Preface to the First Edition ...... xi Preface to the Second Edition ...... xiii Preface to the Third Edition ...... xv Acknowledgements ...... xvii Introduction ...... xix J. Budziszewski, What We Can’t Not Know ...... xxi Part A The Nature of Law and the Fundamental Shift in Legal Thinking ... 1 Chapter 1 Higher Law Thinking: Man’s Law Is Based on and Evaluated by the Law of God ...... 3 A. Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law ...... 3 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica ...... 4 B. Higher Law Thinking Displayed by the Common Law’s Leading Commentators ...... 19 1. Henry de Bracton on Higher Law ...... 19 Henry de Bracton, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae (The Laws and Customs of England) ...... 20 2. Sir Edward Coke on Higher Law ...... 22 Calvin’s Case ...... 23 3. William Blackstone on Higher Law ...... 25 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol I ...... 26 C. The Practical Impact of Higher Law Thinking on Citizens, Lawmakers, and Judges ...... 33 Charles Rice, Some Reasons for a Restoration of Natural Law Jurisprudence ...... 35 Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail ...... 40

v vi A Higher Law Michael Paulsen, Accusing Justice: Some Variations on the Themes of Robert M. Cover’s ‘Justice Accused’ ...... 46 Chapter 2 The Influence of Higher Law Thinking on the Common Law ...... 59 A. What Is the Common Law? ...... 59 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol I ...... 60 Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order ...... 62 B. Common Law and Equity ...... 64 Arthur Hogue, Origins of the Common Law ...... 65 Stephen Yeazell, Civil Procedure ...... 67 C. Development of the Rule of Law and the Protection of Individual Liberty ...... 71 Henry de Bracton, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae (The Laws and Customs of England) ...... 73 Magna Carta ...... 74 Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order ...... 80 Abraham Kuyper, Calvinism and Politics ...... 85 Craig Stern, The Common Law and the Religious Foundations of the Rule of Law before Casey ...... 95 Chapter 3 The Shift from Higher Law Thinking to Legal Relativism ...... 105 A. Legal Positivism ...... 105 John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined ...... 106 Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law Part I and II ...... 108 B. Legal Realism ...... 117 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law ...... 119 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Path of the Law ...... 120 Karl Llewellyn, Some Realism about Realism ...... 126 Jerome Frank, Law and the Modern Mind ...... 131 C. Legal Utilitarianism: Law and Economics ...... 136 Richard Posner, Economic Analysis of Law...... 137 Richard Posner, Common Law Economic Torts: An Economic and Legal Analysis ...... 142 Richard Posner, Economic Analysis of Law...... 146 Table of Contents vii D. Legal Deconstructionism ...... 150 1. Critical Legal Studies ...... 150 Mark Kelman, Trashing ...... 150 2. Critical Race Theory ...... 161 Athena D. Mutua, The Rise, Development and Future Directions of Critical Race Theory and Related Scholarship ...... 162 Cynthia Lee, (E)racing Trayvon Martin ...... 164 3. Feminist Jurisprudence ...... 173 Dana Raigrodski, Reasonableness and Objectivity: A Feminist Discourse of the Fourth Amendment ...... 173 Part B The Clash over Legal Thinking in Contemporary Legal Issues ..... 183 Chapter 4 Criminal Law ...... 185 A. Goals of the Criminal Justice System ...... 185 1. Retribution ...... 185 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ...... 187 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol IV ...... 189 Judge Richard Nygaard, The Myth of Punishment: Is American Penology Ready for the 21st Century? ...... 190 Jeffrey C. Tuomala, The Value of Punishment: A Response to Judge Richard L. Nygaard...... 194 C.S. Lewis, God in the Dock ...... 200 2. Restorative Justice ...... 208 Charles Colson and Pat Nolan, Prescription for Safer Communities ...... 210 Mary Ellen Reimund, The Law and Restorative Justice: Friend or Foe? A Systemic Look at the Legal Issues in Restorative Justice ...... 213 Megan Stephens, Lessons from the Front Lines of Canada’s Restorative Justice Experiment ...... 222 Stephen P. Garvey, Punishment as Atonement ...... 230 B. Human Responsibility and Criminal Guilt ...... 235 1. The Common Law View ...... 235 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol IV ...... 235 viii A Higher Law The Queen v. Dudley & Stephens ...... 243 2. Current Issues: Environmental Influence as an Excuse ...... 251 Thomas A. Hafemeister and Nicole A. Stockey, Last Stand? The Criminal Responsibility of War Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghaistan with Posttrau- matic Stress Disorder ...... 252 Patricia Falk, Novel Theories of Criminal Defense Based upon the Toxicity of the Social Environment: Urban Psychosis, Television Intoxication and Black Rage ...... 265 Phillip E. Johnson, Human Nature and Criminal Responsibility: The Biblical View Restored...... 266 Chapter 5 Civil and Criminal Procedure: Jury Trial ...... 277 A. Blackstone and the Jury at Common Law ...... 277 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol III ...... 277 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol IV ...... 279 B. The Jury Trial Today ...... 285 Jerome Frank, Courts on Trial ...... 286 G.K. Chesterton, The Twelve Men ...... 296 National Center for State Courts, Center for Jury Studies, The State-of-the-States Survey of Jury Improvement Efforts, Executive Summary ...... 299 Benjamin Madison, Trial by Jury or by Military Tribunal for Accused Terrorist Detainees Facing the Death Penalty? An Examination of Principles That Transcend the U.S. Constitution ...... 302 Chapter 6 Constitutional Rights ...... 309 Planned Parenthood v. Casey ...... 310 Michael Paulsen, Accusing Justice: Some Variations on the Themes of Robert M. Cover’s ‘Justice Accused’ ...... 320 Lawrence v. Texas ...... 323 Obergefell v. Hodges ...... 331 Chapter 7 Human Rights ...... 343 Goodwin v. United Kingdom ...... 345 Hamalainen v. Finland ...... 353 Jeffrey A. Brauch, The Human Rights Movement and the Prevention of Evil: The Need to Look Inward as Well as Out ...... 359 Table of Contents ix Chapter 8 Biotechnology ...... 367 Antonio Regalado, Engineering the Perfect Baby ...... 369 Paul Enriquez, Genome Editing and the Jurisprudence of Scientific Empiricism ...... 375 Peter Singer, Speciesism and Moral Status ...... 382 Robert George, Embryo Ethics: Justice and Nascent Human Life ...... 388 Jeffrey A. Brauch, Flawed Perfection ...... 389 Part C Current Thinking on How Higher Law Should Affect Human Law ...... 399 Chapter 9 What Is the Role of Old Testament Law Today? ...... 401 Westminster Confession of Faith ...... 404 Tremper Longman, God’s Law and Mosaic Punishments Today in Theonomy: A Reformed Critique ...... 405 Vern S. Poythress, The Shadow of Christ in the Law of Moses ...... 415 Pope John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor ...... 427 Chapter 10 To What Extent Should Higher Law Be Applied to Modern Society? ...... 435 A. Encouragements Toward the Use of Higher Law ...... 435 Michael P. Schutt, Redeeming Law ...... 436 Charles Colson, Kingdoms in Conflict ...... 440 Clarence Thomas, The Higher Law Background of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ...... 451 B. Cautions Regarding the Use of Higher Law ...... 456 Joel Belz, Going to God’s Law School ...... 457 Joel Belz, A Minimal Civil Code ...... 459 John Warwick Montgomery, The Law Above the Law ...... 462 David Skeel and William Stuntz, Christianity and the (Modest) Rule of Law ...... 465 Index ...... 475