A PPENDIX I: NUMBER OF INTERCESSIONARY ACTS

Y e a r Margaret Isabella P h i l i p p a Sept 1299– 1 x x Dec 1299 1300 9 x x 1301 3 x x 1302 6 x x 1303 8 x x 1304 5 x x 1305 13 x x 1306 5 x x 1307 5 x x 1308 0 6 x 1309 2 4 x 1310 2 6 x 1311 1 5 x 1312 0 3 x 1313 0 11 x 1 3 1 4 0 1 0 x 1315 1 9 x 1316 1 3 x 1317 0 13 x 1318 1 1 x 1319 x 6 x 1320 x 3 x 1321 x 0 x 1322 x 0 x 1323 x 0 x 1324 x 0 x 1325 x 0 x 1326 x 0 x 1 3 2 7 x 1 6 x 1328 x 8 2 1329 x 10 2 Continued Appendix I Continued Year Margaret Isabella P h i l i p p a 1330 x 7 0 1331 x 0 12 1332 x 0 3 1333 x 2 3 1334 x 0 0 1335 x 0 2 1336 x 1 1 1337 x 3 6 1338 x 1 9 1339 x 0 1 1340 x 2 1 1341 x 3 3 1342 x 4 1 1343 x 4 3 1344 x 4 2 1345 x 4 5 1346 x 5 1 1347 x 1 1 1348 x 1 6 1349 x 2 2 1350 x 2 0 1351 x 3 1 1352 x 1 1 1353 x 1 0 1354 x 2 0 1355 x 5 1 1356 x 7 4 1357 x 3 0 1358 x 0 0 1359 x x 1 1360 x x 0 1361 x x 0 1362 x x 1 1363 x x 4 1364 x x 4 1365 x x 1 1366 x x 0 1367 x x 6 1368 x x 1 1369 x x 0

Continued Appendix I Continued Average Average Total number number average per year per year number as consort as dowager per year as queen Margaret 6 .75 3.15 I s a b e l l a3 . 5 74 . 2 1 3 . 5 7 Philippa 2.2 N/A 2.2 N OTES

1 Modern Studies of Queenship 1 . J. H. Round, “The Landing of Queen Isabella in 1326,” EHR 14 (1899): 104–105; Joseph Hunter, “The Mission of Queen Isabella to the Court of France and of Her Long Residence in That Country,” Archaeologia 36 (1855): 242–256; Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, from the Norman Conquest, 6 vols. (London: Henry Colburn, 1840–1849); Blanche C. Hardy, Philippa of Hainault and Her Times (London: John Long, 1910). 2 . Elizabeth A. R. Brown, “The Political Repercussions of the Marriage of Edward II of England and Isabelle of France,” Speculum 63 (1988): 573–595; Caroline Shenton, “Edward III and the Coup of 1330,” in The Age of Edward III, ed. J. S. Bothwell (York: York Medieval Press, 2001), 13–34; Claire Valente, “The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II,” EHR 113 (1998): 852–881; F. D. Blackley, “Isabella of France, Queen of England (1308–1358) and the Late Medieval Cult of the Dead,” Canadian Journal of History 15 (1980): 23–47; Anne Rudolf Stanton, The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 2001); Julia Marvin, “Albine and Isabella: Regicidal Queens and the Historical Imagination of the Anglo-Norman Prose Brut Chronicles,” Arthurian Literature 18 (2001): 143–191; John Carmi Parsons, “The Intercessionary Patronage of Queen Margaret and Isabella of France,” in Thirteenth-Century England VI, ed. Michael Prestwich, R. H. Britnell, and Robin Frame (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1995), 145–156; Sophie Menache, “Isabelle of France, Queen of England: A Reconsideration,” JMH 10 (1984): 107–124; Michael Bennett, “Isabella of France, Anglo-French Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange in the Late 1350s,” in The Age of Edward III, ed. J. S. Bothwell (York: York Medieval Press, 2001), 215–225; Hilda Johnstone, “Isabella, the She Wolf,” History 21 (1936): 208–218; Veronica Sekules, “Dynasty and Patrimony in the Self-Construction of an English Queen,” in England and the Continent in the Middle Ages, ed. John Mitchell and Matthew Moran (Donington: Shaun Tyas/Paul Watkins Publishing, 2000), 157–174; Caroline Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings: The Politics 176 Notes

of Motherhood,” in Family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England, ed. Richardson Eales and Shaun Tyas (Donington: Shaun Tyas /Paul Watkins Publishing, 2003), 105–121; Michael A. Michael, “A Manuscript Wedding Gift from Philippa of Hainault to Edward III,” Burlington Magazine 127 (1985): 582–599. 3 . M i c h a e l P r e s t w i c h , Edward I (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997); Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330 (Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2006); W. M. Ormrod, Edward III (Stroud: Tempus, 2005); Seymour Phillips, Edward II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010); W. M. Ormrod, Edward III (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011); Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979). 4 . H e l e n C a s t o r , She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England before Elizabeth (New York: Harper Collins, 2011); Paul Doherty, Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Paul Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England 1296–1330” (PhD diss., University of Oxford, 1977); Alison Weir, Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005); Katherine G. Allocco, “Intercessor, Rebel, Regent: The Political Life of Isabella of France” (PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 2004). Allocco’s thesis became available during the course of the research and writing of this book. The work presented in this book is based on my own research and will cite Allocco when this study relies directly on her work. 5 . W. M. Ormrod, “Love and War in 1294,” in Thirteenth-Century England VIII, ed. Michael Prestwich (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2001), 143–152. 6 . TNA, SC 1/14/112; TNA, SC 1/19/112a; TNA, SC 1/31/184; TNA, SC 1/14/111; TNA, SC 1/12/203, 204. 7 . See section 5.4 “Achieved Power and Authority: Children as Adults.” 8 . See section 5.4 “Achieved Power and Authority: Children as Adults.” 9 . See section 5.4 “Achieved Power and Authority: Children as Adults.” 10 . See section 3.3 “Manipulating Intercession” for more detail about the Leeds Castle incident. 11 . Scholars believe overwhelmingly that Isabella and Mortimer were lovers, but recently Seymour Phillips has expressed doubt that their relationship was anything more than political: Phillips, Edward II , 491. 12 . A regency council was established, and Henry, duke of Lancaster, was made keeper of the king’s body. Notes 177

13 . John Carmi Parsons, “Isabella (1295–1358),” ODNB, vol. 29, 419–422. 14 . W. M. Ormrod, Edward III (2005), 126–127. 15 . W. M. Ormrod, “The Royal Nursery: A Household for the Younger Children of Edward III,” EHR 120 (2005): 401; W. M. Ormrod, “Edward III and His Family,” Journal of British Studies 26 (1987): 399; Juliet Vale, “Philippa (1310/15–1358),” ODNB , vol. 44, 35–37. 1 6. O r m o r d , Edward III (2005), 128. 1 7. CPR, 1364–1367, 109; CPR, 1364–1367, 114; CPR, 1364–1367, 235. 18 . Juliet Vale, “Philippa (1310/15–1358),” ODNB , vol. 44, 35–37. 1 9. A l c u i n B l a m i e r s , Women Defamed and Defended: An Anthology of Medieval Texts (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 2. 2 0. B l a m i e r s , Women Defamed and Defended, 3–5. 21 . For example, Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England; Mary Anne Everett Green, Lives of the Princesses of England, from the Norman Conquest, 6 vols. (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longman & Roberts, 1857). 22 . Charles Beem, The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 15. 2 3. B e e m , The Lioness Roared, 15. 2 4. E i l e e n P o w e r , Medieval Women, ed. M. M. Postan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). 2 5. A l c u i n B l a m i r e s , The Case for Medieval Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). 26 . Pauline Stafford, “Fathers and Daughters in Early Medieval England,” Centre for Medieval Studies’ Annual Riddy Lecture, University of York, Thursday, November 12, 2009. 2 7. J u d i t h B u t l e r , Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004), 1–16, 59; Catherine A. MacKinnon, “Feminism, Marxism, Method and the State: An Agenda for Theory,” in Feminist Theory: A Critique of Ideology, ed. Nannerl O. Keohane, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and Barbara C. Gelpi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 17. 2 8. B u t l e r , Undoing Gender, 42. 2 9. S . H . R i g b y , English Society in the Later Middle Ages: Class, Status, and Gender (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995), 243. 3 0. E v e K o s o f s k y S e d g w i c k , Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 22. 3 1. B e e m , The Lioness Roars, 3–4; Judith Bennett, “Medievalism and Feminism,” Speculum 68 (1993): 312, 315–316, 320–323. 32 . Jeffrey Jerome Cohen and Bonnie Wheeler, eds., Becoming Male in the Middle Ages (New York: Garland, 1997); Dawn M. Hadley, ed., Masculinity in Medieval Europe (London: Longman, 1999); Jacqueline Murray, ed., Conflicted Identities and Multiple Masculinities: Men in the Medieval West (New York and London: Garland, 1999); Ruth 178 Notes

Mazo Karras, From Boys to Men: Formations of Masculinity in Late Medieval Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002); Derek G. Neal, The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008). 33 . Jantien Oldersma and Kathy Davis, “Introduction,” in The Gender of Power, ed. Kathy Davis, Monique Leijenaar, and Jantien Oldersma (London: Sage Publications, 1991), 1; Aafke Komter, “Gender, Power, and Feminist Theory,” in The Gender of Power, ed. Kathy Davis, Monique Leijenaar, and Jantien Oldersma (London: Sage Publications, 1991), 43; Kathy Davis, “Critical Sociology and Gender Relations,” in The Gender of Power, ed. Kathy Davis, Monique Leijenaar and Jantien Oldersma (London: Sage Publications, 1991), 77. 34 . Komter, “Gender, Power and Feminist Theory,” 61; Davis, “Critical Sociology and Gender Relations,” 84. 35 . Louise Lamphere, “Strategies, Cooperation, and Conflict among Women in Domestic Groups,” in Women, Culture, and Society, ed. Michelle Z. Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), 89–100; Michelle Z. Rosaldo, “Women, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview,” in Women, Culture and Society, ed. Michelle Z. Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), 21. Helen Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), 5. 36 . Judith Bennett, “Public Power and Authority in the Medieval English Countryside,” in Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 19; Peggy Sanday, “Female Status in the Public Domain,” in Women, Culture and Society, ed. Michelle Z. Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), 190. 37 . Mary C. Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, “A New Economy of Power Relations: Female Agency in the Middle Ages,” in Gendering the Master Narrative: Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary C. Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003). 3 8. M a g g i e H u m m , Modern Feminisms: Political, Literary, Cultural (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 11–50, 181–183. 39 . Joan Kelly-Gadol, “The Social Relation of the Sexes: Methodological Implications of Women’s History,” in Feminism and Methodology, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 15–28. 40 . Kelly-Gadol, “The Social Relation of the Sexes,” 15–28. 41 . Peter Coss, The Lady in Medieval England (Stroud: Stutton Publishing, 2000), 70; Maryanne Kowaleski, “Women’s Work in a Market Town: Exeter in the Late Fourteenth Century,” in Women Notes 179

and Work in Preindustrial Europe, ed. B. A Hanawalt (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 146; Caroline Barron, “The ‘Golden Age’ of Women in Medieval London,” Reading Medieval Studies 15 (1990): 40; Joan Kelly, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” in Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 19–50. 42 . Jane Tibbets Schulenburg, “Female Sanctity: Public and Private Roles, c. 500–1100,” in Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 105. 43 . Judith Bennett, “Medieval Women, Modern Women, across the Great Divide,” in Culture and History, 1350–1600: Essays on English Communities, Identities and Writing, ed. David Aers (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992), 147–175. 4 4. C o s s , The Lady in Medieval England, 70; Kowaleski, “Women’s Work in a Market Town,” 146; Barron, “The ‘Golden Age’ of Women in Medieval London,” 40; Kelly, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” 19–50. 4 5. C o s s , The Lady in Medieval England, 67; Bennett, “Public Power and Authority,” 29; Jennifer Ward, Women in England in the Middle Ages (London: Hambledon, 2006), 8. 46 . Louise Wilkinson, “Women as Sheriffs in Early Thirteenth Century England,” in English Government in the Thirteenth Century, ed. Adrian Jobson (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2004), 111. 47 . Bennett, “Medieval Women, Modern Women,” 163; Erler and Kowaleski, “A New Economy of Power Relations,” 3. 4 8. E r n s t K a n t o r o w i c z , The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 337. 4 9. K a n t o r o w i c z , The King’s Two Bodies, 314–383. 5 0. K a n t o r o w i c z , The King’s Two Bodies , 342–343. 5 1. T . F . To u t , Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, vols. 1–2 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933), vol. 1: 284–295, 314–315; vol. 2: 282–289. 52 . Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, vol. 5, ed. T. F. Tout (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933), 231–289; Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in The English Government at Work, 1327–1336, vol. 1, ed. W. A. Morris, Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1330–1940), 250; Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Exchequer under the Three Edwards,” in Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait, ed. J. G. Edwards (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1933), 143–153. 53 . Marion Facinger, “A Study of Medieval Queenship: Capetian France, 987–1237,” Nebraska Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 5 (1968): 45–46. 180 Notes

5 4. J o h n C a r m i P a r s o n s , e d . , Medieval Queenship (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998); Lois Huneycutt, “Images of Queenship in High Middle Ages,” Haskins Society Journal (1989): 62; John Carmi Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession in Thirteenth-Century England,” in Power of the Weak, ed. Jennifer Carpenter and Sally- Beth Maclean (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 149; Kathleen Nolan, ed., Capetian Women (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) esp. Miriam Shadis, “Blanche of Castile and Facinger’s ‘Medieval Queenship’: Reassessing the Argument,” 137–161; Paul Strohm, “Queens as Intercessors,” in Hochon’s Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 95; Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 266–273; Janet L. Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” in Women in Medieval Western European Culture, ed. Linda Mitchell (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1999), 180, 201–204; Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Nicholas Vincent, “Isabella of Angoulême: John’s Jezebel,” in King John: New Interpretations, ed. S. D. Church (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1999). 55 . John Carmi Parsons, “‘Never Was a Body Buried in England with Such Solemnity and Honour’: The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens to 1500,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King’s College London, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 317. 56 . Pauline Stafford, Queens, Concubines and Dowagers (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1998), xvii. 5 7. P a r s o n s , “ T h e Q u e e n ’ s I n t e r c e s s i o n i n T h i r t e e n t h - C e n t u r y England,” 148–177, 149–150. 58 . Theresa Earenfight, “Without the Persona of the Prince: Kings, Queens and the Idea of the Monarchy in Late Medieval Europe,” Gender and History 19 (2007): 1–4, 10; Theresa Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010). 59 . Earenfight, “Without the Persona of the Prince,” 4–10, 12–15. 6 0. C h r i s t i n e d e P i z a n , The Treasure of the City of Ladies or The Book of the Three Virtues, trans. Sarah Lawson (London: Penguin, 1985), 50–52. 6 1. P i z a n , The Treasure of the City of Ladies, 64. 6 2. T h o m a s o f C h o b h a m , Summa Confessorum, ed. R. Broomfield (Paris: Nauwelaerts, 1968), 375 (my translation). 63 . Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,” 149; John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), 73. Notes 181

64 . Parsons, “Intercessionary Patronage,” 191; Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,” 153–157; Strohm, “Queens as Intercessors,” 96–99; Lois Huneycutt, “Intercession and the High-Medieval Queen,” in The Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women, ed. Jennifer Carpenter and Sally-Beth MacLean (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 126–146; Joanna Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, English Queenship, 1445–1503 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 7; Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 179–181. 65 . Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,” 158; Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 192. 66 . Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,”158; Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 332–333; Stafford, Queens, Concubines and Dowagers, 19–24, 96; Janet L. Nelson, “Queens as Jezebels: The Careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History,” in Medieval Women, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 31–77; Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 181. 6 7. J u n e H a l l M c C a s h , e d . , The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996). 6 8. M c C a s h , e d . , The Cultural Patronage. 69 . Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 204; Parsons, “The Intercessory Patronage,” 148; John Carmi Parsons, “Of Queens, Courts and Books: Reflections on the Literary Patronage of Thirteenth- Century Plantagenet Queens,” in The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, ed. June Hall McCash (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 175–201; Madeline Caviness, “Anchoress, Abbesses and Queens: Donors and Patrons or Intercessors and Matrons,” in The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, ed. June Hall McCash (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 142; Huneycutt, “Intercession and the High Medieval Queen,” 126; Michael Enright, Lady with a Mead Cup: Ritual, Prophecy, and Lordship in the European Warband from La Tène to the Viking Age (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996), 29–30; Nelson, “Queens as Jezebels,” 36; Stafford, Queens, Concubines and Dowagers, 102. 7 0. S e e P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile, 55–59, 73–77; Caviness, “Anchoress, Abbesses and Queens,” 142, for an example of queens with suffi- cient revenues to be substantial patrons. 71 . Parsons, “Of Queens, Courts and Books,” 175–201; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 183–184; Shadis, “Blanche of Castile and Facinger’s ‘Medieval Queenship,’” 149; Caviness, “Ancoress, Abbessess and Queens,” 154; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 253–57. 7 2. W a r d , Women in England, 37–58. 7 3. W a r d , Women in England, 37–58. 7 4. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 131, 146, 180; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 27–29, 99–100, 109; John Carmi Parsons, “Mothers, 182 Notes

Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence, 1150– 1500,” in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 75; Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 194; Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations,” 328; John Carmi Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen as Counsellor and the Medieval Construction of Motherhood,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 42; Miriam Shadis, “Berenguela of Castile’s Political Motherhood: The Management of Sexuality, Marriage, and Succession,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 335–358; Marjorie Chibnall, “The Empress Matilda and Her Sons,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 279–294. 75 . Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 197; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 179. 76 . Andre Poulet “Capetian Women and the Regency,” in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 105; Shadis, “Blanche of Castile and Facinger’s ‘Medieval Queenship,’” 153; Stafford, Queens, Concubines and Dowagers, 191–192, 116; Pauline Stafford, “Powerful Women in the Early Middle Ages: Queens and Abbesses,” in The Medieval World, ed. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson (London: Routledge, 2001), 398; Pauline Stafford, “Emma: The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 6; Nelson, “Queens as Jezebels,” 38; Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,” 149; Pauline Stafford, “Emma: The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 6. 77 . Shadis, “Blanche of Castile and Facinger’s ‘Medieval Queenship,’” 141, 144; Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 182, 194. 78 . Cordelia Beattie, Medieval Single Women: The Politics of Social Classification in Late Medieval England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 15–27. Ward, Women in Medieval England , 92–94; Mate, Medieval Women, 33–35. 79 . Nelson, “Medieval Queens,” 190; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 178. 80 . Parsons, “Intercessory Patronage,” 149, 153–154; Shadis, “Blanche of Castile and Facinger’s ‘Medieval Queenship,’” 140–146; Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 194–198; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens , 208–215. Notes 183

8 1. H u m m , Modern Feminisms, 21, 87; Erler and Kowaleski, “A New Economy of Power Relations,” 2. 82 . P. J. P. Goldberg, “Marriage, Migration, and Servanthood: The York Cause Paper Evidence,” in Women in Medieval English Society, ed. P. J. P. Goldberg (Stroud: Tempus, 1997), 1–15; Judith Bennett, A Medieval Life: Cecilia Penifader of Brigstock, c. 1295–1344 (Boston: McGraw-Hill College, 1999), 121,123–125; Bennett, “Public Power and Authority,” 18–36; Jennifer Ward, “Townswomen and Their Households,” in Daily Life in the Late Middle Ages, ed. Richard Britnell (Stroud: Tempus, 1998), 27–28, 38; Barbara Hanawalt and Anna Dronzek, “Women in Medieval Urban Society,” in Women in Medieval Western European Culture, ed. Linda Mitchell (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1999), 38, 42; Coss, The Lady in Medieval England, 29, 33; Mate, Women in Medieval English Society, 67; Beattie, Medieval Single Women. 8 3. M a t e , Women in Medieval English Society, 2. 8 4. R i g b y , English Society , 278–280. 8 5. R i g b y , English Society, 280. 86 . Ward, “Townswomen and Their Households,” 27, 28, 30, 39; Hanawalt and Dronzek, “Women in Medieval Urban Society,” 41, 43; Judith Bennett, “Women and Men in the Brewers’ Gild of London, ca. 1420,” in The Salt of Common Life: Individuality and Choice in the Medieval Town, Countryside and Church: Essays Presented to J. Ambrose Raftis, ed. Edwin Brezette DeWindt (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1995), 193; P. J. P. Goldberg, “Female Labour, Service and Marriage in Northern Towns during the Later Middle Ages,” Northern History 22 (1986): 25. 87 . P. J. P. Goldberg, “Marriage, Migration, and Servanthood,” 1–15; P. J. P. Goldberg, “‘For Better, For Worse’: Marriage and Economic Opportunity for Women in Town and Country,” in Women in Medieval English Society, ed. P. J. P. Goldberg (Stroud: Tempus, 1997), 108–125; Hanawalt and Dronzek, “Women in Medieval Urban Society,” 33–36; Ward “Townswomen and Their Households,” 38–39, 41; Bennett, “Women and Men in the Brewers’ Gild of London,” 204; Mate, Women in Medieval English Society, 63, 66, 71; Jennifer Ward, “English Noble Women and the Local Community,” in Medieval Women in their Communities, ed. Diane Watt (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1997), 189, 195; Coss, The Lady in Medieval England , 30, 182. 88 . Judith Bennett, “England: Women and Gender,” in A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages ed. S. H. Rigby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 100. 8 9. R i g b y , English Society, 280. 90 . Goldberg, “Marriage and Economic Opportunity,” 108–125. 184 Notes

91 . Lamphere, “Strategies, Cooperation, and Conflict,” 99–100; Rosaldo, “Women, Culture, and Society,” 21. 9 2. P i e r r e B o u r d i e u , Language and Symbolic Power, trans. Matthew Adamson and Gino Raymond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 170. 9 3. P i e r r e B o u r d i e u , The Logic of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 112–121.

