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Las Hormigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Asociadas a Pulgones (Hemiptera, Aphididae) En La Provincia De Valencia

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Las Hormigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Asociadas a Pulgones (Hemiptera, Aphididae) En La Provincia De Valencia Graellsia, 58(1): 21-37 (2002) LAS HORMIGAS (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) ASOCIADAS A PULGONES (HEMIPTERA, APHIDIDAE) EN LA PROVINCIA DE VALENCIA V. A. Suay-Cano *, A. Tinaut ** y J. Selfa * RESUMEN Se han recogido veintiséis especies de hormigas asociadas a pulgones, pertenecien- tes a doce géneros. De las tres subfamilias identificadas, Formicinae ha sido la más representada en cuanto a número de muestras, géneros y especies. Lasius niger, por otra parte, ha sido la especie que se ha encontrado junto a un mayor número de pulgones (cin- cuenta y ocho especies), demostrando ser la hormiga con mayor capacidad para estable- cer asociaciones con las diferentes especies de pulgones. Se han establecido un total de 224 asociaciones diferentes entre las hormigas y los áfidos, de las cuales 164 no se han encontrado citadas en la bibliografía consultada para España. Palabras claves: pulgones, hormigas, relaciones hormiga-pulgón, Valencia, España. ABSTRACT The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) associated with aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in the province of Valencia Twenty-six species of ants associated with aphids, belonging to twelve genera, are collected. Three subfamilies are identified, being the Formicinae the more represented about number of samples, genera and species. On the other hand, Lasius niger has been the species that is found with a more number of aphids (fifty eight species), and it seems to be the ant with a more capacity to establish associations with the different species of aphids. 224 different associations between the ants and the aphids are established and 164 of them are not recorded in the bibliography consulted for Spain. Key words: aphids, ants, ant-aphid relationships, Valencia, Spain. Introducción mantienen con los pulgones, de las que aún quedan numerosos detalles por conocer. La banalidad de Las hormigas constituyen uno de los grupos de estas relaciones ha llevado a la creencia de que insectos más ampliamente estudiado como conse- están generalizadas para todas las especies de hor- cuencia de su abundancia y de la repercusión del migas, sin embargo ni todas las especies de hormi- grupo en diferentes campos de la biología gas son afidófilas, ni todas las especies de áfidos (Hölldobler y Wilson, 1990). Uno de los aspectos son mirmecófilas. Incluso en el caso de especies clásicamente conocido es el de las relaciones que afidófilas o mirmecófilas, las relaciones hormiga- * Dpto. de Biología Animal (Entomología), Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia). ** Dpto. de Biología Animal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada. (c) Sociedad de Amigos del Museo http://graellsia.revistas.csic.es Nacional de Ciencias Naturales y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Licencia Creative Commons 3.0 España (by-nc) 22 SUAY-CANO, V. A., TINAUT, A. y SELFA, J. áfido están reguladas a diferentes niveles (Sudd, pulgones (con la ayuda de un pincel y un frasco de 1987). Uno de los primeros aspectos a conocer en alcohol), se ha de tener mayor cuidado y precisión, estas relaciones es el establecimiento de las espe- ya que, incluso, se pueden desperdiciar algunas cies, de hormigas y pulgones, que muestran afini- muestras de pulgones al moverse las hormigas rápi- dad entre sí. En este sentido, el inventario es aún damente de un sitio para otro. Es recomendable muy escaso y muy fragmentado. capturarlas en primer lugar para evitar que al tratar En general la mayoría de los trabajos sobre las de recoger los pulgones, aquéllas reaccionen con relaciones entre estos dos grupos se refieren a espe- rápidos movimientos y escapen o caigan al suelo. cies concretas (Evans y Leston, 1971; Pontin, 1978; Una vez capturadas, éstas se introducen en tubos de Delfino y Buffa, 2000, entre otros) o a aspectos alcohol de 70% junto a los pulgones de la colonia y generales en este tipo de relaciones (Sudd, 1987; se transportan al laboratorio, donde se realiza la Bristow, 1991a y b; Sakata, 1994), siendo escasos separación de los dos grupos y se procede a la iden- los estudios referidos al total de especies en un área tificación de las especies. Cada conjunto de pulgo- o hábitat concreto. Este tipo de estudios es de gran nes y hormigas constituyen una muestra, por lo que interés porque permite testar el nivel de plasticidad de una misma planta se pueden obtener varias específica en las relaciones hormiga-áfido. muestras. En España, pese a que hay numerosos trabajos En total, se han tomado muestras en 85 locali- publicados tanto de áfidos (Mier Durante, 1978; dades, pertenecientes a todas las comarcas en que González Funes, 1987; Tizado Morales, 1990; se divide la provincia de Valencia (muestras que se Nieto