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The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: a Lasting Impact
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: A Lasting Impact MATTHEW BAILEY COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS The introduction of gunpowder did not immediately transform the battlefields of Europe. Designers of fortifications only had to respond to the destructive threats of siege warfare, and witnessing the technical failures of early gunpowder weaponry would hardly have convinced a European magnate to bolster his defenses. This essay follows the advancement of gunpowder tactics in late medieval and early Renaissance Europe. In particular, it focuses on Edward III’s employment of primitive ordnance during the Hundred Years’ War, the role of artillery in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, and the organizational challenges of effectively implementing gunpowder as late as the end of the fifteenth century. This essay also seeks to illustrate the nature of the development of fortification in response to the emerging threat of gunpowder siege weaponry, including the architectural theories of the early Renaissance Italians, Henry VIII’s English artillery forts of the mid-sixteenth century, and the evolution of the angle bastion. The article concludes with a short discussion of the longevity and lasting relevance of the fortification technologies developed during the late medieval and early Renaissance eras. The castle was an inseparable component of medieval warfare. Since Duke William of Normandy’s 1066 conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of castles had become the earmark of medieval territorial expansion. These fortifications were not simply stone squares with round towers adorning the corners. Edward I’s massive castle building program in Wales, for example, resulted in fortifications so visually disparate that one might assume they were from different time periods.1 Medieval engineers had built upon castle technology for centuries by 1500, and the introduction of gunpowder weaponry to the battlefields of Europe foreshadowed a revision of the basics of fortress design. -
Tees Valley Contents
RELOCATING TO THE TEES VALLEY CONTENTS 3. Introduction to the Tees Valley 4. Darlington 8. Yarm & Eaglescliffe 10. Marton & Nunthorpe 12. Guisborough 14. Saltburn 16. Wynyard & Hartlepool THE TEES VALLEY Countryside and coast on the doorstep; a vibrant community of creative and independent businesses; growing industry and innovative emerging sectors; a friendly, upbeat Northern nature and the perfect location from which to explore the neighbouring beauty of the North East and Yorkshire are just a few reasons why it’s great to call the Tees Valley home. Labelled the “most exciting, beautiful and friendly region in The Tees Valley provides easy access to the rest of the England” by Lonely Planet, the Tees Valley offers a fantastic country and international hubs such as London Heathrow and quality of life to balance with a successful career. Some of the Amsterdam Schiphol, with weekends away, short breaks and UK’s most scenic coastline and countryside are just a short summer holidays also within easy reach from our local Teesside commute out of the bustling town centres – providing the International Airport. perfect escape after a hard day at the office. Country and coastal retreats are close-by in Durham, Barnard Nestled between County Durham and North Yorkshire, the Tees Castle, Richmond, Redcar, Seaton Carew, Saltburn, Staithes and Valley is made up of Darlington, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Whitby and city stopovers in London, Edinburgh and Manchester Redcar & Cleveland and Stockton-on-Tees. are a relaxing two-and-a-half-hour train journey away. Newcastle, York, Leeds and the Lake District are also all within an hour’s The region has a thriving independent scene, with bars, pubs drive. -
Elwick Grove Brochure