2 Reconstructing Medieval Expectations 1 . See J. P. Genet ed., Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages, Camden Society, 4th Series, 18 (London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, University College London, 1977), ix–xix for a historiography of political writings and how they fit together as a genre. 2 . G e n e t , e d . , Four English Political Tracts, ix–xix; W. M. Ormrod, “Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages,” in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, ed. P. H. Cullum and Katherine J. Lewis (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2004), 175. 3 . The following political treatises do not mention the role of the queen: Genet ed., “Tractus de Regibus,” in Four English Political Tracts, 1–20; Genet ed., “De Quadripatria Regis Specie,” in Four English Political Tracts, 22–39; Genet ed., “Tractus de Regimine Principum ad Regem Hernicum Sextum,” in Four English Political Tracts, 40–169; Walter Milemete, Treatise of Walter de Milemete De Nobilitatibus, Sapientiis, et Prudentiis Regum, Reproduced in Facsimile from the Unique Manuscript Preserved at Christ Church, Oxford, ed. M. R. James (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913); John of Trevisa, The Governance of Kings and Princes: John Trevisa’s Middle English Translation of the De Regimine Principum of Aegidius Romanus, ed. David C. Fowler, Charles Briggs, and Paul Remley (New York: Garland Reference Library, 1997); John of Salisbury, Ioannis Sareberiensis Episcopi Carnotensis Policratici sive De Nugis Curialiam et Vestigiis Philosophorum Libri VIII, ed. C. C. J. Webb, 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1909). 4 . M i l e m e t e , Treatise of Walter de Milemete, 4, 31; Michael A. Michael, “The Iconography of Kingship in the Walter Milemete Treatise,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 57 (1994): 35–47. 5 . Jacobus de Cessolis, Game and Playe of Chesse, ed. W. E. A. Axon (St. Leonards-on Sea: The British Chess Magazine, 1969), 27, 32; Genet, ed. “Considerations Right Nesserye to the Good Governance of the Prince,” in Four English Political Tracts, 174–210. Notes 185

6 . Thomas Hoccleve, Hoccleve’s Works : The Regiment of Princes and Fourteen Minor Poems, EETS, ES, 72, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1975). 7 . C h r i s t i n e d e P i z a n , Le Livre du Corps de Policie, ed. Angus J. Kennedy (Paris: Champion, 1998). 8 . J o a n n a L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship, 1445–1503 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 3–4; Christine de Pizan, The Treasure of the City of Ladies or The Book of the Three Virtues, trans. Sarah Lawson (London: Penguin, 1985). 9 . L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queen, 6. 1 0. E r n s t K a n t o r o w i c z , The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 337. 11 . Elizabeth Danbury, “Images of English Queens in the Later Middle Ages,” Historian 46 (1995): 5. 12 . Peggy McCracken, The Romance of Adultery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 42–43. 1 3. P e r c y E r n s t S c h r a m m , The History of the English Coronation, trans. L. G. W. Legg (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937), 17, 22, 29, 59, 60, 84, 85; Janet L. Nelson, “Early Medieval Rites of Queen-Making and the Shaping of Medieval Queenship,” in Queens and Queenship in Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King’s College, London, April 1995, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 301–315. 1 4. S c h r a m m , The History of the English Coronation, 29. 15 . An n e F . S u t t o n a n d P. W. H a m m o n d , e d s . , The Coronation of Richard III : The Extant Documents (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983), 1; L. G. W. Legg, English Coronation Records (Westminster: Archibald, Constable and Co. Ltd., 1901), xv; Schramm, The History of the English Coronation , 74–85; Danbury, “Images of English Queens,” 5. 1 6. L e g g , English Coronation Records, 109. 1 7. H e l e n M a u r e r , Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), 17–24; G. Kipling, “Margaret of Anjou’s Royal Entry into London,” Medieval English Theatre 4 (1982): 78–80; Lanyesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 141; Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 18; John Carmi Parsons, “ ‘Never was a body buried in England with such solemnity and honour’: The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens to 1500,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King’s College London, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge:Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 317, 332. 186 Notes

18 . Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 325. 19 . Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 325. 20 . John Carmi Parsons, “Ritual and Symbol in English Medieval Queenship to 1500,” in Women and Sovereignty, ed. Louise Olga Fradenburg (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1992), 65; Brigitte Bedos Rezak, “Women, Seals, and Power in Medieval France, 1150–1350,” in Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 75; Danbury, “Images of English Queens,” 4. 21 . Parsons, “Ritual and Symbol in English Medieval Queenship,” 65; Danbury, “Images of English Queens,” 4. 22 . Parsons, “Ritual and Symbol in the English Medieval Queenship,” 65. 23 . Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 327–328; Caroline Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings: the Politics of Motherhood,” in Family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England, ed. Richardson Eales and Shaun Tyas (Donington: Shaun Tyas/Paul Watkins Publishing, 2003), 105–121. 24 . Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 325–326. 25 . Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 327–328. 26 . Anne McGee Morganstern, “The Tomb as Prompter for the Chantry: Four Examples from Late Medieval England,” in Memory and the Medieval Tomb, ed. Elizabeth Valdez and Carol Stamatis Pendergast (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2000), 87; Parsons, “The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens,” 327–328. 27 . Danbury, “Images of English Queens,” 3. 2 8. K a t h l e e n N o l a n , Queens in Stone and Silver: The Creation of a Visual Imagery of Queenship in Capetian France (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). 29 . W. M. Ormrod, “Queenship, Death and Agency: The Commemoration of Isabella of France and Philippa of Hainault,” in Memory and Commemoration in Medieval England , ed. Caroline M. Barron and Clive Burgess (Donington: Shaun Tyas/Paul Watkins Publishing, 2010) 87–10; F. D. Blackley, “The Tomb of Isabella of France, Wife of Edward II of England,” International Society for the Study of Church Monuments Bulletin 8 (1983): 161–164; Veronica Sekules, “Dynasty and Patrimony in the Self-Construction of an English Queen,” in England and the Continent in the Middle Ages: Studies in Memory of Andrew Martindale, ed. John Mitchell Notes 187

and Matthew Moran (Donington: Shaun Tyas/Paul Watkins Publishing, 1996), 169–173. 30 . Danbury, “Images of English Queens,” 3–9. 3 1. L o i s H u n e y c u t t , Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), 9–30. 3 2. H u n e y c u t t , Matilda of Scotland, 9–30. 33 . Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon & London, 2004), 4. 3 4. G i v e n - W i l s o n , Chronicles , 4. 35 . Janet L. Nelson, “Queens as Jezebels: The Careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History,” in Medieval Women, Dedicated and Presented to Professor Rosalind M. T. Hill on the Occasion of Her Seventhieth Birthday, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1978), 59; Geoffrey le Baker, Chronicon Galfredi Le Baker De Swynebroke , ed. E. M. Thompson (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1889), 21; James Raine, ed., Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, Gaufridus Coldingham, Robertus de Graystaynes, et Willielmus de Chambre , Surtees Society 9 (London: J. B. Nichols and Son, 1839), 98. 36 . For example, Hue de Rotelande, Ipomadon, ed. Rhiannon Purdie EETS, OS 316 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 3 7. H . H u d s o n , e d . , “ S i r T r y a m o u r , ” i n Four Middle English Romances, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1996), 178–228. H. Hudson, ed., “Octavian,” in Four Middle English Romances, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo, University of Western Michigan Press 1996), 45–114; A. Laskaya, ed., “Sir Gowther,” in The Middle English Breton Lays, TEAMS Middle English Texts Series (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1995), 263–308. 3 8. W. A . W r i g h t , e d . , Generydes: A Romance in Seven-Line Stanzas, EETS, OS, 55 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1878); L. D. Benson, ed., King Arthur’s Death: The Middle English Stanzic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthur, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1994); A. Lupack, ed., Lancelot of the Laik and Sir Tristrem, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1994); Thomas Malory, Malory: Complete Works, ed. Eugene Vinaver (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971). 39 . Helen Cooper, The English Romance in Time: Transforming Motifs from Geoffrey of Monmouth to the Death of Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 307; L. D. Benson, ed., King Arthur’s Death; Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain: An Edition and Translation of De Gestis Britonum (Historia regum Britanniae), trans., ed., Michael D. Reeve, Neil Wright (Woodbridge: Boydell 188 Notes

and Brewer, 2007); Benson, ed., King Arthur’s Death; Lupack, ed., Lancelot of the Laik and Sir Tristrem ; Malory, Complete Works. 40 . In his seminal work, Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, T. F. Tout describes the main governmental offices, and uses as his sources the records of those departments. He provides a comprehensive list of these types of document sources: T. F. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, vol. 1 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933), 10–31, 34, 36–66. 4 1. M i c h a e l T . C l a n c h y , From Memory to Written Record (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 44–80, 145–170. 4 2. J o h n W a t t s , Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 82. 43 . Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Simon Harris has pointed out that scholars now debate the extent to which this period can be described as a tyranny: Simon J. Harris, “Petitioning in the Last Years of Edward II and the First Years of Edward III,” in Medieval Petitions: Grace and Grievance, ed. W. M. Ormrod, Gwilym Dodd, and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2009), 174. 4 4. CCR, 1327–1330 , 98, 371; Foedera II, ii, 683. 45 . TNA, SC 1/35/187: my translation. 46 . Harris, “Petitioning in the Last Years of Edward II,” 183. 4 7. P i e r r e C h a p l a i s , English Diplomatic Practice in the Middle Ages (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003), 102–123; Gwilym Dodd, “ ‘Thomas Paunfield, the heye Court of Rightwisnesse’ and the Language of Petitioning in the Fifteenth Century,” in Medieval Petitions: Grace and Grievance, ed. W. M. Ormrod, Gwilym Dodd, and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2009), 222. 4 8. G w i l y m D o d d , Justice and Grace: Private Petitioning and the English Parliament in the Late Middle Ages (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007), 314. 4 9. C h a p l a i s , English Diplomatic Practice, 102–120, 123; Dodd, Grace and Justice , 281–284. 5 0. D o d d , Justice and Grace, 287. 51. See section 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 52 . See section 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 5 3. D o d d , Justice and Grace , 297, 301–302. 54 . See section 6.2 “Isabella and the Minority of Edward III .” This argument was developed from a comprehensive investigation of all letters and chancery issues associated with Isabella between 1326 and 1330, including the one under discussion here. Notes 189

55 . TNA, SC 1/25/198, 201; TNA, SC 1/27/97; TNA, SC 1/28/86; also see section 3.1 Intercession with King and Crown for a discussion of Margaret’s use of the word mandons. 5 6. S e e J . H . B a k e r , Manual of Law French (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1990). 5 7. S e e B a k e r , Manual of Law French. 58 . For example see Foedera, IV, 236; Anne Crawford, Letters of the Queens of England (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994), 89. 59 . Dodd, “The Language of Petitioning,” 230–231; Gwilym Dodd, Justice and Grace , 290–302, 314–316. 60. See section 6.2 and note 54 in this chapter. 61 . For a more specific list of administrative documents, see the unpub- lished and published primary sources listed in the bibliography.

3 The Queen as Intercessor: Power and Influence 1 . Elizabeth A. R. Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery and Domestic Politics at the Court of Philip the Fair: Queen Isabella’s Mission to France 1314,” in Documenting the Past: Essays in Medieval History Presented to George Peddy Cuttino, ed. Jeffrey S. Hamilton and Patricia J. Bradley (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1989), 53–65. 2 . TNA, C 47/27/8/31 as published in Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery,” 64–65, 78–80. 3 . Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery,” 65, 79. 4 . CPR, 1313–1317, 85–87. 5 . Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery,” 55; TNA, E 101/375/9 fols. 24, 23, 28, 37. 6 . TNA, E 30/1530 as published in Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery,” 80–83. 7 . Anthony Musson, “Queenship, Lordship and Petitioning in Late Medieval England,” in Medieval Petitions: Grace and Grievance, ed. W. M. Ormrod, Gwilym Dodd, and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2009), 162. 8 . It is possible for the queen to appear as an intercessor in other chan- cery rolls such as the Gascon Rolls, for example. I have not focused on sources pertaining to Plantagenet lands outside of England, except when they are particularly relevant because of the limita- tions of this book. However, an exploratory study on the queen in the printed volume of the Gascon Rolls has yielded only a few men- tions of her intercessory activity. 9 . T N A , S C 1 / 3 0 / 1 0 6 . Murage was the grant of permission to charge a toll for the building or upkeep of city walls. 190 Notes

1 0. CCR, 1296–1302, 545–546. 1 1. CPR, 1301–1307, 340. 1 2. J o s e p h S t e v e n s o n , The Itinerary of Edward I, Record Commission Transcripts, Series II (London: Public Record Office, 1836). For Edward’s wars in Scotland see Michael Prestwich, Edward I (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 469–516. 1 3. S t e v e n s o n , Itinerary of Edward I, 142; Gervase Cont. 317. 14. TNA, E 101/356/6; TNA, E 101/355/29; TNA, E 101/355/30. 15 . For Margaret, Isabella, and Philippa’s itineraries see Lisa Benz, “Queen Consort, Queen Mother: The Power and Authority of Fourteenth-Century Plantagenet Queens” (PhD diss., University of York, 2009), appendix I. 1 6. Langtoft, 322–25, 348–49. 17 . TNA, SC 1/31/184; TNA, SC 1/14/111. 18 . TNA, SC 1/25/ 202; also see TNA, SC 1/25 198, 199, 200,201, 203,204; TNA, SC 1/27/96, 97; TNA, SC 1/28/27, 86; TNA, SC 1/60/123. 19 . Benz, “Queen Consort, Queen Mother,” appendix I. 20 . F. D. Blackley and G. Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella of England, for the Fifth Regnal Year of Edward II, 8th July 1311 to 7th July 1312 (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1971), 208–209, 214–215, 216–217, 218–219, 220–221; TNA, E 101/375/9 fols, 33, 33v, 34; TNA, E 101/375/19; TNA, E 101/376/20; TNA, SC 1/35/29. 21 . TNA, E 101/375/8 fols 8, 27, 27v. 22 . Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330 (Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2006), 42–43, 66; Jeffrey S. Hamilton, “Menage a Roi: Edward II and Piers Gaveston,” History Today 49 (1999): 26–31; Jeffrey S. Hamilton, Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, 1307–1312: Politics and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988), 11–17. Pierre Chaplais, Piers Gaveston: Edward II’s Adoptive Brother (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 7–10, 20–22; Jochen Burgtof, “‘With my Life, His Joyes Began and Ended’ Piers Gaveston and King Edward II of England Revisited,” in Fourteenth Century England IV, ed. Nigel Saul (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2006), 31–47. 23 . For discussion on homosexuality in the Middle Ages and wider defi- nitions and theory of homosexual, homoerotic, and homosocial rela- tionships see: Allen J. Frantzen, “Introduction: Straightforward,” in Before the Closet: Same-Sex Love from Beowulf to Angels in America (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 1998), 1–29; W. M. Ormrod, “The Sexualities of Edward II,” in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives, ed. Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2006), 31–33; Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), 3–6; for examples of ambiguous Notes 191

references to Edward’s relationship with his favorites see Vita , 53; Annales Londonienses, 259. 24 . See section 1.2, “Medieval Queens as Medieval Women,” Intercession; John Carmi Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession in Thirteenth-Century England,” in Power of the Weak, ed. Jennifer Carpenter and Sally-Beth Maclean (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 158. 25 . Lisa Benz St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest: Isabella, Edward II and the Image of a Functional Relationship,” in Fourteenth Century England VIII, ed. Jeffrey S. Hamilton (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2014). 26 . St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 2 7. CPR, 1307–1313, 36,138,150, 151, 177, 190, 208, 212, 225, 227, 311, 349, 378, 379, 393; CCW, 1244–1326, 37, 321; CChR, 1300–1326, 123. 2 8. CCR, 1307–1313, 433, 516; CFR, 1307–1309, 148. 2 9. CCR, 1313–1318, 4, 246; CPR, 1307–1313, 522, 527, 570; CPR, 1313–1317, 13–17, 20, 44, 45, 80, 82, 119, 131, 166, 169, 201, 223, 254, 305, 336, 352, 370; CCW 1244–1326, 389, 406; CFR, 1307–1319, 253, 255. 3 0. Vita , 62–63. 31 . St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 32 . St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 33 . This newsletter is published in J. R. Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 82–86, 335–336; For full analysis and historiography of the newsletter, see St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 34 . St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 35 . See section 6.1 “The Consort as Administrator.” 3 6. A p p e n d i x I 3 7. Froissart, vol. 2, 245, 247. 38 . Aline G. Hornaday, “A Capetian Queen as Street Demonstrator: Isabelle of Hainault,” in Capetian Women, ed. Kathleen Nolan (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 81–82, Elizabeth Hallam, Capetian France, 987–1328, 2nd ed. (London: Longman Press, 2001), 272. 3 9. W. M . O r m r o d , Edward III (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 128–129. 4 0. A p p e n d i x I . 4 1. A p p e n d i x I . 4 2. A p p e n d i x I . 43 . John Carmi Parsons, “Intercessory Patronage of Queen Margaret and Isabella of France,” in Thirteenth Century England VI, ed. Michael Prestwich, R. H. Britnell, and Robin Frame (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1995), 154. 4 4. H a m i l t o n , Piers Gaveston, 32; Caroline Bingham, The Life and Times of Edward II (London: Book Club Associates, 1973), 22. 192 Notes

