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Fernando Vasco Moreira Ribeiro Universidade do Minho Instituto de Ciências Sociais Fernando Vasco Moreira Ribeiro O spin doctoring em Portugal: Estudo em Portugal: Estudo sobre as fontes profissionais de informação que operam na Assembleia da República spin doctoring O sobre as fontes profissionais de informação que operam na Assembleia da República Fernando Vasco Moreira Ribeiro Moreira Vasco Fernando Uminho|2013 novembro de 2013 Universidade do Minho Instituto de Ciências Sociais Fernando Vasco Moreira Ribeiro O spin doctoring em Portugal: Estudo sobre as fontes profissionais de informação que operam na Assembleia da República Tese de Doutoramento em Ciência da Comunicação Especialidade de Estudos de Jornalismo Trabalho realizado sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Joaquim Manuel Martins Fidalgo novembro de 2013 i Agradecimentos Agradeço, em primeiro lugar, ao meu orientador - o Professor Doutor Joaquim Fidalgo. Foi há uns anos que recebi a sua primeira aula e, desde então, nunca mais parou de ser a minha fonte de inspiração académica. O seu conhecimento, rigor, exigência, disponibilidade e amizade foram decisivos para a conclusão deste trabalho. Agradeço à Professora Doutora Helena Lima por me ter trazido para a academia. Douta colega que sempre concentrou sabedoria na amizade e no instinto de proteção. Sem o seu apoio nunca teria acabado esta investigação. Agradeço ao Dr. Custódio Oliveira, meu mestre de comunicação política, os ensinamentos apaixonados e incessantemente atualizados que sempre soube partilhar. Sem ele esta viagem nunca se teria iniciado. Agradeço a disponibilidade e bondade de todos os entrevistados deste trabalho. Cada entrevista foi um momento especial. Um êxtase de aprendizagem e deleite que só me dá vontade de partir (rapidamente) para um próximo projeto de investigação. Agradeço à Drª Isabel Ventura, da Biblioteca do Curso de Ciências da Comunicação da FLUP, e ao Dr. Augusto Ribeiro, da Biblioteca Virtual da Universidade do Porto, as toneladas de livros e artigos que me disponibilizaram, sempre com total abnegação e profissionalismo. É um orgulho ter colegas assim! Agradeço também a um conjunto de pessoas que, por motivos variados, possibilitaram que cumprisse este caminho de investigação: Sara Rodrigues, Alexandre Vale de Carvalho, António Igreja, Rodrigo Viana de Freitas, Yunassy Tonela, Ana Paula Pereira, Mariano Quinze, Luís Canhemba, Alexandra Dias, Rui Guimarães, Helena Gomes Fernandes, António Borges, Natália Rodrigues de Carvalho, João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Andrea Cunha Freitas, Alexandre Guerra, entre muitos outros. Agradeço aos meus amigos Ricardo Gomes, Pedro Rocha, Tiago Borges, Afonso Abreu, André Barros, Eduardo Pamplona, Bruno Ribeiro Tavares, Francisco Assis, Manuel Pizarro, Raul Santos e Nuno Almeida por me terem ajudado (cada um à sua maneira) nesta caminhada de quatro anos. Agora já não tenho desculpa para faltar à nossa amizade. Agradeço aos meus pais, à Inês e à Maria (mulher e filha) - que são o centro da minha vida e um foco de amor e felicidade, pela força e compreensão nos quase dois anos de ausência. Obrigado a todos. Contei sempre convosco! iii iv Resumo O spin doctoring em Portugal: Estudo sobre as fontes profissionais de informação que operam na Assembleia da República O objectivo central desta investigação é tentar compreender 1) o que é o spin doctoring; 2) se é praticado em Portugal (designadamente na Assembleia da República); e 3) se é igual, uma variação, ou uma atividade completamente diferente da assessoria de imprensa. Outro dos objectivos que este trabalho pretende alcançar passa por tentar elencar uma matriz identitária dos spin doctors que permita compreender quais são os seus grandes objectivos, pré-requisitos, principais momentos e técnicas usadas no desenrolar das suas funções. Destaque-se, também, que a assessoria de imprensa política tem sido uma das atividades profissionais do autor, assim como um objecto de estudo de anteriores trabalhos de investigação na área das ciências da comunicação. O presente trabalho revela, numa primeira fase, o peso das fontes profissionais de informação ao serviço de interesses das organizações e faz uma incursão pela história da assessoria de imprensa política mundial e nacional, desde os primeiros alvores da civilização até, praticamente, aos nossos dias. Uma investida com particular enfoque nas técnicas de manipulação dos media por parte dos mais marcantes presidentes norte-americanos, mas também uma descrição das homólogas práticas na nossa ainda jovem Democracia. Numa fase central desta tese, vamos analisar e comparar os conceitos de manipulação, persuasão e jornalismo com a assessoria de imprensa. Vamos também compará-la enquanto mecanismo de promoção ao serviço das empresas e, em contraponto, das