DOCSLIB.ORG

2014 State of the Environment Report; for Most Recent Edition See 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2014 State of the Environment Report; for Most Recent Edition See 1 Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014 Editors: Nathan Critchlow-Watton, Karen Dobbie, Rebecca Bell, Seamus G. Campbell, Daniel Hinze, Alan Motion, Karen Robertson, Marie Russell, James Simpson, Des Thomson, Willie Towers 2014 State of the Environment Report; for most recent edition see www.environment.scotland.gov.uk 1 Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014 Copyright © 2014 Scotland’s Environment Web. All rights reserved. First ebook edition printed 2014 in the United Kingdom. A catalogue record for this ebook is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-9930734-0-3 Published by Scotland’s Environment Web www.environment.scotland.gov.uk For more copies of this ebook, please email: [email protected] Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this ebook, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of this information contained herein. This report should be cited as: Critchlow-Watton, N., Dobbie, K.E., Bell, R., Campbell, S.D.G., Hinze, D., Motion, A., Robertson, K., Russell, M., Simpson, J., Thomson, D. and Towers, W. (eds) 2014. Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014. Scotland’s Environment Web. http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/ 2014 State of the Environment Report; for most recent edition see www.environment.scotland.gov.uk 2 Index 1 Introduction 4 1.1 What is the State of the Environment Report? 4 1.2 State and trends assessments 5 1.3 Who wrote this? 6 1.4 Downloads 6 2 Key Messages – State of the environment Summary 7 3 Air 9 3.1 Air quality 11 4 Water 21 4.1 Coastal Waters 24 4.2 Estuaries 35 4.3 Freshwater lochs 44 4.4 Offshore waters 52 4.5 Rivers and canals 60 4.6 Aquaculture 70 4.7 Estuaries and Coastal wildlife 78 4.8 Rivers and lochs wildlife 87 5 Land 95 5.1 Landscape 98 5.2 Rocks and landforms 107 5.3 Soils 113 5.4 Wetlands 124 5.5 Crops and livestock 131 5.6 Fossil fuels and minerals 140 5.7 Timber and forestry products 147 5.8 Farmland wildlife 155 5.9 Mountains and uplands wildlife 163 5.10 Woodlands and forests wildlife 169 6 Climate 178 6.1 Climate 179 7 People and the environment 189 7.1 Benefits from the environment 191 7.2 Cities, towns and greenspace 194 7.3 Historic environment 202 7.4 Recreation 210 7.5 Energy 218 7.6 Land use strategy 228 7.7 Waste 231 A Appendix 238 A.1 Scotland’s Environment partners 238 A.2 Editorial Group 242 A.3 Authors and contributors 246 A.4 State and trend assessors 248 2014 State of the Environment Report; for most recent edition see www.environment.scotland.gov.uk 3 1 Introduction Scotland’s State of the Environment Report is published on Scotland’s Environment Website. It is a web based document which provides an assessment of the state of Scotland’s environment and how it is changing. The report evolves through time as new information becomes available. For most sections it is updated at least once a year. However, it is important to take stock every few years and provide a snapshot of the state of the environment at that time. This document is a pdf version of the State of the Environment Report as it stands on 31 December 2014. As well as hosting the State of Environment Report, Scotland's Environment website provides access to data and information held and managed by a wide range of organisations across Scotland so that it is easily available and in a usable form. The website is the result of an innovative partnership between a wide range of organisations involved in environmental protection and improvement in Scotland. It is funded by the EU Life+ programme and SEPA. The partners are listed in Appendix A.1. 1.1 What is the State of Environment Report? The 2014 State of the Environment Report provides an assessment of Scotland’s environment and how it is changing. It uses the most recent data available from a wide range of sources. It was written by authors from different environmental organisations, and was overseen by an Editorial Group. The editors, authors and contributors are listed in Appendix A2 & A3. The Editorial Group aims for the report to be: • impartial; • trustworthy and evidence-driven; • engaging, inviting and accessible; • open to challenge. We hope that you will be able to find the information you need. The overall key messages are provided, and there are five main chapters:- • Air; • Land; • Water; • Climate; • People and the Environment. Every chapter has a summary and a range of individual topics, each covering part of the environment. In each topic we describe the condition (state) of that part of the environment and how it is changing. We assess the pressures causing the changes and consider what is being done to solve any problems. For many of the topics, we brought together a group of specialists to summarise the state and trends, and their assessments are shown at the start of each