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A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language

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A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language A GRAMMAR OF THE NIPMUCK LANGUAGE BY HOLLY SUZANNE GUSTAFSON ATbesis Submitted to the Faceof Graduate Studies In Partial Fulnlment of the Requirements For tbe Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Deparament of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba O Copyright by HoUy Gustafson 200 National Library Bibliothéque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellingîm Ottawa ON KlAûN4 O(tawaON K1AW canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fih, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copy~@tin this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES +te*+ COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE A Grammlr of the Nipmach Languagc BY HoUy Suzanne Gartrfson A ThesiJ/Prricticarn sabmitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of &Manitobain partiai fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of HOLLY SUZANNE GUSTAFSON O 2000 Permission has ben grrnted to the Libnry of The University of Manitoba to Iend or seii copies of this thesidpncticum, to the National Librrry of Caoadi ta microfilm this thesidpracticum and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to Dissertations Abstracts International ta publish an abstract of this thesis/pmcticum. The author reserves otber publication rights, and neither this thesis/prrcticum nor extensive extracts from it auy be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's writtea permission. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a gramniaticai sketch of Loup A, a long-extinct Eastern Algoquian Iruiguage surviving pMIyin the field notes of tbe Sulpician rnissionary Jean-Claude Mathevet. Tbese field notes were edited d amotated by Gordon Day (1 975); this editicm provides the sole source of original laiguistic data- This grammatical sketch indudes a cbapter on pboadics and phwology, fiom a decdeûîy bistotical point of view, as well as brief sections on syntax addaivatioq rhhough the main focus is to attempt to account for al1 inflected fonris found in the fieid nates. As weü, this thesis identifies tbe Loup of Matbevd's field mtcs as the Nipnuck tniof central Massachusetts. The abve areas of study provide as cornplde r grammatical sk-h as mewuid expect given the Iimited data available, but one tbat is more than adequate as a coacise refete~lceto the structure of an Algonquian language that bas until now been almost eritirety wiexplored, TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION The manuscript adits author The langwge and its location Basic ptinciples of Algoaqukn languages 2 PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY COILSOW~clu!sters Consonant cluster c~ne~pondeaces Voweb Vowel correspondences Phooological Rules Palataliuitim Mection Loss of /w/ Loss of /y/ Final syllable loss Vowel-semivowel contraction Stress Vowel syncope 3 NOMINAL INFLECTION Possessive inflectioa Number idection Plural Singular Vocative PRONOUNS & QUANTIFERS 5 VERBAL INFLECTION Conjuact indicative AI coajuact indicative Il conjunct indikative TA corrjunct indicative TI conjunct indicative Conjunct indicative negative Coajuact subjuIlctive AI conjunct subjurictive lï cobjunct subjwictive TA coajunct subjunctive TI coojunct subjuoctive Conjunct subjunctive negative Cmjunct optative AI conjunct optative TA conjunct optative TI corrjunct optative Word Order "Free" word order Negative If-tben clauses Intenogatives Noun phrases Verb phrases Clitics Agreem- Absolute/objective infiectim Reflexives Suùordinatim Subject-tdject copying Obviation Negaîim Anomalies andior enors Verbles SentenCa Ave- Negation errors- 8 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 1 iNTRODUCTION THE MANUSCRiPT AND ITS AUTHOR There is an entry Iisted in Relevé des écrits indiens atn Archives de S. Suk'p'ce (Marinier 1973), an mventory of native North Amcrican manuscripts found in the Sulpician archives of Montréai, tbat is simQfy titlad "Mots Loups". Tbis entry dito an undatad and anonymous notebodr, containhg 124 unnumbered pages without statement of either the place of its composition or the language it attempts tio recotd (Day 1975:18). The titk Mots Loups, literally "Wolf words" (Day 1975: 1 1 ), desreference to the name applied to sevcral Algonquian tn'bes by the French; for two of these tri'bes, no name besides "Loup" is known (Goddard 1978:71). The manuscript itself coasists of three notebodts. The fÙst forty pages appear to be Mathevet 's initial attempt at recordhg the language, containing a muhitude of corrections, additions, and crossed out words. Page 4 1 se- to sipl"a ww effort" or first revision of the