Role of Williamsia and Segniliparus in Human Infections with the Approach Taxonomy, Cultivation, and Identifcation Methods Mehdi Fatahi‑Bafghi*

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Role of Williamsia and Segniliparus in Human Infections with the Approach Taxonomy, Cultivation, and Identifcation Methods Mehdi Fatahi‑Bafghi* Fatahi‑Bafghi Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2021) 20:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941‑021‑00416‑z Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials REVIEW Open Access Role of Williamsia and Segniliparus in human infections with the approach taxonomy, cultivation, and identifcation methods Mehdi Fatahi‑Bafghi* Abstract The genera Williamsia and Segniliparus are of aerobic actinomycetes and at the time of writing, they have 12 and 2 species, respectively. These genera cause various infections in humans. In this review, we surveyed their taxonomy, isolation, identifcation, as well as their role to cause human infections. Keywords: Actinomycete, Isolation, Taxonomy, Segniliparus, Williamsia Introduction Tomitella and, Tsukamurella are located in this suborder Aerobic actinomycetes are the group of Gram-positive (https ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxon omy/Brows er/ bacilli belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. Some wwwta x.cgi?mode= Undef &id= 85007 species that cause human infections in this group are sit- &lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchm ode=1&unloc k). To date, uated in one of the four suborders, including Corynebac- various infections cause by actinomycetes are on the rise. terineae, Micrococcineae, Streptomycineae and Te most common genera that cause infections in this Streptosporangineae [1]. Kämpfer et al. and Butler et al. suborder include Corynebacterium (such as Corynebacte- suggested that the genera of Williamsia [2] and Segnili- rium accolens [6], Corynebacterium afermentans [6], parus that belong to the actinomycete family, [3] respec- Corynebacterium amycolatum [6], Corynebacterium tively, can cause human infections. Tey non-spore, appendicis [7], Corynebacterium argentoratense [7], non-motile aerobic organisms with short rods without Corynebacterium aurimucosum [6], Corynebacterium branching that contain mycolic acid components in the coyleae [7], Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. mitis [6], cell wall structure [4]. DNA G+C content in the genera Corynebacterium durum [7], Corynebacterium freneyi Williamsia and Segniliparus are 64–65% and 68–72% [4] [7], Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum [6], Corynebacte- respectively, and they are into the order Corynebacteri- rium hansenii [7], Corynebacterium imitans [6], ales (Tindall [5] proposed the name of Corynebacteriales Corynebacterium jeikeium [6], Corynebacterium krop- to be replaced by Mycobacteriales) and suborder penstedtii [8], Corynebacterium lipophilofavum [7], Corynebacterineae. Te various genera include Corynebacterium macginleyi [6], Corynebacterium Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Hoyosella, Gordonia, Law- massiliense [7], Corynebacterium minutissimum [6], sonella, Millisia, Mycobacterium, Mycobacteroides, Corynebacterium mucifaciens [6], Corynebacterium Mycolicibacillus, Mycolicibacter, Mycolicibacterium, mycetoides [7], Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Skermania, Smaragdicoccus, [6], Corynebacterium pilbarense [7], Corynebacterium propinquum [6], Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens [7], Corynebacterium riegelii [7], Corynebacterium resistans *Correspondence: [email protected] [7], Corynebacterium simulans [6], Corynebacterium sin- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran gular [7], Corynebacterium sputi [7], Corynebacterium © The Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Fatahi‑Bafghi Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2021) 20:10 Page 2 of 9 stationis [7], Corynebacterium striatum [6], Corynebacte- (such as Tsukamurella asaccharolytica [28], Tsuka- rium sundsvallense [7], Corynebacterium thomsenii [7], murella conjunctivitidis [28], Tsukamurella hongkongen- Corynebacterium timonense [7], Corynebacterium tuber- sis [29], Tsukamurella inchonensis [29], Tsukamurella culostearicum [6], Corynebacterium tuscaniense [7], paurometabola [29], Tsukamurella pseudospumae [29], Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans [6]), Gordonia (such as Tsukamurella pulmonis [29], Tsukamurella serpentis Gordonia aichiensis [9], Gordonia amicalis [9], Gordonia [29], Tsukamurella sinensis [29], Tsukamurella