E-121 VOL. 5
The,Tirupur Area Development Pxogram: Public Disclosure Authorized
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. .-- -- , - . . Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Project Documentation,- Envir'onmental & Social;
Public Disclosure Authorized Assessment Repoprt Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project
Prepared for
Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd.
Prepared by Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies, Coimbatore
October 1998 Environmentaland Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project Table Of Contents
Chapter Title Page Number Number List of Annexures List of Acronyms List of Tables List of Figures EXECUTIVESUMMARY i-xvi
1.0 CONTEXTOF THE PROJECT
1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 SituationAnalysis 1-1 1.2.1 Populationof Tirupur 1-3 1.2.2 Industrial Scenario 1-3 1.2.3 ExistingWater System 1-3 1.2.4 ExistingSanitation Facilities 1-4 1.2.5 ExistingDomestic WastewaterSystem 1-4 1.2.6 ExistingIndustrial Wastewater System 1-4 1.3 Need for the Project 1-5 1.4 Project Scope 1-6 1.5 Approachto Project Implementation 1-6 1.6 Objectiveof the Environmentaland Social Assessment(ESA) 1-7 1.7- Methodology 1-8 1.7.1 EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) 1-8 1.7.2 SocialAssessment (SA) 1-9 1.8 Organisationof the Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport 1-10 (ESAR)
2.0 PROJECTDESCRIPTION 2.1 Preamble 2-1 2.2 Water SupplySystem 2-1 2.2.1 Water Source 2-1 2.2.2 Intake Works 2-1 2.2.3 Raw Water Main 2-3 2.2.4 Water TreatmentPlant 2-3 2.2.5 Treated WaterPumping Station and TransmissionMain 2-3 2.2.6 En-route supply 2-3 2.2.7 MasterBalancing Reservoir (MBR) 2-4 2.2.8 FeederMains 24 2.210 Local WaterDistribution Station Outside TM 2-4 2.2.9 Water DistributionStations (WDS) 2-4 2.2.11 Water DistributionSystem with TM 2-4 2.3 SewerageSystem 2-5 2.3.1 Sewers 2-5 2.3.2 SewagePumping Station 2-5 2.3.3 SewageTreatment Plant (STP) 2-5 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject
Chapter Title Page Number Number 2.4 Low Cost Sanitation 2-7 2.5 ConstructionSchedule 2-7
3.0 ENVIRONMENTALSETTING
3.1 Preamble 3-1 3.2 Surface WaterQuality 3-1 3.2.1 Cauveryand Bhavani Rivers 3-1 3.2.2 Surface WaterQuality - Noyyal and Nallar Rivers and 3-6 S.PeriyapalayamLake 3.3 GroundWater Quality in and aroundTirupur 3-8 3.4 EcologicalAssessment 3-11 3.4.1 Aquatic Flora and Fauna 3-12 3.4.2 TerrestrialFlora and Fauna 3-13 3.5 Summary 3-14
4.0 ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES
4.1 Preamble 4-1 4.2 Identificationof StrategicAlternatives for Sourceof Water Supply 4-1 4.2.1 Analysis Of Alternativesfor Sourceof Water 4-2 4.3 Analysis of Alternativesfor Siting the Project Componentsand 4-3 Routing
5.0 PREDICTIONAND ASSESSMENTOF IMPACTS 5-1
5.1 Pre-constructionPhase Impacts 5-1 5.1.1 Impact on Vegetation 5-1 5.1.2 Noise and Dust 5-2 5.1.3 Other Impacts 5-2 5.2 Construction phase Impacts 5-2 5.2.1 Impact on Air Quality 5-2 5.2.2 Noiselmpacts 5-4 5.2.3 Other Impacts 5-5 5.3 OperationPhase Impacts 5-6 5.3.1 Noise Pollution 5-6 5.3.2 Reductionin the downstreamof the river 5-7 5.3 3 Sludge generationfrom the water treatmentplant 5-7 5.3.4 Sludge generationform sewageplant 5.3.5 Sludge disposal 5-8 5.4 Summaryof Adverse Impacts 5-8 5.5 Project Benefits 5-12
6.0 ENVIRONMENTMANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 6.1 Preamble 6-1 6.2 EMP for the ConstructionPhase impacts 6-1
ii Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentPmject
Chapter Title Page Number Number 6.2.1 Managing Impact on Vegetation 6-1 6.2.2 Management of Noise Impacts 6-2 6.2.3 Managing Impacts due to Movement of Construction Machinery 6-3 6.2.4 Managing Impact on Air Pollution 6-4 6.2.5 Managing Impact due to Labor Camps 6-4 6.3 EMP for the Operation Phase Impacts 6-5 6.3.1 Disposal of sludge from Water Treatment Plant 6-5 6.3.2 Sludge Generated from Sewage Treatment Plant 6-6 6.3.6 Overall environmental management plan 6-6 6.4 EnvirornmentalMonitoring 6-10 6.4.1 Infrastructure requirements 6-11 6.4.2 Institutional Arrangement 6-11
7.0 SOCIAL SETTING AND LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE 7-1
7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Distribution of Project Components 7-2 7.3 Constitution of TLPA 7-4 7.4 Decadal Growth of TLPA 7-4 7.5 Socio-Economic Profile 7-4 7.6 Projected Occupational Pattem of TLPA - 2001 7-6 7.7 Social Amenities 7-6 7.7.1 Water Supply 7-6 7.7.2 Drainage and Sewerage 7-7 7.7.3 Health 7-7 7.8 Land Use Pattem of TLPA 7-8 7.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern 7-9 7.9.1 Residential Use 7-9 7.9.2 Commercial Use 7-9 7.9.3 Industrial Use 7-9 7.9.4 Land Values and Ownership 7-10 7.9.5 Social Attitude towards Possession of Land 7.10 Land and Property Acquisition Procedures 7-11 7.11 Acquisition of Other lands 7-13
8.0 PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS - IDENTIFICATION, 8-1 MINIMIZATION AND PROFILE 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Definitions 8-1 8.2.1 Project Affected Persons 8-2 8.2.2 Project Affected Families 8-2 8.3 Identification of PAPs at Sites for Project Components 8-2 8.4 Identification of PAPs along the Water Transmission Main 8-4 (WTM) 8.5 Identification of PAPs along the Feeder Main Routes 8-5 8.6 Identification of PAPs along the Sewer Lines 8-6
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Chapter Title Page Number Number 8.7 Categoriesof PAPs 8-7 8.7.1 Land OwnerPAPs 8-7 8.7.2 EncroachersPAPs 8-7 8.7.3 PartiallyAffected Persons 8-8 8.8 Detailed Identification 8-8 8.8.1 Land HolderPAPs 8-8 8.8.2 EncroacherPAPs 8-11 8.9 Socio-EconomicProfile of SquattersPAPs 8-11 8.9.1 Social Structure 8-11 8.9.2 DemographicFeatures 8-12 8.9.3 SpecialPopulation 8-12 8.9.4 EconomicCondition 8-12 8.10 Assessmentof StructuresOwned by PAPs 8-13 8.11 CommonInfrastructure Facilities and Living Conditions 8-13 8.12 HousingCondition 8-14 8.13 Housing Size and SurroundingArea 8-14 8.14 InfrastructureFacilities Available for PAPs 8-15 8.15 Preferenceof PAPs for Compensation 8-15 8.16 Minimizationof Social Impacts 8-16 8.16.1 Minimizationof Social Impacts at Sites for Project Components 8-16 8.16.2 Minimizationof social impactsalong WTM routes 8-17 8.16.3 Minimizationof social impactsalong the Feeder Mains routes 8-19 8.17 Impacton Host Communities 8-19
