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Botanika: Vyššie Rastliny BOTANIKA: VYŠŠIE RASTLINY Ing. Mgr. Eva Zahradníková, PhD. [email protected] Kladogram • - schéma, ktorá znázorňuje vznik a vývoj jednotlivých vývojových línií rastlín • - je výsledkom fylogenetických analýz - - základ pre zoskupovanie prezoskupovanie základ taxónov udalosť jedinečnú predstavuje evolučnú stav, znakový odvodený Apomor Angiospermae - Magnoliophyta Eudicots s e s s l Magnoliids s e fia e a l s l e s l e a d a s s l s e i a r l y e l s e e s s a l s l l l d l e a s e e p l l e a l l y a a t s s n i h l s l l o y s a e t a e e e h l s s o s e a a i l u l d h l s g a e e e n l d e d p c i r s s b c a a l l l e i a r a p h s a o l i r e o o e l l o o n a a l a d r l r o t o e r e p n n r a n h i a f e r l e r u n a e i a y t b o i t e t b c g s e n a l t n l s u r n x r m o b x r o n t o a l o p u s m e h a a i a i a y u u e a r a r i a L S G A M C M C C V S R A R P B T D C N A P B S cotyledon one leaf venation parallel vasculature atactostelic, vascular cambium absent pollen tricolpate sieve tube plastids or tricolpate-derived proteinaceous/cuneate vessels (secondarily lost in some taxa) Taxonomické členenie - základom taxonomického systému je DRUH (species) - druhy sa zaraďujú do vyšších a nižších hierarchických úrovní taxónov Vyššie taxóny: Oddelenie (divisio) -phyta Vývojová vetva - (aj viac) Rad (ordo) - ales Čeľaď (familia) - aceae Rod (genus) - Napr. buk lesný (Fagus sylvatica) patrí do rodu Fagus, čeľade Fagaceae, radu Fagales, vývojovej vetvy rosidy – fabidy, oddelenia Spermatophyta Endemit - taxón, ktorý sa vyskytuje len na špecifickom území a nikde inde (najviac endemitov na ostrovoch) - na Slovensku sa nachádza 92 druhov endemických vyšších rastlín Daphne arbuscula Aconitum firmum Dianthus serotinus (lykovec muránsky) (prilbica tuhá) (klinček neskorý) • Relikt - taxón, ktorý sa zachoval na malom území ako pozostatok predchádzajúceho hojného rozšírenia - prežil a pretrval obdobie nepriaznivých podmienok v minulých obdobiach Klasifikácia reliktov podľa obdobia, z ktorého pochádzajú: - preglaciálne (treťohorné) – napr. Primula minima, Festuca carpatica - glaciálne – napr. Salix herbaceae, Salix reticulata - relikty neskorých glaciálnych stepí – napr. Allium strictum - postglaciálne – napr. Astragalus exscapus Primula minima Salix reticulata Allium strictum Astragalus exscapus (prvosienka najmenšia) (vŕba sieťkovaná) (cesnak tuhý) (kozinec bezbyľový) • Cievnaté rastliny (Tracheophyta) - v tradičnom systéme označované ako vyššie rastliny - prechod z vody na súš a s tým spojené zmeny - objavujú sa v prvohorách na konci silúru (pred 420 mil. rokov) Rodozmena (metagenéza) - striedanie pohlavnej a nepohlavnej generácie sporangium - ešte stále diploidné materská bunka spór - nepohlavná generácia sporofyt - diploidný (2n) - telo z pravých orgánov - vytvára sporangiá - prvá bunka sporofytickej generácie - vznikla splynutím pohlavných buniek zygota - 2n sporangium 2n n spóra materská R! bunka spór R! – meióza, redukčné delenie - zmena počtu chromozómov na sporofyt haploidný, začiatok gametofytickej (2n) generácie spóry – haploidné zygota sporangium 2n n spóra materská R! bunka spór - pohlavná generácia gametofyt - haploidný (n) - telo tvorísporofyt jednoduchá stielka (2n) - nesie samčie a samičie ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá pohlavné orgány - samičia pohlavná bunka = oosféra oosféra spermatická - samčie: bičíkaté spermatozoid / bunka spermatozoidyzygota alebo bezbičíkaté spermatické bunky sporangium 2n n spóra materská R! bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota sporangium 2n n spóra materská R! bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofytsplynutie pohlavných (2n) buniek = začiatok sporofytickej ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá generácie oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota sporangium 2n n spóra materská R! bunka spór nepohlavná pohlavná (sporofytická) (gametofytická) gametofyt generácia generácia (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota Typy rodozmeny IZOMORFNÁ • gametofyt a sporofyt sú zhodné morfologicky, odlišujú sa len cytologicky (ploidiou) a fyziologicky • vyskytuje sa len u nižších rastlín HETEROMORFNÁ • gametofyt a sporofyt sú odlišné morfologicky, cytologicky aj fyziologicky • u machorastov (gametofyt prevláda nad sporofytom, sporofyt je úplne závislý od gametofytu) • u vyšších rastlín (sporofyt prevláda nad gametofytom, gametofyt môže byť nezávislý, čiastočne al. úplne závislý od sporofytu) • 1) IZOSPÓRICKÁ • 2) ANIZOSPÓRICKÁ • 3) HETEROSPÓRICKÁ Izospórická rodozmena - v