organizações políticas e governamentais. Aqui faremos um levantamento pormenorizado das práticas de spin doctoring durante o governo de Tony Blair, no Reino Unido, relatadas por académicos, jornalistas, políticos e líderes de opinião britânicos. A última parte deste trabalho refere-se ao estudo de campo que desenvolvemos com base em 30 entrevistas de elite realizadas a elementos que “habitam” o centro da atividade política nacional e o núcleo da maior concentração e produtividade de v jornalismo político em Portugal - a Assembleia da República. Realizamos, assim, entrevistas aos ‘públicos’ do trinómio políticos, assessores de imprensa e jornalistas, nomeadamente 1) aos assessores de imprensa que desenvolvem a sua atividade para os diferentes grupos parlamentares; 2) aos jornalistas ‘residentes’ no Parlamento e que lidam diariamente com estes profissionais; e 3) aos políticos que recorrem e contratam os seus serviços. Ressalve-se entre os entrevistados encontram-se dois ex-primeiros-ministros de Portugal: Pedro Santana Lopes e José Sócrates. Para complementar estas entrevistas, analisámos o conteúdo de 572 peças jornalísticas de imprensa (papel e on-line) resultante de uma exaustiva, mas informatizada, recolha de todas as notícias publicadas na imprensa portuguesa, entre 2003 e 2012, que referiam, direta ou indiretamente, as palavras “spin”, “spin doctors” e “spin doctoring”. Como resultado principal de todo este levantamento metodológico, obtivemos não só uma tese sobre o aparecimento do spin doctoring a nível nacional e internacional, mas também uma aproximada definição e uma descrição da sua forma de atuação, ou, como aqui vem batizada: ‘a matriz identitária dos spin doctors’. Outro apontamento digno de destaque é a forma como os jornalistas parlamentares, os assessores e consultores de comunicação e os políticos veem esta atividade, em articulação com o jornalismo e a comunicação política portuguesa. vi Abstract Spin doctoring in Portugal. A study of professional sources of information operating in the Portuguese Parliament The central goal of this research is to attempt to understand 1) what spin doctoring is; 2) whether this is being carried out in Portugal (namely in the Portuguese Parliament); and 3) whether this is the same, a variation, or an altogether different activity from the press consultancy office. Another of the goals that this thesis seeks to achieve includes an attempt to list an identity matrix of spin doctors to enable us to understand their main objectives, prerequisites, chief moments and techniques used in the performance of their duties. Also highlighted is the fact that the political press consultancy office has been one of the author’s occupations, as well as a subject of study in previous research papers in the field of communication sciences. This thesis starts off by revealing the weight of professional sources of information serving the interests of organizations, while making inroads through the history of domestic and international political press consultancy, from the dawn of civilization to practically our time. A proposal with a particular focus on media manipulation techniques by the most significant U.S. presidents, but also a description of analogous practices in our still young democracy. At a central stage of this thesis, we will examine and compare the concepts of manipulation, persuasion and journalism with the press consultancy office. We will also compare it as a promotion mechanism serving companies and, in contrast, political and government organizations. Here, we will conduct a detailed survey of the practices of spin doctoring during Tony Blair's term as prime-minister, in the United Kingdom, as reported by British academics, journalists, politicians and opinion makers. The last part of this dissertation pertains to the field study undertaken on the basis of 30 top-level interviews conducted with personalities “residing” in the domestic political center of activity and the core of the greatest concentration and productivity of political journalism in Portugal – the Portuguese Parliament. vii Thus, we conduct interviews with stakeholders of the trio of politicians, press officers and journalists, namely 1) with press officers conducting their work for different parliamentary groups; 2) with ‘resident’ journalists in Parliament and who deal with these professionals on a daily basis; and 3) with politicians who turn to and hire their services. It is worth noting that the interviewees include two former prime-ministers of Portugal: Pedro Santana Lopes and José Sócrates. To supplement these interviews, we examined the contents of 572 press reports (hard copy and online) resulting from a thorough and more computerized collection of all the news published in the Portuguese press, from 2003 to 2012, which
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