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Portuguese-‐American Transnational Selves and Identities in California: an Analysis Of

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Portuguese-‐American Transnational Selves and Identities in California: an Analysis Of Portuguese-American Transnational Selves and Identities in California: An Analysis of Identity and Heritage (Re)production Among Azorean Immigrants and their Descendants Thesis submitted by Gary Resendes to the Anthropology Department in partial fulfillment to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Arts University of California, Santa Cruz Spring 2012 Advisors: Professor Don Brenneis Professor Guillermo Delgado 1 THESIS ABSTRACT: I attempt to illustrate the multiple meanings of what it might mean to be “Portuguese-American” in the state of California from the perspective of Azorean immigrants and their American-born descendants, the former, which came during the last wave of Azorean immigration to the United States beginning around 1958. This is also an effort to exemplify that there can never be a singular understanding of any culture; rather there are several diverse individual variations. I use a person-centered ethnographic approach, as well as selection of psychological and anthropological theory to portray a widespread view of what it might entail to be and identify as Portuguese-American in California; the basis of which are interviews I have conducted with Azorean immigrants and American-born children of such immigrants (what I consider the first- and second- generation Portuguese-Americans), my own personal account as a second-generation Portuguese-American, and distinct interpretations of the terms: culture, self, and identity. I also present a concise historical background of Azorean immigration to California, including the many contributions Azorean immigrants have made to the communities of California, and their overall maintenance and reproduction of their Azorean heritage in order to put into perspective the lives of my interviewees. 2 I dedicate this thesis to my Avô and Grandpa, João “Pereirinha” Miguel (1923-2005) 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 5 Recent Trends in Theories of Identity Formation 12 Historical Background 36 - Azorean Immigration to California 36 - Economic Conditions 42 - Fraternalism and Mutual-Aid Organizations 44 - Festas and Portuguese Halls 46 - Traditional Music and Dance 50 - Catholicism and Portuguese Churches 51 - Azorean Food and Cuisine 52 - Language and Education 53 - Periodicals, Publications, and Media 56 The Modern Day Portuguese-Americans in California 59 Interviews with Portuguese-Americans in California 66 Discussion 93 References 102 Appendix 107 4 Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank all of my interviewees who have allowed me to enter into some of their deepest thoughts for the benefit of my research. Without their participation and friendliness I would not have been able to produce this thesis. I would also like to give my upmost appreciation to my advising professors Don Brenneis and Guillermo Delgado who have eagerly guided me along the way in my undergraduate career in anthropology, especially in regards to this thesis. I would also like to give my thanks to my immediate family for supporting my research and great interest in all things Portuguese, here in California, and abroad. Finally, I would like to acknowledge all the Portuguese-American communities of California for their arduous labor in perpetuating and reproducing the Portuguese-American culture in California with its roots in the Azores islands. 5 Introduction The Portuguese are a fascinating people with a rich and enthralling cultural past, full of discovery and maritime exploration. From the end of the 15th century onward the Portuguese had spread their cultural repertoire across the globe to Asia, Africa, and the Americas (Feldman-Bianco 2001). Today there are places on all of these continents where the Portuguese language is still spoken and even used as a national language in some cases. One of the treasures of Portuguese history that goes quite undetected in present-day is the archipelago known as the Azores islands. The Azores, or “Os Açores” in Portuguese, is a group of nine islands in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, originally uninhabited by humans. The Portuguese began to settle these islands, along with few other European communities, in the 15th century (Costa 2008). These islands are indeed a part of the Portuguese nation, although fairly distant from the continental mainland Portugal. Since the mid-1800s many Azoreans have emigrated from their relatively small islands of origin seeking economic success and a much more prosperous quality of life. One nation that they have continually immigrated to from this period forward is the United States of America, mainly to the east and west coasts (Vaz 1965; Williams 1982; Pap 1992; Dias 2009). The state of California was the primary location for Azorean immigration to the west coast, and much of its cultural heritage can still be seen and felt just about all over the state. In fact, the majority of all Portuguese immigrants that ever came to California were from the Azores islands (Pap 1992:35,98). The last wave of Azorean immigration to California took place beginning around 1958 lasting up until the mid-1980s. This allowed for a revitalization of the Azorean communities already well established in California, pumping new life into the Portuguese-American culture that they have produced. 6 The current Portuguese population in California, including those of Portuguese ancestry, only makes up about 1% of the entire population of California, an extremely marginal number of people in comparison to the state’s total (Graves 2004:104). Nonetheless their ethnic communities, spread about the state of California, are prominent high-spirited manifestations of the Portuguese, or rather Azorean diaspora. The term diaspora is not only a signifier of transnationality and migratory movement, but of the struggle to define one’s local immigrant community as distinct from larger society in the context of displacement (Clifford 1994). As I will later illustrate, this kind of struggle for the Portuguese-Americans in California is generally a constant negotiation between two distinct sets of cultural propositions for how to act, and how to live, the Azorean- Portuguese and the Californian-American. What results is a dynamic incorporation of the two into one’s life, and one’s community. It is the creation of a new cultural sphere and new types of persons, which are not easily definable. It is what I refer to as the “Portuguese- American” culture in California and its corresponding Portuguese-American individuals. Moreover, I consider anyone of Portuguese ancestry living in California, including such immigrants that came well into their lives, as the people of this newly created, and ever- changing culture. Although humans altogether live on the same planet Earth, innately adhere to its natural laws, and possess the same type of physiological bodies, each individual experiences life quite differently. Is this difference because of one’s “culture”, or their environment? Is it because of their personal experiences, or perhaps a mix of these components? It would make intuitive sense that all of these dynamics play some part in shaping one’s subjective experience of the world, but then how could we assess what it is 7 like to be another person, of another existence, and of another cultural community? At first glance it may seem like a simplistic inquiry, readily figured out through research and further discussion, for we are all the same species with the same general bodies and minds, are we not? However, to date no one has truly come to an agreement over the matter, or whether or not it is even viable to posit someone else’s experience of life as inherently different than our own. I seek to use this thesis to address the perplexing issue of differing experiential realities through the case of the Portuguese-Americans in California, principally the Azorean immigrants, which came from the 1960s onward, and their American-born descendants. My inquiry is to unearth if they, as persons, are gravely dissimilar across the generations, and if they are even that similar when compared to those in their own generational predicament, particularly in light of how they identify themselves on a personal level. As for the Portuguese immigrants in California, every day they are faced with a reality different than the one that they emigrated from. California is not an island, the main language spoken is not Portuguese, and in all, it is not the Azores, it is not Portugal. Their American-born descendants, on the other hand, must also come to terms with this fact, as their upbringing in many cases may have differed greatly from that of other children. The purpose of this ethnographic study of Azorean immigrants in California and their American-born children, whom I consider the first- and second- generation Portuguese-Americans, is to achieve a broad interpersonal and historically-based understanding of their life experiences, how they reflectively perceive themselves as persons, and to come closer to comprehending the human nature of identity formation and individual consciousness in general. Furthermore, some might contest my labeling of 8 Azorean immigrants as the first-generation Portuguese-Americans. However I argue that every Azorean immigrant in California is subject to live in many ways as non-immigrant Americans do, regardless if they know the English language or not, thus it is appropriate to deem them the first generation of “Portuguese-Americans”, at least in the most basic sense. In order to begin to unravel what it might entail to be and identify
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