Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy

Expanded Studies OBJECTIVES

• • Planes of section • Body cavities • Abdominopelvic cavities • & organ systems • Rat dissection REMINDER:

Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical! Objective 1 Anatomic Terminology

The language of ANATOMY Anatomical Position

Describe the anatomical position:

the body is erect the feet are on the floor toes forward upper appendages are at the sides palms forward face forward Regional Terms Used to designate specific body areas

AXIAL DIVISION (Torso)

APPENDICULAR DIVISION (Limbs) Frontal Occipital Otic “In FRONT of it ALL” Ox - sip it - alll Oh – tic Cervical (Tic-Toc) Sir - Vickle Orbital Acromial “Eye ORB” A–crow-meal Oral Oral speech Orbit - all A-chrome-eel Scapular Ache-row- Scapula me-all Mammary S-cap-yule-la Axillary Mammillary Brachial Skab-pew-la Axel-airy glands Break-ye-all Ma’am Mary Olecranal Antebrachial Olé-crane-all Palmar Ante “head of the elbow” (anterior) Palm of the hand Pollux Manus Poll-lucks MANual Digital Coxal Carpal Dig-it-all Cocks-all Femoral Carpal tunnel “Ox COX box” bone syndrome Fee-more Popliteal Pop-lit-tea-all Car-pool Patellar bone Sural Crural Pa-tell-her Sir-all Peroneal Per-O’Neal That’s a Calcaneal “cruel” word Tarsal Calcaneus bone Fibular to pronounce Tarsal Cal-can-heal bone Tar-sell CALLus-can-heal Fib-you-liar Pedal Call-Cain-ye-all Bike PEDAL Digital Dig-it-all Nasal Mental NASAL sound (Think of the statue Buccal of The Thinker w/ Vertebral “Buckle” hand on chin) VERTEBRAL Thoracic column Sternal Thor-’acid’ Lumbar bone LUMBAR support Stir-’n-um

Antecubital Abdominal ANTErior Sacral CUbe SACRed Umbilical Pelvic Umbilical cord

Gluteal Pubic Inguinal Gluteus maximus Perineal Self-explanatory “PenGUIN” Per-any-all Glue-tea-all

Plantar Hallux PLANT the foot down Hal-lucks 1 9 13

15 2 10 16 3 4 17

5 18

6 14

11

19 7 12 8 20 21 Directional Terms

Directional terms are used to describe the position of one structure relative to the position of another structure.

Directional terms always assume that the body is in the anatomic position. Superior: above Inferior: below Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head Caudal: toward the tail

The head is The bladder is superior to the neck. inferior to the .

The normal birth position for a A caudal epidural is an injection human baby is cephalic. at the base of the spine. Anterior: front Posterior: behind Ventral: belly side Dorsal: backside

A tumor was found on the The posterior surface of the ventral side of the stomach. human leg is its dorsal surface.

What is the position of the gluteal region to the inguinal region? Posterior

What is the position of the sternum ( bone) to the spine? Anterior Superficial (External): toward the surface of the body Deep (Internal): away from the surface of the body

Superficial (External) Deep (Internal)

The skin is superficial (external) to the bones.

The brain is deep (internal) to the . Medial: toward the midline Lateral: away from the midline Intermediate: between a medial and a lateral structure

Medial Lateral

Intermediate

* Is the medial or lateral to the eye?