45 . Parsons, “Intercessory Patronage,” 154. 46 . Blackley and Hermansen, eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 206–207, 212–216; TNA, E 101/375/9, fol. 33; TNA, E 101/375/19; TNA, E 101/376/20. 47 . Ma rga ret of Fra nce: T NA, SC 1/25/198, 199, 200, 202 , 203 , 204; T NA, SC 1/27/96; TNA, SC 1/28/27, 86, 87; TNA, SC 1/60/123. Isabella of France: TNA, SC 1/35/62, 63, 111, 151, 152; TNA, SC 1/36/10, 11 39, 72, 73; TNA, SC 1/37/9, 12, 36, 45, 53. Philippa of Hainault: TNA, SC 1/ 36/107; TNA, SC 1/39/164, 175; TNA, SC 1/40/30, 137; TNA, SC 1/41/82, 86; TNA, SC 1/56/26, 50. 48 . TNA, SC 8/35/151; TNA, SC 8/37/58. 49 . TNA, SC 8/36/39. 50 . TNA, SC1/36/107; J. A. Hamilton, “Cliffe, Henry ( c. 1280–1334),” ODNB, vol. 12, 78–79. 51 . TNA, SC 1/19/112a; TNA, SC 1/14/112. 52 . Jeffrey Denton, “From the Foundation of Vale Royal Abbey to the Statute of Carlisle: Edward I and Ecclesiastical Patronage,” in Thirteenth Century England IV, ed. Peter Coss and S. D. Lloyd (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1992), 123–137. 5 3. CPR, 1313–1317, 603, 611, 639, 644, 655, 656; CPR, 1317–1321, 25, 27, 21, 42, 66; CChR, 1300–1326 , 362–363; CCW, 1244–1326, 472. 5 4. CChR, 1326–1341, 1; CPR, 1227–1330, 31, 100, 94, 100, 102, 127, 125, 140, 169, 175, 176, 183, 189, 191, 198–99; CCR, 1327–1330, 82. 5 5. CCR, 1333–1337, 131, 174; CCR, 1337–1339 , 67–8, 219; CPR, 1334–1338, 274, 515; CPR, 1338–1340, 82; CPR, 1338–1340, 454; CCR, 1339–1341, 460; CPR, 1340–1343, 346, 355–356, 330, 419, 580; CFR, 1337–1347, 268, 297, 473; CPR, 1343–1345, 40, 110–117, 190, 301, 375, 479, 506; CCR, 1343–1346, 458; CPR, 1345–1348, 20–21, 44, 66, 71, 195, 360; CPR, 1348–1350, 51–52, 324, 473, 561; CPR, 1350–1354, 72, 106, 119, 258, 467; CCR, 1349–1354, 110; CPR, 1354–1358, 99, 152, 182–183, 203, 259, 283, 352, 409, 440, 474–475, 476, 477, 491, 567, 638; CCR, 1354–1360, 153, 301. 56 . More extensive research on the queen’s letters to the chancellor is currently being undertaken by the author of this book. 5 7. T N A , S C 1 / 2 8 / 8 6 . 5 8. T N A , S C 1 / 3 6 / 3 8 , 3 9 . 59 . TNA, SC 1/23/155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162; TNA, SC 1/27/39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 170; TNA, SC 1/35/119, 139, 188, 189, 57, 56, 95, 96, 94, 93, 168, 203, 204, 91,47; TNA, SC 1/36/18, 5, 57; TNA, SC 1/60/33 37/50; TNA, SC 1/28/95; 26/137, 138; TNA, SC 1/38/200; TNA, SC 1/28/57, TNA, SC 1/28/112; 25/195. 60 . Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,” 158–159. 61 . Musson, “Queenship, Lordship and Petitioning,” 161–162. Bertie Wilkinson “The Chancery,” in EGW, 1327–1336, vol.1, ed. W. Morris Notes 193

(Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930–1940), 203–204. 62 . TNA, SC 1/35/88, 63, 119, 155 162. 6 3. T N A , S C 1 / 2 8 / 8 6 . 64 . TNA, SC 1/35/187; TNA, SC 1/37/46; TNA, SC 1/49/189; See section 2.3 Administrative Documents 65 . A more detailed study is currently being undertaken by the author of this book. 66 . Margaret: TNA, SC 1/14/112, TNA, SC 1/25/199, 202; TNA, SC 1/28/27; TNA, SC 1/27/96; TNA, SC 1/30/163. Philippa: TNA, SC 1/39/175; TNA, SC 1/40/137; TNA, SC 1/56/50. Isabella: TNA, SC 1/35/63, 151; TNA, SC 1/36/10; TNA, SC 1/38/190, 91, 195, 155; TNA, SC 1/36/201, 37, 58; TNA, SC 1/31/131, 37, 9. 6 7. T N A , S C 1 / 1 4 / 1 1 2 . 6 8. CCR, 1296–1302, 343; CPR, 1292–1301, 513; CPR, 1301–1307, 120. 6 9. CPR, 1292–1301, 538; CCR, 1296–1302, 4, 14; CPR, 1301–1307, 37, 96, 336. 7 0. T N A , S C 8 / 8 6 / 4 2 9 0 . 7 1. T N A , S C 8 / 8 6 / 2 4 8 7 . 72 . Margaret: TNA, SC 1/19/112a, TNA, SC 1/25/200; TNA, SC 1/48/14; TNA, SC 1/27/97. Philippa: TNA, SC 1/39/33; TNA, SC 1/40/30; TNA, SC 1/41/86: TNA, SC 1/56/26. Isabella: TNA, SC 1/31/131; TNA, SC 1/35/64; TNA, SC 1/35/153. 7 3. T N A , S C 1 / 2 5 / 2 0 0 . 7 4. T N A , S C 8 / 5 5 / 2 7 3 1 . 75 . TNA, SC 1/56/57, 62, 63. 7 6. CPR, 1340–1343, 73, 249; CPR, 1343–1345, 103, 239–240. 77 . Section 1.2 “Medieval Queens as Medieval Women.” 7 8. M a r g a r e t : CCR, 1296–1302, 286, 368; CPR, 1301–1307, 60, 163, 378, 532; CCR, 1302–1307, 258. Isabella: CPR, 1307–1313, 177, 349, 378, 570; CPR, 1313–1317, 20, 119, 131, 223, 254, 611; CPR, 1317–1321, 25, 122. Philippa: CPR, 1330–1334, 84, 222, 408, 415, 425, 486; CPR, 1338–1340, 57, 90, 316; CPR, 1343– 1345, 549; CPR, 1361–1364, 392; CPR, 1364–1367, 387, 415; CPR, 1367–1369, 6. 7 9. M a r g a r e t : CPR, 1301–1307, 60, 378. Isabella: CPR, 1307–1313, 349, 570. Philippa: CPR, 1338–1340, 90, 316. 80 . It would be fruitful to examine how often women approached the male magnates with requests, but that falls outside the scope of this book, which focuses specifically on queenship. 81 . TNA SC 1/37/45; TNA SC 1/37/4. 82 . Seymour Phillips, Edward II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 363 n. 222; Knighton, 434. 8 3. T N A , S C 8 / 3 9 / 1 9 0 4 . 84 . TNA, SC 1/30/163. 8 5. CPR, 1301–1307, 60. 194 Notes

86 . Allocco claims that women especially benefited from Isabella’s intercession. Katherine G. Allocco, “Intercessor, Rebel, Regent: The Political Life of Isabella of France” (PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 2004), 115. 87 . Allocco, “The Political Life of Isabella of France,” 132–143. 8 8. M a d d i c o t t , Thomas of Lancaster, 226; T. F. Tout, The Place in the Reign of Edward II (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1936), 27; Paul Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England 1296–1330” (PhD diss., University of Oxford, 1977), 49; Sophie Menache, “Isabella of France Queen of England: A Reconsideration,” Journal of Medieval History 10 (1984): 108. 8 9. Trokelowe, 80–81. 9 0. Vita, 152–153; Annales Paulini, 297. 91 . Some passages in the Saint Albans Chronicle, including the one con- cerning the mediation, may be derived from first-hand knowledge because the papal envoys sent to aid in the mediation stayed at St. Albans. Much in the Vita has been confirmed by other sources, and Childs believes that the author was too politically aware and informed to be far from the center of court. There is some debate about the historicity of the Annales Paulini. Gransden cites a few examples of stories that may have truth to them, but Richardson presents a harsh view of the accuracy of the Annales Paulini from 1307 to1308. Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England, c.1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century, vol. 2 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974), 2–3, 6, 8–9, 22, 25–29; H. G. Richardsen, “Annales Paulini,” Speculum 23 (1948): 630–638; Vita , xxxi–xxxii; lvii. 92 . Blackley and Hermansen, eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 206–207, 208–209, 210–211, 214–213, 218–219; TNA, E 101/375/9 fols, 33, 33v, 34; TNA, E 101/375/19; TNA, E 101/376/20. 93 . Allocco, “The Political Career of Isabella of France,” 123. Allocco uses these letters between Isabella and the barons to claim that Isabella was involved in the writing of the Ordinances. However, as we do not know the content of these letters, the claim is weak; St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 9 4. Annales Paulini, 272; TNA, E 101/375/9. 9 5. Annales Paulini, 297. 9 6. Vita, 152–153. 9 7. Trokelowe, 80–81; Isabella is not recorded on what remains of the parliament rolls from August 20 to December 16, 1312, March 18 to May 19, 1313, July 8 to July 25, 1313, September 23 to November 15, 1313: Seymour Phillips, “Edward II: Parliaments of August 1312, March, July, September 1313, Text and Translation,” in PROME, ed. C. Given-Wilson et al., Internet version, at http:// www.sd-editions.com/PROME, accessed on March 9, 2009. Scholarly Digital Editions, Leicester: 2005; Seymour Phillips, Notes 195

“Edward II: Parliaments of August 1312, March, July, September 1313 Introduction,” in PROME, ed. C. Given-Wilson et al. Internet version, at http://www.sd-editions.com/PROME, accessed on March 9, 2009. Scholarly Digital Editions, Leicester: 2005. 98 . Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon and London, 2004), 3. 9 9. Froissart, vol. 5, 215. 100 . John Carmi Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen as Counsellor and the Medieval Construction of Motherhood,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 53; Paul Strohm, “Queens as Intercessors,” in Hochon’s Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 102–103. W. M. Ormrod notes a similar use of the queen to explain a change in the crown’s policy toward the rebels involved in the Peasant’s Revolt of 1381. W. M. Ormrod, “In Bed with Joan of Kent: The King’s Mother and the Peasants Revolt of 1381,” in Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain. Essays for Felicity Riddy, ed. Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000), 277–292. 101 . Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen,” 40–41. 1 0 2. J e a n l e B e l, Cronique de Jean le Bel, ed. Jules Viard and Eugène Déprez (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1977), 166–167. The original manuscript does not contain the pregnancy. The editors of this edition inserted the description of Philippa’s pregnancy based on Froissart, see p. 167, note 1. 1 0 3. Historiae Dunelmensis, 98. 1 0 4. Historiae Dunelmensis, 98. 105 . Linda Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family Marriage and Politics in England, 1225–1350 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 99. Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, 165, 193, 196, 200, 203, 205–206, 212, 299, 337. 106 . Michael Prestwich, “Gilbert de Middleton and the Attack on the Cardinals, 1317,” in Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Karl Leyser, ed. Timothy Reuter (London: Hambledon Press 1992), 180–181, 194. 107 . Parsons, “The Queen’s Intercession,” 158–159. 1 0 8. J o h n C a r m i P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), 152–153. 1 0 9. P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile, 152–153. 110 . Charles Ross, Edward IV (Yale: Yale University Press, 1974), 99; Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth- Century England (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), 25–26; Jonanna Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship, 196 Notes

1445–1503 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 193–195; Michael Hicks, Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), 255–280. 111 . Helen Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), 26–29. 1 1 2. Annales Paulini, 297. 1 1 3. G r a n s d e n , Historical Writing, 29. 114 . The image of Philippa as a great intercessor and her role at Calais has been carried on into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: John Richard Green, A Short History of the English People (New York: New York Harper & Brothers, 1905), 228–229; William Parsons Warburton, Edward III (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1902), 125–127; Rosemary Mitchell, “The Red Queen and the White Queen: Exemplification of Medieval Queens in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” in Heroic Reputations and Exemplary Lives, ed. Geoffrey Cubitt and Allen Warren (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 157–176; George Payne Rainsford James, A History of the Life of Edward, the Black Prince (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, 1836), 34–35; David Hume, The History of England: from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution 1688 (Oxford: Christie & Son, 1688), 392. These references were brought to my attention by Dr. Barbara Gribling. 1 1 5. CPL , 1305–1342, 450, 457, 458, 462, 489, 511, 513; CPL, 1342–1362, 20, 32, 45–50, 609, 620, 626. 1 1 6. CPL, 1305–1342, 492, 498, 501. 1 1 7. CPL, 1305–1342, 501. 118 . Grants to members of the household for Margaret see: CCR, 1296–1302, 356; CPR, 1301–1307, 48–49, 420; TNA, SC 1/25/198. Isabella: CPR, 1307–1313, 359, 362, 378, 519; CPR, 1313–1317, 88; CCR 1307–1313, 433; CCR, 1313–1318, 90, 204; CPR, 1317–1321, 66, 261; CCW, 1244–1326, 356. Philippa: CPR, 1327–1330, 343. 119 . Allocco, “The Political Life of Isabella of France,” 168. 1 2 0. H a i n e s , Edward II, 132–133. 121 . St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 122 . Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England,” 83–85. 123 . Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England,” 81–85. 124 . St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest,” for more detail on why Gaveston was not truly a threat to Isabella’s queenship. 1 2 5. Annales Paulini, 298–299; Menache, “Isabella of France,” 110; Tout, Edward II, 132–133. 1 2 6. To u t , Edward II, 133; Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, 293–294; Philips, Edward II, 385. 127 . For all correspondence concerning Abbeville, see Clovis Burnel ed., “Documents sur le Pontieu Conservés dans la Collection Notes 197

de l’Ancient Correspondence au Public Record Office de Londres (1278–1337),” Bulletin Philologique et Historique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (1920 for 1918): 250–270, esp. TNA, SC 1/54/109, 131, 142, 115, 136. Also see E. H. Shealy, “The English Administration of Ponthieu, 1299–1369” (PhD diss., Emory University, 1977). 128 . TNA, SC 1/54/115. 1 2 9. E . D e p r e z , Etudes de Diplomatique Anglaise de l’avénement d’Èdouard 1erà celui de Henri VII (1272–1485) (Paris: H. Champion, 1908) as cited by C. Brunel, “Documents sur Le Pontieu,” 264. 130 . Isabella maintained that her aim was to rid the kingdom of the Despensers. For example see: Foedera, IV, 236; Anne Crawford, Letters of the Queens of England (Stroud: Sutton, 1994), 89. 131 . Fryde, Tyranny, 147; Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England,” 109; St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest.” 132 . Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England,” 113; F. D. Blackley, “Isabella and the Bishop of Exeter,” in Essays in Medieval History Presented to Bertie Wilkinson, ed. T. A. Sanquist and M. R. Powicke (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1968), 235; Haines, Edward II, 325. 1 3 3. H a i n e s , King Edward II, 324: Haines refers to a letter in which Edward writes to the pope recounting that the king of France has told him he would agree to a peace if Edward sent Isabella to France. Haines does not site a reference for this letter, so it is not clear if this letter still survives or if it is recorded in the chronicles that Haines then goes on to evaluate. 1 3 4. H a i n e s , Edward II, 324; Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England,” 117–118. 1 3 5. H . S . L u c a s , The Low Countries and the Hundred Years War, 1326–1347 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1929), 1–327. 136 . Andrew Wathey, “The Marriage of Edward III and the Transmission of French Motets to England,” Journal of the American Musicological Society 45 (1992), 13–15; Caroline Barron, England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages (Stroud: Sutton, 1995) 1–28. 1 3 7. L u c a s , The Low Countries, 88, 83, 109, 110, 111. 1 3 8. B a r r o n , England and the Low Countries, 3; Lucas, The Low Countries, 221, 240–283. 1 3 9. B a r r o n , England and the Low Countries, 3; Lucas, The Low Countries, 215, 354. 1 4 0. L u c a s , The Low Countries, 293. 1 4 1. B a r r o n , England and the Low Countries, 4; Lucas, The Low Countries, 381. 142 . Malcolm Vale, “The Anglo-French Wars 1294–1340: Allies and Alliances,” in Guerre et Societe en France, en Angleterre et en Bourgogne 198 Notes

XIVe-XVe Siecle, ed. Philippe Contamine, Charles Giry-Deloison, and Maurice H. Keen (Lille: Université de Lille III, Charles de Gaulle, 1991), 25. 143 . Michael Bennett, “Isabelle of France, Anglo-French Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange in Late 1350s,” in The Age of Edward III, ed. J. S. Bothwell (York: York Medieval Press, 2001), 222. 144 . Musson, “Queenship, Lordship and Petitioning,” 161–162. 1 4 5. W i l k i n s o n , “ T h e C h a n c e r y , ” 2 0 3 . 146 . TNA, SC 1/56/57, 62, 63; TNA, SC 1/44/166.

4 A Royal Institution: The Queen’s Household and Estates 1 . Marion Facinger, “A Study of Medieval Queenship: Capetian France, 987–1237,” Nebraska Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 5 (1968): 27, 33, 35–40. See section 1.2 “Medieval Queens as Medieval Women,” The Household and the Crown. 2 . T . F . To u t , Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, vol. 1 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933), 67–69. 3 . To u t , Chapters , vol. 1, 69, 166–168. 4 . To u t , Chapters , vol. 1, 253. 5 . Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England , vol. 5, ed. T. F. Tout (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933 ), 232. 6 . Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 1327–1336, vol. 1, ed. W. A. Morris (Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1330–1940), 266. 7 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW , 266. 8 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters, 275. 9 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters, 276. 10 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW , 251. 1 1. J o a n n a L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship, 1445–1503 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 226. 1 2. L a n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 226. 13 . F. D. Blackley and G. Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella of England, for the Fifth Regnal Year of Edward II, 8th July 1311 to 7th July 1312 (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1971), xiii–xiv. 14 . Blackley and Hermansen, eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, xiv. 15 . TNA, E 101/375/9 fol. 29; Blackley and Hermansen, eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 48–49. 16 . TNA, E 101/375/9 fols 16, 28v; Blackley and Hermansen, eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 164–165. Notes 199

17 . Roberta Gilchrist, “Medieval Bodies in the Material World: Gender, Stigma and the Body,” in Framing Medieval Bodies, ed. Sarah Kay and Miri Rubin (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), 57–58. 1 8. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens , 226–229, 244–250. 1 9. CCR 1327–1330, 98; see section 6.2 “Isabella and the Minority of Edward III.” 20 . TNA, E 101/390/8 fols. 12, 4v; CCR 1364–1368, 482; Blackley and Hermansen, eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, . 172–173. 21 . TNA, C 61/36, mem. 24d; Chris Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity: Service, Politics and Finance in England, 1360–1413 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 75. 2 2. W. M . O r m r o d , Edward III (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 127. 2 3. J . R . M a d d i c o t t , Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 12–13; Margaret Sharpe, “The Household of the Black Prince,” in Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, vol. 5, ed. T. F. Tout, (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1920–1933), 314–323; Chris Given-Wilson, The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The Fourteenth-Century Political Community (London: Routledge, 1989), 87–103. 2 4. G i v e n - W i l s o n , The English Nobility, 89. 25 . TNA, E 101/390/8; Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 155–195. 2 6. To u t , Chapters, vol. 1, 253–54. 2 7. To u t , Chapters , vol. 2, 42–43; Johnstone, “The Queens’s Household,” in Chapters, 234. 2 8. To u t , Chapters , vol. 1, 42–43. 2 9. L a n y s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 222. 30 . TNA, E 101/375/9; TNA, E 101/308/9&10; Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella , 3–233. 31 . TNA, E 101/376/7 fol. 29–31, 92v–93v; TNA, E 101/374/5 fols 32–33v; TNA, E 101/624/18. 32 . Lisa Benz, “Queen Consort, Queen Mother: The Power and Authority of Fourteenth-Century Plantagenet Queens” (PhD diss., University of York, 2009), appendix I. 33 . Benz, “Queen Consort, Queen Mother,” appendix I. 34 . TNA, E 101/378/6 mem. 1. 35 . TNA, E 101/624/18. 36 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 272. 37 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 240. 38 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters, 242; F. D. Blackley and G. Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, xii. 200 Notes