Elwick Grove Hartlepool A collection of 3 and 4 bedroom homes ‘ A reputation built on solid foundations Bellway has been building exceptional the local area. Each year, Bellway commits quality new homes throughout the UK for to supporting education initiatives, providing 70 years, creating outstanding properties transport and highways improvements, in desirable locations. healthcare facilities and preserving - as well as creating - open spaces for everyone to enjoy. During this time, Bellway has earned a strong reputation for high standards of design, build Our high standards are reflected in our quality and customer service. From the dedication to customer service and we location of the site, to the design of the home believe that the process of buying and owning to the materials selected, we ensure that our a Bellway home is a pleasurable and straight impeccable attention to detail is at the forward one. Having the knowledge, support forefront of our build process. and advice from a committed Bellway team member will ensure your home-buying We create developments which foster strong experience is seamless and rewarding, communities and integrate seamlessly with at every step of the way. Welcome to Elwick Grove, a stylish master bedroom with Your dream contemporary development of en-suite bathroom, along with three and four bedroom its own garage. The design home awaits detached homes in a sought- specification inside is second to after suburb of Hartlepool. none, with chic sanitaryware and sophisticated kitchen areas. at Elwick These homes boast open plan living areas as well as front and Elwick Grove is ideally located Grove rear gardens, all of which in a rural setting, close to both provide the ideal space for the town centre and the coast, socialising with loved ones. -
Fortifications V1.0.Pdf
“Global Command Series” Fortifications v1.0 A Global War 2nd Edition 3d Printed Expansion © Historical Board Gaming Overview This set features rules for many different types of fortifications, sold separately in 3D printed sets. These rules are written Global War - 2nd edition, however at the end of this document are a few changes necessary to play these with Global War 1st edition or Axis and Allies 1940. Set Contents Name Rules Sold Separately Atlantic Wall (German) Battery Fjell (German) Flak Tower-Small (German) Flak Tower-Large (German) Panther Turret (German) Maginot Line Turret (French) Maginot Line Gun (French) Anti-Tank Casemate (Generic) Machine Gun Pillbox (Generic) Fortifications General Rules 1. You may never have more than one of the same type of fortification in the same land zone. 2. Fortifications are removed from play if the land zone they are in is captured. 1.0 Battery Fjell – Unique coastal gun 1.0 Overview: Battery Fjell was a World War II Coastal Artillery battery installed by the Germans in occupied Norway. The 283mm (11”) guns for the battery came from the damaged battleship Gneisenau. The guns were then installed in the mountains above the island of Sotra to protect the entrance to Bergen. These modern and accurate guns had a range of 24 miles and were protected by several anti-aircraft batteries supported by air search radar. Extensive ground fortifications protected the battery as well. The battery had a crew of 250 men. The Battery Fjell unit featured in this set represents the battery itself but also a number of other defensive fortifications, garrison units and light weapons. -
For All Travel Enquiries Ring Traveline L (0871) 200 22 33
For all travel enquiries ring Traveline L (0871 ) 200 22 33 Hartlepool Area - (Hartlepool Town Centre - Bus Stops Plan) Stop Services from this stop Stop Services from this stop No. (Effective from Sunday 4 January 2009) ) No. (Effective from Sunday 4 January 2009) YORK ROAD GATEWAY BRIDGE 1 1A 3 3A 4 6 7 7A 15 20 36 527 980 1 3 3A 4 7 7A 15 22 36 501 518 527 X35 A Marina, Throston Grange, Clavering, Middlegate (The Headland) Q Marina, Throston Grange, Clavering, Middlegate (The Headland) 6 12 20 518 980 MARINA WAY / MARITIME AVENUE B Clavering, Middlegate, Elwick, Dalton Piercy R 1 3 3A 4 7 7A 15 22 36 518 527 X35 C 6 12 20 518 Throston Grange, Clavering, Middlegate (The Headland) South Fens, Eskdale Road, Seaton Carew, Stockton, Middlesbrough 1 3 3A 4 7 7A 15 36 518 527 X35 1 1A 20 501 524 