* What is the eye to the nose and ear? Intermediate Proximal: toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk Distal: away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the trunk

Proximal Distal

Would the region of the femur (thigh bone) closest to the (shin) be the proximal or distal end of the femur? * See skeleton Another look… (Ventral) Note how some directional terms are applied differently to quadrupeds. (Difference between Superior and Cephalic, for example)

Superior = Above Dorsal = Backside

Front Behind Anterior Posterior Cranial Caudal (Cephalic) the tail the head

Inferior = Below Ventral = Bellyside Biped vs. Quadruped SUPERIOR

CEPHALIC

C E DORSAL P A P H O V D C N A E O A L S T N R U I T S D C T E R A A A L L E R L R I VENTRAL I O O R R

CAUDAL

INFERIOR Objective 2 Planes (Sections)

An organism or organ can be cut (sectioned) along defined planes. These planes are:

• Sagittal (para, mid) • Transverse • Frontal / Coronal Sagittal: divides a structure into right and left portions Midsagittal: produces equal right and left portions Parasagittal: produces unequal right and left portions

Head Midsagittal Thorax, female Parasagittal Midsagittal Parasagittal (Median) Midsagittal would show the Sagittal = Side Transverse: divides a structure into superior and inferior portions; also called a horizontal, or cross section

Brain

Thorax

Transverse = Top & Bottom Frontal: divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions; also called coronal

Brain

Thorax

Frontal = Front & Back Identify the plane of section of each:

Transverse / Frontal (Mid)sagittal Frontal Horizontal / If you do not understand Cross section this one, please see the diagrams of the heart in your Textbook, Ch. 18. Objective 3a Body Cavities A is a space within the body that contains organs (viscera).

Dorsal Ventral Cavity Cavity There are two major body cavities: • Dorsal Cavity • Ventral Cavity Dorsal Cavity: Includes the cranial cavity which houses the brain and the spinal (vertebral) cavity which houses the

Cranial cavity Cranial contains brain cavity

Vertebral cavity

Vertebral cavity contains spinal cord Ventral Cavity: includes the thoracic cavity and the

Thoracic cavity contains heart and

Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity: is subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity contains digestive viscera

Pelvic cavity contains bladder, reproductive organs, and Pelvic and Abdominal cavities

• The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated from one another by the respiratory diaphragm • The and the are separated from one another by an imaginary line called the pelvic inlet – The boundaries of this Pelvic inlet Pelvic imaginary line are the bones cavity that make up the pelvis The Pelvic Inlet

Ventral Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Inferior to the diaphragm Superior to the diaphragm

Viscera there include the heart, lungs, gland, , Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

Viscera there include Viscera there include The stomach, , The , Gall bladder, , Internal organs of , , Reproduction, , small (in women), and Intestine, and most Some portions of the Of the Large intestine Objective 3b Abdominopelvic Regions The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines, two vertical and two horizontal.

EPI = upon GASTR = stomach

HYPO = below beneath CHONDRO =

LUMBAR = loins (3-D)

ILIUM = upper pelvis In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside?

Liver

Spleen Gall bladder

Left Vermiform Kidney

Testis

Not inside the ventral cavity Objective 4 ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

See Textbook for answers Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system. Objective 5 RAT DISSECTION

Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical structure. Yes - The rat will be on the practical, too Some structures you will be identifying:

Cavity? Thoracic

Cavity? Abdominal

Different from : Pay attention to: - Thymus gland - Respiratory Diaphragm - Cecum & Large intestine - - Uterine horns - Mesentary Thymus1 ? Gland

(Right) Heart

Respiratory3 Diaphragm?

Liver2 ? Stomach

Uterine horn Intestines (pregnant) trachea

esophagus1 ?

ascending aorta2 ?

Superior vena cava

heart lung lung 1 ? pancreas2 ? (small)

cecum (large)

urinary bladder

testis Got all that?

Time To pracTice…. Sample Questions Identify the anatomical region indicated

?

Antecubital Sample Questions Identify the directional term

The patellar region is ______proximal to the tarsal region. Sample Questions

Identify the (1) organ, (2) organ system and its (3) plane of section

1. Kidney

2. Urinary

3. Frontal Sample Questions Identify the organ and the specific cavity it resides in

Spinal Cord

Vertebra l Sample Questions Identify the abdominopelvic region

Right Hypochondriac Sample Questions Identify the organs

Adrenal 2 gland

1 Kidney