(RAPANEA SP.) COM APLICAÇÃO DE FTIR-UATR. Douglas Cubas

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(RAPANEA SP.) COM APLICAÇÃO DE FTIR-UATR. Douglas Cubas DIFERENCIAÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES DE CAPOROROCAS (RAPANEA SP.) COM APLICAÇÃO DE FTIR-UATR. Douglas Cubas Pereira, Evandro Faria Lins, Maria Regina de Aquino-Silva, Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane. Universidade do Vale do Paraíba/Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Avenida Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova - 12244-000 - São José dos Campos-SP, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Resumo - O presente artigo aborda o uso de Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR-UATR) na identificação e diferenciação de espécies de Capororocas (Rapanea sp.), com aplicação de análise multivariada. O artigo surgiu a partir da pesquisa da resposta fisiológica em campo das espécies do gênero Rapanea na área de preservação permanente da Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP) no Campus Urbanova, local onde foi realizado o Plano de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas (PRAD) após o intenso impacto provocado pela mineração de areia anterior a aquisição do terreno pela Fundação Valeparaibana de Ensino (FVE). Os resultados obtidos a partir da análise multivariada demonstram que há diferenças nos espectros, sugerindo que são espécies distintas, a espécie indeterminada em campo apresenta maior semelhança à composição biomolecular de R. gardneriana, aqui sugerida como R. guianensis, a técnica é eficiente e pode ser útil na determinação de espécimes botânicos em monitoramentos ambientais. Palavras-chave: Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FT-IR), Análise multivariada, Monitoramento Ambiental, Capororocas. Área do Conhecimento: Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária. Introdução A identificação de espécies botânicas em campo é uma atividade que exige bastante experiência do pesquisador, principalmente por conta da similaridade morfológica entre espécies de mesmo gênero que podem conduzir a erros na classificação, a identificação botânica tradicional é demorada e o acesso às coleções científicas de museus é limitado e exige treinamento aprimorado em botânica. A espectroscopia no infravermelho é uma técnica analítica importante na atualidade, necessita de pouca amostra e não é invasiva (BARBOSA, 2007) é um método simples, seguro, permite a obtenção de diversos atributos estruturais e não exige árdua preparação (BARBIN et al., 2014), permite a identificação de proteínas, lipídios, polissacarídeos e outros componentes metabólicos (ELLIS et al., 2003), esta técnica pode ser empregada na identificação de espécimes botânicos, além de permitir a identificação de variações em plantas vivas devido às alterações ambientais (BUTLER et al., 2015; ORD et al., 2016; LINS, 2017). O gênero Rapanea Aubl. pertence à família Primulaceae, subfamília Myrsinoideae e apresenta cerca de 300 espécies de distribuição pantropical (RICKETSON & PIPOLY, 1997; STAHL & ANDERBERG, 2004), o gênero é circunscrito ao gênero Myrsine L. tratado como sinônimo na literatura (FREITAS & KINOSHITA, 2015), as espécies do gênero são popularmente conhecidas como capororocas, ocorrem em quase todas as formações vegetais brasileiras, são muito frequentadas pela avifauna (PASCOTTO, 2007), pioneiras adaptadas a ambientes rústicos, são muito utilizadas em processo de recuperação de ambientes degradados em áreas de preservação permanente (LORENZI, 2008). O presente estudo surgiu durante os testes de espécimes de Rapanea na pesquisa das respostas fisiológicas em campo de espécies do gênero na área de preservação permanente na UNIVAP, projeto iniciado na dissertação de mestrado de Lins (2017) sob a orientação da Prof. Drª Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane que conduz a pesquisa em campo com apoio da FAPESP. A análise compreende duas espécies de capororoca a R. ferruginea (Capororoca-Vermelha) e R. gardneriana (Capororoca- Branca) identificadas em campo com auxílio do manual de espécies de Lorenzi (2008), durante os procedimentos surgiu uma dúvida quanto à classificação de um exemplar, os espectros XXII Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica, XVIII Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação e 1 VIII Encontro de Iniciação à Docência - Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. infravermelhos obtidos foram submetidos à análise multivariada para elucidar a dúvida. O presente artigo objetiva demonstrar a eficiência do uso de FTIR e da análise multivariada na identificação de exemplares de plantas desconhecidas comparadas a espécimes identificados e demonstrar a semelhanças na estrutura biomolecular das espécies analisadas. Metodologia As folhas dos exemplares de capororocas foram coletadas na área de preservação permanente (APP) da UNIVAP, depois de separados, os espécimes foram colocados para secagem na estufa por 24 a 48 horas na temperatura de 50ºC. As folhas foram