3 9. T N A , E 1 0 1 / 3 7 3 / 2 6 f o l . 8 8 v . 40 . It is possible that the queen was within the king’s household at this time, but the title only indicates the eighth regnal year. We know that they were in close contact in the summer of 1314 because Edward used Isabella’s privy seal and for much of 1315 they were with each other or traveling within close distances to each other. 41 . Alms: TNA, E 101/375/8, fol. 4; TNA, E 101/376/7 fols 4, 4v, 5; TNA, E 101/124/14, mem.1; Carriage: TNA, E 101/375/8, fol. 27; TNA, E 101/376/7 fol. 13v; TNA, E 101/376/21, mem. 1; TNA E 101/383/3, mem. 1; Horses and Falcons: TNA, E 101/373/26 fols 18, 19, 19v, 20, 21, 21v, 59v; TNA, E 101/374/15 fols 8v–9; TNA, E 101/375/18 fols 44v, 18v, 19v; TNA, E 101/377/4 mem. 1; TNA, E 101/379/19 fols. 19–21v, 59; TNA, E 101/381/3 mem. 11; TNA, E 101/378/9 mem. 1–2; Gifts: TNA, E 101/375/8 fols 8, 27, 27v, 28; Letters: TNA, E 101/373/26, fol. 50; TNA, E 101/375/8, fols 27v; TNA, E 101/376/26; TNA, E 101/383/3 mem. 1; TNA, E101/381/14 mems 9–13. 42 . TNA, E 101/373/26 fols 88, 91; TNA, E 101/374/12 mems 1–3; TNA, E 101/375/8 fol. 8, 25; TNA, E 101/376/7 fol. 12v, 27; TNA, E 101/377/17 mems 1–2; TNA, E 101/373/30 fol. 2v; TNA, E 101/376/11&14 fols 1v, 3, 4. 43 . TNA, E 101/374/2 mems 1–6; TNA, E 101/375/6 mems 1–7, TNA, E 101/376/7 mem. 1, TNA, E 101/378/4 fol. 3v. 44 . TNA, E 101/376/7 fol. 29–31, 92v–93v; TNA, E 101/374/5 fols 32–33v. 4 5. G e o r g e H o l m e s , The Estates of the Higher Nobility in Fourteenth- Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), 59, 69, 72, 78. 4 6. G i v e n - W i l s o n , The Royal Household, 203. 4 7. R o s e m a r y H o r r o x , Richard III: A Study of Service (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 14–16; Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity, 8; Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility, 58; Given- Wilson, The Royal Household, 203. 4 8. M i c h a e l H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism (London: Longman, 1995). 52; Horrox, Richard III, 15: Horrox refers to them as “Non-household servants”; Simon Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity, 1361–1399 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 9; Given-Wilson, The Royal Household, 203. 4 9. H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism, 57; Horrox, Richard III, 13; Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity, 8–10. 5 0. W a l k e r , The Lancastrian Affinity¸ 10. 5 1. W a l k e r , The Lancastrian Affinity, 40–45; Michael Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England: A Study in Liberty and Duty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 166–170. 5 2. G i v e n - W i l s o n , The Royal Household , 217. 5 3. H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism, 69–70, 76, 140; Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity, 51, 106. Notes 201

5 4. H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism, 76. 5 5. H o r r o x , Richard III, 1–3; Hicks, Bastard Feudalism, 128, 147, 151; Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity, 27, 84–90. 5 6. H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism, 64; Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility, 59. 57 . J. S., Bothwell, Edward III and the English Peerage: Royal Patronage, Social Mobility, and Political Control in Fourteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2004), 79–83. 5 8. B o t h w e l l , Edward III and the English Peerage, 93–98. 5 9. B o t h w e l l , Edward III and the English Peerage, 100–101. 60 . For example: TNA, E 101/390/8 fols 1–5; TNA, E 101/393/15 mems 1, 3, 10; TNA, E 101/375/9 fols 29–32v; TNA, E 101/378/6 mem. 1. 6 1. CCR, 1313–1318, 204; CCR, 1349–1354, 76; CCR, 1343–1346, 99; CCR, 1333–1337, 317. 6 2. CCR, 1296–1302, 356; CPR, 1301–1307, 258, 416; CPR, 1307–1313, 466, 519; CCR, 1313–1318, 204 ; CPR, 1317–1321, 76, 108, 261; CCR, 1307– 1313, 427; CFR, 1319–1327, 351; CCW 1244–1326, 356; CPR, 1327–1330, 157; CCR, 1327–1330, 370; CCR, 1330–1333, 512; CPR, 1334–1338, 92, 410; CFR, 1319–1327, 132; CPR, 1343–1345, 110–111; CPR, 1338–1340, 47; CPR, 1340–1343, 481; CCR, 1333–1337, 135,176; CCR, 1341–1343, 405,623; CCR, 1359–1364, 21; CPR, 1358–1361, 99, 252; CPR, 1330– 1334, 244; CCR, 1333–1337, 324; CPR, 1330–1334, 397; CPR, 1338–1340, 508; CPR, 1330–1334, 40; CCR, 1360–1364, 524; CPR, 1327–1330, 544 ; CPR, 1338–1340, 401; CCR, 1343–1346, 99; CCR, 1333–1337, 317; CPR, 1327–1330, 453; CCR, 1341–1343, 134.; CPR, 1338–1340, 87; CPR, 1338– 1340, 240; CPR, 1338–1340, 47; CPR, 1338–1340, 92; CPR, 1338–1340, 392; CPR, 1338–1340, 549; CPR, 1338–1340, 109; CPR, 1334–1338, 455; CPR, 1338–1340, 90; CPR, 1354–1358, 492; CCR, 1333–1337, 730; CCR, 1330–1333, 325. 63 . TNA, C 47/9/58 mem. 1. 64 . TNA, C 47/9/58 mem. 1; TNA C 66/185 mem. 7; CPR, 1334–1338 , 123. 6 5. CCR, 1354–1360, 447. 6 6. H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism, 227 6 7. H i c k s , Bastard Feudalism, 119–136; Horrox, Richard III, 26. 6 8. CPR, 1330–1334, 195. 6 9. CPR, 1330–1334, 408. 7 0. T N A , S C 1 / 3 5 / 1 1 2 ; CPR, 1301–1307, 155; CPR, 1307–1313, pp. 430, 452, 580–81; CPR, 1313–1317 , 110. 385, 448, 618; CPR, 1317–1321, 378, 447; CPR, 1321–1324, 103 ; CPR, 1324–1327, 96, 102, 116, 10, 126. 7 1. CPR, 1343–1345, 110–111. 72 . See section 4.1 “The Household.” 7 3. CPR, 1330–1334, 34, 79, 222; CPR, 1340–1343, 481; CPR, 1334–1338 , 505: John Eston was described as the king’s clerk and Philippa’s receiver. 7 4. W a l k e r , The Lancastrian Affinity, 109–111. In his study of the dual allegiances of retainers to Hugh Despenser and Edward II, Scott 202 Notes

Waugh has highlighted the weaknesses of service to more than one lord in the 1320s. Although the unique qualities of this period should be remembered, and generally scholars have found such dual allegiances to remain functional: Scott L. Waugh, “For King, Country, and Patron: The Despensers and Local Administration, 1321–1322,” The Journal of British Studies 22 (1983): 23–58. 75 . To both the king and queen: TNA, E 101/390/8 fols 3, 12; CCR, 1330–1333, 441, 570; CPR, 1330–1334, 33, 387; CPR, 1334–1338, 320; CPR, 1338–1340, 113, 155, 238, 348–49,392; CPR, 1340–1343, 529; CPR, 1343–1345, 19; CCR, 1337–1339, 411; CCR, 1360–1364, 292; CCR, 1341–1343, 475, 656; CPR, 1358–1361, 105, 252; CPR, 1354–1358, 508. King’s servants for service to the queen: CPR, 1301–1307, 97, 120, 245; CPR, 1338–1340, 90; CPR, 1364–1367, 415. 7 6. B o t h w e l l , Edward III and the English Peerage , 134: Bothwell provides more examples. 7 7. CPR, 1317–1324, 339; Colm McNamee, “Ros, William de, first Lord Ros (c. 1255–1316),” ODNB , vol. 47, 728–729. All bibliographic infor- mation about those in service to the king and queen has been taken from the ODNB unless otherwise noted in the footnotes. 7 8. The Complete Peerage, vol. XII/2, 244–245. 7 9. CCR, 1333–1337, 730. 80 . Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 176–177. 81 . Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, xiii. 8 2. CCR, 1330–1333, 325. 8 3. CCR, 1341–1334, 405; CCR, 1330–1333, 441; Almaricus de la Zouche: CPR, 1330–1334 , 4; John de la Zouche: TNA, E 101/390/8 fols 3, 12. 84 . Linda Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family Marriage and Politics in England, 1225–1350 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 93–94. 85 . See section 3.2 “Perceptions of Influence.” 8 6. M i t c h e l l , Portraits of Medieval Women , 101. 87 . Blackley and Hermensen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 156–157. 8 8. CPR, 1340–1343, 115; The Complete Peerage, vol. II, 44; Peerage , vol. II, 44; Given-Wilson, The Royal Household, 72–73; TNA, E 101/390/8 fol. 1v; CPR, 1358–1361 , 42: Roger Beauchamp of Bletsoe, was described as the king’s yeoman on April 24, 1337. On October 26, 1340, Philippa appointed him keeper of Devizes Castle. By 1346, Roger had a successful career serving in the Hundred Years War and was made captain of Calais in 1372. He was made chamber- lain of the king’s household in 1377. Roger’s wife, Sybil, was one of Philippa’s ladies between 1340 and 1341. Notes 203

8 9. CPR, 1307–1307, 580; Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella , 156–157; Ida de Clinton, the wife of William Clinton, earl of Huntingdon, received robes in Isabella’s house- hold in 1311–1312. A John Clinton is found listed as one of Isabella’s valets in a book of prests from 1308 to 1320. This may be John, sec- ond lord Clinton, since his mother Ida d’Odingsells accompanied Isabella during her trip to France in 1313. It was probably through Ida, William, and their son John’s relationship with Isabella and Philippa that a second John de Clinton, nephew and heir of William, found his place as a squire in Philippa’s household. 90 . TNA, E 101/382/12; Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household of Queen Isabella, 156–157. The Despensers had a long history of service to the crown. Hugh the Elder served both Edward I and Edward II, and Hugh the Younger was Edward II’s well-known favorite. Hugh the Younger’s wife, was placed in Isabella’s household in the received robes as a lady of Isabella’s household as early as 1311–1312, long before the Despensers’ rapid rise in the 1320s. 9 1. CCR, 1364–1368, 187; Blackley and Hermansen eds., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 156–157; CCR, 1360–1364, 551; CCR, 1364–1368, 262; CCR, 1360–1364, 403; CCR, 1360–1364, 257; TNA, E 101/390/8 fols 12, 3, 3v, 4; TNA, E 101/378/6; Given-Wilson, The Royal Household, 204–207. 92 . Christine Carpenter, “The Beauchamp Affinity, A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work,” EHR 95 (1980): 519; Given-Wilson The Royal Household, 209–223. 9 3. G i v e n - W i l s o n , The Royal Household, 160–169. 9 4. G i v e n - W i l s o n , The Royal Household, 169. 95 . For chamber or household knights’ nonmilitary duties see: Given- Wilson, The Royal Household, 204–207. 9 6. CPR, 1307–1313, 579–581; CPR, 1313–1317, 85–87; CPR, 1324–1327, 91–92. 97 . Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 50–51. 98 . Katherine G. Allocco, “Intercessor, Rebel, Regent: The Political Life of Isabella of France” (PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 2004), 168. 9 9. CCR, 1327–1330, 69; CPR, 1327–1330, 157; CChR, 1326–1341, 58–59; CPR, 1327–1330, 233: CPR, 1327–1330, 63. 100 . Allocco, “The Political Life of Isabella of France,” 218–220, 226, 230. 1 0 1. W i l l i a m N o r w e l l , The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 26 May 1340, ed. Mary Lyon, Bruce Lyon, Henry S. Lucas (Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique, Commission Royale d’Histoire, 1983), lxxxiv–lxxxv, 226. 204 Notes

102 . TNA, E 101/390/8 mems. 3, 3v, 4, 12. 103 . Anne Crawford, “The Queen’s Council in the Middle Ages,” EHR 116 (2001): 1193–1211; Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 250–253. 104 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1193–1211; Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 250–299; Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Exchequer under the Three Edwards,” in Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait, ed. J. G. Edwards (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1933), 143–153; John Carmi Parsons, The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290: An Edition of British Library Additional Mauscript 35294 with Introduction and Notes (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1977); A. R. Myers, Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth Century England (London: Hambledon Press, 1985); Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens , 220–261; Gilchrist, “Medieval Bodies in the Material World,” 43–61. 105 . Rowena Archer, “Rich Old Ladies: The Problem of Late Medieval Dowagers,” in Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, ed. Tony Pollard (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1984), 17; Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women, 8. 106 . K. B. McFarlane, The Nobility of Later Medieval England: The Ford Lectures for 1953 and Related Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), 64. 107 . Archer, “Rich Old Ladies,” 19. 108 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1193–1195. 109 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1195. 1 1 0. P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile, 123. 111 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1195; For Margaret of France see: CPR, 1301–1307, 118–119, 240, 243, 363–370, 372. For Isabella see: CPR, 1317–1321, 108, 115–116, 122–23, 132, 201–202; CCR, 1313–1318, 538, 543. 1 1 2. To u t , Chapters , vol. 1, 256; Ormrod, Edward III, 128. 1 1 3. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 235; Given-Wilson, The Royal Household, 39. 114 . For types of royal grants see: Bothwell, Edward III and the English Peerage, 32–36. 1 1 5. P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile, 75, 123; Anne Crawford, “The King’s Burden—the Consequences of Royal Marriage in Fifteenth- Century England,” in Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England, ed. Ralph Griffiths (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1981), 42. 116 . Crawford, “The King’s Burden,” 42. 117 . Sara M. Butler, “Maintenance Agreements and Male Responsibility in Late Medieval England” in Boundaries of the Law: Geography, Gender and Jurisdiction in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ed. Anthony Musson (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2005), 67. Notes 205

1 1 8. M a r j o r i e M c I n t o s h , Autonomy and Community: The Royal Manor of Havering, 1200–1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 219; Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women, 7–9. 1 1 9. M i t c h e l l , Portraits of Medieval Women, 6–7, 133; Rowena Archer, “‘How Ladies . . . Who Live on Their Manors Ought to Manage Their Households and Estates’: Women as Landholders and Administrators in the Later Middle Ages,” in Women is a Worthy Wight: Women in English Society c. 1200–1500, ed. P. J. P. Goldberg (Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1992), 162. 120 . This was only in cases where the widow was granted the minority, for information on granting minorities see: Bothwell, Edward III and the English Peerage, 67–69. 121 . McFarlane, The Nobility of the Later Middle Ages, 64–68. 122 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1193–1211; Johnstone, “The Queen’s Exchquer,” 143–148. 123 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1193–1211; Johnstone, “The Queen’s Exchequer,” 143–153. 124 . Brigitte Beos Rezak, “Women, Seals, and Power in Medieval France, 1150–1350,” in Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 61. 1 2 5. P i e r r e C h a p l a i s , English Diplomatic Practice in the Middle Ages (New York: Hambledon and London, 2003), 94–102. 126 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters, 286–287. 127 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters, 287. 128 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 298. 129 . Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 298–299. 130 . Chris Given-Wilson, “The Merger of Edward III’s and Queen Philippa’s Households,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 51 (1978): 186; TNA, E 101/396/11 fols 17–18. 131 . An example of one of Philippa’s letters patent, with her privy seal, exists in Minister and Receiver’s accounts TNA, SC 6/1092/9. (I have identified it as such based on Hilda Johnstone’s description of a privy seal for Philippa, preserved in the British Library: Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 299, note 3). 1 3 2. CPR, 1301–1307, 136–137, 203, 319; CCR, 1303–1307, 37, 146; CPR, 1317–1321, 34; CPR, 1330–1334, 123, 222, 414, 494–495, 565; CPR, 1334–1338, 331, 455, 506; CCR, 1330–1333, 30, 269; CCR, 1333–1337, 135; CChR, 1326–1341, 435. 133 . TNA, E 163/4/30 mems 1, 1d, 4d, 5, 6. 134 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council,” 1194. However, Crawford does not actually cite any of these writs, but seems to derive this infor- mation from Hilda Johnstone’s article “The Queen’s Household,” in EGW, 251–291. In this article, Johnstone also makes this claim, but then offers no references. Later in the article she describes a 206 Notes

memoranda roll of Isabella’s exchequer: TNA, E 163/4/30. After a through examination of this roll, I believe this is where Johnstone derived her support for this claim because it contains enrollments of Isabella’s letters. 135 . TNA, C 47/9/58; TNA, E 159/105 mem. 52d. 136 . BL MS Cotton Galba E III fol. 185; Blackley and Hermansen, The Household Book of Queen Isabella , 158–159 also has a similar entry for winter robes given to Johanni Giffard clerico facienti lit- eras regine. 137 . TNA, C 47/9/58 mem. 11d. 138 . TNA, E 163/4/30, mems. 1, 1d, 4d, 5, 6; TNA, SC 1/37/11; TNA C 47/9/58; TNA, E 159/105 mem. 52d. 139 . TNA, C 47/9/58 mem. 12. 1 4 0. T N A , S C 1 / 3 5 / 1 1 2 ; CPR, 1301–1307, 155; CPR, 1307–1313, 430, 452, 580–581; CPR, 1313–1317, 110. 385, 448, 618; CPR, 1317–1321, 378, 447; CPR, 1321–1324, 103; CPR, 1324–1327, 96, 102, 116, 10, 126. 141 . TNA, SC 1/48/178, TNA, SC 1/63/242; CPR, 1313–1317, 77, 110, 618; CPR, 1317–1321, 138, 216–217, 326, 564; CPR, 1321–1324, 7, 50, 346; CPR, 1330–1334, 170, 393; CPR, 1334–1338, 427, 533. 1 4 2. CCR, 1302–1307 , 153, 175; CCR, 1354–1360 , 246; CCR, 1330–1333, 325; CPR, 1330–1334 , 319, 356. 1 4 3. CCR, 1302–1307, 175. 1 4 4. CCR, 1354–1360, 246. 1 4 5. C h a r l e s Yo u n g , The Royal Forests of Medieval England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 3–32, 60–113. 146 . Barbara Hanawalt, “Men’s Games, King’s Deer: Poaching in Medieval England,” in Of Good and Ill Repute: Gender and Social Control in Medieval England, ed. Barbara Hanawalt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 142–155. 1 4 7. CPR, 1301–1307, 118–119. 1 4 8. CPR, 1301–1307, 261; CCR, 1302–1307, 286; CPR, 1307–1313, 452. 1 4 9. CCR, 1323–1327, 223; CFR, 1319–1327, 300–301. 150 . TNA, C 61/36, mem. 24d. 151 . W. M. Ormrod, Edward III (Stroud: Tempus, 2005), 110. 152 . Given-Wilson, “The Merger of Edward III’s and Queen Philippa’s Households,” 183–184. 1 5 3. CCR, 1349–54, 483; CFR, 1337–1347, 26, 58, 161, 184, 433. 1 5 4. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 235; Given-Wilson, The Royal Household , 39; Given-Wilson, “The Merger of Edward III’s and Queen Philippa’s Households,” 186. 155 . TNA, SC 1/25/203, 35/63, 65, 185; TNA, SC 1/36/38; TNA SC 1/38/193; TNA, SC 1/39/50; TNA, SC 1/41/81, 85, 87; TNA, SC 1/42/102; CPR, 1301–1307, 85, 194; CPR, 1307–1313, 337; CPR, 1313–1317, 581; CPR, 1317–1321, 88, 170, 171, 465, 542; CPR, 1321–1324, 59, 60, 251, 315, 371, Notes 207

457, 447, 450; CPR, 1330–1334, 137, 198, 144, 386, 498, 374, 356; CPR, 1343–1345, 506; CPR, 1334–1338, 367; CCR, 1337–1339, 120, CPR, 1334– 1338, 577; CPR, 1338–1340, 69; CPR, 1338–1340, 75. 156 . Richard Kauper, “Law and Order in Fourteenth-Century England: The Evidence of Special Commissions of Oyer and Terminer ,” Speculum 54 (1979): 739, 747–753. 157 . See Kaeuper, “Law and Order,” 747–753, for how magnates made use of oyer et terminer. 1 5 8. CPR, 1301–1307, 85, 188. 1 5 9. CPR, 1301–1307, 30, 138. 1 6 0. T N A , S C 1 / 2 8 / 8 6 . 1 6 1. T N A , S C 1 / 2 8 / 9 5 . 1 6 2. CCR, 1302–1307 , 30, 146. 1 6 3. P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile , 70. 164 . The chancery and the council were very closely connected; for example, the chancellor was often head of the king’s council and the chancery itself had a council, which was not necessarily mutually exclusive from the king’s council. For the relationship between the king’s council and the chancery see: W. A. Morris “Introduction: The Council and the Chancery and Privy Seal,” in EGW, 1327–1336, vol. 1, ed. W. Morris (Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930–1940), 29–77; James Baldwin, “The King’s Council” in EGW 1327–1336, vol. 1, ed. W. A. Morris (Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930–1940), 129–161; Bertie Wilkinson “The Chancery” in EGW, vol. 1, ed. W. Morris (Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930–1940), 162–205. 1 6 5. CCR, 1327–1330, 482. 1 6 6. CCR, 1302–1307, 280. 1 6 7. P a r s o n s , Eleanor of Castile, 95. 1 6 8. C . J o h n s o n e d . , Regesta Regum Anglo-Normanorum, 1066–1154, vol. 2, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), no. 10000 as cited in Judith Green, The Government of England Under Henry I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 42; Lois Huneycutt, “Public Lives, Private Ties: Royal Mothers in England and Scotland, 1070–1204,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 1996), 295. 1 6 9. G r e e n , The Government of England Under Henry I, 43. 170 . TNA, E 163/4/30 mems 5, 5d, 7. 1 7 1. CCR, 1330–1333, 180, 617; CCR, 1333–1337 , 655; CPR, 1334–1338 , 513; CCR, 1337–1339, 111, 262, 272, 514. CCR, 1346–1349 , 55; CCR, 1354–1360, 496; 1 7 2. CCR, 1349–1354, 438. 208 Notes

173 . Hubert James Hewitt, Cheshire under the Three Edwards (Chester: Cheshire Community Council, 1967), 3–11; Anne Curry, “Cheshire and the Royal Demesne,” Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire , 128 (1979): 113, 119; Sharpe, “The Household of the Black Prince,” 289–290. 1 7 4. W. B . S t e p h e n s , e d . , V C H , A History of the County of Warwick: The City of Coventry and the Borough of Warwick (London: Institute for Historical Research, 1969), 256–263. 1 7 5. CCR, 1341–1343 , 317–318. 176 . Stephens, ed., VCH, A History of the County of Warwick , 256–263.