9.0 RESETTLEMENTACTION PLAN (RAP) 9-1
9.1 Introduction 9-1 9.2 Approachfor Mitigationof Social Impacts 9-1 9.3 Assessmentof Compensation 9-2 9.3.1 WaterIntake Well 9-2 9.3.2 Raw WaterTransmission Line and WaterTreatment Plant 9-3 9.3.3 WaterTransmission Line and FeederMains 9-4 9.3.4 Master BalancingReservoir 9-4 9.3.5 ServiceReservoirs on Feeder Main 1 9-5 9.3.6 ServiceReservoirs on FeederMain II 9-6 9.3.7 ServiceReservoirs on Feeder Main II 9-8 9.3.8 Sewage Treatment Plant - East 9-8 9.3.9 Sewage Treatment Plant - West 9-9 9.3.10 SewagePumping Stations 9-9 9.3.11 Booster PumpingStations 9-10 9.4 ResettlementAction Plan 9-11 9.5 Rehabilitation 9-13 9.5.1 Budget for Training 9-13 9.5.2 Placement 9-14 9.6 CommunityDevelopment 9-14 9.6.1 Balwadi 9-14
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Chapter Title Page Number Number 9.6.2 NationalLiteracy Mission Unit 9-14 9.6.3 De-addictionCenter 9-14 9.6.4 ConvergenceEfforts 9-14 9.6.5 Public Informationand Consultation 9-17 9.6 InstitutionalArrangements for RAP 9-17 9.6.1 ImplementationResponsibility 9-17 9.6.2 Project Level R&R Implementationand MonitoringCommittee 9-18 9.6.3 Structureof RAP Implementationand MonitoringCommittee 9-18 9.6.4 Tasks for the NGO/Consultant 9-19 9.6.5 ImplementationSchedule 9-20 9.6.6 Monitoringand Evaluation(M&E) 9-20 9.6.7 Budget for the NGO and M&E Agency 9-20 9.6.8 Monitoringby IL&FS 9-21 9.7 OverallBudget for RAP 9-21
10.0 RISK MANAGEMENT 10-1
10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2 Public Resentmentto CompensationRelated to LA 10-1 10.3 Uncertaintyin Assured Off-takesfrom the Water Source 10-2 10.4 Contaminationof Water at the Intake Works 10-4 10.5 Closureof Industriesdue to EnvironmentalNon-compliance 10-5 10.6 Conclusion 10-7
v Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject
List of Annexures
Annexure 3A Surface Water Quality in CauveryRiver at Kodumudi Annexure 3B Surface Water Quality in Bhavani River at Savandapur Annexure 3C Surface Water Quality in Cauvery River at Urachikkottai Annexure 3D Test Characteristics for Drinking Water Annexure 3E Water Quality of Tirupur Municipal Water Supply Source from Bhavani River at Mettupalayam Annexure 3F Characteristicsof Water in Bhavani and CauveryRivers (as on 8.6.96) Annexure 3G Characteristicsof Water in River Bhavani (18.6.96) Annexure 3H ChemicalQuality of Surface Water in Tirupur (2.6.96) Annexure 31 Characteristicsof Water in Nallar River at Nallathupalayam (19.6.96 and 20.6.96) Annexure 3J BacteriologicalQuality of Surface Water in Tirupur (MPN/I 00 ml) Annexure 3K Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Annexure 3L KoilvazhiBore Well Water Quality Annexure3M Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Master Plan Area Annexure 3N Sampling locationfor groundwater quality in and around Tirupur Annexure 30 ChemicalQuality of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96and 10.6.96) Annexure 3P Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (28.7.96 and 29.7.96) Annexure 3Q Color Intensity of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96and 10.6.96) Annexure 3R BacteriologicalQuality of Ground Water in Tirupur (MPN/I00 ml) Annexure 3S Aquatic and ShorelineMacro Faunal Compositionin Cauvery River System Annexure 6A Details of Labour Camps Annexure 8A Squatter PAFs-Identification, Assets and Income Annexure 9A Minutes of PIC Meeting Annexure I OA Stage DischargeData of Cauvery System
vi Environmentaland Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project
List of Abbreviations
ASP Activated Sludge Process BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOOT Build Own Operate and Transfer BPS Booster Pumping Stations CO Carbon monoxide CA Concession Agreement CES Centre for Environmental Studies CWC Central Water Commission CETPs Common Effluent Treatment Plants COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPHEEO Central Public-Health and Environmental Engineering Organization ESR Environemental Social Report EA/ SA Environmental and Social Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ESR Environmental and Social Report EWS Economically Weaker Sections FM Feeder Mains Gol Government of India GoTN Government of Tarnil Nadu HIG High Income Group HC Hydrocarbons ICB International Competitive Bidding IETPs Individual Effluent Treatment Plants IL&FS Infiastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited Km Kilometre Lpcd Litres per capita per day LIG Low Income Group LA Land Acquisition Mm Milimetres MoU Memorandum of Understanding M Metres MLD Million Litres Day MIG Middle Income Group MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MBR Master Balancing Reservoir Mg/it Milligrams/litre MPN Most Probable Number NGO Non Government Organization NTADCL New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited NOx Nitrogen Oxides
vii Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject
PM,0 Particulate matter less than 1Og PAPs Project Affected Persons PIC Public Information and Consultation PHL Public Health Laboratory Pb Lead ROW Right of Way RGSFs Rapid Gravity Sand Filters Sq.km. Square kilometres sox Sulphur Oxides S02 Sulphur dioxide SRs Service Reservoirs SP SewagePump STP(E) Sewage Treatment Plant (East) STP(W) Sewage Treatment Plant (West STP Sewage Treatment Plants SPV Special Purpose Vehicle TACID Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure DevelopmentLimited TLPA Tirupur Local PlanningArea TM Tirupur Municipality TNIUS Tamil Nadu Institute for Urban Studies TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board TDS Total Dissolved Solids TEA Tirupur Exporters Association TADP Tirupur Area Development Programme TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage TACID Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure Development TADP Tirupur Area Development Project TC Total Coliforms TDS Total Dissolved Solids TEA Tirupur Exporters Association TLPA Tirupur Local Planning Area TM Tirupur Municipality TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board WTP Water Treatment Plant WDS Water Distribution System WC Water Closet
viii Environmentaland Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project
List of Figures
Figure No. Description Page No.