Nafría et al., 1991; Núñez Pérez, 1991; Suay encuentran depositadas en el Laboratorio de Cano, 1996, entre otros) como de formícidos Entomología de la Facultad de Biología de la (Collingwood, 1976; López, 1991a; Tinaut,1991, Universidad de Valencia). En el Apéndice I se da el entre otros), el conocimiento de las relaciones entre listado de localidades muestreadas, ordenadas alfa- estos dos grupos de insectos es más bien escaso béticamente dentro de cada comarca, asignándoles (Retana et al., 1987; Tizado Morales, 1990; Núñez un número de orden, e indicándose, a su vez, la Pérez, 1991; Tizado et al., 1993), y se basa princi- altura y las coordenadas U.T.M. palmente en estudios realizados en la provincia de León, de condiciones climáticas diferentes a las del área de estudio del presente trabajo, la provincia de Resultados Valencia. Como resultado del estudio realizado sobre la A continuación se expone la relación de espe- afidofauna de la provincia de Valencia, y de algu- cies de hormigas que se han encontrado asociadas a nos grupos de insectos asociados a los pulgones, se pulgones. No siempre existe la total seguridad de exponen en este artículo los resultados obtenidos que las hormigas se encuentren atendiendo a los acerca de las especies de hormigas encontradas en áfidos; así, en ocasiones, probablemente, única- relación con los áfidos. mente se hallaban junto a éstos para alimentarse de la melaza que queda depositada sobre las hojas. En ningún caso, aunque es un hecho constatado que se Material y Métodos puede producir (Sakata, 1994), se han encontrado hormigas predando sobre los pulgones. La recolección de hormigas ha ido ligada a la de La relación de las especies encontradas se reali- las colonias de pulgones con los que se pretenden za por orden alfabético, partiendo de la división en relacionar. En plantas donde los pulgones se ocul- subfamilias, subdivididas éstas a su vez en tribus. tan entre las brácteas, entre las flores o enterrados, Se indica, para cada formícido, los pulgones junto o cuando su color los hace crípticos, el detectar hor- a los que se ha hallado, las plantas sobre las que se migas moviéndose de un lugar a otro puede indi- encontraban ambos y la localidad, mediante el carnos la localización de la colonia de áfidos. número de orden que se le ha adjudicado en el La captura de hormigas puede resultar compli- Apéndice I, y fecha de recolección de la muestra. cada, si tenemos en cuenta que se trata, como es Cuando algún pulgón no se haya podido determinar bien conocido, de insectos verdaderamente ágiles y se reseñará como “indeterminado” al final del lista- en ocasiones agresivos, sobre todo si las compara- do. mos con los áfidos, normalmente poco ágiles y bas- Por otra parte, queremos reseñar que a algunas tante pasivos. Así, pese a recoger las muestras de especies de pulgones que no se han podido deter- hormigas de la misma forma que se hace con los minar a nivel específico, no por encontrarse el (c) Sociedad de Amigos del Museo http://graellsia.revistas.csic.es Nacional de Ciencias Naturales y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Licencia Creative Commons 3.0 España (by-nc) HORMIGAS ASOCIADAS A PULGONES EN VALENCIA 23 material en malas condiciones o ser especialmente sido la única especie encontrada. También se ha dificultosa su identificación, si no por no parecer recogido, bastante abundante, en el Jardín Botánico pertenecer a ninguna de las especies conocidas, se de Valencia, situado en el interior de la ciudad (14 les ha asignado un número de orden. Así aparecen muestras), sin encontrar, como en el caso del para- en el texto tres especies: Aphis (A.) sp.1, Aphis (A.) je anterior, ninguna otra especie compartiendo la sp.2 y Dysaphis (D.) sp.1. Las dos primeras corres- atención de los pulgones. ponden respectivamente a Aphis (A.) sp.3 y Aphis En una ocasión se ha observado cómo una ninfa (A.) sp.5 (en Suay Cano, 1996) y la tercera, a de Aphis (A.) confusa era transportada en las man- Dysaphis (D.) sp. ined. del mismo trabajo. díbulas de una hormiga. Al final del trabajo, tras el Apéndice I, damos la Acyrthosiphon (A.) loti (Theobald, 1913): Anthyllis cytisoi- lista de especies de pulgones y las correspondientes des L. (54:29.5.1989). Anuraphis subterranea (Walker, 1852): especies de hormigas encontradas con ellos Thapsia villosa L. (54:23.6.1989). Aphis (A.) confusa Walker, (Apéndice II). En dicho apéndice, se indican con un 1849: Scabiosa atropurpurea L. (54:26.5.1989). Aphis (A.) crac- asterisco (*) aquellas asociaciones que no se han civora Koch, 1854: Anthyllis cytisoides L. (54:29.5.1989), Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. ssp. gracile (Jordan) Rouy encontrado descritas en la literatura consultada para (54:26.5.1989), Medicago sp. (9:9.5.1991), Opuntia spp. España. (58:14.6.1988). Aphis (A.) cytisorum Hartig, 1841: Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. (54:7.6.1989). Aphis (A.) fabae Scopoli, 1763: Carduus pycnocephalus L. (79:4.6.1991), Malvaceae Dolichoderinae: Dolichoderini (58:9.5.1987), Philadelphus verrucosus Schrad.
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