5 Motherhood, Matriarchy, and the Royal Family 1 . L . W. L e g g , English Coronation Records (Westminster: Archibald, Constable and Co. Ltd., 1901), 37–39. 2 . See section 2.1 “Iconic Images of the Queen.” 3 . Helen Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), 17–24; G. Kipling, “Margaret of Anjou’s Royal Entry into London,” Medieval English Theatre 4 (1982): 78–80; John Carmi Parsons, “ ‘Never Was a Body Buried in England with Such Solemnity and Honor”: The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens to 1500,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference held at King’s College London, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997), 317, 332. 4 . John Carmi Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen as Counselor and the Medieval Construction of Motherhood,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 42. 5 . See section 1.3 “Structure.” 6 . John Carmi Parsons, “Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet evidence, 1150–1500,” in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 65, 71. 7 . John Carmi Parsons, “Ritual and Symbol in the English Medieval Queenship to 1500,” in Women and Sovereignty, ed. Louise Olga Fradenburg (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992), 64–69. 8 . John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler, “Introduction,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), xv; Caroline Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 110–169. Notes 209

9 . L a n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 131, 146; Janet L. Nelson, “Inauguration Rituals,” in Early Medieval Kingship, ed. P. H. Sawyer and I. N. Woods (Leeds: University of Leeds, 1977), 71. 1 0. J o a n n a L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 13. 11 . Barbara Hanawalt, “Female Networks for Fostering Lady Lisle’s Daughters,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 239. 12 . Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry: The Education of the English Kings (London: Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1984), 42. 1 3. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queen, 135. 14 . Harriet Hudson, ed., “Octavian,” in Four Middle English Romances, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1996), 45–114. 15 . Harriet Hudson, ed. “Sir Tryamour,” in Four Middle English Romances, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo, University of Western Michigan Press, 1996), 178–228. 16 . Hue de Rotelande, Ipomodon, ed. Rhiannon Purdie, EETS, OS, 316 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 17 . For example see: Jennifer Fellows, ed., “Amis and Amiloun,” in Of Love and Chivalry: An Anthology of Middle English Romance (London: Everymans Library, 1993), 73–146; Karl Brunner, ed., Richard Lowenherz [Richard Coer de Lyon] (Wien: W. Braumüller, 1913); R. B. Herzman et. al., eds, “Bevis of Hampton” in Four Romances of England, TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo: University of Western Michigan Press, 1999), 187–340; Hudson, ed., “Sir Tryamour,” 178–228; Hudson ed., “Octavian,” 45–114. 1 8. Murimuth, 20; William Stubbs, ed., “Vita et Mors Edwardi Secundi Regis Angliae ,” in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, Rolls Series, 76 (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1965), 299; Vita, 67. Annales Londonienses, 221; Annales Paulini, 233, 280, 291. 1 9. Anonimalle, 143; Polychronicon, 326–327. 20 . Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing c. 1307, vol. 2 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974), 63. 2 1. F r i e d r i c h W. D . B r i e , e d . , The Brut, or the Chronicles of England, EETS, OS 136 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1906– 1908), 293. 22 . Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon and London, 2004), 114. 2 3. G i v e n - W i l s o n , Chronicles , 99–102. 2 4. G i v e n - W i l s o n , Chronicles , 103. 25 . Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen,” 50–55; Paul Strohm, “Queens as Intercessor,” in Hochon’s Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth- Century Texts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 95–119. 210 Notes

26 . Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen,” 53; Strohm, “Queens as Intercessors,” 102–103. W. M. Ormrod notes a similar use of the queen to explain a change in the crown’s policy toward the rebels involved in the Peasant’s Revolt of 1381: W. M. Ormrod, “In Bed with Joan of Kent: the King’s Mother and the Peasants Revolt of 1381,” in Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain. Essays for Felicity Riddy, ed. Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000), 277–292. 27 . Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen,” 40–41. 2 8. J e a n l e B e l, Cronique de Jean le Bel, ed. Jules Viard et Eugène Déprez (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1977), 166–167. The original manuscript does not contain the pregnancy. The editors of this edition inserted the description of Philippa’s pregnancy based on Froissart. 29 . Janet L. Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” in Women in Medieval Western European Culture, ed. Linda Mitchell (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1999), 193. 3 0. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 131. 3 1. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 131. 32 . Parsons, “The Pregnant Queen,” 139. 33 . Carolyne Collete, Performing Polity: Women and Agency in the Anglo- French Tradition, 1385–1620 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2006), 115–116; Helen Lacy, The Royal Pardon: Access to Mercy in Fourteenth-Century England (York: York Medieval Press, 2009), 45. It should be noted that Lacy’s study considers only pardons, while this book takes into account not only pardons, but many other outputs arising from intercession. Consequently, while Lacy’s study demonstrates that Philippa secured more pardons than Margaret or Isabella, this book finds that on the whole she secured fewer acts of intercession proportionally than Isabella or Margaret (see chapter 3). 34 . Strohm, “Queen’s as Intercessors,” 107. 35 . Caroline Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings: The Politics of Motherhood,” in Family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England, ed. Richardson Eales and Shaun Tyas (Donington: Shaun Tyas/ Paul Watkins Publishing, 2003), 112, 120. 36 . TNA, E 101/387/3; Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 112. 37 . Michael Camille, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art (London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2003), 38–41; Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 107. 38 . Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 107. 39 . BL MS Cotton Galba E III fols. 181–192; Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 120. 40 . TNA, E 101/384/20 mems 1, 2; TNA E 101/385/4 mems 18, 24; TNA, E 101/386/2 mem. 6, TNA, E 101/386/9 mem. 15. Notes 211

41 . Veronica Sekules, “Dynasty and Patrimony in the Self- Construction of an English Queen,” in England and the Continent in the Middle Ages: Studies in Memory of Andrew Martindale, ed. John Mitchell and Matthew Moran (Donington: Shaun Tyas/ Paul Watkins Publishing, 1996), 165–166; Emily Howe, “Divine Kingship and Display: The Altar Wall Murals of St. Stephen’s Chapel,” “ Antiquaries” Journal: Journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London 81 (2001): 259–303. 42 . Sekules, “Philippa of Hainault and her Images,” 166. 43 . Sekules, “Philippa of Hainault and her Images,” 167. 44 . All the birthdates and the names of the royal family have been taken from the relevant entries in the ODNB volumes unless otherwise noted in subsequent footnotes. 4 5. A n t h o n y G o o d m a n , John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1992), 48. 4 6. M a u r e r , Margaret of Anjou, 44. Secondary scholarship on other later medieval queens has not noted grants of this nature for any other queen. 47 . TNA, E 101/355/29 mem. 1; TNA, E 101/355/30 mem. 1; I have found no documentation for Margaret’s whereabouts between November 18, 1299, and April 21, 1300, but we do know that she was in the prince’s household until at least the 18th. 4 8. A p p e n d i x I . 4 9. A p p e n d i x I . 50 . See section 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 51 . See sections 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 5 2. A p p e n d i x I . 5 3. A p p e n d i x I . 54 . See section 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 55 . John Carmi Parsons, “Intercessionary Patronage of Queen Margaret and Isabella of France,” in Thirteenth Century England, VI: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, ed. Michael Prestwich, R. H. Britnell, and Robin Frame (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1995), 152–153. 56 . See section 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 57 . Parsons, “Mothers, Daughters, Power,” 63–78. 58 . Section 1.1 “Three Medieval Queens.” 5 9. CPR, 1292–1301, 604; CCR, 1303–1307, 19. 6 0. D a v i d G r e e n , The Black Prince (Stroud: Tempus, 2001), 23; Richard Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1996), 17. 6 1. Foedera , II, i, 184. 6 2. Trokelowe , 80–81; Paul Doherty, “Isabella, Queen of England 1296–1330” (PhD diss., University of Oxford, 1977), 49. 212 Notes

63 . Elizabeth A. R. Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery and Domestic Politics at the Court of Philip the Fair: Queen Isabella’s Mission to France 1314,” in Documenting the Past: Essays in Medieval History Presented to George Peddy Cuttino, ed. Jeffrey S. Hamilton and Patricia J. Bradley (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1989), 56; Sophie Menache, “Isabella of France Queen of England: A Reconsideration,” Journal of Medieval History 10 (1984): 107–109. 64 . Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 114–116. 6 5. W. M . O r m r o d , Edward III (Stroud: Tempus, 2005), 18; Shenton, “The Churchings of Philippa of Hainault,” 116; Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life , His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330 (Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2006), 211. 66 . Pauline Stafford, “Emma: The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 12–13; Janet L. Nelson, “Early Medieval Rites of Queen-Making and the Shaping of Medieval Queenship,” in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 306–307; Parsons, “Ritual and Symbol,” 61–62. 67 . See section 3.3 “Manipulating Intercession.” 68 . The queens’ influence over adult sons and roles as regent will be discussed in greater detail in chapter 6 six. For scholars who have examined the queen’s exploitation of motherhood through regency as a source of power see section 1.2 “Medieval Queens as Medieval Women,” Motherhood and Widowhood. 69 . Parsons, “Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power,” 65, 69, 72, 74, 75. 70 . Lois Huneycutt, “Public Lives, Private Ties: Royal Mothers in England and Scotland, 1070–1204,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1996), 296, ns. 4–5. 71 . Ralph V. Turner, “Eleanor of Aquitaine and Her Children: An Inquiry into Medieval Family Attachment,” Journal of Medieval History 14 (1988): 321–335; Ralph V. Turner, “The Children of Anglo-Norman Royalty and Their Upbringing,” Medieval Prosopography , 11(1990): 32. 7 2. H u n e y c u t t , “ R o y a l M o t h e r s , ” 2 9 5 – 3 0 8 . 73 . Marjorie Chibnall, “The Empress Matilda and Her Sons,” in Medieval Mothering, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 1996), 283; 7 4. H o w e l l , Eleanor of Provence, 99. 7 5. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 147–150. 76 . Alison Marshall, “The Childhood and Households of Edward II’s Ha lf-Brothers, Thomas of Brotherton a nd Edmund of Woodstock,” Notes 213

in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives ed. Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2006) 190–204. 77 . TNA, E 101/357/20 mem. 1. 78 . Marshall, “The Childhood and Household,” 192; Malcolm Vale, The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270–1380 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 50, 105. 79 . TNA, E 101/363/11, 12, 12, 14. 80 . TNA, E 101/363/14. 81 . TNA, E 101/360/28 mems 3, 5, 8. 82 . TNA, E 101/360/11 mem. 5d as cited in Vale, The Princely Court, 105. 83 . TNA, E 101/361/3 mem. 4. 84 . Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, 28, 48–51; Hanawalt, “Female Networks for Fostering,” 339–343. 8 5. T N A , E 1 0 1 / 3 7 5 / 3 ; CChR, 1300–1326, 202; Edward II’s half-brothers Thomas and Edmund also had their own households as infants: Marshall, “The Childhood and Households,” 192. 86 . TNA, E 101/375/3 mems 2–4. 87 . TNA, E 101/375/9 fol. 19v. 88 . TNA, E 101/ 375/9 fol. 33v. TNA, E 101/376/20 mems 2–4d. 89 . F. D. Blackley and G. Hermansen ed., The Household Book of Queen Isabella of England, for the Fifth Regnal Year of Edward II, 8th July 1311 to 7th July 1312 (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1971), xiii. 90 . TNA, E 101/375/19 mem. 1. 91 . TNA, E 101/375/9 fols 33–34v. 9 2. CPR, 1317–1321, 222–23; CPR, 1317–1321, 453; CFR, 1307–19, 389; Tout, Chapters , vol. IV, 72 n. 9, 74–75. 9 3. T N A , E 1 0 1 / 3 8 2 / 3 . 94 . TNA, C 61/36, mem. 24d. 95 . W. M. Ormrod, “The Royal Nursery: A Household for the Younger Children of Edward III,” EHR 120 (2005): 401. 9 6. CPMR, 1323–1364 , 1. 97 . Ormrod, “The Royal Nursery,” 398–415; Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 105–121. 98 . Ormrod, “The Royal Nursery,” 401, 404; W. M. Ormrod, Edward III (New Haven: Yale University Press), 130. 99 . TNA, E 101/389/9 mem. 2 contains a payment of wages to a laun- dress assigned by Queen Philippa. 100 . TNA, E 101/389/9 mem. 1. 101 . TNA, E 101/389/9 mem. 2. 1 0 2. O r m r o d , Edward III (2011) 130. 103 . TNA, E 36/205 fols 6, 6v, 7, 15. 104 . The Patent Rolls do not show any grants towardsthe establishment of a household for Edmund between 1341 and 1348. 105 . TNA, E 101/384/18 mem. 1; TNA, E 361/2 mem 10. 1 0 6. T N A , S C 1 / 5 4 / 2 9 . 214 Notes

107 . TNA, E 101/388/12 mem. 1. 108 . Patricia Cullum and Jeremy Goldberg, “How Margaret Blackburn Taught Her Daughters: Reading Devotional Instruction in a Book of Hours,” in Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain, Essays for Felicity Riddy, ed. Jocelyn Wogan-Browne et al. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000), 217–226; Pamela Shingorn, “The Wise Mother: The Image of St. Anne Teacing the Virgin Mary,” in Gendering the Master Narrative: Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary C. Erler and Maryanne Koaleski (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 105–134. 1 0 9. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 153. 110 . Parsons, “Mother, Daughters, Marriage, Power,” 75. 111 . Parsons, “Mother, Daughters, Marriage, Power,” 75. 112 . Elizabeth Danbury, “Images of English Queens in the Later Middle Ages,” Historian 46 (1995): 7; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 150. 113 . Anne Rudolf Stanton, The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2001), 199–203, 235. 1 1 4. S t a n t o n , The Queen Mary Psalter , 199–203, 235. 1 1 5. S t a n t o n , The Queen Mary Psalter , 106–107, 240. 1 1 6. S t a n t o n , The Queen Mary Psalter, 240–241. 1 1 7. S t a n t o n , The Queen Mary Psalter , 101–146, a lengthy portion of Stanton’s study describes in detail the emphasis on motherhood in the manuscript. 1 1 8. S t a n t o n , The Queen Mary Psalter , 126. 1 1 9. S t a n t o n , The Queen Mary Psalter, 239–241. 120 . Parsons, “Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power,” 3, 64, 65, 71, 72, 74, 75; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 182–185. 1 2 1. P i e r r e D u b o i s , Summaria Brevis et Compendiosa , ed. H. Kampf (Leipzig and Berlin: B. G. Tuebner, 1936). 122 . Elizabeth A. R. Brown, “The Political Repercussions of the Marriage of Edward II of England and Isabelle of France,” Speculum 63 (1988): 584–585, 593–595. 123 . Doherty, “Queen Isabella of England,” 48. Elizabeth M. Hallam, “Philip the Fair and the Cult of Saint Louis,” Studies in Church History 18 (1982): 201–214; Elizabeth A. R. Brown, “Persona et Gesta: The Image and Deeds of the Thirteenth-Century Capetians, 3—The Case of Philip the Fair,” Viator 19 (1989): 222, 225–226, 236. 12 4. Mu c h o f t h e s e c o n d a r y m a t e r i a l o n M a r g a r e t a n d I s a b e l l a ’ s patronage of Greyfriars was brought to my attention by Laura Slater: Laura Slater, “Queen Isabella of France: The Politics of Patronage, c.1325–1358” (master’s thesis, University of York, 2008), 5–26. Notes 215

1 2 5. C . L . K i n g s f o r d , The Grey Friars of London. Their History with the Register of their Convent and an Appendix of Documents (Aberdeen: The University of Aberdeen Press, 1915), 202–203. 1 2 6. K i n g s f o r d , The Grey Friars of London , 35, 163. 127 . Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France, 987–1328 (London: Longman, 2001), 234. 128 . Slater, “Queen Isabella of France,” 15. 129 . TNA, C 61/36, mem. 24d. 130 . Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery,” 56. 131 . Brown, “Diplomacy, Adultery,” 74–77; Hallam, Capetian France, 363. 132 . JRUL, MS Latin 234, fols 13v, 18v. 1 3 3. D . G r e e n , The Black Prince, 24. 134 . Nelson, “Medieval Queenship,” 197; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, 179. 135 . Parsons, “Mother, Daughters, Marriage, Power,” 63–78. 136 . Hudson, ed., “Octavian,” 45–114; Jean d’Arras, Melusine, ed. A. K. Donald, EETS, ES 68 (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1973). 137 . TNA, E 101/ 355/ 29, 30. 138 . TNA, E 101/363/18 fols 3, 6, 26; TNA, E 101/368/4 mem. 2; TNA, E 101/357/2. 1 3 9. CPR, 1307–1313, 58. 140 . TNA, E 101/363/18 fol. 3. 141 . BL MS Additional MS 32050, fol. 10v. 142 . TNA, SC 1/19/112a. 1 4 3. CPR, 1301–1307, 96. 1 4 4. CCR, 1296–1302, 414. 1 4 5. CPR, 1301–1307, 37. 1 4 6. CPR, 1301–1307, 342; Jeffrey S. Hamilton, Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall, 1307–1312: Politics and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988), 31–32; Jeffrey S. Hamilton, “The Character of Edward II: The Letters of Edward of Caernarfon Reconsidered,” in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives, ed. Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2006), 12–13, 16–17. 1 4 7. CCR, 1302–1307, 530–31; Hamilton, Piers Gaveston , 34; Hamilton, “The Character of Edward II,” 16–17. 1 4 8. CPR, 1292–1301,592 1 4 9. CPR, 1292–1301, 606. 150 . TNA, SC 1/1/31/184. 151 . TNA, E 101/373/15 fol. 3; TNA, E 101/373/19 mem. 2. 152 . TNA, E 101/373/5 mem. 3. 153 . TNA, SC 1/35/70, 131, 164; TNA, SC 1/37/55. 154 . Parsons, “Intercessionary Patronage of Queen Margaret and Isabella of France,” 154. 216 Notes