1.1 Locational Map of Tirupur 1-2 2.1 A Line Diagram Representing Water Supply System 2-2 2.2 Line Diagram Representing Sewerage System for 2-6 Tirupur Municipality 2.3 Construction Schedule 2-8 3.1 Surface water sampling 3-3 3.2 Chemical Profile of Cauvery River water at different 3-4 stations 3.3 Surface water sampling locations in Tirupur 3-7 3.4 Location of industrial clusters and areas of High TDS 3-10 6.1 NTADCL Contractual Structure 6-13 8.1 Private Land Under SF no. 200 A and Encroachments 8-18 on SF No. 187 at Chnnandipalayam
ix Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
3.1 BacteriologicalAnalysis of Water 3-5 3.2 Statusof criticalenvironmental components 3-15
4.1 Rise and Fall Situationof WaterTable and Trend of 4-2 Fluctuationin Tirupur Taluk 4.2 Data on Ground WaterPotential at Tirupur (as on Jan 1992) 4-3 4.3 AlternativesExamined for Minimizationof Social Impacts 4-4
5.1 ConstructionMaterial Required for the Project 5-3 5.2 Numberof trips requiredfor transportationof construction 5-3 material 5.3 Noise Levelof constructionmachinery 5-5 5.4 Sourcesof noise 5-6 5.5 Predictedambient noise levels 5-7 5.6 ConstructionPhase Impacts 5-9 5.7 OperationPhase Impacts 5-11 5.8 PositiveImpacts duringconstruction and operationphases 5-14
6.1 Notional Cost Estimatesfor Tree Planting 6-3 6.2 EnvironmentalManagement Plan 6-8
7.1 Distributionof Project Componentsin TLPA 7-2 7.2 DecadewisePopulation Growth and Variationof TLPA 7-4 7.3 OccupationalCharacteristics of Populationin Tirupur 7-5 7.4 OccupationalPattern of TLPA ExcludingTirupur Town 7-5 7.5 EstimateOccupational pattern of TLPA in 2001 7-6 7.6 WaterDistribution Connections in Tirupur 7-7 7.7 Health facilities 7-8 7.8 Existingland use pattem 7-8 7.9 ProposedLand Use Pattern of TLPA- 2001 7-9 7.10 Break-upof industrialarea into differentcategories of 7-10 industries 7.11 ProposedLand Use Pattem in TLPA in 2001
8.1 Initial Estimate of Degreeof Social Impacts due to Land 8-3 Acquisition 8.2 Distributionof PAFs at Sites for Project Components 8-8 8.3 Land Holdingsand Assetsof Land OwnerPAFs 8-9 8.4 Present indebtednessof the PAFs 8-13 8.5 Housing Size of the PAFs 8-15 8.6 Surroundingareas held by PAFs 8-15 8.7 Desirable Locationsfor Resettlementof Squatters 8-16 8.8 Desirable locationsfor resettlementof Squatters 8-16
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Table No. Title Page No.
9.1 Abstract of Compensations(Excluding Resettlement) 9-12 9.2 EstimatedBudget for TrainingComponent of Rehabilitation 9-13 9.3 RAP Implementationand MonitoringCommittee 9-19 9.4 Break-upof RAP Budget 9-21
10.1 Reliabilityof Flow (m3/sec)at Various ConfidenceLevels 10-3 10.2 Status of Industrial Unitswith respect to Constructionof 10-5 IETP/CETPs
xi EXECUTIVESUMMARY
1.0 Preamble
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of January, 1994 and its subsequentamendments of the Ministryof Environmentand Forest, Governmentof India, does not require Environmental& Social Assessment(ESA) for project category such as Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject (TADP).New TirupurArea DevelopmentCorporation Limited (NTADCL)however undertook the ESA study in keeping with the requirements of the IL&FS's Environmentaland Social Report (ESR) as well as the World Bank's OperationalDirective 4.01, 4.20 and 4.30.
A ComprehensiveEnvironmental and Social Assessment(ESA) Study was carried out by the NTADCL in the year 1997 through the Centre for EnvironmentalStudies (CES) at Anna Universityin associationwith TamilNadu Instituteof Urban Studies,Coimbatore as per IL&FS's and World Bank guidelines.
The objectivesof the ESA were: e identificationand assessmentof all the likely environmentaland social impacts of the projectcomponents; - analysisof alternativesfor variousproject components for minimizingenvironmental and social impactsand drawingrecommendations thereof; * developmentof an environmentalmanagement plan and resettlementaction plan for makingthe projectenvironmentally sound and sociallyacceptable and * recommendationof an appropriateinstitutional framework and monitoringmechanisms for the environmentalmanagement and resettlementaction plans.
In essence, the ESA enables maximizationof the benefits of the project and minimization/ mitigation of the environmentaland social risks due to the project. The ESA thus aims to ensure that the TADP is developed as an enviromnentally compatible and socially responsibleventure.
2.0 ExistingWater SupplyAnd SewerageSystems
2.1 ExistingWater SupplySystem
Domestic
Tirupur town is supplied water from 2 existing schemes,which source water from river Bhavani, a tributary of river Cauvery. Scheme-Iwas commissionedin 1965 and currently supplies 8.6 MLD water to TM. Scheme-IIwas commissionedin 1992 to supply 42 MLD water to TM and en-route villages. Under the latter scheme, abstractionof water is done from river Bhavani at Mettupalayam,which is pumped and conveyedto water distribution stations in TM, 4 town panchayatand 44 waysidevillages after treatment. Distributionto consumer, for domestics and commercialuse, is effected from the existing 11 reservoirs and 7 water supply zones. Presently water is supplied for only two hours on daily basis the service level being approximately105 lcpd. Environmental and Social Assessment Reporn Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Executive Summary
Industrial
Tirupur is India's leading cotton hosiery centre. At present, nearly 2500 knitting and stitching units, 579 dyeing and / or bleaching units, 300 printing units, 150 embroidery units and nearly 200 ancillary process units such as raising, compacting, mercerizing etc are located in TLPA. Other supportingservice units for the manufactureof cartons, labels, polyethenebags, elastictapes, etc. are also present in TLPA.
Water is an essential commodityin the cotton knitwear production process. The existing water supply system does not provide any water to the dyeing and industrial units. Consequently,the industrial units have largely relied on their own resources to water supply. Private water suppliers abstract ground water and supply it to the industries through tankers. According to the present estimates, around 30 MLD water is abstracted by the industries from the ground, and 50 MLD is supplied through the tankers, which in turn abstract from the ground water in the surroundingareas.
2.2 ExistingWastewater Systems
At present there is no undergroundsewerage system in TM. Until recently, dry latrines were used within the municipal area. However, these are being gradually converted to flush latrines with septic tanks. The effluents of septic tanks are being discharged to soak pits and partly to surface drains. The economically weaker population is only partly covered by these facilities. TM has alreadytaken up a "Low cost.sanitation" programme involvingconversion of existingdry latrines into flush type. It is estimated that about 62 % of the total population is covered with low cost sanitation facilities (septic tank / soak pits).
Some of the main streets have permanent surface drains while the rest of the lanes have only temporary surface drains. The total length of the drains is about 80 km out of the total length of 400 km of roads maintainedby TM. Domestic sewage, sullage, effluent from commercial establishmentand industries including bleaching and dyeing factories and storm water are discharged in these open drains. Finally, these wastewaters are dischargedinto the Noyyal and Nallar rivers which flow throughthe town.
As far as industrialwastewater is concemed,about 238 industrialunits have alreadyplanned to provide effluent treannent through five Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), which are under variousstages of completion.The remainingindustrial units (about 500) are in the process of eitherjoining the CETPs or they are constructingon their own Individual Effluent TreatmentPlants (IETPs). The effluent after treatmentwill comply with effluent standardsprescribed by TamilNadu PollutionControl Board (TNPCB),except in the case of Total DissolvedSolids (TDS).
3.0 Need For The Project
Drawing from the existingsituation, it is evidentthat there is a lack of proper environmental infiastructure viz., inadequateand low quality water supply,absence of sewerage systems etc. in the TLPA.
ii Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ExecutiveSummary
In the absence of any intervention,the per capita supply, that is already inadequate,will reduce further due to increase in populationand the ground water reserves will further deplete.Additionally, the groundwater contaminationwill continueto increase,due to high TDS in the industrialeffluents. Population pressure on the sanitationfacilities will result in furtherdeterioration of the existingsystem leading to seriousissues of public health,land and groundwater contamination.
