthropy in the treatment of children 1874- 1969 9 The final phase— the regional sanatoria and the 315 contribution of technical and medical advances to the demise of the sanatorium in Ireland 1935-1973 Conclusions 347 Appendices 360 Bibliography 391 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the encouragement and assistance given to me by the staff of the Department of History, Maynooth University. In particular I would like to thank Dr Jacinta Prunty for her advice and supervision throughout and Dr Dympna McLoughlin for inspiring my early interest in tuberculosis. The thesis could not have been completed without the assistance provided by Professor Jacqueline Hill regarding referencing and the support of Professor Marian Lyons at all stages. I would also like to thank the staff of the following institutions for their help during the course of my research: Fingal County Council Local Studies Centre, Jacinta Judge and Colm McQuinn; Kildare County Council Local Studies Centre, Mario Corrigan and James Durney; Meath County Council Local Studies Centre, Frances Tallon; Religious Sisters of Charity archive, Sr Marie Bernadette O’Leary; The Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Robert Mills and Harriet Wheelock; Newcastle Hospital Co. Wicklow, Pat Byrne, Anna Manley and Liz Sharkey; National Archives Ireland, Brian Donnelly and Jenny Dunne; Guinness Archives, Deirdre McParland and Eibhlin Roche; Cherry Orchard Hospital, Imelda Brown and Dr Seamus O’Dea; Irish Railways Records Society, Rev. Dr Norman Gamble; Meanscoil Gharman Co Wexford, Norah Harpur; Dun Laoghaire Library, Nigel Curtin; Westmeath County Council Local Studies Centre, Paula O’Doran and Gretta Connell; Louth County Council archives, Lorainne McConn; Louth County Library Dundalk, Alan Hand; Health Services Executive Library Kilkenny, Brendan Leen and Emma Quinn; Sisters of Mercy congregational archive, Marianne Cosgrave; Wexford County Council archives, Grainne Doran; Offaly County Council archives, Dermot Bracken and Eamonn Larkin; Dublin City archives, Mary Clarke; Department of Health, Emma O’Donoghue; Laois County Council archives, Bridget McCormack; Kilkenny County Council archives, Damien Brett and Declan Macauley. I am indebted to my fellow students Ciaran Bryan, Catherine Bergin, Alice Hughes, Ciaran McCabe and Fióna Gallagher who shared many resources discovered during their own researches. I would also like to express my gratitude to Fr Seamus Cassidy, Dr Jimmy Walshe, Dr Eithne Winter, Evelyn Hamilton, Dr Maire Downey, Brede Murphy, Donal O’Sullivan, Eileen Clarke and Kathleen Caulfield who gave generously of their time in allowing me to record their experiences of working with or suffering from tuberculosis. Finally, I would especially like to thank my wife Deirdre my daughters Anna and Elaine and granddaughter Lucy for their support and encouragement during the course of my research and for listening patiently to stories about tuberculosis from all corners of the globe. i Abbreviations AGM Annual general meeting BMJ The British Medical Journal CSMA Congregation of Sisters of Mercy archives DCCA Dublin City Council archives DLRCC Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council FCCA Fingal County Council archives HSE Health Service Executive HTC Hospital’s Tuberculosis Committee IHS Irish Historical Studies JRSI Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute JSI Journal of the Sanitary Institute KCCA Kildare County Council archives LCCA Louth County Council archives LDCCA Longford County Council archives LGB Local Government Board LMA London Metropolitan Archives LSCCA Laois County Council archives MCCA Meath County Council archives MP Member of Parliament NAI National Archives of Ireland NAPT National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis NHA Newcastle Hospital archive NHCI National Hospital for Consumption for Ireland ii Abbreviations continued NLI National Library of Ireland OCCA Offaly County Council archives RCPI Royal College of Physicians of Ireland RCSI Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland RDC Rural District Council RNHCI Royal National Hospital for Consumption for Ireland RSCA Religious Sisters of Charity archive TB Tuberculosis TD Teachta Dála