separadas do caule e mecanicamente trituradas em almofariz, o extrato orgânico obtido foi peneirado em malha de 75 µm, esta granulometria apresenta melhor definição de bandas do espectro infravermelho de extratos de plantas (PEREIRA et al., 2017). O extrato foi levado ao FT-IR para análise. O espectrofotômetro utilizado foi o Spectrum Spotlight 400 (figura 2) com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR-UATR) da PerkinElmer. Figura 3- Amostras de 75 µm - R. guianensis, R. gardneriana, R. ferruginea - Respectivamente Fonte: Os autores. Figura 2- Spectrum Spotlight 400 (FTIR-UATR) Fonte: Lins (2017). As amostras de cada exemplar foram analisadas em triplicata para obter a média entre os espectros. Todos os espectros foram obtidos no modo de transmissão e pré-processados com software Spectrum 5.3 (PerkinElmer) com realizações das correções de linha de base e suavização espectral utilizando o algoritmo Savistzky Golay (9 pontos) de acordo com o método feito em estudos prévios (LINS, 2017; PEREIRA et al., 2017). Os espectros obtidos foram submetidos à análise XXII Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica, XVIII Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação e 2 VIII Encontro de Iniciação à Docência - Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. multivariada com o software MiniTab 17 para definir as diferenças estruturais da composição biomolecular entre as espécies do gênero Rapanea. Resultados Foram obtidos espectros das Rapanea na região de 4000 cm-1 a 500 cm-1, comparados na figura 3. Pode-se notar por inspeção visual que cada espécie possui características intrínsecas na região dos compostos secundários entre 2500 cm-1 e 500 cm-1. Figura 3- Espectros no infravermelho das espécies de Rapanea. Fonte: Os autores. Os espectros foram submetidos à análise multivariada para verificar a similaridade entre as espécies, os espectros foram divididos em três grupos sendo que dois apresentaram maiores semelhanças, como demonstrado na figura 4 sendo 1, 2 e 3 R. ferruginea, 4, 5 e 6 R. gardneriana e 7, 8 e 9 R. guianensis. Figura 4- Análise multivariada dos espectros de Rapanea obtidos Dendrogram Ward Linkage; Euclidean Distance -135,60 y -57,07 t i r a l i m i S 21,47 100,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Observations Fonte: Os autores. XXII Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica, XVIII Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação e 3 VIII Encontro de Iniciação à Docência - Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. Discussão A análise multivariada dos espectros separou as espécies em três grupos, R. ferruginea foi a espécie que apresentou menor semelhança no espectro infravermelho em comparação às outras, a espécie possui características morfológicas que a diferenciam em campo das outras espécies do gênero como folhas lanceoladas e ramos ferrugíneo-avermelhados (LORENZI, 2009), a análise demonstrou que as diferenças também se estendem a estrutura biomolecular. O resultado sugere que são três espécies diferentes, sendo que dois grupos apresentaram maior similaridade, R. gardneriana e a espécie que aqui é sugerida como R. guianensis, espécie de hábito arbóreo, muito confundida em campo com R. umbellata e que possui semelhanças morfológicas com R. gardneriana (FREITAS & KINOSHITA, 2015). Portanto a análise multivariada dos espectros infravermelhos sugere que o exemplar não identificado em campo é outra espécie similar a R. gardneriana, os resultados demonstram que a construção de um banco de dados dos espectros das espécies do gênero é um método viável para facilitar a identificação taxonômica devido a grande semelhança morfológica. A espectroscopia é capaz de elucidar as semelhanças, principalmente na faixa que compreende os compostos secundários entre os comprimentos de onda de 1800 cm-1 a 500 cm-1, esta região é chamada de impressão digital e apresenta diferenças causadas por vibrações esqueletais (BARBOSA, 2007). Os resultados obtidos sugerem aplicabilidade da espectroscopia no infravermelho médio na identificação e classificação de espécies arbóreas, o uso de espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) na classificação taxonômica de espécies arbóreas da Amazônia possui precisão de 99,8% na identificação de morfotipos e 94% na identificação de populações de cada morfotipo (VICENTINI et al., 2014), o presente estudo demonstra que o infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier também é aplicável na identificação de plantas com uso de análise multivariada. Há poucos estudos que demonstram esta aplicabilidade, Gorgulu et al. (2007) utilizou técnica para classificar e diferenciar espécies de plantas de três gêneros, Acantholimon, Ranunculus e Astragalus, muito comuns na Turquia, foram obtidas diferenças marcantes nos espectros que permitiram diferenciar as espécies. O preparo das amostras para análise com espectroscopia é simples, rápido, não produz resíduos ao ambiente e possui baixo custo, além de evitar danos estruturais
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