It is in this milieu, that a need for developingthe infrastructurefor water and wastewater managementin Tirupur was realizedand the TADPproposed by TACID.
TADP is an environmentalmanagement and social improvementproject, which would significantlyimprove the environmentaland social conditionsin the project area. This is expected to be achieved through provision of potable piped water supply, facilities for sanitation,domestic wastewater collection, treatment and disposalincluding sludge treatment and disposal.
3.1 ProjectCoverage
The proposed TADP aims to provide water supplyto industriesand householdsin TLPA, which comprisesTM and 16 adjacent villagepanchayats admeasuring 217 sq.km.
In addition, water supply would be provided to villages in the four wayside unions of Perundarai,Uthukuli, Chenimalaiand Tirupur,which lie along the water transmissionline corridor. These PanchayatUnions comprise area admeasuringapproximately 780 sq.km.
TADP's scope covers within its arnbit followingtwo phases described below:
Phase I: Water supply; sewerage system (within Tirupur Municipal area), sewage treatmentand low cost sanitationfor slums(within TirupurMunicipal area).
Phase II: Commonfacility for sludge collection treatment and disposalmainly to address sludges arising from operationof industrialeffluent plants.
4.0 BaselineEnvironmental Conditions
The programfor conductingbaseline environmental studies was designedafter scoping.This helpedto identifythe criticalenvironmental components that are likelyto be impactedby the project activities.Hence, the focus of baseline studies was on. monitoringof surface and ground water bodies. Observationson local ecology were also made during the baseline survey for environmentalquality in the projectarea.
SurfaceWater
Surface water quality of river Cauveri was establishedusing both primary and secondary data. Primary data obtainedfrom the analysisof collectedsamples as well as the available secondary data indicated that the chemical and bacteriologicalquality of the river water meets the requirementsfor selectingit as a sourceof drinkingwater supplyafter conventional treatment.
iii Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Execuitve Summary
With respect to the quality of surface waters within the TLPA, the chemical and bacteriologicalanalysis of samples as well as the secondarydata collected indicate a very poor water quality in both the Noyyaland Nallar rivers and the Sarkar Periyapalayamlake. This is probablydue to the indiscriminatedischarge of domesticsewage as well as industrial effluentinto them. Neither of these rivers is perennialand for most of the year there is no flowingwater in them. Furtherthe stagnationof the effluentin these rivers is contributingto the groundwater contaminationin the region.
GroundWater
To establish the groundwaterquality, samples were collectedfor analysis from both bore wells and dug wells.The values for TDS, hardness,chloride, nitrate and sulphate were found to be exceedingpermiissible standards. The bacteriologicalquality was also found to be poor.
Specifically,high TDS values were observedin dug wells near the rivers which normally receive effluents from the dyeing units. Chloride levels were in the range of 70 to 4500 mg/I. Dug wells close to the course of Noyyal river in the lower stretches upto Chennaimalaireservoir had high levels of chlorideat 2500-4000mg/l. Hardness values in the range of 90 to 1750 mg/I. Nitrate values ranged from 0 to 18.5 mg/I. Fluride values ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/I. Sulphatelevels ranged from 30 to 850 mg/I. Five dug wells close to rivers Noyyal and Nallar had high colours.
The baselinedata thus shows a widespreadcontamination of the ground water bodies in and aroundTLPA.
Further,due to over-exploitationof the ground water, a fall of 8.85 m in the ground water table has been recorded in Tirupur Block between 1982 and 1993. The ground water resource is thus under severe stress, arresting further possibleutilization. Lack of reliable water supply, in termisof both quantity and quality, has inhibited the growth of industries and has slowed down the flow of new investnents into the area.
Ecology
The project area is characterizedby undulatingrocky zones. The terrestrial ecology of the, area is suggestive of dry deciduous or semidrydeciduous and thorny dry land conditions. The major aquatic componentof the project area representedby the river Cauvery is rich in floral and faunal diversity. There is a diversityof residentialand migratorybirds in the studyarea. The aquatic and shoreline macro faunal compositionin Cauveryriver indicates that the system supports a rich variety of aquatic life. The water intake area at Cauvery river is rich in vegetation and approximately 36 varieties of plants comprising herbs, shrubs and trees are present here. A few varieties of terrestrial fauna have also been recorded at sites for Water Treatment Plants (WTP), Booster Pumping Stations (BPS), Master Balance Reservoir (MBR) at Pulavapattyand Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) at Sarkar Periyapalayam and Sultanpet. However, none of the flora and fauna recorded belong to endangeredcategory.
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5.0 Assessmentof EnvironmentalImpacts
The ESA study identifies various environmentaland social issues associated with the project during the constructionand operation phases. Most of the impacts have been assessed as minor, short term and mitigable.To minimize the impacts further, options have been explored in terms of alternatesites and pipeline routes etc. In this manner, the ESA study has significantlyinfluenced the engineeringdesign and planning of the project.
The ESA has also identified the positiveimpacts due to the project. It has been found that the positive impactsfar outweighthe any negative impactsarising during constructionand operationof the project.
The main issues arisingin the constructionphase are generationof noise, loss of vegetation, traffic disruptionespecially during the laying of sewers, dust release and accumulationof debris near the major constructionareas. Some of the issues common to most of the construction sites are the depletion of resources (construction materials), increased congestionand impacton air qualityand noise levels as well as stresson local utilities.
The assessmentof constructionphase impacts of the project indicates that all of these impacts are only short term and possibleto be containednear to the sites of construction. These can be furthermitigated by followingproper planing and good constructionpractices.
Many of the operational phase impacts are rather minor and confine to issues such as reductionin the down stream flow in the river, disposal of sludge from water and sewage treatrnentplants and noise due to operationsof pumps etc. These impacts can be mitigated by followingthe recommendationsmade in the EMP.
The ESA identifiestwo major issues in the operationof the projectsuch as disposal of the sludges from treatmentof industrialeffluents and meetingthe TDS standardin the industrial effluents. The EMP discusses possible solutions to these issues and makes specific recommendationsto this effect. The NTADCL has already taken a note of these recommendationsand have includedin the scopeof the project,(viz Phase II) development of a conmmonfacility for secured disposal of the effluent sludges. In addition, several initiatives regarding the management of TDS in the industrial effluents are presently underway.These includeuse of low salt dyes, dye bath segregationand management,use of low liquor ratio dyeing machines, substitutionof hypochloritebleaching by hydrogen peroxideetc.
The project will have considerablepositive social impacts as a result of assured, adequate and safe water supply and sanitationin the region. These benefits include:-
* Overall improvementin the health of the communityespecially the children, * Enhancedopportunities for employmentdue to additional investmentsin the region, * An opportunityto utilize the time and energy, presently spent in fetching water for the householdby the women, for other beneficialpurposes.
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6.0 EnvironmentalManagement Plan
A plan for the managementof the various environmentalissues has been identified and developed.All the moderateto major issues are fully addressedto ensure that any residual impacts would be minor and confinedto a short period. Specifically,the EMT proposes guidelines and standard operating procedures to be used by the contractors during the construction and operation phases to minimize/mitigatethe adverse impacts during the project. Table 0.1 summarisesvarious impactsand EMP in the format of issues, action to be taken as well as the responsibleagency.
6.1 EnvironmentalMonitoring
The environmentalmonitoring activity in the context of the project would be at three levels:
* Routine monitoringof the performanceof the water supply system up to the point of bulk off-take by the Operator to ensure that the system is being operated and maintainedin conformitywith the applicablewater quality standards.