S Seaton Carew, Fens Estate, Owton Manor, Stockton, Middlesbrough, D Seaton Carew, Middlesbrough; West Park, Elwick, Dalton Piercy Peterlee, Sunderland, Elwick, Dalton Piercy, Gateshead, Newcastle 3 4 6 7 7A 15 36 527 M12 15 518 527 E Fens Estate, Owton Manor, Seaton Carew, Stockton, Middlesbrough T Owton Manor, Seaton Carew, Elwick, Dalton Piercy, South Greatham VICTORIA ROAD CHURCH SQUARE 1 1A 3 3A 4 12 15 22 23 23A 23B 23C 24 22 23 23A 23B 23C 24 24A 25 33 229 F 24A 25 33 36 516 518 501 527 X35 U Hart Village, Sedgefield, Trimdon Village, Bishop Auckland, Peterlee, Marina, Throston Grange, Clavering, Hart Station, Seaton Carew Sunderland, Durham 7 7A 36 3 4 7 7A 12 15 516 517 518 524 527 G Marina, Middlegate (The Headland) V Fens Estate, Owton -
Teesside Archaological Society
Recording the First World War in the Tees Valley TEESSIDE ARCHAOLOGICAL SOCIETY The following gazetteer is a list of the First World War buildings in the Tees Valley Area. Tees Archaeology has the full image archive and documentation archive. If particular sites of interest are wanted, please contact us on [email protected] 1 | P a g e Recording the First World War in the Tees Valley HER Name Location Present/Demolished Image 236 Kirkleatham Hall TS0 4QR Demolished - 260 WWI Listening Post Boulby Bank Present (Sound Mirror) NZ 75363 19113 270 Marske Hall Redcar Road, Present Marske by the Sea, TS11 6AA 2 | P a g e Recording the First World War in the Tees Valley 392 Seaplane Slipway Previously: Present Seaplane Slipway, Seaton Snook Currently: on foreshore at Hartlepool Nuclear Power Plant, Tees Road, Hartlepool TS25 2BZ NZ 53283 26736 467 Royal Flying Corps, Green Lane, Demolished - Marske Marske by the Sea (Airfield) Redcar 3 | P a g e Recording the First World War in the Tees Valley 681 Hart on the Hill Hart on the Hill, Present (Earthworks) Dalton Piercy, parish of Hart, Co. Durham TS27 3HY (approx. half a mile north of Dalton Piercy village, on the minor road from Dalton Piercy to Hart Google Maps (2017) Google Maps [online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Hart-on-the- Hill/@54.6797131,- 1.2769667,386m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x487ef3527f0a44 21:0xe4080d467b98430d!8m2!3d54.67971!4d-1.274778 4 | P a g e Recording the First World War in the Tees Valley 698 Heugh Gun Battery Heugh Battery, Present Hartlepool -
International Passenger Survey, 2008
UK Data Archive Study Number 5993 - International Passenger Survey, 2008 Airline code Airline name Code 2L 2L Helvetic Airways 26099 2M 2M Moldavian Airlines (Dump 31999 2R 2R Star Airlines (Dump) 07099 2T 2T Canada 3000 Airln (Dump) 80099 3D 3D Denim Air (Dump) 11099 3M 3M Gulf Stream Interntnal (Dump) 81099 3W 3W Euro Manx 01699 4L 4L Air Astana 31599 4P 4P Polonia 30699 4R 4R Hamburg International 08099 4U 4U German Wings 08011 5A 5A Air Atlanta 01099 5D 5D Vbird 11099 5E 5E Base Airlines (Dump) 11099 5G 5G Skyservice Airlines 80099 5P 5P SkyEurope Airlines Hungary 30599 5Q 5Q EuroCeltic Airways 01099 5R 5R Karthago Airlines 35499 5W 5W Astraeus 01062 6B 6B Britannia Airways 20099 6H 6H Israir (Airlines and Tourism ltd) 57099 6N 6N Trans Travel Airlines (Dump) 11099 6Q 6Q Slovak Airlines 30499 6U 6U Air Ukraine 32201 7B 7B Kras Air (Dump) 30999 7G 7G MK Airlines (Dump) 01099 7L 7L Sun d'Or International 57099 7W 7W Air Sask 80099 7Y 7Y EAE European Air Express 08099 8A 8A Atlas Blue 35299 8F 8F Fischer Air 30399 8L 8L Newair (Dump) 12099 8Q 8Q Onur Air (Dump) 16099 8U 8U Afriqiyah Airways 35199 9C 9C Gill Aviation (Dump) 01099 9G 9G Galaxy Airways (Dump) 22099 9L 9L Colgan Air (Dump) 81099 9P 9P Pelangi Air (Dump) 60599 9R 9R Phuket Airlines 66499 9S 9S Blue Panorama Airlines 10099 9U 9U Air Moldova (Dump) 31999 9W 9W Jet Airways (Dump) 61099 9Y 9Y Air Kazakstan (Dump) 31599 A3 A3 Aegean Airlines 22099 A7 A7 Air Plus Comet 25099 AA AA American Airlines 81028 AAA1 AAA Ansett Air Australia (Dump) 50099 AAA2 AAA Ansett New Zealand (Dump) -
Stocktonian 1930-1931