soli [29], araii [9], Gordonia bronchialis [9], Gordonia efuse [9], Tsukamurella spumae [29], Tsukamurella sputi [28], Tsu- Gordonia otitidis [9], Gordonia polyisoprenivorans [9], kamurella strandjordae [29], Tsukamurella tyrosinosol- Gordonia sputi [9], Gordonia terrae [9], Gordonia west- vens [29]), Nocardia (such as Nocardia abscessus [30], falica [10]), Mycobacterium (such as Mycobacterium Nocardia amamiensis [30], Nocardia amikacinitolerans abscesus [11], Mycobacterium ahvazicum [12], Mycobac- [31], Nocardia araoensis [30], Nocardia arthritidis [30], terium alsense [13], Mycobacterium alsiense [14], Myco- Nocardia asiatica [30], Nocardia asteroides [30], Nocar- bacterium arupense [15], Mycobacterium avium [11], dia barduliensis [32], Nocardia beijingensis [30], Nocar- Mycobacterium bacteremicum [14], Mycobacterium bar- dia blacklockiae [33], Nocardia boironii [30], Nocardia rassiae [14], Mycobacterium bouchedurhonense [14], brasiliensis [30], Nocardia caviae [30], Nocardia carnea Mycobacterium canettii [16], Mycobacterium celerifa- [34], Nocardia cerradoensis [30], Nocardia colli [35], vum [14], Mycobacterium chelonae [11], Mycobacterium Nocardia concava [30], Nocardia crassostreae [30], chimaera [17], Mycobacterium conceptionense [18], Nocardia cyriacigeorgica [30], Nocardia exalbida [30], Mycobacterium engbaekii [14], Mycobacterium euro- Nocardia farcinica [30], Nocardia gipuzkoensis [32], paeum [14], Mycobacterium favescens [19], Mycobacte- Nocardia harenae [30], Nocardia higoensis [30], Nocardia rium fortuitum [11], Mycobacterium fragae [14], ignorata [36], Nocardia kruczakiae [30], Nocardia mexi- Mycobacterium franklinii [14], Mycobacterium fukien- cana [30], Nocardia neocaledoniensis [30], Nocardia nova ense [14], Mycobacterium gadium [19], Mycobacterium [30], Nocardia otitidiscaviarum [30], Nocardia pau- gordonae [11], Mycobacterium heckeshornense [20], civorans [30], Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis [30], Nocardia Mycobacterium heraklionense [14], Mycobacterium puris [30], Nocardia takedensis [30], Nocardia thailan- immunogenum [21], Mycobacterium insubricum [14], dica [30], Nocardia transvalensis [30], Nocardia veterana Mycobacterium intracellulare [11], Mycobacterium irani- [30], Nocardia wallacei [37], Nocardia yamanashiensis cum [14], Mycobacterium malmoense [22], Mycobacte- [30]) and, Rhodococcus (such as Rhodococcus equi rium mucogenicum [11], Mycobacterium kansasii [11], {renamed to prescottella equi} [38], Rhodococcus erythro- Mycobacterium koreense [14], Mycobacterium kumamo- polis [38], Rhodococcus ruber [38], Rhodococcus gordo- tonense [14], Mycobacterium kyorinense [14], Mycobacte- niae [38], Rhodococcus facsians [38]). Tis study was rium lentifavum [11], Mycobacterium lepromatosis [14], performed because of the lack of attention and awareness Mycobacterium llatzerense [14], Mycobacterium longob- of physicians to infections caused by these bacteria and ardum [14], Mycobacterium mageritense [23], Mycobac- to inform medical laboratory personnel about the meth- terium mantenii [14], Mycobacteriummarinum [24], ods of isolation and detection of these bacteria at the Mycobacterium marseillense [14], Mycobacterium mona- genus and species level. Our literature review focused on cense [14], Mycobacterium novocastrense [19], Mycobac- the human infections caused by Williamsia andSegnili- terium noviomagense [14], Mycobacterium orygis [14], parus considering taxonomy, cultivation, and identifca- Mycobacterium parafnicum [14], Mycobacterium para- tion methods through searching four databases, gordonae [14], Mycobacterium parakoreense [14], Myco- including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of bacterium paraseoulense [14], Mycobacterium paraterrae Science up to Oct 28, 2020, for all articles in English lan- [14], Mycobacterium peregrinum [19], Mycobacterium guage, such as case reports, original articles, review arti- porcinum [19], Mycobacterium riyadhense [14], Mycobac- cle and books were 7, 17, 2, and 3 articles respectively. terium scrofulaceum [11], Mycobacterium senuense [14], Mycobacterium seoulense [14], Mycobacterium setense Cell wall structure in Williamsia [14], Mycobacterium sherrisii [14], Mycobacterium shi- Te genera Williamsia and Segniliparus has a wall chem- gaense [14], Mycobacterium shinjukuense [14], Mycobac- otype IV [4, 39]. In the cell wall, Williamsia contains terium simiae [25], Mycobacterium simulans [14], meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate(C7H14N2O4), dihydro- Mycobacterium sinense [14], Mycobacterium
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