spórangiách sa tvoria spóry rovnakého tvaru, ktoré sú aj fyziologicky rovnaké => vyrastie z nich iba jeden gametofyt, ktorý nesie samčie aj samičie pohlavné orgány (je obojpohlavný) Anizospórická rodozmena - spóry rovnakého tvaru, ale funkčne rozlíšené – vyrastá z nich osobitne samčí a samičí gametofyt Heterospórická rodozmena - spóry sú rozlíšené tvarovo aj fyziologicky na mega- a mikrospóry - sú uložené v dvoch typoch sporangií (mega- a mikrosporangiá) - vyrastajú z nich dva rôzne typy gametofytu, ktoré sú jednopohlavné (samčí a samičí) - z tohto typu sa vyvinula rodozmena semenných rastlín - takmer súčasne s heterospóriou sa vyvinula aj endospória (gemtofyt ostáva a vyvíja sa v obale spóry) materská bunka mikrospór megaspór R! megaspóra mikrospóra mikrosporangium megasporangium megagametofyt mikrogametofyt (samičí) (samčí) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota Heterospórická rodozmena s endospóriou Evolúcia cievnatých rastlín - spoločný predok s rožtekmi (Anthocerotophyta) - 3 hlavné evolučné vetvy, na začiatku s veľmi podobným vzhľadom (telómové rastliny): - Lycopodiophyta - Monilophyta - Spermatophyta Telómové rastliny Lycopodiophyta (plavúňorasty) Lycopodiidae (plavúne) - aj recentní zástupcovia, ale mnoho vyhynutých Apomorfie • pravý koreň s dichotomickým vetvením • jednožilové listy (mikrofyly) zo sterilných telómov Stonka • väčšinou vidlicovito (dichotomicky) rozkonárená (pri niektorých druchoch kombinovane s monopodiálnym vetvením) • nečlánkovaná • niekedy tvorí rizóm (podzemok) • u súčasných iba bylinná, fosílne aj drevnaté • cievne zväzky v protostéle (všetky jej typy) Listy • mikrofyly zo sterilných telómov s 1 cievnym zväzkom, bez listovej medzery a) trofofyly a sporofyly – oddelená vyživovacia a rozmnožovacia funkcia b) trofosporofyly – jeden list s oboma funkciami a) b) Sporangiá (výtrusnice) • sploštené, s rozlíšenou vrchou a spodnou stranou • sediace v pazuchách sporofylov (výtrusných listov), ktoré tvoria výtrusný klas (strobilus) alebo trofosporofylov • otvárajú sa priečnou štrbinou (stomium) rad: Lycopodiales - izospórická rodozmena - CZ v plektostéle sporangium Rodozmena - 2n n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota sporangium Rodozmena - 2n n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá sporofyt – väčšinou trváci, vždyzelený (niektoré jednoročné) spermatická - vyrastá priamo z gametofytu oosférapo oplodnení spermatozoid oosféry a vzniku / zygoty (nemá embryo) bunka zygota sporangium Rodozmena - 2n n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá výtrusnice v pazuchách sporofylov usporiadaných do výtrusného klasu (strobilu)oosféra alebo trofosporofylov spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota sporangium Rodozmena - 2n n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá spermatická oosféra spermatozoid / meiózou vo výtrusniciach vznikajú spóry bunka zygota sporangium n Rodozmena - 2n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá spermatická oosféra spermatozoid / spóry - rovnakého tvaru bunka zygota - niekedy klíčia až po 6-7 rokoch sporangium n Rodozmena - 2n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) gametofyt ♀archegóniá- nezávislý od sporofytu - zelený al. ♂nezelený anterídiá (pod zemou) - zložitá stielka s mykorízou - dlhožijúci (vývoj môže trvať spermatická oosféra10 -20spermatozoid rokov) / - obojpohlavný – nesiebunka zygota ♂anterídiá aj ♀archegóniá sporangium n Rodozmena - 2n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá spermatická oosféra – ostáva v archegóniu, oosféra spermatozoid / kde je oplodnená spermatozoid - dvojbičíkatý bunka zygota sporangium n Rodozmena - 2n heteromorfná spóra materská R! izospórická bunka spór gametofyt (n) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra zygota Lycopodium clavatum (plavúň obyčajný) • - na konci konárikov dva a viac strobilov na dlhej stopke • - osť na konci listov Lycopodium annotinum (plavúň pučivý) • - na konci konárikov jeden strobilus bez stopky • - listy bez osti rad: Selaginellales - heterospórická rodozmena - pajazýček materská bunka mikrospór megaspór R! megaspóra mikrospóra mikrosporangium megasporangium Rodozmena - megagametofyt mikrogametofyt heteromorfná (samičí) (samčí) heterospórická sporofyt (príklad: Selaginella) (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota materská bunka mikrospór megaspór R! megaspóra mikrospóra mikrosporangium megasporangium megagametofyt mikrogametofyt (samičí) (samčí) sporofyt (2n) ♀archegóniá ♂ anterídiá oosféra spermatická spermatozoid / bunka zygota sporofyt – trváci, bylinný mikrospór megaspór
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