twigs brought to her by the male. The nest itself is the usual flimsy Columbid nest, so we provide platforms for the doves to build on. In most cases they Breeding the have sought out and used the plat­ forms. The single whitish is incubated, in turn, by both parents and hatches in 18 days. The pair we house in the breeding facility laid their first egg on April 1, 1992. Unfortunately, they at the Memphis Zoo abandoned the egg and we pulled it for artificial incubation and hand rear­ (PtHinopus magnificus) ing. When the chick hatched on April 19, 1992, it was darker in color than by Herb Roberts other fruit dove species we've Curator ofBirds observed, and had very few down Memphis, Tennessee . Although we were able to keep it alive for three days, it did not flourish and died on April 22, 1992. This story was repeated in early May Pti/inopus magnificus, known as weaning juveniles do quite well on with the chick surviving five days. the Wompoo Fruit Dove or Magnifi­ the same diet. When the same pair laid their third cent Fruit Dove, is one of the larger The Memphis Zoo acquired three egg and abandoned it, we decided to species of fruit doves. From head to pairs of wild-caught Wompoo Fruit adopt a different strategy. An experi­ tail they average about 16 inches, Doves between November 15, 1989 enced pair of Jambu Fruit Doves although there is considerable differ­ through August 15, 1991. Since the housed in the large aviary had laid an ence in the size of individuals from sexes are not obviously dimorphic, egg about the same time as the Wom­ opposite ends of their range. The fruit surgical sexing and some trading was poos. When it was determined that doves are all placed in the Pti/­ necessary. their egg had been damaged and inopus within which there are 47 A pair was placed in each of our two would not hatch, we decided to foster recognized species. Fruit doves are large mixed species planted aviaries, the Wompoo under the Jambus. After broadly distributed throughout the and one pair was set up in a breeding the Wompoo chick hatched, on May Australasian region and the Wompoo facility run. The breeding run cage 20, 1992, it was substituted for the inhabits , adjacent islands consists of two, same size, connecting Jambu egg. The foster Jambus and eastern (Goodwin, cages, each measuring seven feet accepted the chick, and provided 1983). high by six feet deep by three feet excellent care for the first month of Fruit doves, as a group, are colorful wide. One is outside the building and development. At the age offour to five with green being the dominant one is inside. Access between the weeks, however, they began to refuse color. The Wompoo is no exception to cages is via a 12 inch by 12 inch door. to feed the still dependent juvenile. this rule. The back, wings and tail are The building is artificially lighted and The reason for this is not certain, but primarily green with a band of yellow heated in the winter. One of the may have been connected to the com­ spots across the wing. The head and planted aviaries is approximately 40 paratively large size of the Wompoo neck are gray, while the breast and feet wide by 25 feet deep by 25 feet juvenile. At any rate, we were forced belly are a rich maroon color. The high. It contains at least three species to pull the juvenile for hand-rearing. underwings and ventral area are a of fruit doves. It is heavily planted and After the first two or three days, the bright yellow. The legs, feet and lighting is proVided by skylights. The young Wompoo ate readily from a are greenish gray. The eyes are a other aviary is approximately twice as small cup and seemed to be doing reddish color. large, and houses 22 species ofbirds. fairly well. In July, however, it took a The name Wompoo is derived from No courtship behavior was ob­ downward turn and died on July 4, the courting call of the male, a deep served until early in 1992. Courtship 1992. Postmortem necropsy failed to two note call that carries for a con­ behavior in Wompoos is fairly typical identify any definite cause ofdeath. siderable distance. As the second part of other Columbid species. The male During this period we hatched, and of its name implies, these doves are will swell out his neck and do a short attempted to hand-rear, another aban­ primarily frugivores. bow, while uttering the two note doned chick from the same pair of In the wild, fruits and berries, espe­ "whom-poo" call. If the female is Wompoos. This one survived for 11 cially certain types of figs, make up interested, she will approach the male days. Obviously, we were improving their diet. In captivity, their dietary and a brief bout of allo-preening will our methods, but were still ultimately needs are easily accommodated (see ensue. Copulation is brief and usually failing. Basically, we were using tech­ appendix 1). At the Memphis Zoo, we takes place on a tree branch or perch. niques tried and proven on two other have not found it necessary to alter or Nesting behavior is, again, fairly species offruit doves. supplement the basic diet for any typical. When the female settles on a When the pair of Wompoos housed reason. Parents feeding a chick or nest site, she will sit and arrange small in the smaller of the mixed species 56 ]anual)' / Februal)' 1994 Photo by Jack Kenner

Adult Wompoo Fruit Dove, detail ofhead.