* Compliance monitoring by the NTADCL to ensure that the proposed environmental managementplan is being implementedduring both constructionas well as operation.
* Monitoring the performance of the project in terms of the services committed by NTADCL to the beneficiariesas well as the monitoringof the environmentalquality in the project area. This monitoringwill be done by NTADCL in consultationwith the Citizens' Committeeand would attempt to evaluatethe extent of benefits that accrue to the consumersfrom the project
The monitoring plan is described in Table 0.2. The estimated cost of the environmental monitoring is Rs. 2.558 Million per year during the construction phase and Rs. 2.676 Million per year during the operationphase. These costs have been fully integrated in the overall financial planning of the project.
6.2 InstitutionalArrangement
For the recommended complianceand monitoring,NTADCL would hire the services of a senior expert. The expert will be on a retainerbasis and the responsibilitieswill include:
* Hiring a monitoringagency to monitorthe environmentalquality, * Review the outputs of the monitoringagency, * Rationalise the environmentalmonitoring process, * Preparationof an annual environmentaland social audit report for NTADCL, * Preparation of an environmental compliance report, to be used by NTADCL for communicating the progress of the project to the financing institutions providing assistance. NTADCLwould provide a specific formatto the consultantfor this report
Separate citizens' committeeswould be formed to monitor implementationof EMP during constructionand operationphases of the project .
vi Environmentaland SocialAssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ExecutiveSumimnry
7.0 Social Assessment
Socio-economicimpacts of the proposedTADP over the habitantsin the project area will be both positive and negative. On the positive side the project will bring in assured and adequate water supply of clean and potable water to the residents as well as the industrial users in the TLPA. The projectwill also provide safe wastewatercollection, treatment and disposal system. The negative socio-economicimpacts include dispossession of water tanker owners and employeesproperty and economicalassets on lands to be acquired to house the project componentsand their probabledisplacement and/or impoverishment
According to the feasibility study for TADP, approximately28 hectare of land area is required to house the project facilities.In order to minimise the social impacts due to the acquisitionof lands, as far as possible,the facilitiesare sited on the governmentlands. The acquisitionof privatelands for the projectthus is limitedto less that 10 hectares.
As a result of land acquisitionfor the project, the economic losses of Project Affected Persons (PAPs), besides loss of lands, may include loss of house, business and access to economic opportunities
The social assessmentstudy has been undertakenwith due considerationto public opinion and sensitivities.The entitlementpackages and the ResettlementAction Plan (RAP) have been prepared accordingto the principles and processes contained in the Environmental and Social Report (ESR) of IL&FSand the World Bank's policies(OD 4.30 and 4.20)
8.0 ProjectAffected Persons
The initial estimates indicated displacementof families at three sites. These included 50 families with legal titles at Puluvarpatty(MBR site), 20 familiesresiding on government land at Thiruvalluvar Nagar (Service Reservoir site) and 57 families residing on governmentland at Chinnandipalayam(STP site)
The treated water transmission main would mainly be laid within the Right of Way (ROW) of NH-47 and the state highways. The social issues due to the laying of the transmission line, therefore, arise only in those sections where either the ROW is significantlyencroached or is too narrow to allow passageof the pipeline
9.0 Minimisationof Social Impacts
One of important finding of the social survey among the landowner PAPs was that majority of the landownerswere absenteelandlords and did not depend on the lands under investigation for their livelihood. For landowners engaged in agriculture, the lands required by the project form a small part of their land holdings and thus do not significantly affect their earnings. The identificationof private lands for the project was thus optimal from the point of view of minimisationof rehabilitationrelated issues
The minimisation of social impacts focused at the three sites that required major resettlement efforts for mitigation of impacts and to minimise the social impacts at these sites, following decisionswere taken:
vii Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport 7irupur Area DevelopmentProject ExecutiveSummary
The location for MBR at Puluvarpattywas shifted by 500 m to a new site at Neruparichal, that did not involve acquisitionof any homesteadlands. A resettlementsite for PAFs at ThiruvalluvarNagar was identified within 500m of the Service Reservoir (SR) site to minimise the impactson the host communityas well as the resettling families.Later, after discussionswith project engineers, it was observed that the site for resettlement, which was a governmentland without any encroachments,could be also suitable to house the SR. The new site has been recommended to house the SR, thus eliminating the resettlemententirely'.
At Chinnadipalayam,the STP (west) layout has been modified so that the community residing on the site is not affected
The congested portion along the pipe line route between km 77.6 and km 79 would be bypassed by following Erode-Perundurairoad up to the Perunduraijunction, to minimise social impacts
Some road sectionswith approximateoverall length of 1000malong the feeder mains have considerable settlements on both sides of the road. Project implementationalong these sections will not have any negative social impacts if the pipe lines are laid below the paved surface of the road. Otherwise,it will be necessary to acquire a 5m wide strip of agriculturallands behind the road side structures. Such acquisition due to its very small area falling under individual field will not have a significant impact on agricultural income from the fields. The cost of acquisitionof these lands is includedin project costs
10.0 Final Estimates of PAFs
As a result of project modificationstowards minimisation of social impacts, the number of PAFs has been restricted to 74 from 107. The break-up of PAF's falling under various categoriesviz. Land owners, Encroachersand Partially affected families is given in Table 0.3.
11.0 Participationof PAPs
The general principles for determining the entitlement package for the PAPs were discussed with the affected persons by way of focus group meeting during the course of social survey and later before finalisation of the RAP recommendations.A formal Public Information and Consultation (PIC) meeting was also conducted in the project area to appraise the village representatives and general public about the project and policies towards social issues
12.0 ResettlementAction Plan
Land Value
The land value within the town fluctuatesaccording to its usage and location. Due to an increased demand of land for industrialand commercialactivities an appreciationin land value has occurred. The value of land along the Avinashiroad is about Rs. 2400 per sq. m at one of the proposed reservoir sites. The land values in the outskirts of TLPA are in the
'The SA, as a precautionarymeasure, also provides RAPif the communityneeds to be resettled.
viii Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ExecutiveSummary
range of Rs. 2-2.5 Million per hectare. The land value in Bhavani area, near intake and water treatmnentplant sites is about Rs. 1.5 Millionper hectare
Valuationof other assets
The assets that could be dismantledfor clearanceof the area for project constructionare structures of different types and varying plinth areas and constructionmaterial and trees. In case of structures,assessment is based on the plinth area and valued at suitable rates, subtractingdepreciation there on. The process to value the trees is based on the age, height and its girth
Estimationof Compensation
Considering above factors, RAP has worked out detailed compensation for lands and assets of PAPs and is summarisedin Table0.4.
13.0 Resettlement& RehabilitationNeeds
The findingsof SA bring out that it is feasibleto minimisethe resettlementto only at one of the sewagepumping stationlocation. There may howeverbe a need to resettle 21 other families at one of the service reservoir location. The social assessment has however included the larger requirement for budget estimates. The total cost of the resettlement needs for the project area estimated at Rs. 3.38 Million.NTADCL will have the over all responsibilityto constructand allot the housingat the resettlementsites.
The project does not have any rehabilitationneeds as such. Howeversuggestions are given for trainingthe youthsfor possible employmentin the textile industries.
14.0 InstitutionalArrangements
NTADCL will be responsibleto ensure successfulimplementation of RAP for the project. However, there will also be close involvementof district authoritiesin the implementation process.