1 5 5. H a m i l t o n , Piers Gaveston, 39. 1 5 6. CPR, 1301–1307, 460. 1 5 7. Vita, 15; Annales Londinienses, 151; Flores, iii, 139; Trokelowe , 65. 158. CPR, 1307–1313, 25, 34, 52; CCR, 1307–1313, 12, 24. 159 . Lisa Benz St. John, “In the Queen’s Best Interest: Isabella, Edward II and the Image of a Functional Relationship,” in Fourteenth Century England VIII, ed. Jeffrey S. Hamilton (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2014). 1 6 0. CPR, 1292–1301, 451–53; CPR, 1307–1313, 76; CChR, 1300–1326 , 131. 1 6 1. CPR, 1307–1313, 216–218 162 . TNA, E 101/375/9, fol. 33; TNA, E 101/375/19; TNA, E 101/376/20; Blackley and Hermensen, ed., The Household Book of Queen Isabella, 206–207, 212–216; TNA, E 101/375/9, fol. 33; TNA, E 101/375/19; TNA, E 101/376/20; Ormrod, Edward III (2011), 10. 1 6 3. T N A , S C 1 / 5 4 / 9 6 . 164 . TNA, SC 1/40/5. 165 . W. M. Ormrod, “Edward III and His Family,” Journal of British Studies 26 (1987): 398–422. 166 . Parsons, “Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power,” 63, 66, 75. 167 . Many of the primary and secondary sources for the marriage nego- tiations of Edward III’s daughters were brought to my attention by Dr. Graham St. John: Graham E. St. John, “Edward III and the Use of Political Dissent in France, c. 1330–1360” (MPhil. thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005). 1 6 8. H . S . L u c a s , The Low Countries and the Hundred Years War, 1326–1347 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1929), 188. 1 6 9. CPR, 1334–1338, 420–421. 1 7 0. CPR, 1338–1340, 193, 249; David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (London: Longman 1992), 220. 1 7 1. Foedera, III, i, 111–112; CPR, 1348–1350, 251. 172 . G. E. St. John, “Edward III,” 15. 173 . TNA, C 61/63 mem. 6; Foedera, III, i, 218–19, 235; CPR, 1350–1354, 127. 1 7 4. M a r y A n n e E v e r e t t G r e e n , Lives of the Princesses of England from the Norman Conquest, vol. 3 (London, Longman, Brown, Green, Longman & Roberts, 1857), 193. 175 . Jessica Lutkin, “Isabella de Coucy: The Exception Who Proves the Rule,” in Fourteenth Century England VI, ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2010), 136. 1 7 6. Foedera, III, i, 22l; M. Green, Lives of the Princesses of England, vol. 3, 244. 177 . Ormrod, “The Royal Nursery,” 413, n. 83; M. Green, Lives of the Princesses, vol. 3, 257. 178 . Friedrich Bock, “Some New Documents Illustrating the Early Years of the Hundred Years War,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library XV (1931): 63–66. Notes 217

1 7 9. P i e r r e C h a p l a i s , The War of Saint-Sardos , Camden, 3rd Series, 87 (1954), 214–216; Alison McHardy, “Paying for the Wedding: Edward III as Fundraiser,” in Fourteenth Century England, IV, ed. Jeffrey.S. Hamilton (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2006), 43; E. W. Safford, “An Account of the Expenses of Eleanor, Sister of Edward III, on Her Marriage to the Count of Guelders,” Archaeologia 77 (1927): 112. 180 . TNA, E 101/386/7 fols 3v, 4v, 7. 1 8 1. O r m r o d , Edward III (2011), 125. 1 8 2. H a i n e s , Edward II , 172–173; Joseph Hunter, “The Mission of Queen Isabella to the Court of France and of Her Long Residence in That Country,” Archaeologia 36 (1855): 242–256; Andrew Wathey, “The Marriage of Edward III and the Transmission of French Motets to England,” Journal of the American Musicological Society 45(1992): 13; Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 181. 1 8 3. H a i n e s , King Edward II, 1–29, 172; Wathey, “The Marriage of Edward III,” 13. 1 8 4. Foedera II, i, 586–589, 590–591. 1 8 5. L u c a s , The Hundred Years War, 58–62. 1 8 6. Foedera II, ii, 712–714; CPL , 484. 1 8 7. O r m r o d , Edward III (2005), 17; Ranald Nicholson, Edward III and the Scots, the Formative Years of a Military Career, 1327–1335 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 45. 188 . E. L. G. Stones, “The Treaty of Northampton, 1328,” History 38 (1953): 57–58. 1 8 9. M a y M c K i s a c k , Fourteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), 100. 1 9 0. N i c h o l s o n , Edward III and the Scots, 52. 1 9 1. O r m r o d , Edward III (2011), 73. 192 . Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990), 123; Nicholson, Edward III and the Scots, 56–57. Murimuth, 57: Murimuth’s chronicle was begun sometime before 1337, but he was not writing contemporaneously to events until 1338, le Baker: Baker’s started work on his Chronicon after 1341; Scalachronica, 99–103: probably begun between 1355 and 1359; Lanercost, 261: composed sometime in Edward III’s reign; The Brut, 256–261: The Anglo-Norman Brut was written ca. 1350 and the Middle English translation between 1350 and 1380; Chroniques de London, 61–62: probably written after 1350 because it was based on the Brut Chronicle; Anonimalle Chronicle, 141, 142: also written after 1350 because it was based on the Brut Chronicle. The dates for the composition of these chronicles can be found in Gransden, Historical Writings , 12, 30, 37, 72, 93, 115, and Lister Mathesons, The Prose Brut: The Development of a Middle 218 Notes

wEnglish Chronicle (Tempe: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1998), 4–5. 193 . Seymour Phillips (ed.), “Edward III: Parliament of 1327, Text and Translation”, in PROME, ed. C. Given-Wilson et al., Internet ver- sion, at http://www.sd-editions.com/PROME, accessed on July 2, 2008. Scholarly Digital Editions, Leicester: 2005. 194 . TNA, SC 1/63/247 ; TNA, E 403/254; Ormrod, Edward III (2011), 124. 195 . Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest vol. 2 (London: Henry Colburn, 1840–49), 287–292; Hilda Johnstone, “Isabelle, the She-Wolf of France,” History 21 (1936): 208–218; Michael Prestwich, The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377 (New York: Routledge, 1990), 100; Fryde claims that she was sent to a nunnery: Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall, 225; Froissart, vol. 2, 247. 196 . BL MS Cotton Galba E XIV, household accounts begin in October 1357; Michael Bennett, “Isabelle of France, Anglo-French Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange in the Late 1350s,” in Age of Edward III, ed. James Boswell (York: York Medieval Press 2001), 216. 1 9 7. O r m r o d , Edward III (2011), 124. 1 9 8. Foedera, II, iii, 37. 199 . Nigel Morgan “Texts and Images of Marian Devotion in English Twelfth-Century Monasticism, and Their Influence on the Secular Church,” in Monasteries and Society in Medieval Britain, ed. Benjamin Thompson (Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1999), 45, 50, 51; Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c.1400– c.1580 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 256–265; W. M. Ormrod has argued that Edward III “was clearly and firmly fixed in the English tradition of Marian devotion,” W. M. Ormrod, “The Personal Religion of Edward III,” Speculum 84 (1989): 858. 2 0 0. CPL, 498. 2 0 1. CPR, 1334–1338, 24. 202 . BL MS Cotton Galba E XIV fols 15, 16, 17, 18v, 19, 20v, 31. 203 . F. D. Blackley, “Isabella Queen of England and the Late Medieval Cult of the Dead,” Canadian Journal of History 15 (1980): 45. 204 . Bennett, “Isabelle of France,” 222. 205 . BL MS Cotton Galba E XIV fols 15v, 20, 22, 26. 206 . BL MS Cotton Galba E XIV fols 21, 42, 55, 56, 56v. 207 . TNA, E 101/386/7 fol. 7; Ormrod, Edward III (2011), 124–126. 2 0 8. L a y n e s m i t h , The Last Medieval Queens, 149.

6 Administrator of the Realm 1 . John Carmi Parsons, “Family, Sex and Power: The Rhythms of Medieval Queenship,” in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 7; André Poulet, Notes 219

“Capetian Women and the Regency: The Genesis of a Vocation,” in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 93–116. 2 . Anthony Musson, “Queenship, Lordship and Petitioning in Late Medieval England,” in Medieval Petitions: Grace and Grievance, ed. W. M. Ormrod, Gwilym Dodd, and Anthony Musson (York: York Medieval Press, 2009), 164. 3 . D. M. Broome, “Exchequer Migrations to York in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,” in Medieval Essays Presented to Thomas Fredrick Tout , ed. A. G. Little and F. M. Powicke (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1925); Ranald Nicholson, Edward III and the Scots: The Formative Years of a Military Career, 1327–1335 (Oxford, 1965), 42. 4 . See section 3.2 “Perceptions of Influence.” 5 . Elizabeth M. Hallam, The Itinerary of Edward II and His Household, 1307–1328, List and Index Society 211 (London: Swift, 1984), 7; H. C. Maxwell-Lyte, Historical Notes on the Use of the Great Seal of England (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1926), 295–296; Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330 (Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2006), 266–268. 6 . H a i n e s , Edward II, 121–131; M. C. Buck, “Salmon, John ( d. 1325),” ODNB, vol. 46, 729–730. 7 . B e r t i e W i l k i n s o n , “ T h e C h a n c e r y , ” i n EGW, 1327–1336, vol. 1, ed. W. Morris (Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930–1940), 174. 8 . Maxwell-Lyte, Historical Notes, 295. 9 . Maxwell-Lyte, Historical Notes, 295–296. 1 0. W i l k i n s o n , “ T h e C h a n c e r y , ” 1 7 2 ; M a x w e l l - L y t e , Historical Notes, 324. 1 1. M a x w e l l - L y t e , Historical Notes , 324–325, 296. 1 2. M a x w e l l - L y t e , Historical Notes, 1. 1 3. T . F . To u t , Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, vol. 5 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933), 59; Maxwell-Lyte, Historical Notes, 295–296. 1 4. CPR, 1317–1321, 391; CCR, 1318–1323, 158–159. 1 5. CCR, 1318–1323 , 313–314, 385–402; CPR, 1321–1324, 1–20. 16 . TNA, E 101/387/19 mem. 5; Caroline Shenton, The Itinerary of Edward III and his Household, 1327–1345, List and Index Society, 318 (London: Swift, 2007). 1 7. B i r t i e W i l k i n s o n , “ T h e C h a n c e r y , ” 1 8 7 . 1 8. HBC , 35–36. 1 9. HBC , 35–36. 20 . W. M. Ormrod, “Edward III’s Government of England c. 1346–1356” (PhD diss., University of Oxford, 1984) 105. 220 Notes

21 . Ormrod, “Edward III’s Government of England,” 105, ftn. 2. Ormrod does not place Philippa on the council. 2 2. CPR, 1340–43, 572. 23 . TNA, SC 1/39/175. 24 . See section 4.2 “The Queen’s Affinity.” 2 5. J e a n l e B e l, Cronique de Jean le Bel, ed. Jules Viard et Eugène Déprez (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1977), 125–133. 26 . Michael Prestwich, “The English at the Battle of Neville’s Cross,” in The Battle of Neville’s Cross, 1346, ed. David Rollason and Michael Prestwich (Donington: Shaun Tyas/Paul Watkins Publishing, 1998), 8. 27 . Prestwich, “The English at the Battle of Neville’s Cross,” 8. 28 . Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon and London, 2004), 3. 29 . Helen Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), 159–174. 3 0. N a t a l i e F r y d e , The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 207; Katherine Allocco, “Intercessor, Rebel, Regent: The Political Life of Isabella of France” (PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 2004), 252–314; Paul Dryburgh, “The Career of Roger Mortimer, the First Earl of March” (PhD diss., University of Bristol, 2002), 109–150, 147; May McKisack, Fourteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), 97; Haines, King, Edward II, 177–218, 207; W. M.Or m rod, Edward III (Stroud: Tempus, 2005), 16; W. M. Ormrod, “The Sexualities of Edward II,” in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives, ed. Gwilym Dodd and Anthony (York: York Medieval Press, 2006), 43; Frank Wiswall, “Politics, Procedure and the ‘Non-Minority’ of Edward III: Some Comparisons,” in The Age of Richard II, ed. James L. Gillespie (Stroud: Tempus, 1997), 14, 18, 20–21; Claire Valente, “The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II,” EHR 113 (1998): 852–878; Sophie Menache, “Isabelle of France,” Journal of Medieval History 10 (1984): 121; Caroline Shenton, “Edward II and the Coup of 1330,” in The Age of Edward III, ed. J. S. Bothwell (York: York Medieval Press, 2001), 13–14; J. S. Bothwell, “The More Things Change: Isabella and Mortimer, Edward III, and the Painful Delay of a Royal Majority (1327–1330),” in The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England, ed. Charles Beem (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 92. 31 . E. L. G. Stones, “The English Mission to Edinburgh in 1328,” Scottish Historical Review 28 (1949): 127. 3 2. S e e n o t e 3 0 i n t h i s c h a p t e r . 33 . Frank L., Wiswall, “‘Non-Minority’ of Edward III,” 10–11; Gwilym Dodd, “Richard II, Fiction of Majority Rule,” in The Royal Minorities Notes 221

of Medieval and Early Modern England, ed. Charles Beem (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 107; David Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 18, 52–55; Nigel Saul, Richard II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 27; John Watts, Henry VI (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 113. 34 . For a complete study of Mortimer’s part in the regime, see Paul Dryburgh, “The Career of Roger Mortimer,” 109–152. Also see note 30 in this chapter. 3 5. CCR, 1307–1313 , 17–19; CCR, 1318–1323 , 235–244; CPR, 1317–1321, 454. 3 6. CPR, 1307–1313 , 277, 333. 3 7. CPR, 1317–1321 , 490. 3 8. H a i n e s , Edward II , 181. 3 9. Foedera, II, i, 646. 4 0. Foedera , II, i, 646. 41 . TNA, SC 1/49/189; TNA, SC 1/37/19; TNA, SC 8/74/3669; TNA, SC 8/32/1572. 4 2. T N A , S C 1 / 3 7 / 1 9 ; CCR, 1323–1326, 655–656. 4 3. T N A , S C 1 / 3 7 / 4 6 . 4 4. CCR, 1323–1327 , 655–656. 4 5. CPMR, 1323–1364, 17–18. 4 6. CPMR, 1323–1364, 17–18. 4 7. CCR, 1323–1327 , 655–656. 4 8. T N A , S C 1 / 3 6 / 8 6 . 4 9. CPR, 1324–1327, 336–347; CCR, 1323–1327, 653–660. 50 . By the queen and the prince: CPR, 1324–1327, 337, 340, 341, 344; CCR, 1327–1330, 69: they appoint William Ross as keeper of Yorkshire by joint command. 5 1. B y K i n g : CPR, 1324–1327, 346; by bill of the wardrobe CCR, 1324–1327 , 339. 5 2. B y Q u e e n : CPR, 1324–1327 , 341. 5 3. T N A , S C 1 / 3 7 / 1 9 ; CCR, 1323–1326 , 655–656. 54 . TNA, SC 8/46/2256; Shelagh Sneddon, “Words and Realities: The Language and Dating of Petitions, 1326–1327,” in Medieval Petitions: Grace and Grievance, ed. W. M. Ormrod, Anthony Musson, and Gwilym Dodd (York: York Medieval Press 2009), 199. 55 . TNA, SC 8/46/2256; Sneddon “Words and Realities,” 199. 56 . TNA, SC 1/35/187. 5 7. D a v i d C a r p e n t e r , The Minority of Henry III ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 389. 58 . TNA, E 101/382/9 mem. 5 contains a marginal note of the separation of the queen’s household from the king’s on March 11. 59 . See section 5.2 “Symbolic Power,” Symbolic Capitol, Pregnancy, and Birth. 222 Notes

60 . Valente provides a thorough description of the deposition with a historiography of how the deposition has been seen by historians and highlights it as an unprecedented event, with which most his- torians agree: Claire Valente, “The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II,” 852–853; Edward Peters, The Shadow King: Rex Inutilis in Medieval Law and Literature, 751–1327 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 236–241; Haines, King Edward II, 193. 6 1. C a r p e n t e r , The Minority of Henry III, 14 62 . Seymour Phillips, ed., “Edward III: Parliament of January 1327, Introduction,” in PROME, ed. C. Given-Wilson et al. Internet version, at http://www.sd-editions.com/PROME, accessed on September 15, 2008. Scholarly Digital Editions, Leicester: 2005. 63 . Seymour Phillips, ed., “Edward III: Parliament of 1330, Text and Translation,” in PROME ed. C. Given-Wilson et al., Internet version, at http://www.sd-editions.com/PROME, accessed on September 15, 2008. Scholarly Digital Editions, Leicester: 2005. 6 4. H a i n e s , King Edward II, 195–196: Haines discusses the different sources for the council’s membership. Among them he lists the Brut Chronicle and the testers to the charter of liberties for the City of London contained in the Annales Paulini. Also see Bothwell, “Isabella and Mortimer, Edward III,” 73. 65 . Ormrod, “Edward III’s Government of England,” 100. Also see Watts, Henry VI, 82–86. 6 6. C a r p e n t e r , The Minority of Henry III, 54; Watts, Henry VI, 114–120. 6 7. CCR, 1327–1330, 98. 6 8. CCR, 1327–1330, 214. 6 9. CCR, 1327–1330, 425. 7 0. T N A , S C 1 / 3 6 / 9 3 . 7 1. T N A , S C 1 / 3 6 / 9 0 . 7 2. L e B e l , Chroniques, 101. 7 3. To u t , Chapters , vol. 5, 3–5. 74 . Allocco, “The Political Life of Isabella of France,” 563. 75 . Allocco, “The Political Life of Isabella of France,” 563. 7 6. W i l k i n s o n , “ T h e C h a n c e r y , ” 1 7 0 – 1 8 0 ; To u t , Chapters, vol. 5, 59–60. Maxwell-Lyte, Historical Notes , 84; Joseph Conway Davies, Baronial Opposition to Edward II (London: Cass, 1967), 569. 77 . W. M. Ormrod, “The King’s Secrets: Richard de Bury and the Monarchy of Edward III,” in War, Government and Aristocracy in the British Isles, c. 1150–1500: Essays in Honour of Michael Prestwich, ed. Chris Given-Wilson, Ann Kettle, and Len Scales (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2008), 166–170. 7 8. T N A , S C 1 / 3 5 / 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 ; CPR, 1327–1330, 213–214; CCR, 1327–1330, 425; TNA, E 101/386/3 fol.1v; TNA, SC 1/38/190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196. Notes 223