A view ofthe colorful underside ofthe wing ofa Wompoo Fruit Dove.

afa WATCHBIRD 57 aviary laid and abandoned the egg, APPENDIX II present formula. Clean beak and face after we pulled it and went back to the feeding. Hand-rearing techniques drawing board. There are any number of factors that can After a lengthy evaluation of our Day 12 -35 influence the health of a hand-raised chick. hand-rearing protocol and diet, we Feed appropriate formula every 2.6 to 4 One obVious problem is an inadequate made some modifications (see appen­ hours on an 11 hour schedule. Same as diet. MZA department has gone above, except graduate to a larger feeding dix II and III) and were ready for the through an array of diets. We have found, container. During the last week of this chick when it hatched on June 28, through our experiences, that our current stage, place a small pan of fruit cocktail 1992. Although our earlier attempts diet is adequate. We arrived at this diet by slurry in brooder with chick. Remove pan had left us somewhat discouraged, as using a combination of several other diets. at night. the days and weeks passed the chick Although we find this diet to be effective in continued to thrive. The rapidly grow­ hand-raising, it is not without faults. The Day 35-56 ing youngster soon became the pride chicks have developed a condition we call Feed appropriate formula 3 times daily, and joy of our hatchery. As of this "white wing." Although the cause is cutting back gradually after self feeding writing, the juvenile is fully indepen­ unknown, we suspect that the problem starts. Juvenile may be stimulated to eat dent, almost full sized, and taking on may be nutrient deficiency. The problem adult diet by pinching food between fingers adult coloration. does rectify itself when chicks molt into and presenting it to the chick. As mentioned earlier, we have their first adult . If possible, put hand-reared juvenile with developed a successful hand-rearing The most successful feeding technique older self-feeding juvenile. The younger protocol and diet for fruit doves. is to allow the chick to drink out of a small bird will learn to eat by example. However, successful does not mean cup or inverted nipple. Chicks are not held perfect. We have noticed that in the in the hands in order to minimize crop Day 56- 84 early stages of development restriction. Never allow the chick to fill up Monitor weight of juvenile. Supplement past his crop area or aspiration could (one to three weeks of age), the wing with hand feeding only if weight loss occur. This could also slow the digestion primaries are of poor quality. This occurs. process. may be due to inadequate protein levels so we continue to investigate Feed Schedule General Notes alternatives. Day 1 -12 1. Monitor weight daily. Ultimately, our true measure of suc­ The first feeding should not occur until 2. Follow routine cleanliness procedure; the yolk sac has decreased. Feed every 2 disinfect incubators and brooders between cess will be producing healthy parent­ to 3 hours on a 12 to 15 hour schedule. use, keep feeding utensils in a disinfecting reared birds. To this end, we are keep­ Fast for 8 hours. Use appropriate stage solution, etc. The Memphis Zoo uses Wav­ ing this first captive-hatched individ­ formula. Temperature of formula: 105 to icide solution as the primary disinfectant. ual in the expectation of establishing a 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Use small cup to 3. Make fresh formula every 48 hours. captive hatched pair. We hope they will be more secure and raise their own offspring. Until a stable captive APPENDIX III population exists, however, we will continue in our efforts to save every Complete hand-rearing diet for fruit doves at the Memphis Zoo. viable egg of this truly magnificent Day Formula fruit dove. 1 - 4 50/50 Isomil-Pedialyte References Goodwin, Derek, Pigeons and Doves of the 5 - 7 1 1/2 oz. Pedialyte 2 oz. Gerber Hi-Pro Cereal World; Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1 1/2 oz. Isomil 1/2 oz. Gerber strained vegs. NY 1983. 1/2 oz. fresh papaya

