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Download (2MB) Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Garde, Terence William (2020) Mining God’s way: towards mineral resource justice with artisanal gold miners in East Africa. PhD thesis, Middlesex University / Oxford Centre for Mission Studies. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/32993/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Mining God’s Way: Towards mineral resource justice with artisanal gold miners in East Africa Terence William Garde August 2020 ABSTRACT The daily livelihood practices of artisanal gold miners have social, economic, environmental, and governance impacts. Three situations were observed in East Africa, where interventions towards improving livelihoods or mitigating these impacts, have resulted in impasses. These impasses are engaged through a four stage model of practical theology. In stage one the situation is described, contrasting present practices with the published standards of ethical and fair trade organisations, intending to improve miners’ livelihoods. The second (analytical) stage includes the ordinary theologies, ethics, and practices of Christian miners, as well as the academic research community who are directly involved in this sector or are development and justice theorists. In the third stage, theologians addressing justice, and certain Scriptural characteristics and purposes (ways) of the Christian God, are brought to reflect on these impasses. Formulating more faithful, practices, in stage four, resulted in initial attempts or proposals to overcome these impasses. The thesis is the first to study these impasses through a critical conversation constructed from Christian (theological), social science (theoretical), and technical (practical) points of view. Through these conversations, the predicaments are interpreted as requiring the intentions, means and ends of social, economic and environmental dimensions of justice that ought to be practised in the situation. Formulating these means and ends will require collaboration between Christians applying practical theologies, using the values of critical holism, development wisdom and intelligent love. The intentions of mining God’s way are to please God; through conforming to Biblically revealed, divine ways. The thesis culminates in an understanding of just resource development as the appropriate means for mining God’s way, and mineral resource justice under God, as its particular ends in the situation. The research findings inform present and future Christian mission to promote shalom, through the blessing of mineral resources won by artisan miners. ‘Mining God’s Way: Towards mineral resource justice with artisanal gold miners in East Africa’ by Terence William Garde B. Sc. Eng. (University of Witwatersrand) MA (Africa Leadership and Management Academy) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Middlesex University August 2020 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies DECLARATIONS This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed (Candidate) Date 19 August 2020 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote. Other sources are acknowledged by midnotes or footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed (Candidate) Date 19 August 2020 STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if approved, to be available for photocopying by the British Library and for Inter-Library Loan, for open access to the Electronic Theses Online Service (EthoS) linked to the British Library, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organizations. Signed (Candidate) Date 19 August 2020 DEDICATION The greatest and completely unrepayable debt I owe is to my good wife Barbara who has borne the struggles, setbacks, set forwards and restarts beyond count over the past years in Oxford. Her loving kindness and generosity throughout our marriage can never be surpassed in our life, so perhaps I can serve her in the new creation. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my three Supervisors: Dr. Andrew Hartropp for unstinting encouragement through pastoring and academic input; Dr. Gavin Hilson for being a safety net, ready to catch me when I fell; Dr Edward Ontita in Nairobi made all the difference at the beginning of the research journey, especially by facilitating the fieldwork. Thanks to the nurturing and supporting saints at OCMS (in alphabetical order): Ben Knighton, Bernard Farr, Bill and Ky Prevette, Brainerd Prince, Damon So, David Singh, Hae-won Kim, Irim Sarwar, John Padwick, Paul and Liz Bendor Samuel, Paul and Nadine Woods, Rachel McIntyre, Ralph Bates, Tom Harvey, Tim Keene, all of whom gave and gave and gave… Also to Nicky Clargo, Blanche Marslin, Carole Seward and Wonsuk Ma who organised financial support and the unmet donors whose generosity to OCMS is so deeply appreciated. I am thankful for Librarians Sarah Rhodes and Craig Finlay at the Social Sciences Library who went the extra mile along my learning curve! The fieldwork could not have happened without the help of Greg Valerio and the folks linked to Fairtrade Foundation/ CRED Foundation/ the Impact Facility especially Gonzaga Mungai, Amy Elliot, Chris Davies, Helen Harrison and Joshua Read. Nor without the help of Migori County Artisanal (MICA) Mining Co-operative in Kenya; particularly John Asembo, George Odhiambo, Julius Opiyo, Duncan Onyango and Simon Okoyo, as well as Father Jacob at Macalder Catholic Mission. Also, the Environmental Women in Action for Development (EWAD), an NGO in Uganda were very helpful, mostly Margaret Tuhumwire, Emily Kitabire, and Patricia Adong. All are stars in the African firmament! Andrew Ainslie gave initial understanding in anthropological fieldwork and others in academia who helped in many ways include Deborah Bryceson, Donald Hay, ii Tony Lemon, James McQuilken, Sam Spiegel and Martin Whittingham. Fellow students at OCMS who taught or assisted me more than they realise and deserve my gratitude include Victor Cuartas, Sabine Müri, Heather Payne, Norman Piatti, Usha and Matt Reifsnider, Kirk Sims, Melissa Baccarella, Norman Piatti, and the Samvada crew, especially Sam Ngaihte. This seems as though the journey only began in Oxford, but thanks must go to Gavin Hitchcock, Brian Oldreive, Gary Cross, Andy Lawson, Roy and Annette Pitchford for prior and present support, especially prayer. So too the support of my fellow trustees of the International Miners’ Mission to whom I tried to hold myself accountable. Family support came from Joanne, Duncan, Dominique, Stuart; their spouses Mike, Justin and Alison; and Shayne, thank you for patient listening, care and attention. I also wish to thank my late father Bill Garde for instilling my love for mining; my late pastor, friend and mentor Stuart Cook for living a Christocentric theology; and my late friend and business partner David Butcher as a Christian mining engineer for ennobling both roles. We shall meet on yonder bank. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... iv FIGURES .......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS and THESIS NOTATIONS ....... ix Chapter One .................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction: ‘Doing the Rightful Thing’ ..................................................................... 1 Chapter Two
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