7 9. S h e n t o n , The Itinerary of Edward III, 13–67. 8 0. S h e n t o n , The Itinerary of Edward III, 5. 8 1. To u t , Chapters, vol. 5, 4–6; Birtie Wilkinson, The Chancery Under Edward III (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1929), 100. 8 2. CPR, 1327–1330 , 58; CCR, 1327–1330, 387. 83 . TNA, SC1/ 36/190; TNA, SC 8/257/12832; See section 4.3 “The Estates.” 84 . TNA, SC 1/30/106; TNA, SC 1/37/69; TNA, SC 1/25/203. 85 . Crawford, “The Queen’s Council in the Middle Ages,” EHR , 116 (2001): 1193. 86 . See section 3.1 “Intercession with King and Crown.” 8 7. P a r d o n s : CPR, 1227–1330, 94, 100, 125,169, 175, 183, 200, 257, 357, 372, 544, 542–543. Grants: CPR, 1227–1330, 140, 189, 198–199, 264, 300, 322, 340, 380, 539, 367, 378, 468, 520, 523; CCR, 1327–1330, 461; CCR, 1330–1333, 50; CChR, 1326–1341, 190. Other: CPR, 1227–1330, 127, 297. 8 8. CPR, 1227–1330 , 176; TNA, SC 1/38/191, 192; TNA, SC 1/37/14. 8 9. CPR, 1307–1313, 138, 190, 208, 212, 311, 351, 522; CPR, 1313–1317, 131, 166, 201, 223, 254, 640, 639; CPR, 1317–1321, 27, 21, 25, 227, 576. 9 0. T N A , S C 1 / 3 6 / 1 0 0 . 9 1. M a r g a r e t : CPR, 1313–1317, 259. Isabella: CPR, 1317–1321, 325; CCR, 1341–1343, 35–36, 236; CCR, 1349–1354, 34; CCR, 1354–1360, 45; TNA, SC 1/50/168. Philippa: CPR, 1330–1334, 43, 403; CCR, 1330–1333, 542; CCR, 1333–1337, 547–548, 686; CCR, 1337–1339, 111, 284; CPR, 1350–1354, 43; CPR, 1358–1360, 446; CPR, 1361–1364, 334, 375–376; TNA, SC 1/39/15; TNA, SC 1/56/40. 92 . See section 4.3 “The Estates” for debts to the queen in the exchequer. 93 . TNA, SC 1/42/110; TNA, SC 1/ 36/193; CPR, 1327–1330, 372. 94 . See section 3.3 “Manipulating Intercession.” 9 5. CPR, 1327–1330, 9–70. 9 6. CPR, 1327–1330, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 23, 26, 27, 36, 41, 59, 60, 63. 9 7. S e e A p p e n d i x I . 9 8. T N A , S C 1 / 3 7 / 7 6 . 9 9. T N A , S C 1 / 4 2 / 6 9 . 100 . TNA, SC 1/35/186. 101 . TNA SC 1/35/182: a warrant to the chancellor for the appointment of the new sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk. TNA, SC 1/36/78: a letter to the keepers of the Great Seal for the reinstatement of William de Caythorp as a chancery clerk; CPR, 1327–1330, 304: The appoint- ment of John de Say to the office of controller of the customs of wools, hides, and wool-fells in the port of London at the request of Queen Isabella; CPR, 1327–1330, 31: The appointment of Robert de Poleye to the office of ulnager of Worstead in Norfolk at the request of Queen Isabella. 224 Notes

102 . TNA, SC 1/42/38: a request for a dispute between the abbey and a merchant to be postponed until parliament from the abbot of Fecamp. 103 . TNA, SC 1/38/193; CPR, 1327–1330, 565. 104 . Malcom Vale, The Origins of the Hundred Years War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 253. 105 . TNA, SC 1/42/161. 106 . Vale, Origins, 253–263. 107 . See section 5.4 “Achieved Power and Authority: Children as Adults.” 108 . The chronicles treatment of Isabella will be discussed herein, but almost all of them attribute the “shameful peace” to Isabella: Murimuth, 57; Anonimalle, 141, Robert of Avesbury, 283; Scalachronica , 103; Brut Chronicle, 256; Lanercost, 261; Geoffrey le Baker, “Vita et mors Edwardi II Conscripta a Thoma de la Moore,” in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II , vol. 2, ed. William Stubbs, Rolls Series 76 (New York: Kraus Reprint 1965), 41; Nicholson, Edward III and the Scots, 55; Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall, 217; McKisack, Fourteenth-Century England, 100; Haines, Edward II, 198–199; Ormrod, Edward III, 17. 1 0 9. Foedera , II, ii, 724, 728, 730, 733, 740–742. 110 . E. L. G. Stones, “The Treaty of Northampton, 1328,” History 38 (1953): 57–58. 1 1 1. N i c h o l s o n , Edward III and the Scots, 57–58; Stones, “The Treaty of Northampton,” 57–58. 112 . Stones, “The Treaty of Northampton,” 57–58. 1 1 3. N i c h o l s o n , Edward III and the Scots, 62–63. 114 . Ormrod, “Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages,” 175–187. 115 . For Lancaster’s accusations: CPMR, 1323–1364, 77–73. 116 . Ian Mortimer, The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, Ruler of England: 1327–1330 (New York: Pilmco, 2006), 214–215; Haines, King Edward II , 199–201. 117 . Dryburgh, “The Career of Roger Mortimer,” 109; Bothwell, “Isabella and Mortimer, Edward III,” 82. 118 . Dryburgh, “The Career of Roger Mortimer,” 109. 119 . Bothwell, “Isabella and Mortimer, Edward III,” 83–82. 1 2 0. Foedera II, ii, 766, 768, 777: to negotiate marriages between John of Eltham and Eleanor and Philip VI’s children; TNA, E 101/310/7. 1 2 1. A p p e n d i x I . 122 . Penny Lawne, “Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent (1301–1300): A Study of Personal Loyalty,” in Fourteenth Century England VI, ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2010), 27–48. 123 . G. C. Crump, “Arrest of Roger Mortimer,” EHR 26 (1911): 331–332. 124 . Ormrod, “The King’s Secrets,” 166–170. Notes 225

1 2 5. To u t , Chapters, vol. 6, 10–11; CCR, 1323–1327, 65: From Oct. 26, 1326, to Nov. 20, 1326, Robert Wyville, queens clerk, was keeper of the privy seal, and it was used instead of the great seal because the keeper of the realm, Edward of Woodstock, had no other seal; HBC, 251. 1 2 6. CCR, 1330–1333, 156: for his appointment to the bishopric of Salisbury. 1 2 7. T N A , S C 8 / 8 9 / 4 4 0 7 . 128 . A similar example exists on the chancery rolls: CCR, 1327–1330, 438. 1 2 9. O r m r o d , Edward III, 10; Caroline Shenton, “Edward III and the Coup of 1330,” 13–34. 130 . See section 5.4 “Achieved Power and Authority: Children as Adults.” 1 3 1. CPL , 498. 1 3 2. CPR, 1330–1334 , 195, 225–226. 133 . See note 30 and 108 in this chapter. 1 3 4. The Bridlington Chronicle was fairly contemporary with the events it records; The Polychronicon was begun in 1327 and continued until the 1360s; both the Annales Londoniensis and the Annales Paulini were contemporary to the events they record. The dates for the composition of these chronicles can be found in Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England. c.1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century, vol. 2 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974), 9, 23–24, 25, 44, 63–64. 1 3 5. Murimuth 57, 59: Murimuth’s chronicle was begun sometime before 1337, but was not writing contemporaneously to events until 1338, le Baker , 21, 41: Baker’s started work on his Chronicon after 1341; Scalachronica , 97, 99, 103, 105: probably begun between 1355 and 1359; Lanercost , 254–255, 261, 265: composed sometime in Edward III’s reign; Brut, 241, 248, 254, 256, 257–261, 263–267, 268–272: The Anglo-Norman Brut was written ca. 1350 and the Middle English translation between 1350 and 1380; Chroniques de London, 61–62: probably written after 1350 because it was based on the Brut Chronicle; Anonimalle, 135, 141, 142: also written after 1350 because it was based on the Brut Chronicle. The dates for the composition of these chronicles can be found in Gransden, Historical Writings, 12, 30, 37, 72, 93, 115; Lister Mathesons, The Prose Brut: The Development of a Middle English Chronicle (Tempe: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1998), 4–5. 1 3 6. L e B e l, Chronique, 101–102 1 3 7. G r a n s d e n , Historical Writings , 18–22, 84–86. 138 . Piers Gaveston and Hugh Despenser, for example. See Ormrod “The Sexualities of Edward II,” 22–47 for the broad definition and usage of sodomy. Chroniclers could turn to the word “sodomy” to imply any a number of eccentric behaviors. 226 Notes

139 . Ormrod, “Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity,” 178. 140 . Poulet, “Capetian Women,” 93–116. 141 . See Janet L. Nelson, “Queens as Jezebels: The Careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History,” in Medieval Women, Dedicated and Presented to Professor Rosalind M. T. Hill on the Occasion of her Seventieth Birthday, ed. Derek (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 31–77; Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, 177–178: Maurer explains how allegations of adultery and sexual transgression were linked to charges of disorder within the realm and marked Margaret of Anjou as a woman out of place. 1 4 2. CCR, 1327–1330, 57–58. 143 . Poulet, “Capetian Women,” 93–116; Rachel Bard, Navarra: The Durable Kingdom (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1982), 50–51; Theodore Evergates, Aristocratic Women in Medieval France, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 88.

7 Conclusions 1 . V. H . G a l b r a i t h , e d . , The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333–1381, (Manchester: Manchester University Press,1927), 166. 2 . Juliet Vale, “Philippa (1310/15–1358),” ODNB , vol. 44, 35–37. 3 . Joanna Laynesmith argues that by the mid-fifteenth century, the queen only occasionally acted as an intercessor, and that there is lit- tle significant evidence for cultural patronage: Joanna Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship, 1445–1503 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 263–264. 4 . Eleanor of Castile was accused of causing Edward I to rule harshly perhaps as a result of her failure to conform to positions of humility and subservience when interceding. John Carmi Parsons argues that Edward I may have manipulated this fine line between acceptable power and excessive power. According to Parsons, it is possible that Edward assigned the Jewish debts to Eleanor, so that he could aug- ment his own demesne without incurring criticism himself. Parsons has also found that Edward financially contributed to Eleanor’s land purchases (she did not have dower lands during her lifetime). The result was that the lands Eleanor bought were administered as a single unit and were used to dower Margaret of France during her own lifetime. This meant that the rest of the royal demesne was not touched to dower the subsequent queens. Edward clearly saw the benefit of allowing queens to act in their own right: John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), 123, 152–153. B IBLIOGRAPHY

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I NDEX

A b b e v i l l e , see Ponthieu de Burgh, Elizabeth (d. 1360), A i r m y n , W i l l i a m , 1 3 5 countess of Ulster, 80 Anne of Bohemia (d. 1394), queen of Burghersh (the elder), Bartholomew E n g l a n d , 6 , 6 8, 1 0 0 (d. 1355), Lord Burghersh, 123 Burghersh, Henry (d. 1340), bishop of Badlesmere, Bartholomew (d. 1322), L i n c o l n , 1 4 8, 1 5 0, 1 5 7, 1 5 8 3 , 5 8 – 9, 8 0, 1 6 8 Bury Richard (d. 1345), bishop of B a l d o c k , R o b e r t ( d . 1 3 2 7 ) , 2 8, 3 1, D u r h a m , 1 4 9, 1 5 8 4 2, 4 4 B u r y S t . E d m u n d s , 7 5 de Barr, Joan, countess of Surrey and Sussex, 80 C a e n , 5 0 b a s t a r d f e u d a l i s m , 7 2 – 6 Calais, siege of (1346-7), 53 , 56 , B e a u c h a m p , f a m i l y , 7 9 n . 8 8 7 7, 9 9, 1 0 0, 1 9 6 n . 1 1 4 de Beaumont, Henry (d. 1340), earl of C a n t e r b u r y , 1 , 2 , 3 5, 5 0, 5 8, 1 0 0, 1 2 8 B u c h a n , 5 5, 7 8 n s 8 4 – 6, 7 9, a r c h b i s h o p o f , 1 3 6, 1 3 7 , 1 4 6, 1 5 6 see also S t r a t f o r d , J o h n de Beaumont, Isabella, lady de Vescy, Castle Rising, 127 6 7, 7 8 n s 8 4 – 6 Charles IV (d. 1328), king of de Beaumont, Louis (d. 1340), bishop F r a n c e , 3 , 6 0 o f D u r h a m , 5 4, 5 6, 7 8 n s 8 4 – 6 Chester, earldom and palatinate of, l e B e l , J e a n ( d . 1 3 7 0 ) , 5 4, 1 0 0, 1 3 8, 1 4 9, 9 2, 1 0 6, 1 1 0, 1 1 6, 1 4 3 160 c h r o n i c l e s , u s e o f , 2 3 – 4, 2 5, 3 9, 5 1 – 6, Benedict XII (d. 1342), Pope, 56 8 0, 9 8 – 1 0 0, 1 2 6, 1 3 8, 1 6 0 – 1 Blanche of the Tower, daughter of de Clare, Gilbert (d. 1314), earl of Edward III, king of England, 5 Gloucester and Hertford, 36 , de Bohun Humphrey (d. 1322), earl of 4 6, 5 3, 8 3, 1 1 9, 1 4 1 H e r e f o r d a n d E s s e x , 4 5, daughters of, see de Burgh, 5 2, 5 3, 5 6 Elizabeth ; Despenser, Eleanor d e B o u d e n , W i l l i a m , 5 2, 7 0, 7 1, 7 8 mother of, see J o a n o f A c r e Boulogne-sur-Mer, 2 Clement V (d. 1314), Pope, 56 Brabant, John of (d. 1355), duke of Clement VI (d. 1314), Pope, 56 B r a b a n t , 6 1 C l i f f , H e n r y ( d . 1 3 3 4 ) , 4 2, 1 4 4, 1 4 8, 1 5 2 Brétigny, Treaty of (1360), 61 Clinton, William (d. 1354) Earl of B r i s t o l C a s t l e , 7 4 Huntingdon, 79 n. 89 , 80 Brittany, John of (d. 1324), earl of see also Isabella of France, R i c h m o n d , 4 5, 5 5, 1 2 4 household: personnel 248 Index

Comyn, Alice (d. 1349), countess of Edward I (d. 1307), king of England, 1 , Buchan, 70 2 , 3 0, 3 5 – 7, 4 1, 4 3 – 4, 4 6, 5 5, 6 8, 8 2, Cornwall, earldom of, 111 , 120 , 8 7, 8 8, 1 0 2, 1 0 3 – 4, 1 2 1, 1 5 1 1 0 5, 1 1 4, 1 1 5, 1 1 7, 1 1 9, see also Gaveston, Piers; 1 2 0, 1 3 4, 1 3 5, 1 6 8 John of Eltham children, see Edmund of Coventry, manor of, 93 W o o d s t o c k; E d w a r d I I; E l e a n o r t h e c r o w n , 1 , 1 7, 1 8, 2 0, 3 4 – 5, 4 3 – 6, (d.1310); Elizabeth, countess of 6 5, 8 1, 8 9, 9 2 – 4, 1 2 1, 1 2 7 – 8, 1 3 0 – 1, H e r e f o r d; J o a n o f A c r e; M a r y 1 3 4 – 7, 1 6 0 – 2, 1 6 7 – 9 of Woodstock ; Thomas of d e f i n i t i o n o f , 9 – 1 2 Brotherton see also Eleanor of Castile; Eleanor David II (Bruce) (d. 1371), king of of Provence; Margaret of France; Scotland, 4 , 125–6 , 155 Scotland de la Despense, Nicholas, 78 n. 83 Edward II (d. 1327), king of England, 1 , Despenser, Eleanor (d. 1337), wife of 2 , 3 , 5 , 3 3 – 4, 3 7, 4 2, 4 4, 4 6, 4 9, 5 9, Hugh Despenser (the younger), 6 2, 7 7, 7 8, 8 3, 8 7, 8 8, 1 0 2, 1 0 5, 1 0 6, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 2 0 – 1, 1 2 5, 1 3 4, 1 3 5 – 6, 1 4 1, earl of Gloucester, 49 , 67 , 1 5 4, 1 5 5, 1 6 8, 1 6 9 7 9 n . 9 0, 1 1 1 children, see E d w a r d I I I; E l e a n o r Despenser (the elder), Hugh of Woodstock ; Joan of the ( d . 1 3 2 6 ) , 4 0, 4 3, 5 8, 6 0, Tower (d. 1362) ; John 79 n. 90, 87 , 162 of Eltham Despenser (the younger), Hugh c o n f l i c t w i t h b a r o n s , 5 1 – 3, (d. 1326), lord Despenser, 3 , 5 4 – 5, 5 8, 1 0 4 2 7, 2 8, 3 0, 3 8, 4 0, 4 3, 4 8, 5 6, d e p o s i t i o n a n d d e a t h , 4 , 3 1, 8 0, 1 2 5, 6 0 n . 1 3 0, 7 6 n . 7 4, 7 9 n . 9 0, 1 2 7, 1 4 1, 1 4 2 – 7, 1 5 1, 1 6 0, 1 6 2 1 0 5, 1 5 2, 1 6 2 and Despenser, Hugh (the e x i l e o f , 5 1 – 2, 5 5, 5 8, 1 3 5 younger), lord Despenser, 3 , see also Isabella of France 2 7, 3 8, 4 0, 4 3, 5 8 Droxford, John (d. 1329), bishop of as Edward of Caernarvon, 43 , 47 , Bath and Wells, 141–2 6 7, 7 0, 8 7, 1 0 3, 1 0 7, 1 1 8 – 1 9 D u r h a m , 5 6 and Gaveston, Piers, earl of b i s h o p o f , 5 4, 7 8, 1 3 7 C o r n w a l l , 3 , 3 8, 4 0, 1 0 4, 1 2 0 b i s h o p r i c o f , 5 4 h o m o s e x u a l i t y , 3 8 household, see Isabella of France, Edmund of Langley (d. 1402), household duke of York, son of Edward III, see also Isabella of France ; k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 5 , 1 1 2 L a n c a s t e r , T h o m a s; L e e d s Edmund of Woodstock (d. 1330), Castle ; Margaret of France, earl of Kent, son of Edward I, motherhood k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 2 , 1 0 2, 1 0 3, 1 0 4, Edward III (d. 1377), king of 1 0 8 – 1 0, 1 1 7, 1 1 8, 1 2 1, 1 5 7 E n g l a n d , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 3 0, 3 4, 4 1, 4 4, e x e c u t i o n , 4 , 1 6 0, 1 5 7 5 3 – 4, 5 6, 6 1, 6 2 – 3, 6 6, 7 6 – 7, 8 7, i n h e r i t a n c e , 1 2 0 8 8 – 9, 9 3, 9 9 – 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 1 0 2, 1 0 5, Index 249