APPENDIX I 8 - 10 1 1/2 oz. Pedialyte 2 1/4 oz. cereal 1 1/2 oz. Isomil 1/2 oz. vegetables Complete adult fruit dove diet 1/2 oz. papaya a the Memphis Zoo and Aquarium

11 - 16 1 1/2 oz. Pedialyte 1 3/4 oz. cereal 2 parts brown rice (cooked) 1 1/2 oz. Isomil 1/2 oz. vegetables 2 parts apple, diced 1/4" size 1/2 oz. monkey chow 1/2 oz. papaya 1-1/2 parts bananas, diced 1/4" size 1 part raisins, soaked in water overnight 17 - 24 1 1/2 oz. Pedialyte 1 1/4 oz. cereal then drained 1 1/2 oz. Isomil 1/2 oz. vegetables 3-1/2 parts fresh seasonally available fruits 1 oz. monkey chow 1/2 oz. papaya (no citric frUits) 25+ 1 1/2 oz. Pedialyte 1 1/4 oz. cereal Coat above mix in a powder consisting of 1 1/2 oz Isomil 1/2 oz vegetables 2/3 ground pigeon pellets and 1/3 ground 1 1/2 oz. monkey chow dog chow. Sprinkle vitamin and calcium supplement on top of prepared diet. We NOTE: Use concentrated Isomil. Sprinkle Osteoform and Nekton Bio use Nekton Sand Osteoform. into each feeding. Thin with 50/50 mix if needed. •