The SA recommendsformation of Project Level R&R Implementationand Monitoring Committee for effective implementing the RAP. The primary responsibility of the committee will be to implement the recommendationsof the social assessment with respect to further minimisationof R&R issues and firm up the actual entitlementpackages for individualPAPs based on the guidelinespresented in the ESA.
In this context, it is necessary that a NGO experienced in Land Acquisition (LA) proceduresand in implementingincome generationschemes work closely with NTADCL and government. Thus the implementation responsibility through an institutional arrangement will need to be developedaround the SPV, GoTN representativesand NGO involvement.
ix Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Erecutive Summary
The NGO selectedwill be a memberof the monitoringcommittee of RAP to be headed by the District Collector as Chairman. The other members of the committee will be drawn from NTADCL,different Governmentdepartments that are concerned with the RAP and the senior project staff of the BOOT operator.
The activitiesto be taken on an immediatebasis as a part of initiating the implementation of the RAP are as follows:
* Issue of notificationu/s 4(1) of the LA Act for acquiringprivate properties * Selectionand appointmentof NGO * Identificationof all the landownersthrough the NGO and detailing of their entitlement package and * Constituting and operationalising Project Level Resettlement and Rehabilitation MonitoringCommittee
NTADCL would appoint an independentconsultant conversant with R&R planning and implementationto reviewthe progressof RAP implementation
The overallbudget for implementationand monitoringof RAP progress is estimated at Rs. 44.54 Million and includes costs of compensationfor land acquisition (Rs. 37.87 Million); resettlementand rehabilitation(Rs. 4.17 Million) and hiring of NGO and monitoring and evaluation agency (Rs. 2.50 Million). The cost towards RAP has been included in the project cost while undertakingthe financial analysisof the project.
15.0 Identification& Managementof Risks
The various environmentaland social risks associatedwith this project, that may affect its techno-commercialviability, include public resentment to compensationsrelated to land acquisition,uncertainty in assured off-takes from the water source, contaminationof water at the intake works and closure of industriesdue to environmentalnon-compliance.
The EMP and RAP proposed in ESA bring down most of the risk identified above, considerably.In addition, the ESA has developeda risk managementplan to address any residual risks so as to keep them within the acceptablelimits
x Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Executive Summary
Table 0.1 Environmental Management Plan
No. Issues I Action to be taken I Responsible Entity A. Construction Phase Impacts 1. Clearing of vegetation A minimum level of tree plantation to Prospective Operator be undertakenas documentedin the (PO) ESAR 2. Dust contaminationat Constructionsites / haul roads near / PO constructionsites and passingthrough residentialand along haul roads commercialareas to be watered twice a day. Truckscarrying construction materialto be adequatelycovered 3. Air Pollution Constructionmachinery and vehicles PO to meet relevantemission standards and to be maintained adequately Monitoringof NO., HC, PMIo, SO2 NTADCL and CO at sensitive/residential areas near major constructionsites as per Table 6.3. _ In the event of violationof 24 hourly PO averagedIndian Standards for any of the parametersactivities to be restricted between 6 AM to 9 PM. 4. Noise Pollutionand Definiteconstruction operations in PO Vibrations residentialand sensitiveareas should be restrictedto between6 AM and 9PM.
Provisionof ear plugs to operatorsof heavymachinery and workersin near vicinity
Provisionof encasementto generatorsand concretemixers at the site of the servicereservoirs at Andipalayamand Thiruvalluvar Nagar
Duringthe night,material transport shouldbe uniformlydistributed during the night to minimizenoise impacts
Prior informationto be providedif blasting is significant
Blastingto be in accordancewith the ExplosivesAct, 1884and Explosives Rules, 1983 to be restricted between 16am & 9am
xi Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project ExcecutiveSunmmary
Table 0.1 Environmental Management Plan (Cont.)
No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity 5. Disposal of Daily inspectionat haul roads and PO constructiondebris sites for constructiondebris for safe collectionand disposalto landfill sites Collectionand disposalof refuse and PO debris generatedduring site clearance. Minimisingconstruction debris by PO balancingcut and fill requirements 6. Diversionof Traffic Adequateand safe measuresfor PO and Congestionin divertingthe traffic to be provided Transportation duringconstruction across National Highway,district roads and roads withinTirupur.
While planningalternate routes, care to be taken to minimizecongestion PO and negative impactsat sensitive receptorssuch as schoolsand hospitals
Traffic controlsand diversions PO marked with signs, lightsand other measures (flags) should be provided Prior to creatingdiversions and Citizens Committee detoursthe citizens shouldbe NTADCL consultedwell in advancethrough citizens' meetings.It should be an informeddecision taken through public participation.
Diversionworks to be dismantledto PO restorethe area after completionof construction 7. Constructionlabour Planningof labourcamps needs to be PO done to ensure adequatewater supply,sanitation and drainageetc. in conformitywith the IndianLabour Laws and specificsection for constructionlabour 8. Procurementof Procurementof constructionmaterial PO constructionmaterial only from permittedsites and quarries 9. Laying of Water Pipelineroute should be realigned PO TransmissionLines where possible,to minimizetree felling and need for resettlement.
xii Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ExecutiveSummary
Table 0.1 Environmental Management Plan (Cont.)
No. Issues Actionto be taken ResponsibleEntity Pipelinesto be providedexternal PO casingwhile crossingeffluent channelsand passingthrough inhabitedareas proneto water logging 10. Laying of Water Adequateprecaution should be taken PO DistributionSystem while layingthe lines to avoid possibilityof cross connectionwith the sewer lines B. Operation Phase Impacts 1. Impact on water Regularmonitoring of water quality PO quality and therefore upto the bulk offtakepoint followed to public health due to by immediatemeasures to remedy the treatmentdeficiencies situationif there is a impairmentof or contaminationof water quality. water. Regularmonitoring of water quality TM during distributionat the consumer end followedby immediatemeasures to remedy the situationif there is a impairment of water quality 2. Disposalof treatment Adequatefacilities for disposalof NTADCL plant sludge and WTP and STP sludge, shouldbe residuesat WTP and providedas per EPA 1986and STP. subsequentrelevant rules. 3. Constructionof Sewer Whileplacing the vent shafts, PO System, Low Cost precautionsto minimizeodor Sanitationand Sewage nuisanceto residentsshould be Pumping Stations undertaken,and carefultransfer of solidwastes from sewagepumping stationsite shouldbe ensured. Septictanks and soak pits should not TM / PO causeground water contamination, odor or fly nuisance. 4. STPs Adequateprecaution should be made PO to prevent groundwater contaminationfrom the wet wells at pumpingstation Open areas surroundingthe STPs and PO WTPs shouldbe covered by plantation. Effluentsfrom STPs should be PO conveyedto the riversby closed conduits. Adequatebank protectionmeasures PO shouldbe providednear the disposal sites in the river.
xiii Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ExecutiveSummary
Table 0.1 Environmental Management Plan (Cont.)