topic. As with any scientific report, we are limited by the available evidence and as a result there may be gaps in our coverage of some environmental issues. We have referenced all the major points by providing links to sources of information and data, so you can check the facts yourself. In some topics there are links to relevant “Discover Data” applications, where you can interrogate the data at first hand. We’d like your help to shape future versions of the report. On the website every page has a link to where you can submit comments; we encourage you to question anything you don’t understand, and challenge anything you don’t believe to be true. 2014 State of the Environment Report; for most recent edition see www.environment.scotland.gov.uk 4 1.2 State and Trend Assessment The assessments of the state and trend are shown as a series of spectrum diagrams. These show the current condition of the environment covered by each topic as well as the future trend for that environment. We report how confident we are in these assessments based on the level of agreement between the specialists who took part (high, medium or low agreement) and the evidence available to form that assessment (high, medium or low evidence). The specialists who took part are listed in Appendix A.4. How the assessments were made We contacted specialists with knowledge of each topic and asked them to take part in the assessments. The specialists came from a range of organisations across Scotland, including universities, public organisations, the Scottish Government, local authorities and research institutes. We asked the specialists to independently complete a survey to identify the main pressures affecting the environmental topics they were contributing to. They also assessed the current state of those aspects of the environment, based on the Brundtland Commission definition of sustainability: “development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The future trend was generally assessed for the time period in which current human activity is likely to have a strong impact. These independent assessments were collated and a meeting was held for each topic, during which the pressures, state and trend were discussed. The groups then agreed on the final assessment and their level of confidence in the result. Critique of the approach These assessments provide a comprehensive review of the state of the Scottish environment and make use of the available evidence and expertise. However, any overall assessment is necessarily a simplification. Assessments are of the current “average state”; some aspects of the environment covered by a topic will be in a better state, and others worse. Equally, the condition of some areas is improving, while others are worsening or staying the same. We have taken account of the scale of any damage to the environment in these assessments; impacts can be locally damaging, but may have little effect on a national scale. 2014 State of the Environment Report; for most recent edition see www.environment.scotland.gov.uk 5 The assessments are based on the agreement between the specialists who took part; other specialists may have different opinions. 1.3 Who wrote this? The State of the Environment Report contains many topics, each of them written by a lead author, with contributions from other experts. The authors and contributors are listed in Appendix A.3. The Editorial Group oversaw the production of the report. Our members represent a number of organisations and a range of skills and experience. We are responsible for ensuring the text is consistent, balanced and accurate. You can read more about us in Appendix A.2. For many of the topics, an assessment of the current state and the future trend was made. Section 1.2 State and trend assessments explains how this was done. Over 90 specialists took part in the assessment process and came to an agreement on the state and trend of each aspect of the environment. Therefore, the assessment may not fully represent the views of any particular individual. The specialists who took part are listed in Appendix A.4. We are grateful to all who took part and helped to produce the State of the Environment Report. 1.4 Downloads You can download pdf versions of the 2014 and 2011 State of the Environment Report from Scotland’s Environment website. The key messages for the 2014 State of Environment Report are available in Gaelic.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scotland Europa Members' Response to the European Commission Public