58 ]anua'Y / Februa'Y 1994 AvianTrade Shows & Seminars Birds Exotic Spring '94 Bird Mart Madison Area Cagebird Association of Wisconsin Central New York Caged Bird Club Extravaganza & Sale (M.A.C.A.W.) Spring Sale and Exhibition March 5 & 6, 1994 presents its May 21,1994 Hillsboro, Oregon 7th Annual Bird Fair Great Northern Mall For more info, contact: May 1, 1994 Route 31, Clay, NY Ron Marks, manager Dane County Forum Exposition Center For information contact: 19235 SW Pilkington Road, Madison, Wisconsin Dave Dixon (?) 598-5927 Lake Oswego, OR 97035 Vendors, hourly raffles, morning seminar. or Debbie Johnson (?) 598-5024 (503) 684·3799 For info. call: Rita Shimniok (608) 798-4877 3rd Annual Upper Midwest Bird Mart Seventh National Avicultural Convention For table rental call: May 21,1994 of Australia Jennifer Dobson (608) 241-2635 Minnesota State Fairgrounds March 11, 12, 13, 14, 1994 Empire Commons Building Ringwood Performing Arts & Convention Centre, SI. Paul, Minnesota Melbourne, Australia 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. For more info, contact: Tennessee Valley Exotic Bird Club Admission $3, and under 12 $2 John Hince, publicity officer presents its For information contact: 7th National Avicultural Convention, 6th Annual Spring Exotic Bird Fair P.O. Box 20601, Bloomington, MN 55420 Donnybrook, Pipers Creek Rd., Kyneton, May 6 & 7, 1994 Call Nellie (612) 854-6439 Victoria 3444, Australia Knoxville Convention Center or Dallas (612) 427-1046 World's Fair Park Pomona Bird Mart For information call: Central Pennsylvania Cage Bird Club March 13, 1994 Barb Kimmitt (615) 693·7841 or Bird Mart & Pet Bird Show L.A. County Fairplex Bldg. #4 Sandi Brennan (615) 753·9841 May 22,1994 Pomona, California or write to TVEBC, P.O. Box 51425 Holiday Inn, Grantville, PA 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Knoxville, TN 37950-1425 located at the Hershey-Harrisburg Exit #28, Admission $4, youths 5·15 $1, Parking $3 The TVEBC is the host club for the off 1·81 at Route 743 For information call: (805) 269·0424 AFA '94 August 4-6 Convention. For information call: Prepare yourself for a good time! Janet Landvater, bird mart mgr. Carolina Ornamental Bird Society RD#l, Box 135-K, Hershey, PA 17033 Bird Swap, Sale and Raffle Phone (717) 533-4251 April 9, 1994 from 7:00 a.m. until 1:00 p.m. Greater Chicago Cage Bird Club Middle Tennessee Cage Bird Club Craven County Fairgrounds Spring Bird Fair presents its Hwy. 70 east of New Bern, NC May 7, 1994 Bird Fair For information call: Hattendorf Center May 28, 29,1994 Ken Bradley (910) 842·9245 10:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. at the Middle Tennessee State University Campus 225 E. Elk Grove Blvd., Elk Grove Village, IL Agriculture Pavilion-Livestock Center Bird Clubs of Virginia Han mile east of Arlington Heights Road Murfreesboro, TN sponsor the For information call: (708) 705-6260 Contact Fair Chairman: Larry Crawford 10th Virginia Bird Convention & Bird Mart 1447 Twin Oak Dr., Murfreesboro, TN 37130 April 9-10, 1994 Phone (615) 890-6906 National speakers, bird care mini seminars, huge bird mart, bird sale room, giant raffle. Northwest Exotic Bird Society Greater Rochester Hookbill Association Omni International Hotel at Waterside sponsors the Sale and Auction 777 Waterside Dr., Norfolk, VA Washington Exotic Bird Fair June 4,1994 Call (804) 622·6664 May 7, 1994 10:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. For info call Dick Ivy, (804) 898·5090 Puyallup Fairgrounds Admission free Puyallup, Washington Genesee Conservation League Greater Dayton Bird Expo and Auction 10:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. 1570 Penfield Rd., Penfield, NY 14526 April 10, 1994 For information call: For information write: Montgomery County Fairgrounds Susan Hoyer (206) 441-0360 GRHA, P.O. Box 427, Penfield, NY 14526·0427 Dayton, Ohio or phone: Gloria Giraulo (716) 342-9529 or For information contact: Linda Matteson (315) 597-4836 Paula or Pete DiSalvo (513) 848·4819 15 W. Franklin SI., Bellbrook, OH 45305 Portland's Rose City Exotic Bird Club's Central Alabama Avicullural Society Spring '94 Bird Expo and Sale presents its Buffalo Hookbill Assocation May 14 and 15, 1994 Annual Show & Fair 3rd Annual Exotic Bird Show Washington County Fairgrounds September 3 - 4,1994 April 17, 1994 Hillsboro, Oregon Howard Johnson Governors House Hotel 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. For information contact: 2705 E. South Blvd., Montgomery, AL in the Grange Bldg. Louise Dube, P.O. Box 1016, SI. Helens, OR 97051 Hotel reservations: 1-800-334-8459 Erie County Fairgrounds, Hamburg, NY or phone (503) 366-0161 For information call: For info. call: (716) 496·6046 (205) 857,3817, (205) 892-2204, or (205) 279·6829

5th Annual America's Family Pet Show Connecticut Association for Avicullure at the Fairplex • Pomona, California West Pasco Exotic Bird Club's presents its Los Angeles County Fairgrounds Fifth Annual Bird Fair 18th Annual Exotic Bird Show April 22-24, 1994 May 15, 1994 October 22,1994 Birds, dogs, cats, fish, reptiles, pigs, llamas, etc. from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. "Tails-U-Win" Hall For info. contact Tom H. McLaughlin, at the Hudson Community Club 175 Adams Street, Manchester, CT 06040 Western World Pet Supply Assn. HUdson, Florida For information call: 406 South First Ave., Arcadia, CA 91006·3829 For information call: Show Secretary Chris Voronovitch Phone (818) 447-2222. Fax (818) 447-8350 Jackie (813) 863-7217 or Cindy (813) 868-0521 at (203) 649-8220

afa WATCHBIRD 59