1 0 6, 1 2 1, 1 2 8 – 9, 1 3 4, 1 3 5, 1 3 6, Elizabeth Woodville, (d. 1492), 1 3 7, 1 3 8, 1 6 8 q u e e n o f E n g l a n d , 5 5, 1 0 8, 1 1 3 children, see Blanche of the Tower ; Évreux, Louis of, 52 Edmund of Langley ; Edward of Woodstock ; Isabella of F r o i s s a r t , J e a n d e ( d . 1 4 0 4 ) , 4 0, 5 3 – 5, Woodstock ; Joan of the Tower 5 6, 9 9 – 1 0 0 (d. 1348) ; John of Gaunt ; Lionel of Antwerp; Margaret of G a s c o n y , d u c h y o f , 2 , 3 , 5 9 – 6 0, Windsor ; Mary of Waltham ; 1 0 6, 1 1 5, 1 2 3, 1 5 4 T h o m a s o f Wo o d s t o c k; W i l l i a m Gaveston, Piers (d. 1312), of Hatfield earl of Cornwall, 2 , 39–40 , a s E d w a r d o f W i n d s o r , 3 , 4 , 4 3, 4 6, 4 2 – 4, 4 6, 5 8 7 0, 9 9, 1 0 4, 1 0 6, 1 1 0 – 1 1, d e a t h a n d e x e c u t i o n , 3 , 3 3, 3 9, 1 1 3 – 1 6, 1 2 5 5 1 – 3, 1 0 4, 1 0 6, 1 1 5, 1 0 2, 1 4 1 m i n o r i t y a n d c o u p , 1 8, 3 0, 4 1, 4 3, h o m o s e x u a l i t y , 3 8 4 6, 6 7, 8 0, 1 1 0, 1 2 5 – 8, 1 3 9 – 6 1 see also Edward II; Isabella of see also Brétigny ; Eleanor of France ; Margaret of France Woodstock ; Hundred Years Greenfield, William (d. 1315), War; Isabella of France; Low archbishop of York, 44 , 46 Countries; Westminster Greyfriars Friary, London, 2 , 115 Palace, St. Stephen’s chapel Grosmont, Henry of (d. 1361), Edward of Woodstock (d. 1376), d u k e o f L a n c a s t e r , 8 3 prince of Wales, of Aquitaine, son of Edward III, king of H a i n a u l t , J o h n o f ( d . 1 3 5 6 ) , 4 , 7 7 E n g l a n d , 5 , 8 3, 9 9, 1 0 2, 1 0 5, 1 0 6, Hainault, Philippa, see Philippa of 1 1 2 – 1 3, 1 3 7, 1 4 6 Hainault Eleanor of Castile (d. 1290), queen of Hainault, William of (d. 1337), count E n g l a n d , 1 3, 2 2, 4 1, 5 5, 6 8, 8 2, 9 1, o f H a i n a u l t , 3 , 4 , 8 0, 1 2 5 1 0 2, 1 1 5, 1 1 6, 1 1 8, 1 2 1 f a m i l y , see Hainault, William of Eleanor of Provence (d. 1291), queen (d.1345); Philippa of Hainault; o f E n g l a n d , 6 , 5 5, 6 6, 6 8, 7 8, 8 2, d e V a l o i s , J o a n 1 0 0, 1 0 2, 1 0 8, 1 1 5 Hainault, William of (d. 1345), count Eleanor (d. 1310), daughter of of Hainault, 60–1 Edward I, king of England, 2 , Hamilton, William (d. 1304), dean of 1 0 2, 1 0 4, 1 1 0, 1 1 8 Yo r k , 4 7 Eleanor of Woodstock, countess of Havering, manor of, 75 , 84 Guelders, daughter of Edward II, Henry I (d. 1135), king of England, k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 3 , 4 0, 1 0 2, 2 4, 9 1 1 0 5, 1 1 1, 1 2 9 Henry III (d. 1272), king of England, m a r r i a g e o f , 1 2 4 6 , 6 5, 6 6, 6 8, 1 0 0, 1 3 4, 1 4 6 – 8 Elizabeth, countess of Hereford, Henry V (d. 1422), king of daughter of Edward I, king of E n g l a n d , 1 9 E n g l a n d , 1 0 9 – 1 0, 1 1 8, 1 1 9 Henry VI (d. 1471), king of England, Elizabeth I (d. 1603), queen of 6 , 5 5, 1 3 4, 1 3 8, 1 4 8 E n g l a n d , 2 1 H o c c l e v e , T h o m a s ( d . 1 4 2 6 ) , 1 9 250 Index

Hotham, John (d. 1337), bishop of Ely, Joan of Acre, countess of Gloucester, 2 8, 1 3 5, 1 3 6, 1 4 4, 1 4 6 daughter of Edward I, king of H u n d r e d Ye a r s W a r , 5 , 5 6, 6 0, 7 7, E n g l a n d , 2 , 1 1 9 1 3 8 , 1 6 8 Joan of Champagne and Navarre (d. 1305), queen of France, 2 Inge, William (d. 1322), chief justice Joan of Navarre (d. 1437), queen of o f t h e K i n g ’ s B e n c h , 7 7 E n g l a n d , 6 8 Ingham, Oliver (d. 1344), Lord Joan of the Tower (d. 1348), Ingham, 148 daughter of Edward III, I n g l e f i e l d , R o b e r t , 4 8 k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 5 , 1 0 2, 1 1 2, Innocent VI (d. 1362), Pope, 56 1 2 1, 1 2 4 Isabella of Angoulême (d. 1246), Joan of the Tower (d. 1362), queen of queen of England, 6 Scotland, daughter of Edward II, Isabella of France (d. 1358), queen of k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 3 , 4 , 4 0, 9 9, 1 0 2, England 1 0 5, 1 3 5 b i r t h , 2 m a r r i a g e , 4 , 1 2 5 – 9, 1 5 5 d e a t h , 4 J o h n ( d . 1 2 1 6 ) , k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 6 , d o w a g e r h o o d , 4 , 1 2 7, 1 2 8 – 8 9 , 6 1, 1 4 7, 1 4 8 see also as keeper below John II (d. 1364), king of France, historiography, 1–2 1 2 4, 1 2 9 h o u s e h o l d a n d e s t a t e s , 6 6, 6 7, 6 8, John XXII (d. 1334), Pope, 56 , 57 , 69–72 , 93; administration of, 1 2 5, 1 5 7 8 4 – 9, 9 0 – 2 ; d o w e r , 8 2 – 4, 8 8 – 9 ; John of Eltham (d. 1336), earl of p e r s o n n e l , 6 6, 6 7 – 8, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2 – 3, Cornwall, son of Edward II, 7 4 – 9, 8 0, 1 1 0, 1 4 3, 1 4 9, 1 5 8 k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 3 , 4 0, 9 9, and Hugh Despenser (the younger), 1 0 2, 1 0 4, 1 0 5, 1 1 1, 1 1 3 l o r d D e s p e n s e r , 3 , 4 0, 2 7, John of Gaunt (d. 1399), earl of 5 2 – 3, 5 5, 5 8, 6 0 Richmond, duke of Lancaster, i n t e r c e s s i o n , 3 3, 3 4 – 5, 3 7 – 4 9, 5 1 – 3, son of Edward III, king of 5 4 – 5, 5 6 – 7, 5 8 – 6 0, 6 2 – 3, 7 6, 1 0 4 – 5 E n g l a n d , 5 , 7 3, 1 0 2, 1 1 2 a s k e e p e r , 1 3 3, 1 3 5 – 6, 1 3 7 – 8, 1 3 9 – 6 1 , see also E d w a r d I I I, m i n o r i t y Katherine of Valois (1437) queen of marriage, 2 E n g l a n d , 6 , 1 9 m o t h e r h o o d , 3 , 3 9, 4 0, 9 9, 1 0 2, Kedyngton affair, see Westminster 1 0 3, 1 0 4 – 5, 1 0 5, 1 0 6, 1 1 0 – 1 1, Abbey 1 1 3 – 1 6, 1 2 4 – 9 , see also Edward III, Kenilworth Castle, 144 minority; Eleanor of Woodstock; K i n g s L a n g l e y , 3 6 Joan of the Tower (d. 1362) k i n g s o f E n g l a n d , see E d w a r d I; E d w a r d I I; and Piers Gaveston, earl of E d w a r d I I I; H e n r y I; H e n r y I I I; C o r n w a l l 2 – 3, 3 8 – 4 0 Henry V; Henry VI; John (d. 1216); Isabella of Woodstock (d. 1379), R i c h a r d I I; W i l l i a m I countess of Bedford, daughter of kings of France, see C h a r l e s I V; J o h n I I; E d w a r d I I I , 3 , 5 , 1 0 2, 1 1 2, 1 2 1 Louis IX ; Philip III ; Philip IV ; m a r r i a g e , 1 2 2 – 4 Philip V Index 251 kings of Scotland, see D a v i d I I; Margaret (d. 1093), queen of Robert I Scotland, 24 k i n g s h i p , 2 , 8 , 1 9 Margaret of Anjou (d. 1482), queen of dukedom of Lancaster, E n g l a n d , 6 , 2 2, 5 5, 1 0 0, 1 0 3, 1 0 8, see Grosmont, Henry ; John 1 1 3, 1 3 8, 1 6 1 of Gaunt Margaret of France (d. 1318), queen of e a r l d o m o f L a n c a s t e r , see Lancaster, England Henry ; Lancaster, Thomas b i r t h , 2 see also the crown coronation of, 107 d e a t h , 2 de Lacy, Henry (d. 1311), earl of d o w a g e r h o o d , 1 1 9 – 2 1, 1 6 9 L i n c o l n , 4 6, 1 4 1 historiography, 1–2 Lancaster, Henry (d. 1345), earl of h o u s e h o l d a n d e s t a t e s , 6 6, 6 8 ; Lancaster and Leicester, 4 , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f , 8 4 – 9, 9 0, 1 4 6, 1 4 9, 1 6 0 9 1, 9 2 ; d o w e r , 8 2 – 4, 8 9 ; rebellion (1328), 126 , 156–7 p e r s o n n e l , 4 8, 6 6, 6 7 – 8, Lancaster, Thomas (d. 1322), earl of 7 2 – 3, 7 4 – 9, 1 0 9 Lancaster and Leicester, 3 , i n t e r c e s s i o n , 3 4 – 7, 4 2 – 3, 4 4 – 9, 5 1, 3 9, 4 5, 5 3, 5 4 – 6, 6 9, 1 6 8, 1 6 9 6 1 – 3, 7 6, 1 0 3 – 4 a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f 1 3 1 6, 4 3, 1 0 5 m a r r i a g e , 1 , 2 civil war with Edward II, king of m o t h e r h o o d , 2 , 3 6, 1 0 2, 1 0 3 – 4, 1 0 5, E n g l a n d , 5 8 – 9 1 0 8 – 1 0, 1 1 7 – 2 1 see also Gaveston, Piers, p a t r o n a g e , see Greyfriars Friary execution; Leake ; Lords and Piers Gaveston, earl of Ordainer ; Ordinances the Cornwall, 120–1 , 169 de Langtoft, Pierre (d. c. 1305), 36 Margaret of Provence (d. 1295), queen L e a k e , T r e a t y o f ( 1 3 1 8 ) , 5 1, 5 2 – 3 of France, 115 L e e d s C a s t l e , 3 , 5 8, 7 9 – 8 0, Margaret of Windsor, countess of 1 2 8, 1 6 8 – 9 Pembroke, daughter of Edward Lionel of Antwerp (d. 1368), I I I , k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 5 , 1 0 2, 1 2 4 duke of Clarence, son of Mary of Brabant (d. 1321), queen of Edward III, king of England, 5 , F r a n c e , 2 , 4 7, 5 0 9 9, 1 0 2, 1 0 5, 1 1 2, 1 4 5, 1 6 8 Mary of Waltham, duchess of k e e p e r s h i p c o u n c i l , 1 3 7 Brittany, daughter of Edward Lords Ordainer, 54 , 141 III, king of England, 5 , 124 Louis IX (St. Louis) (d. 1270), Mary of Woodstock (d. 1332), king of France, 101 , 113 , 115 daughter of Edward I, king of L o w C o u n t r i e s , 5 , 4 8, 6 0 – 1, 6 3, 7 7, E n g l a n d , 4 3, 1 1 8, 1 1 9 8 1, 1 1 2 Matilda of Flanders (d. 1083), queen negotiations and alliances with, o f E n g l a n d , 2 1 1 2 2 – 4, 1 2 8 – 9 Matilda of Scotland (d. 1118), queen of E n g l a n d , 2 4 Mâle, Louis of (d. 1384), count of Mauny, Walter (d. 1372), Lord Flanders, 123 M a u n y , 7 7 252 Index

medieval women N o r t h a m p t o n , T r e a t y o f ( 1 3 2 8 ) , 4 , 1 2 5, d o w e r , 8 2, 8 3 – 4, 1 6 6 1 5 5 – 7, 1 6 2 f e m a l e n e t w o r k i n g , 4 7 – 9 femme sole, 1 4, 1 5, 6 3, 8 4, 1 6 6 Ordinances, the (1311), 3 , 54 , 141 g e n d e r , 8 – 9, 1 6, 9 5 – 8, 1 6 5 – 7 h i s t o r i o g r a p h y , 7 – 1 6 Philip III (d. 1285), king of France, m e d i e v a l m i s o g y n y , 6 , 1 6 0, 1 6 2 2 , 4 motherhood, 7 , 13–14 , 95–8 Philip IV (d. 1314), king of France, 1 , p a t r o n a g e , 1 3 2 , 3 3, 3 9, 4 4, 5 9, 1 1 4 – 1 6, 1 2 0 public and private spheres, Philip V (d. 1322), king of France, 9 – 1 2, 1 0 8 5 9, 1 0 1 s t a t u s , 7 , 1 4 – 1 6 Philippa of Hainault (d. 1369), w i d o w h o o d , 7 , 1 3 – 1 4 queen of England M i d d l e t o n , G i l b e r t , 5 5 b i r t h , 4 Milemete, Walter, 19 , 113 c o r o n a t i o n , 1 0 6 – 7, 1 3 6 Montague, William (d. 1344), earl of d e a t h , 5 S a l i s b u r y , 1 5 8 f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s , 6 6, 8 9, 1 6 7 Montague, William (d. 1397), earl of historiography, 1–2 S a l i s b u r y , 8 3 h o u s e h o l d a n d e s t a t e s , 6 6, 6 8, d e M o n t i b u s , E b u l o , 7 1 7 5 – 6, 8 9 ; a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f , see also Isabella of France , 8 4 – 9, 9 1 – 2 ; d o w e r , 8 3 – 4, 8 8 – 9 ; household: personnel p e r s o n n e l , 6 6, 6 7 – 8, 7 2 – 3, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Treaty of (1299), 7 4 – 9, 8 1, 1 1 2 2 , 1 1 4 i n t e r c e s s i o n , 3 4 – 5, 4 1 – 2, 4 4, Mortimer, Joan, wife of Roger 4 8, 5 0 – 1, 5 3 – 4, 5 6 – 7, 6 3, 7 6, Mortimer, Lord Mortimer of 1 0 3, 1 0 5 Wigmore, earl of March, 49–50 as keeper, 133 , 136–8 Mortimer, Roger (d. 1326), Lord m a r r i a g e , 5 , 8 0, 1 3 6 Mortimer of Chirk, 52 m o t h e r h o o d , 5 , 9 9 – 1 0 2, 1 0 3, 1 0 5, Mortimer, Roger (d. 1330) Lord 1 0 6, 1 1 1 – 1 3, 1 1 6, 1 2 1 – 4 Mortimer of Wigmore, earl of d e P i z a n , C h r i s t i n e , 1 2, 2 0 M a r c h , 5 , 4 0, 4 3, 4 6, 5 7, 8 0, 8 8, Ponthieu and Montreuil, counties of, 1 2 6, 1 3 9 – 4 0, 1 4 6 – 9, 1 5 5 – 9, 5 9, 1 2 8, 1 4 3 1 6 0, 1 6 1, 1 6 2 A b b e v i l l e , 5 9 a s e a r l o f M a r c h , 1 5 6 – 7 see also Isabella of France , lover of Isabella of France, queen dowagerhood of England 4 , 40 , 140 n. 34 t r i a l a n d e x e c u t i o n , 1 2 7, 1 3 0, Q u e e n C a m e l , 4 6 1 4 0, 1 4 7 – 8 Q u e e n M a r y P s a l t e r , 1 1 3 – 1 4 see also E d w a r d I I I, m i n o r i t y q u e e n s o f E n g l a n d , see Anne of Bohemia; Eleanor of Castile; Nevers, Louis of (d. 1346), count of Eleanor of Provence ; Elizabeth I ; Flanders, 123 Elizabeth Woodville ; Isabella Neville’s Cross, battle of (1346), 138 of Angoulême ; Isabella of Index 253

France; Joan of Navarre; Robert I (Bruce) (d. 1329), king of Katherine of Valois; Margaret S c o t l a n d , 4 , 1 2 5 – 6, 1 3 9, 1 5 5 of Anjou ; Margaret of France ; R o c k i n g h a m C a s t l e , 7 7 Matilda of Flanders; Matilda of R o m a n c e s , 2 4 – 5, 9 8, 1 1 8 n . 1 3 6 Scotland ; Philippa of Hainault queens of France, see Joan of de Saint Omer, Elizabeth, 116 Champagne and Navarre ; St. Pol, Mary (d. 1377), countess of Margaret of Provence ; Mary of Pembroke, 80 Brabant S t . S a r d o s , w a r o f , 5 6, 6 0, 6 8, Queen’s Hall, Oxford, see Inglefield, 8 8, 1 1 5 Robert Salmon John (d. 1325), bishop of q u e e n s o f S c o t l a n d , see Joan of the Nowich, 135–6 Tower (d. 1362); Margaret Sandal, John (d. 1319), bishop of (d. 1093) Winchester, 42 queenship S c o t l a n d , 4 , 5 , 3 6 – 7, 4 4, 5 6, 6 3, a g e n c y , 9 , 1 2, 1 3, 1 5, 1 6 – 1 7, 2 9, 8 7, 1 1 9, 1 2 2, 1 2 5 – 6, 1 3 4, 1 3 5, 1 0 7, 1 3 0, 1 4 0, 1 5 2, 1 5 3, 1 5 5, 1 6 1, 1 6 5, 1 3 6, 1 4 1, 1 6 8 167–9 c h a n c e l l o r o f , 4 7 ; see also Joan c o r o n a t i o n , 2 1 – 2 , see also Philippa of the Tower (d. 1362); of Hainault Northampton h i s t o r i o g r a p h y , 7 – 1 6 Stratford, John (d. 1348), bishop of h o u s e h o l d , 6 5 – 5, 6 8, 7 2, 8 2 Winchester, archbishop of i d e o l o g y , 1 9 – 2 6, 3 1 Canterbury, 137 , 148 i n t e r c e s s i o n , 7 , 1 2 – 1 3, 4 6 – 7, 1 0 0, 1 6 6 , see also I s a b e l l a, M a r g a r e t, Thomas of Brotherton (d. 1338), earl and Philippa , queens of of Norfolk, son of Edward I, England king of England, 2 , 102 m a r g i n a l i z a t i o n , 1 0 – 1 2, 9 4 Thomas of Woodstock (d. 1387), m o t h e r h o o d , 7 , 1 3 – 1 4, 2 2, duke of Gloucester, son of 9 5 – 8, 1 0 0, 1 0 8, 1 1 3, 1 1 7, 1 3 0 , E d w a r d I I I , 5 , 1 0 2, 1 0 3, 1 0 7 – 1 0, see also Isabella , Margaret , and 1 1 7, 1 1 8, 1 2 0, 1 2 1 Philippa, queens of England T o w e r o f L o n d o n , 2 1, 4 9, 9 9, 1 2 7, p a t r o n a g e , 1 3, 5 7, 1 6 6 1 3 5, 1 3 7 p o w e r a n d a u t h o r i t y , 9 – 1 7, 9 3 – 4, 9 5 – 8, 1 6 7 – 9 Umfraville, Margaret de, wife of r e g e n t , 1 3 3 – 1 5 5, 1 3 8 , 1 6 1 – 4 Bartholomew Badlesmere, 3 , t w o b o d i e s , 2 0, 2 4 5 8, 8 0 V i r g i n M a r y , 1 3, 2 0, 2 1, 2 2, 2 4, 9 5, 1 2 7 de Valence, Aymer (d. 1324), earl of w i d o w h o o d , 7 , 1 3 – 1 4, 4 1 P e m b r o k e , 3 9, 4 6, 8 3, 9 0, 1 4 1, 1 4 2 Richard II (d. 1399), king of de Valois, Joan countess of Hainault, E n g l a n d , 6 , 7 9, 1 3 4 wife of William of Hainault Risborough, manor of, 87 , 91 , 120 (d. 1337), count of Hainault, 4 254 Index

the Van Arteveldes, 48 Westminster Palace, 142 , 147 de Vere, John (d. 1360), earl of St. Stephen’s Chapel, 101–2 , 127–8 Oxford, 78, see also Philippa William I (d. 1087), king of England, of Hainault , household: duke of Normandy, 21 personnel William of Hatfield, son of Edward III, k i n g o f E n g l a n d , 5 Wake, Margaret, daughter of William of Windsor, son of Edward III, Thomas Wake, 46 king of England, 5 Wake, Thomas (d. 1349), Lord Wake, 156 Yo r k , 5 , 4 8, 1 0 3, 1 3 5 Warenne, John de (d. 1347), earl of a r c h b i s h o p o f , 5 2, 1 4 8 , Surrey and Sussex, earl see also Greenfield, William W a r e n n e , 5 2, 1 3 7, 1 4 7, 1 4 8 see also Philippa of Hainault , Weardale Campaign (1327), 138 m a r r i a g e W e s t m i n s t e r A b b e y , 5 , 3 9, 1 6 5 Kedyngton Affair, 39–40 de la Zouche, family, 73 n. 38