    22 July 2015 Scotland Europa Scotland House Rond‐Point Schuman 6 1040 Brussels, Belgium EU Transparency Register ID: 01312486176‐25 Scotland Europa members’ response to the European Commission public consultation on the Fitness Check of EU Nature Legislation (Birds and Habitats Directives) Scotland Europa welcomes the opportunity to respond to the European Commission’s public consultation. Our member organisations recognise that our nature and biodiversity are among Scotland’s greatest assets – a natural capital that provides huge benefits for some of our key economic sectors like tourism, food and drink, as well as for the wellbeing of society as a whole. (For more information on Scotland’s biodiversity strategy, consult the 2020 Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity1.) This response brings together the input from our membership, a large part of which takes a key interest in environment policy, as it represents government agencies as well as regulated industry, land owners, research and academia and environmental NGOs. (See the Annex at the end of this document for a full list of contributing member organisations.) Bearing in mind the wide and diverse reach of our organisation, this submission should not be seen as a position paper representing the lowest common denominator – it is rather a collection of evidence from Scotland and our actors involved in and impacted by EU nature legislation. This consultation exercise has indeed been useful for us in Scotland as an opportunity to sit down and reflect and share experiences on what has worked well, less well, and to what extent existing policy and legislative tools allow us to effectively bridge any challenges together.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptor Nest Survey Summary Report
    Raptor Nest Survey Summary Report Lot 5 UBC South Campus January 6, 2020 Submitted to: Polygon Homes Ltd. Raptor Nest Survey Summary Report 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Project Background Diamond Head Consulting Ltd. (DHC) was retained to conduct a raptor nest survey for the proposed development of Lot 5 into a parkade at the University of British Columbia (UBC) South Campus. The development requires the removal of all trees from an existing natural area. As part of this project, on‐ site tree planting is planned upon completion of the parkade. A nest survey is required prior to construction activity to ensure compliance with the federal Migratory Birds Convention Act [1994] and attendant Migratory Birds Regulation [1994] that protects migratory birds, their eggs, and nests. Also, Section 34(a), (b), and (c) of the provincial Wildlife Act [1996 chap 488] prohibits the taking of birds, eggs, and nests. Nests of eagle, peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, osprey, heron, and burrowing owl are specifically protected whether or not they are active. 1.2 Site Description The project site is a second growth forested area south of W 16th Ave and east of SW Marine Dr, on the corner of Berton Ave and Binning Rd within the UBC South Campus (Figure 1). The nest survey was conducted within the project site and in the forested area immediately adjacent to the north and east. Figure 1 – Project location, UBC South Campus Lot 5, Vancouver, B.C. 3559 Commercial Street, Vancouver B.C. V5N 4E8 | T 604‐733‐4886 1 Raptor Nest Survey Summary Report The project site and adjacent natural areas are a native second growth forest stand mainly consisting of Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum).
    [Show full text]
  • RSPB CENTRE for CONSERVATION SCIENCE RSPB CENTRE for CONSERVATION SCIENCE Where Science Comes to Life
    RSPB CENTRE FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCE RSPB CENTRE FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCE Where science comes to life Contents Knowing 2 Introducing the RSPB Centre for Conservation Science and an explanation of how and why the RSPB does science. A decade of science at the RSPB 9 A selection of ten case studies of great science from the RSPB over the last decade: 01 Species monitoring and the State of Nature 02 Farmland biodiversity and wildlife-friendly farming schemes 03 Conservation science in the uplands 04 Pinewood ecology and management 05 Predation and lowland breeding wading birds 06 Persecution of raptors 07 Seabird tracking 08 Saving the critically endangered sociable lapwing 09 Saving South Asia's vultures from extinction 10 RSPB science supports global site-based conservation Spotlight on our experts 51 Meet some of the team and find out what it is like to be a conservation scientist at the RSPB. Funding and partnerships 63 List of funders, partners and PhD students whom we have worked with over the last decade. Chris Gomersall (rspb-images.com) Conservation rooted in know ledge Introduction from Dr David W. Gibbons Welcome to the RSPB Centre for Conservation The Centre does not have a single, physical Head of RSPB Centre for Conservation Science Science. This new initiative, launched in location. Our scientists will continue to work from February 2014, will showcase, promote and a range of RSPB’s addresses, be that at our UK build the RSPB’s scientific programme, helping HQ in Sandy, at RSPB Scotland’s HQ in Edinburgh, us to discover solutions to 21st century or at a range of other addresses in the UK and conservation problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Statement for the Bacchus Development
