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Course 2. the Bible. Chapter 3

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Course 2. the Bible. Chapter 3 Course 2. The Bible. Chapter 3. The history of the Bible. 66 Books, written in 3 languages, by 40 Writers, on 3 continents, over 1500 years. Chapter 4. Christian Worldview. An atheist would probably say that we evolved from lower primates. A Christian, on the other hand, sees things differently. A Christian would say that God created us and put us in the world with a purpose. Chapter 5. Christocentric. Christocentric means that we see Jesus at the centre of all scripture. In other words, the Bible is all about Jesus Christ. The history of The Bible. The three most basic Christian truths. 1. God actually exists. 2. He has revealed Himself in a way that is understandable to people. 3. His revelation has been preserved for us in the Bible The history of The Bible. • The sixty-six books of the Bible have come to us today because men have considered them to be the inspired Word of God. Other religious books were written in the same period as the Bible, however these books have not been considered inspired. • An example of such books would be the fourteen books of the Old Testament Apocrypha. These books were not considered by the Jews to be inspired of God and were not included in the Hebrew canon: therefore, they were not added to the Bible. • They are included in the Catholic Bible and some are included in the Septuagint, Jerome also included them in the Latin translation of the Bible (The Vulgate). The language of the Bible. The Old Testament texts were mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Biblical Aramaic. Biblical Hebrew, sometimes called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language. When the Jews went into Babylonian captivity in 586 B.C., they went to captors who spoke the Aramaic language. During the seventy years of their captivity, many Jews, learned and spoke Aramaic. On returning to Israel, this is the language they brought with them. Koine (Common) Greek was the Greek that was commonly spoken on the Street in Jesus’ day. This was the trade language of the New Testament times. The language of the Bible. All of the ancient manuscripts of the New Testament which have been discovered are in Koine Greek. Mainstream and modern scholars have generally had a strong agreement that the New Testament was written in Greek and that an Aramaic source text was used for portions of the New Testament, especially the gospels. Wikipedia The New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek, which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BC) until the evolution of Byzantine Greek (c. 600). Wikipedia The Septuagint. The name “Septuagint” comes from the Latin word for seventy. (also known as LXX) The tradition is that 70 (or 72) Jewish scholars were the translators behind the Septuagint. It was translated in the third and second centuries B.C. in Alexandria, Egypt. The Septuagint is the earliest extant Koine Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible, various biblical apocrypha, and deuterocanonical books. It later became the accepted text of the Old Testament in the Christian church and the basis of its canon. As Israel was under the authority of Greece for several centuries, the Greek language became more and more common. By the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., most people in Israel spoke Greek as their primary language. That is why the effort was made to translate the Hebrew Bible into Greek – so that those who did not understand Hebrew could have the Scriptures in a language they could understand. Differences in the Masoretic text and the Septuagint. Masoretic text: The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of Tanakh for Rabbinic Judaism. It was primarily copied, edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the Masoretes between the 7th and 10th centuries of the Common Era (AD) Wikipedia There have been a number of texts in the Masoretic texts that differ from the Septuagint, however there is a possibility that there was bias on the part of the Jewish translators in the 8th century and the proof texts that referred to the Messiah were deliberately altered to suit that bias; however the Dead sea scrolls (found in 1946/7) are often in agreement with the rendering of the Septuagint. Differences in the Masoretic text and the Septuagint. Differences in the Masoretic text and the Septuagint. The Dead sea scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls were originally discovered in the winter of 1946 or 1947 by a Bedouin shepherd named Mohammed edh-Dhib, who was looking for his lost goat. In his search, he came across a cave where he found several nearly- complete scrolls hidden in clay jars. The cave was located on the western shores of the Dead Sea. Most of the texts use Hebrew, with some written in Aramaic and a few in Greek. Most of the texts are written on parchment, some on papyrus, and one on copper. The scrolls are estimated to have been written between 200 B.C and 68 A.D. The scrolls contain handwritten copies of every Old Testament book except Esther. The significance of these scrolls is that the modern translations of the Bible have a 95% word for word accuracy as compared to the ancient Dead Sea scrolls. The 5% variation consists mainly of obvious scribal errors and spelling variations. What is a codex. Whereas the Septuagint is the basis for our Old Testament translations, there are 4 codices that are the main source of our New Testament translations. The plural of the word codex is codices. A codex is a book made of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus or other materials. The term is now typically used of books written by hand. The book is usually bound with the pages stacked on each other. The Romans developed the original codices from wooden writing tablets. The codex gradually replaced the scroll, which was the dominant book form in the ancient world. There are four codices of complete (or nearly complete) Greek Bibles that have survived to the present day. The codices used for our modern translations. 1. The Codex Vaticanus. 2. The Codex Sinaiticus. 3. The Codex Alexandrinus. 4. The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus. The Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest copies of the Bible, one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century. It is written on 759 leaves of vellum and has been dated to the 4th century. Codex Vaticanus, originally contained a virtually complete copy of the Greek Septuagint ("LXX"), lacking only 1-4 Maccabees and the Prayer of Manasseh. The canon of the Scriptures. What are un-canonical books? By un-canonical books we mean those books not included in the canon such as the Apocrypha, the Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistle of Barnabus. No single Church council was responsible for collecting and proclaiming the list of books which made up the New Testament. The choice was made by a consensus among Christians over about 300 years. The Holy Spirit witnessed to them what was inspired and the choice was made by the early Church and ratified by the 3rd Council of Carthage in AD397. The Apocrypha. The books, mentioned below, are found in some versions of the Old Testament, but not in the Hebrew canon. They are called the Apocrypha. 1 Esdras Baruch 2 Esdras Song of the 3 young men Tobit Susanna Judith Bel and the dragon Additions to Ester The prayer of Manasseh Wisdom 1 Maccabees Ecclesiasticus 2 Maccabees The Apocrypha indicates that it is not Scripture. Catholics include these books in their Bible, while Protestants do not? Because much confusion exists around the Apocrypha, let me give four reasons why I believe the Apocrypha shouldn’t be included in our Bible. 1. THE APOCRYPHA ITSELF INDICATES IT’S NOT SCRIPTURE The authors of the Apocrypha acknowledge that they aren’t prophets and don’t speak with divine authority like the Old Testament authors. Ryan Leasure (http://jesusisnotfakenews.com) Grace Bible Church 1. The Apocrypha indicates that it is not Scripture. The author of 1 Maccabees writes: (1 Macc. 9:27). So there was great distress in Israel, the worst since the time when prophets ceased to appear among them Prophets only existed in their ancient memories. This text, written around 100 BC, refers back to a time when the prophets were in their midst. The logical conclusion is that no prophet existed at this time who could speak from God. 1 Maccabees 14:41 says as much: The Jews and their priests have resolved that Simon should be their leader and high priest forever, until a trustworthy prophet should arise. Again, none of the Jews knew of a prophet who was speaking from God during the time of these events. 1. The Apocrypha indicates that it is not Scripture. Additionally, these books contain theological and historical errors. For example, the Book of Wisdom indicates that God created the world out of pre-existing matter (11:17) which contradicts the rest of Scripture’s teaching that God created the world out of nothing. Moreover, the book of Judith incorrectly states Nebuchadnezzar was king of Assyria, when in fact, he was king of Babylon (1:5). It’s hard to imagine how the Spirit could inspire documents containing both theological and historical error.
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