THE STOCKTONIAN YEAR BOOK. id 1930-31. STOCKTON-ON-TEES : H. RUSSELL & SONS, PRINTERS, YARM LANE. 1931. RULES. Old Stocktonians' Association. Revised October^ 1929. 1. —The name of the Association shall be the " Old Stocktonians." The "Old Stocktonians" aims at continuing friendships and preserving that spirit of comradeship which ought to exist among those who have been educated at the same school. These aims are to be achieved by means of social, recreative, and educational pursuits. 2. —The Association shall be open to the Old Boys of the Stockton Secondary School and of the late Higher Grade School. Past and present members are also eligible. 3. —The government of the Association shall be vested in three Presidents, six Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, two Secretaries and a Committee of sixteen, together with the Secretary of each sub-section. (a) The present and retired headmasters shall be Presidents ex-officio. The third shall be elected annually, (b) All the other officials shail be elected annually. (c) A member holding any office shall be eligible for re-election in the following year, in the same or any capacity. (d) In Committee seven shall form a quornm, (e) The Committee shall have power to co-opt any member or members at their discretion for the time being for any parlienlar purpose. 4. —The Committee shall have power to refuse membership to any applicant for admission or to ask any member to resign (after investigation by the Committee and confirmation by a general meeting), whose conduct they consider such as to militate against the welfare of the Association. -
The Story of Our Lighthouses and Lightships
E-STORy-OF-OUR HTHOUSES'i AMLIGHTSHIPS BY. W DAMS BH THE STORY OF OUR LIGHTHOUSES LIGHTSHIPS Descriptive and Historical W. II. DAVENPORT ADAMS THOMAS NELSON AND SONS London, Edinburgh, and Nnv York I/K Contents. I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY, ... ... ... ... 9 II. LIGHTHOUSE ADMINISTRATION, ... ... ... ... 31 III. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 39 IV. THE ILLUMINATING APPARATUS OF LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 46 V. LIGHTHOUSES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND DESCRIBED, ... 73 VI. LIGHTHOUSES OF IRELAND DESCRIBED, ... ... ... 255 VII. SOME FRENCH LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... ... ... 288 VIII. LIGHTHOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES, ... ... ... 309 IX. LIGHTHOUSES IN OUR COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES, ... 319 X. FLOATING LIGHTS, OR LIGHTSHIPS, ... ... ... 339 XI. LANDMARKS, BEACONS, BUOYS, AND FOG-SIGNALS, ... 355 XII. LIFE IN THE LIGHTHOUSE, ... ... ... 374 LIGHTHOUSES. CHAPTER I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. T)OPULARLY, the lighthouse seems to be looked A upon as a modern invention, and if we con- sider it in its present form, completeness, and efficiency, we shall be justified in limiting its history to the last centuries but as soon as men to down two ; began go to the sea in ships, they must also have begun to ex- perience the need of beacons to guide them into secure channels, and warn them from hidden dangers, and the pressure of this need would be stronger in the night even than in the day. So soon as a want is man's invention hastens to it and strongly felt, supply ; we may be sure, therefore, that in the very earliest ages of civilization lights of some kind or other were introduced for the benefit of the mariner. It may very well be that these, at first, would be nothing more than fires kindled on wave-washed promontories, 10 LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. -
Wildlife Guide Introduction