No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity 5. Surfacewater Adequateprecautions to be taken PO contamination during the operationsto avoid contaminationof surfacewaters due to spillage/leakageof oils, fuel or chemicals. 6. Transportationand Guidelinesand proceduresin Motor PO storage of hazardous Vehicle-Act1986 for transportation; chemicals and in Manufacture,Storage and Import of HazardousChemicals Rules 1989 for storage to be strictly followed. Insurancecovers to be taken for accidentsand cost of clean- up operations
7. Generationof sludge's A commonfacility should be GoTN/lndustriesoperating at the IETPs and developedfor the secured disposalof CETPs/IETPs CETPs the sludge's followingthe guidelines laid down by the MoEF 8. Releaseof high TDS Technicalassistance to the industries TEA and NTADCL levels from industrial to implementmeasures for reducing effluents TDS at source throughuse of low salt dyes, reuse of dye bath etc.
xiv Lnviroinmentaflan(/ dSocial Assessmeent Tirupur Area Developieiitt Project Executive Suntnmary
Tahle 0.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
S. No. | MonitoringRequirement | Specifications* ResponsibleEntity Total costs X o l l (Per year) Construction Plase Impacts I Ambient air quality at fixed stations at 3 locations to NO,, SO., PM,O,CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly NTADCL 10,00,000 understandthe impactof changein traffic patterndue to monitoringfor threedays once every monsoon & the project. summerand two times during the winterseason
Moving stations(3 nos.)at the construction sites (only NO,, SO,, PM,,, CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly 10,00,000 during constructionperiod). To understand the impact of monitoringfor three days once every monsoon & constructionoperations. summerand two times during the winter season 2 Noise levelsat the constructionsites Fortnightly monitoring at 3 locations on hourly NTADCL and 1,44,000 (only duringconstruction period) basis for 24 hour period Citizens' committee 3 Disposalof constructiondebris Periodic inspection at haul roads and sites for NTADCL and constructiondebris for safe collectionand disposal Citizens' committee to landfill sites 4 Traffic and Transportation Measuresfor divertingthe traffic during NTADCL with the constructionacross NationalHighway, district traffic police and roads and roads within Tirupur,to be monitored. the Citizens Committee. Public consultationsshould be conducted well in advance in order to take an informneddecision on the proposeddetours and diversions. 5 Domestic sewage and refuse management at the labor Check for adequacy of sanitation arrangementsat NTADCL and camps and construction sites. the labor camps. Citizen's committee
xiv - a Enviro,t,,e,,ttIl and SocialAssessment Tirupur Area Development Project EIxecutiveSummnry
Table 0.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan (Cont.)
S. No. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Entity Total costs ______(P er year) 7 Water Pollution Check for: NTADCL and Public Health * Blockageof flowingwater which may Departmentof TM lead to stagnationof water; *. soil erosion due to constructionactivities leadingto contaminationand siltationof water bodies. * watercontamination due to use of fuel and lubricantsat the constructionsites 8 Procurementof constructionmaterial. Check that procurement of construction material NTADCL should be only from permitted sites and quarries Sub total 21,44,000
xiv - b invironhiiental ando.ocial Assessment TirupurArea DevelopmenmtProject Executive Sunttary
Table 0.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan (Cont.) S. No. |MntrnRqren Specifications* Responsible Entity | Total ~costs I Moiorn Reurmn | (er year) . OperationPhase Impacts 2 Waterquality at intakepoint Chemicalquality', seasonally for 3 locations(@ 3 NTADCL 3,000 (throughoutthe project) samplesper location) Bacteriologicalquality, monthlyfor 3 locations. Grab samplesthrice a day (covering the diurnal 2,70,000 cycle) 2 Waterquality at the outletof the WTP Chemicalquality', seasonallyfor I location (@ 3 NTADCL 36,000 grabsamples) Residual chlorine and bacteriologicalquality, 72,000 monthly for I location (@ 3 samples) 3 Water quality at the two MBRs Chemicalquality, seasonallyfor 2 locations(@ 3 NTADCL 96,000 samples/ location) Residual chlorine and bacteriological quality, 1,80,000 monthly for 2 locations (@ 3 samples) 4 Waterquality at the consumerend Bacteriologicalquality, and residual chlorine daily NTADCL 9,00,000 one sample (@ one sample/ month for a populationof 10,000).For a populationof 3 lakhs- 30 samples per month 5 Surfacewater quality at the point of treatedeffluent Chemicalquality', seasonallyfor 2 locations@ 3 NTADCL 96,000 discharge(at SarkarPeriyapalayam lake and at river grabsamples per location Noyyal). Bacteriologicalquality, monthly for 2 locations@ 1,80,000 3 grabsamples per location. 7 Surfacewater quality at the pointwhere the riverNoyyal Chemicalquality', Seasonallyfor I location@ 3 NTADCL 48,000 leavesthe TLPA. grabsamples. Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3 locations 90,000 S Groundwater quality at 16locations in the high TDS belt, Groundwater level, TDS andcolor seasonallyfor NTADCL 64,000 (> 4000 mg/I) that was determinedduring the baseline 16locations, one sample each. studies.
xiv - c Environmenrtatl aid Socia l Assessment TirupurArea DevelopmenitProject ExecutiveSummtary
Table 0.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan (Cont.)
S. No. MonitoringRequirement Specifications* I ResponsibleEntity Total costs I,I I I (Per year) Operation Phase Impacts 9 Groundwater quality, at sludgedisposal sites Ground water level, Chemical quality, NTADCL andPO Bacteriologicalquality, annuallyfor 3 locations, one sampleeach per site. 10 Soil quality, at sludgedisposal sites Soil characteristicsannually for 3 locations,one NTADCL andPO sampleeach per site I I Transportationand storage of hazardouschemicals, e.g. To check whetherguidelines and proceduresin NTADCL and chlorineat watertreatment plants MotorVehicle-Act 1986 for transportation;and in Traffic police. Manufacture,Storage and Import of Hazardous ChemicalsRules 1989 for storageare being followed. 12 Consultancyfees @Rs.5 lakhs/ year 5,00,000 Sub total 26,76,000 Total 48,20,000
Thechemicalparameters recommendedio be monitoredare:pH temperature,tirbidity, totaldissolvedsolids.total suspendedsolids, hardness, alkalinity, acidity fluorides, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides, nitrates,BOD, DO, iron andmanganese.
* Theffrequencyof samplingand theparameters recommendedfor analysis in theabove table must be rationalizedby theconsultant to NTADCLand suitable modiflcations made wvith respect to locations,frequency of samplingandparameters monitored.
xiv - d Environmentaland Social Assessnent Report Tirupur Area Development Project Executive Summary
Table 0.3 Distribution of PAEs at Sites for Project Components
SI. Component Land Encroachers Partially No. Holder affected 1. Intake well 12 Nil Nil 2. Raw watermain 2 Nil Nil 3. Water TreatmentPlant I Nil Nil 4. Clear Water Transmissionmain 1 Nil Nil 5. BoosterPumping Station Nil 4 1
6. Master Balancing Reservoir 6 Nil _ 7. ServicesReservoirs a) Municipal limit 3 212 2 b) Outside-Municipallimit Nil 2 3
8. Sewagepumping stations Nil 6 1+ Temple and a school 9. Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) 8 Nil I Total 32 33 9
2 applicableif altemnategovermment lands are used for housingthe ServiceReservoir at Thiruvalluvar Nagar
xv Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Executive Summary
Table 0.4 Abstract of Compensations (Excluding Resettlement)*
S. Project Component Details of compensation Cost No. Rs. in lakhs 1) Water Intake well a) Loss of land S.F.No.39 - 0.256 Ha 5.12 S.F. No.137/9 - 0.06 Ha 1.20 b) Loss of trees (approx) S.F.No. 13719 1.80 2) Raw Water Transmission main & Water Treatment Plant a) Loss of land S.F.No.50/6 - 0.00675 Ha 0.14 S.F.No. 21, 22 - 1.22 Ha 24.40
3) Master Balancing Reservoir a) Loss of land Optionl S.F.No. 135 - 4.0 Ha 120.00 Option 2 S.F. No. 135 - 2.5 Ha S.F.No.140- 1.5 Ha 4) Service Reservoir at Feeder Main U Kuppandapalayam 2 bathrooms 0.16 New 12 seat latrine 2.00 Sakthi Nagar Barber shop 0.25 CPI Office 0.50 Relocation of temple 1.00 Kanian Pundi New 12 seat latrine 2.00 Notchipalayam pirivu Fence 0.15 Thiruvalluvar Nagar 2 doors 0.10 S) STP (east) a) Loss of land S.F.No. 122 - 2.05 Ha 119.55 S.F.No. 124/1 - 1.16 Ha S.F.No. 39 - 0.775 Ha b) Loss of structure One tiled shed 1.50 One well 1.00 6) SPS - Mannarai Loss of Structure 0.75 SPS - Kuttai near Nataraj Relocation of Temple 1.00 Theatre Loss of Structure 0.10
7) Feeder Mains-' - Sm wide Agricultural lands 15.00 strip of approximately I 000m
in length ______I ITotal 377.72
* The land cost is taken as Rs. 20 lakhs per hectarefor areas outside TLPA and Rs. 30 lakhsfor areas within TLPA (including solatium)
Acquisition required only if perrnissionto lay the pipe lines under the paved surface of the road is not given
xvi CHAPTER 1
CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT
1.1 Background
Tirupur is an industrial town located about 50 km east of Coimbatore, off the National Highway No. 47 (connectingTrichur and Salem). It is geographicallylocated between 11.7°-northlatitude and 77.5°-eastlongitude.