earlier work, and exhiiits very few corrections and little physical Wear. A secd(and final) revision begins on page 100, and appears simply to be a neat recopying of the first sixteen pages. Afso recopie. in this section are two pages that do not fit into the natural order of the notebooks. The first, tucked between pages 50 and 5 1, is referred to as folio 504 and 50a verso, abbreviated as 500 and 504v in this thesis. The other is tbe second sbeet of the notebook, containing words that appear to have been radxdyjotted down. This page Day calls untefolio recto and antefolio verso, abbreviated as AR and AY in this tbesis. Al1 dher pages of the manuscript are organkd into two columns, which will be refed to as a (lefi colurnn) and b (right column). Tbus, any entry or part of an entry wifl be listed with the page number (as assigned by Day) adcotumn, fohwaî by the numk of the linc oa which it aPP-- in 1942, J.O. Lesieur fdthe Mots Loups manuscript at Oka, ahit had apparentiy swvived a fke at the mission in 1877 believed by Jean-Andr6 Cuoq to have destroyed Mathevet's notebodrs on the Loup languagc (Day 197521). Lesiew shipped this and two other manuscripts to the Sulpician archives in Monîréal (Laieur 1942), where it was rnicrofitmed and identiiied as Algonquian by Handi (1961 :237). in 1975, the manuscript was publisbed as Tiie Mots Loups of Fother Mothevet, adited by Gadm ûay. Along with a comprehensive introduction including a biography of Mathcvet and an attempt to the "Loupn language, The Mots Loups of Father Mothevet contains a ficsimile of the original manuscript printed alongside Day's di.Also included are daailed fimtmtes and several word indices providïng the page numbers on which the Abenalci, Algonquin, Mohawk, Loup, and French words in the manuscript can be found, Cuoq attributed the Mots Loups manuscriptto JeamClaude Matbevet, which was confirmed by Day with the aid of paleographer Thomas-Marie Charlad (Day 197523). Born March 20, 17 17, in the deparanent of Ardèche, France, Mathevet lefi at the age of 23 for Montréal, where he taught Latin while assisting in the parish church of Notre-Dame, and was ordained a priest in 1747. Beginniag m 1746 at the mission of Lacdes-Deux-Montagnes (present-day Oka), Mathmet spent the rest of bis Me amongst the Algonquin and Iroquois (HareI 1 97952 1 ). A specialist in the Ojibwe language, Matbevct wrote an Aigonquin grawnar, sermons, a sacred history, and a iife of Cbrist. Acconipsnying these are eleveti uot- of sermons written in Mohawk, of which Matbevd also had a gdknowledge, as well as the Mots Loups notebook. Mathevet reâired to the serninary in March 1778, a& king strkken with paralysis, and died in August 178 1. Through his efforts combating the illegai sale of alcohol by the Eutopeans to the Wi,Mathevet gained great respect fiom the tri'bes with whom he worked (Harel l979:52 1). THE LANGUAGE AND ITS LOCATION Aithough the language of the Mots Loups ndebodr bas aot beien positively identified, it is generaliy accepted to be the language of one of the central Massachusetts tni,either Pocumtuck or Nipmuck (Goddard 1978: 174). As Day (1975:44) explains, speakers of the "Loup" Ianguage appear to have originaied in New Enghad but tbt bnguage of the manuscript differs fiom al1 recmded New England languages. in order to de!ermine the precise location of dgin of Matbevet's "Loups", Day uses two basic sets of dues: references found in the manuscript, and morpbological analysis of the Loups' word fa tbeniselves. The most helpfiil due in the nuinscript to the location of the Loups, Day suggests, is found in the juxtaposition of two entfies, the word <tak8aangan>'the sawmiil', and <8miskan8ag8iak>'the Lwp nation'. Day goes on to propose that "the sawmillwis probably the French sawmill located oo the Missisquoi River at Swanton, Vermont. Tbe fhct that this word is followed by ~mak%sem>,the word fot 'wolf (which Mathevet uOderStood as the name of the Loup nation) suggests that "eitber he was writing at Missisquoi, or that his Loups had recently corne hm Missisquoi and he thedore identifid them with the villagen @ay 1975:s 1). From the above refetences and fiom the word <8miskao8ag8ialo, apparently the rd word for the Loup nation, Day concludes that the Loups were indeed the Pocumtuck tribe. However, there are scvera1 problems with this hypothcsis. Firsî, the word <8miskan8ag8iak> is morphoiogically analyzed by Day to mean 'beaver-tail-àill people', and since the Pocumtuck range, according to legend, is said to be the pealfied body of a huge beaver, it rnight be reasonable to make the tentative cOnnectim bctween the Loups and the Pocumtuck, However, Day's morphological analysis is quite tenuous, and hc dismisse three major problems with thk anabsis as "misbmriqpn or "mis-sgeUinpn by Maîheveî.
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