Heritage Coast Sunderland Durham Hartlepool Coastal wildlife guide Introduction Our coastline is a nature explorer’s dream. With dramatic views along the coastline and out across the North Sea, it has unique qualities which come from its underlying geology, its natural vegetation and the influences of the sea. It is a wonderfully varied coastline of shallow bays and headlands with yellow limestone cliffs up to 30 metres high. The coastal slopes and grasslands are home to a fabulous array of wild flowers and insects, in contrast the wooded coastal denes are a mysterious landscape of tangled trees, roe deer and woodland birds. This guide shows a small selection of some the fascinating features and wildlife you may see on your visit to our coast; from Hendon in the north to Hartlepool Headland in the south, there is always something interesting to see, whatever the time of year. Scan the code to find out more about Durham Heritage Coast. Contents 4 Birds 9 Insects 13 Marine Mammals 16 Pebbles 20 Plants 25 Sand Dunes 29 Seashore The coast is a great place to see birds. In the autumn and spring lots of different types of passage migrant birds can be seen. The UK's birds can be split in to three categories of conservation importance - red, amber and green. Red is the highest conservation priority, with species needing urgent action. Amber is the next most critical group, followed by green. The colour is shown next to the image. Please keep your dogs on a lead to avoid disturbance to ground nesting birds in the summer and also over wintering birds. -
British Birds |
VOL. XLVIII NOVEMBER No. 11 1955 BRITISH BIRDS REPORT ON BIRD-RINGING FOR 1954* By ROBERT SPENCER, B.A., Secretary, Bird-Ringing Committee of the British Trust for Ornithology THIS is the eighteenth report issued on behalf of the Committee, continuing the earlier sequence under the title "The British Birds Marking Scheme". It combines a report on the progress of ring ing between October 1953 and December 1954 with a selected list of recoveries reported up to 31st December 1954. MANAGEMENT The members of the Committee are as follows: Sir Lands- borough Thomson (Chairman), Miss E. P. Leach, A- W. Boyd, Hugh Boyd, J. A. Gibb, P. A. D. Hollom, G. R. Mountfort, Major-General C. B. Wainwright, George Waterston; Sir Norman Kinnear; Bruce Campbell and C. A. Norris (ex officiis); Robert Spencer (Secretary). The only new member of the Committee is Sir Norman Kinnear, who succeeded Lord Ilchester as representa tive of the Trustees of the British Museum- A Sub-committee comprising Hugh Boyd, C. A. Norris, Major-General C. B. Wain wright and the Secretary was formed to plan the development and production of new rings. By permission of the Trustees, the headquarters of the scheme remain at the British Museum (Natural History). During the latter part of 1954 the approval of the G.'P.O. and the Museum * A publication of the British Trust for Ornithology. + The last preceding report was published in British Birds, vol. xlvii, pp. 361-392. 461 462 BRITISH BIRDS [VOL. XLVIII authorities was obtained for the use of the shorter address: "BRIT. -
Industry in the Tees Valley
Industry in the Tees Valley Industry in the Tees Valley A Guide by Alan Betteney This guide was produced as part of the River Tees Rediscovered Landscape Partnership, thanks to money raised by National Lottery players. Funding raised by the National Lottery and awarded by the Heritage Lottery Fund It was put together by Cleveland Industrial Archaeology Society & Tees Archaeology Tees Archaeology logo © 2018 The Author & Heritage Lottery/Tees Archaeology CONTENTS Page Foreword ........................................................................................ X 1. Introduction....... ...................................................................... 8 2. The Industrial Revolution .......... .............................................11 3. Railways ................................................................................ 14 4. Reclamation of the River ....................................................... 18 5. Extractive industries .............................................................. 20 6. Flour Mills .............................................................................. 21 7. Railway works ........................................................................ 22 8. The Iron Industry .................................................................... 23 9. Shipbuilding ........................................................................... 27 10. The Chemical industry ............................................................ 30 11. Workers .................................................................................