    APACHE NORTH SEA LIMITED Bacchus Production Increase Environmental Statement BEIS Project Reference: D/4256/2020 July 2020 Environmental Statement Apache North Sea Limited Bacchus Production Increase July 2020 This page is intentionally blank Environmental Statement Apache North Sea Limited Bacchus Production Increase July 2020 STANDARD INFORMATION SHEET Project name Bacchus Production Increase Project reference D/4256/2020 number Type of project Production increase Undertaker name Apache North Sea Limited Undertaker address Caledonia House Prime Four Business Park Kingswells Causeway, Aberdeen AB15 8PU Short description The assessment of the environmental impacts from an increase in production from the Bacchus Field in excess of 500 tonnes of oil per day over the current consent threshold, and the drilling of a new infill well. Dates Anticipated Q4 2020 commencement of works Date and reference D/4066/2009; December 2009 number of any earlier Statement related to this project Significant None environmental impacts identified Statement prepared Apache North Sea Limited by Hartley Anderson Limited Environmental Statement Apache North Sea Limited Bacchus Production Increase July 2020 This page is intentionally blank Environmental Statement Apache North Sea Limited Bacchus Production Increase July 2020 CONTENTS Glossary and Abbreviations ........................................................................................ i Non-Technical Summary ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Seabed Survey of Turbot Bank Possible MPA
    JNCC/Cefas Partnership Report Series Report No. 20 Offshore seabed survey of Turbot Bank possible MPA Eggleton, J., Diesing, M. & Schinaia, S. July 2019 © JNCC, Cefas 2019 ISSN 2051-6711 Offshore seabed survey of Turbot Bank possible MPA Eggleton, J., Diesing, M. & Schinaia, S. Report completed 2013 and published July 2019 © JNCC, Cefas, 2019 ISSN 2051-6711 For further information, please contact: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough PE1 1JY http://jncc.defra.gov.uk This report is compliant with the JNCC Evidence Quality Assurance Policy http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=6675 and has been reviewed by Cefas and JNCC prior to publication. This report should be cited as: Eggleton, J., Diesing, M. & Schinaia, S. 2019. Offshore seabed survey of Turbot Bank possible MPA. JNCC/Cefas Partnership Report No. 20. JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 2051- 6711. Summary This report presents the findings from analyses of the acoustic data and groundtruth samples gathered during the seabed survey of the Turbot Bank possible Marine Protected Area (pMPA). Turbot Bank lies within a coarse sandy sediment plain to the east of Scotland, approximately 65km east of Peterhead on the Aberdeenshire coast, south of the Fladen Ground, and comprises a shelf bank and mound feature. The report describes the presence, location and extent of broadscale habitats, biotopes and Scottish Marine Protected Area (SMPA) Priority Marine Features within the Turbot Bank pMPA. Full coverage multibeam echosounder data (bathymetry and backscatter) collected under the Civil Hydrography Programme were available for the western half of Turbot Bank pMPA. During a dedicated survey in December 2012, new acoustic data were collected in the eastern part of the bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish and Wildlife Service Raptor Fact Sheet (Pdf)
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Raptors Diurnal and Nocturnal Birds of Prey What Is a Raptor? Many long-distance migrants, such as A raptor is a bird of prey that is known for Swainsons and Broad-winged hawks, have its predatory habits of feeding on other experienced declines due to habitat animals. This group of birds possesses destruction and hazards such as pesticide several unique anatomical characteristics use in their wintering grounds. Swainsons that allow them to be superior hunters. Hawks breed in the western and These include excellent sensory abilities midwestern U.S. and Canada and migrate such as binocular vision and keen hearing in all the way to central Argentina for the Migratory Bird Management order to detect prey, large powerful winter. Conditions on the migratory route grasping feet with razor-sharp talons for as well as in the wintering countries have catching prey, and generally large, hooked had a major impact on their populations Mission bills that can tear prey. There are 30 returning to the U.S. each year. species of hawks, falcons, and eagles, as To conserve migratory bird well as 18 species of owls breeding in North Many grassland raptor species, including populations and their habitats America. In this large group of birds, Ferruginous Hawk, Swainsons Hawk, Northern Harrier, Golden Eagle, and for future generations, through there are diurnal, or daytime, species, such as hawks, falcons, and eagles, and Burrowing Owl, have sharply declined in careful monitoring and effective nocturnal, or nighttime, species, such as many locations over the past few decades management. owls.