member of Irish Parliament UDC Urban District Council WCCA Wexford County Council archives WMCCA Westmeath County Council archives WNHA Women’s National Health Association for Ireland WWCCA Wicklow County Council archives Technical notes In accordance with Irish Historical Studies rules for contributors, where the full title of an office or organisation is employed, capitals are used as in Minister for Health or Wexford County Council, otherwise the lower case is used where they are referred to as the minister and the county council. First references are formatted in the usual IHS style, that is they include the repository reference. Second and subsequent references generally do not keep the archival reference, however it is being kept in this thesis in the case of certain minutes of meetings to avoid confusion. Many of the minutes of organisations and statutory bodies have been published and are italicised in references. Minutes in manuscript form are formatted in the usual IHS style. iii List of Plates page 2.1 National Hospital for Consumption for Ireland, Newcastle, 73 County Wicklow showing central administration block on left, twelve-bedroom patient block on right and connecting glass corridor, undated bur probably early 1900s 2.2 Male patients on verandah in wooden block of National 73 Hospital for Consumption for Ireland, Newcastle, County Wicklow in 1904 2.3 National Hospital for Consumption for Ireland, Newcastle, 77 County Wicklow, thirty-three- bed female wooden block opened in 1905 2.4 Altidore House, County Wicklow in 1902. The premises had 77 been leased by Dr Joshua Smyth for use as a private tuberculosis sanatorium in 1901 2.5 Unheated five room bungalow at Altidore private sanatorium, 79 County Wicklow, c. 1907 2.6 Single occupancy chalet developed by Dr Leopold Hare for use 79 at his private sanatorium at Larch Hill, County Dublin, c. 1907 3.1 Sample of early 1900s notice regarding spitting displayed in 95 third-class carriages by Irish railway companies 3.2 Standard sign regarding spitting erected by railway companies 95 on platforms in Ireland in the early 1900s 3.3 Poster prohibiting spitting issued by the Dublin branch of the 95 National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, in the early 1900s 3.4 Models of two ‘contrast bedrooms’ which were brought on tour 103 throughout Ireland under the aegis of the Women’s National Health Association following the Dublin tuberculosis exhibition in 1907 3.5 The travelling caravan of the Women’s National Health 103 Association, titled, Eire touring Ireland with its anti-tuberculosis exhibition in 1908 5.1 Form to be sent to Women’s National Health Association 156 requesting a nurse to visit a tubercular patient, 1907 5.2 Inquiry form to be filled in by Women’s National Health 156 Association nurse when visiting tubercular patients, 1907 iv List of Plates continued page 5.3 Cardboard mounted instructions issued to tuberculosis patients 158 by Women’s National Health Association of Ireland, c. 1908 5.4 Open-air camp on roof of P. F. Collier tuberculosis dispensary, 158 Charles Street, Dublin in 1912 5.5 Allan A. Ryan Hospital, Pigeon House Road, Dublin showing 168 external stairs and balcony to access first floor and shelters in grounds, 1910 5.6 Allan A. Ryan Hospital, Pigeon House Road, Dublin, 168 tuberculosis patients engaged in graduated labour, observed by patient looking out window of adapted shelter, 1912 5.7 Women’s National Health Association’s preventorium at Sutton, 170 County Dublin in 1909 5.8 Peamount House, County Dublin, c.1998. 170 5.9 Wooden pavilion at Women’s National Health Association’s 186 Peamount Sanatorium, County Dublin, c. 1913 5.10 Wooden shelters, to accommodate, tuberculosis patients, at the 186 Women’s National Health Association’s Peamount Sanatorium, County Dublin, c. 1913 6.1 The former militia stores Kells Road, Kilkenny which was 195 converted for use as the County Kilkenny central tuberculosis sanatorium in 1912 6.2 Queen’s County sanatorium Maryborough (Portlaoise) 1911 195 6.3 One of a series of posters issued by the Women’s National 229 Health Association in 1914 to encourage tuberculosis patients to engage with care committees 7.1 Brownswood
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