    [Show full text]
  • Connectivity Among Marine Protected Areas, Particularly Valuable and Vulnerable Areas in the Greater North Sea and Celtic Seas Regions 2
    Connectivity among marine protected areas, particularly valuable and vulnerable areas in the greater North Sea and Celtic Seas regions 2 Introduction to the connectivity study The NorthSEE project is focusing on transnational coordination between plans and planning processes in the North Sea Region on three main topics: Energy, Shipping and Environment. For the environmental strand the partners have been researching the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and other marine conservation measures, as well as the application of the Ecosystem Based Approach (EBA) in the planning processes. This report is part of WP3 environment and deals with the connectivity of MPAs in the North Sea. The reasons for this is that the North Sea ecosystem is interlinked and does not respect land borders. In MSP, it is important to understand the way in which a marine conservation site is relevant to areas elsewhere, and what significance different sites may have for the ecosystem as a whole. Another incentive for analyzing the ecological coherence, is that the OSPAR Recommendation 2003/31, amended by OSPAR Recommendation 2010/2, on a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) sets out the goal of OSPAR Contracting Parties (CPs) to continue the establishment of the OSPAR Network of MPAs in the North-East Atlantic. In the status report of 2016, OSPAR identified the need to using case-studies of connectivity to illustrate how the use of life-history traits information in combination with oceanographic modelling products can improve confidence in MPA network connectivity assessments. This study meets the need described by OSPAR. In order to have a better understanding of ecological relationships and conditions, the connectivity between all marine protected areas (MPAs) and particularly valuable and vulnerable areas (as part of the Norwegian Management Plans), have been analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • For Peer Review
    Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Early and Middle Pleistocene environments, landforms and sediments in Scotland Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Journal: Edinburgh Manuscript ID TRE-2017-0031.R1 Manuscript Type: The Quaternary of Scotland Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Hall, Adrian; Stockholms Universitet, Department of Physical Geography Merritt, Jon; British Geological Survey - Edinburgh Office, Lyell Centre ForConnell, Peer Rodger; University Review of Hull, Geography, Environment and Earth Science Scotland, erosion, stratigraphy, Early Pleistocene, Middle Pleistocene, Keywords: weathering, landform Cambridge University Press Page 1 of 83 Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Early and Middle Pleistocene environments, landforms and sediments in Scotland Adrian M. Hall1, Jon W. Merritt2 and E. Rodger Connell3 1 Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. 2The Lyell Centre, British Geological Survey, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK. 3Geology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK. Running head abbreviation: Early Middle Pleistocene Scotland For Peer Review 1 Cambridge University Press Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Page 2 of 83 ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the changing environments, developing landforms and terrestrial stratigraphy during the Early and Middle Pleistocene stages in Scotland. Cold stages after 2.7 Ma brought mountain ice caps and lowland permafrost, but larger ice sheets were short-lived. The late Early and Middle Pleistocene sedimentary record found offshore indicates more than 10 advances of ice sheets from Scotland into the North Sea but only 4-5 advances have been identified from the terrestrial stratigraphy.
    [Show full text]
  • STATUS and CONSERVATION of RAPTORS in AUSTRALIA&Apos;S
    J. RaptorRes. 32 (1) :64-73 ¸ 1998 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. STATUS AND CONSERVATION OF RAPTORS IN AUSTRALIA' S TROPI CS NICK MOONEY Parksand WildlifeSet'vice, GPO Box 44A, Hobart 7001, Tasmania,Australia ABSTRACT.----•Iof Australia's34 raptorsare found in the tropics.No full speciesand onlyone subspecies, an island endemic owl, are extinct. All of Australia'sthree threatened, diurnal speciesare endemic to the continent. One, the Vulnerable Red Goshawk (Erythrotriochisradiatus), is endemic to Australia's tropical forestsand is under threat from lossof habitat, persecution,and egg collecting.Conservation efforts include legal protection, education, and keeping nest sitessecret. A secondspecies, the rare Square-tailedKite (Lophoictiniaisura) is widelydistributed and, exceptfor clearingof woodland,threats are not obvious.Many raptors from arid areas,including the endemic Grey Falcon (Falcohypoleucos), "winter" in tropicalwoodlands. For adequateconservation, critical habitatsof the Grey Falconmust be identified. Grey Falconsshould be helped in the long term by the anticipatedreduction of rabbitsin arid Australiaby rabbit calicivirusdisease, but widespreadclearing of tropicalwoodlands for agriculture continuesas does local, heavy use of pesticides.Although no speciesof owls are threatened, five sub- speciesare; two are subspeciesof the endemic RufousOwl (Ninox rufa, one rare and one insufficiently known) and two are subspeciesof the Masked Owl (Tyt0 novaehollandiae,both insufficientlyknown). Threats include lossof critical habitat to fire and agriculture.On ChristmasIsland, the smallpopulations of endemicsubspecies of the BrownGoshawk (Accipiterfasciatus) and MoluccanHawk-owl (N. squamipila) are Vulnerable and threatened by loss of habitat to urbanization and formerly mining. Besideslegal protection, conservationefforts have included educationand habitat preservation.The tropicalEastern Grass-owl(T. longimembris)is secure although some populationsare under pressurefrom agriculture (including rodenticides) and urbanization.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptor Conservation in Switzerland – Overview
    Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 1 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI Gypaète barbu. © Roland Clerc Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 2 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC Federal Office for the Environment FOEN Species, Ecosystems, Landscapes Division Raptor Conservation in Switzerland “Overview" MoU Raptor – TAG3 Sempach, 12.12.2018 Basel Zürich Sempach Bern Vienna GenevaSempach Nizza Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 4 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI Switzerland is divers….. ~46,000 species (potentially 60,000) 49 endemics A gradient from mediterranean to high alpine species 31% Forest (>50% protective forest) 35.9% Agriculture (12% organic) 7.5% «people-habitat» and infrastructure (60% sealed) Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 5 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI bio-divers… Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 6 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 7 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI but also cultural divers Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 8 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI «First biodiversity crisis» Engadin 1928 Saane 1894 Raptor Conservation in Switzerland | Overview 9 Sabine Herzog FOEN & Stefan Werner SOI First laws on «nature conservation» 1875/76 first forestry law & hunting and bird conservation law > Sustainable forest use & afforestation > Protection of females & offspring > Delimination of protected
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Baseline Report Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative
    State of the Clyde Environment Baseline Report Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative SSMEI Clyde Pilot State of the Clyde Environment Baseline Report March 2009 D Ross K Thompson J E Donnelly Contents 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................3 2.1 GEOLOGY....................................................................................................................3 2.2 THE SEALOCHS ...........................................................................................................6 2.3 THE ESTUARIES ..........................................................................................................9 2.4 THE INNER FIRTH......................................................................................................12 2.5 THE OUTER FIRTH ....................................................................................................14 2.6 COASTAL FLOODING .................................................................................................18 3 CLEAN AND SAFE SEAS............................................................................................19 3.1 THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................19 3.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen.............................................................................................19 3.1.2 Nutrients...........................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Black Wildebeest
    SSOOUUTTHHEERRNN AAFFRRIICCAANN RRAAPPTTOORR CCOONNSSEERRVVAATTIIOONN STRATEGIC PLANNING WORKSHOP REPORT 23 – 25 March 2004 Gariep Dam, Free State, South Africa Hosted by: THE RAPTOR CONSERVATION GROUP OF THE ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUST Sponsored by: SA EAGLE INSURANCE COMPANY ESKOM In collaboration with: THE CONSERVATION BREEDING SPECIALIST GROUP SOUTHERN AFRICA (CBSG – SSC/IUCN) 0 SSOOUUTTHHEERRNN AAFFRRIICCAANN RRAAPPTTOORR CCOONNSSEERRVVAATTIIOONN STRATEGIC PLANNING WORKSHOP REPORT The Raptor Conservation Group wishes to thank Eskom and SA Eagle Insurance company for the sponsorship of this publication and the workshop. Evans, S.W., Jenkins, A., Anderson, M., van Zyl, A., le Roux, J., Oertel, T., Grafton, S., Bernitz Z., Whittington-Jones, C. and Friedmann Y. (editors). 2004. Southern African Raptor Conservation Strategic Plan. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC / IUCN). Endangered Wildlife Trust. 1 © Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG-SSC/IUCN) and the Endangered Wildlife Trust. The copyright of the report serves to protect the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group workshop process from any unauthorised use. The CBSG, SSC and IUCN encourage the convening of workshops and other fora for the consideration and analysis of issues related to conservation, and believe that reports of these meetings are most useful when broadly disseminated. The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report reflect the issues discussed and ideas expressed by the participants during the Southern African Raptor Conservation Strategic
    [Show full text]