Tirupur Municipal town is spread over an area admeasuringapproximately 27 sq.km. Tirupur is known for textile processing and allied industrial activities and for its contribution to the national economy by way of cotton knitwear exports, accounting for over 90% of the country's exports in this sector. Exportshave risen from marginal levels in 1980-90to US$ 1 billion in the year ending March 1998. With its geographiclocation (refer Figure 1.1) in the Cauvery and Bhavani river basin and being on the transportation corridorsof westernpart of the TamilNadu State,the town has a good growth potential.
1.2 Situation Analysis
Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial InfrastructureDevelopment Limited (TACID), a Govenmuentof Tamil Nadu (GoTN) undertaking,is responsiblefor the development of infrastructure for industrial areas within the State. As per statutory requirements, water supply, sanitation and sewage management within the urban areas of the State are implemented by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board and managed by the local bodies like municipalities and Town Panchayats and Village Panchayats.
TACID has taken a lead role in developing infrastructure facilities primarily for the industries within Tirupur Local Planning Area (TLPA), which comprises Tirupur Municipality(TM) and adjacent 2 Town Panchayatsand 14 Village Panchayatsextending over an area of 217.38 sq.km.
Due to the industrialexpansion of Tirupurtown, whichhas contributedto the developmentof adjoining areas, this area has been identifiedas TLPA to facilitate planning. TACID has developeda comprehensiveplan called as the TirupurArea DevelopmentProject (TADP). The TADP addressesthe infrastructurebottlenecks in Tirupurtown, local Town Panchayats and Village Panchayatsand for the industrieslocated in the TLPA. The impetusfor the implementationof TADP is largely from a local industry group, the Tirupur Exporters Association(TEA), formed by Tirupurknitwear exporters.
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1.2.1 Populationof Tirupur
The populationof Tirupurmunicipal town was 2,35,661as per 1991 census.The population of 2 Town Panchayatsand 14 VillagePanchayats as per the 1991 census was 35,502 and 83161respectively.
1.2.2 IndustrialScenario
Tirupur has hardworkingentrepreneurs and workers who have made knitting a household industry. It is aided by the availabilityof ample quantitiesof yarn at competitiveprices in the nearby city of Coimbatore,low cost labour and access to specialfabrics in the southern power loom centers of Salem, Erode, Karur and other cities. Today Tirupur houses about 5000 units, which directly or indirectly contributeto the export earning of the town. Of these 5000 units, about 2500 are into knitwear, 625 are dyeing units, 325 bleaching units and the balance are in ginning, spinning, steamncalanering, printing, packaging. Since 1985, the exportsfrom Tirupur have witnesseda meteoric rise both in value terms as well as the numberof pieces.
1.2.3 ExistingWater System
Tirupur town is supplied water from two existing schemes and river Bhavani as source, which is a tributary of river Cauvery. Scheme-I was commissionedin the year 1965 to supply water to TM and 7 waysidevillages, which has a design capacity of 7.0 MLD. The Scheme-II has a design capacity of 32 MLD and was commissionedin the year 1992, which suppliestreated water to TM, four Town Panchayatsand 44 waysidevillages
The consumers receive an average 31 MLD water from these two schemes after accounting for the transmission losses. Presently water is supplied for two hours on alternatedays and is grossly inadequate.
TM is vested with statutorypowers for the operationand maintenanceof the water supply system within .municipal limits. The water distribution system within TM limits is therefore operated and maintained by TM. In addition, TM at present maintains the Scheme-I from source to distributionand is responsibleto supply bulk water to 7 wayside villages covered under this scheme. However,TWAD Board is responsiblefor operation and maintenanceof the Scheme-II,which is outsideTM limits.
1-3 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Contextof the project
The industries in TLPA area including TM area do not have access to the reliable piped water supply. Water is an essential commodity in the cotton knitwear production process. The existing water supply system does not provide water to the dyeing and bleaching industries. The industries have largely relied on their own resources to access water supply. Private water suppliers abstract the ground water and supply it to the industries through tankers, which generally have high concentration of Total Dissolve Solids (TDS). Lack of reliable water supply has inhibited the growth of industries and has slowed down the flow of new investments into the area.
1.2.4 ExistingSanitation Facilities
About 62 % of the total populationare covered with sanitation facilities comprising of septic tanks and soak pits. Communityfacilities in the form of 36 communitytoilets have been provided by the TM for about 8,113 households belonging mainly to the Economically Weaker Sections and Low Income Group. The slurn area within TM currently does not have access to any sanitation facilitiesincluding toilets. The total slum population of Tirupur town as per the 1991 census was 57,780 (about 25 % of then Tirupur population)distributed in 88 notified slum areas.
1.2.5 ExistingDomestic Wastewater System
Currently, Tirupur town does not have a sewerage system or an organizedopen drainage system. Surface drains constructed in rubble masonry cover about 80 km of the road length of TM, out of which about 50 km road length have well constructeddrains (pucca drains). The sewage, industrialeffluent and storm water flows through the open drains to the river. In case of some houses, the sullage is collectedin soak pits.
1.2.6 ExistingIndustrial Wastewater System
About 288 industrial units had already planned to provide effluent treatment through 8 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), which are under various stages of completion.Around 309 industrialunits are in the processof settingup IndividualEffluent TreatmentPlants (IETPs). The effluent after treatment would meet the effluent discharge standards prescribed by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), except the standardsfor TDS.
The rapid growth of industryhas led to a serious deteriorationin the environmentalquality particularlysurface and groundwater quality.This is due to the fact that the entire production is through multitudesof smallunits and there has not been any concertedeffort till recently, on comprehensiveplanning for industrialeffluent treatment and disposal.The ground water quality over the years has been impairedby TDS in the industrialeffluents to such an extent
1-4 Environmentand SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Contextof the project that the industrytoday finds it impossibleto utilizethe ground water as a source for process water.
1.3 Need for the Project
The industrialsector at Tirupur mainly comprisesdyeing and bleaching units. Due to the rapid expansionand developmentof these industries,the infrastructurefacilities at Tirupur have always been inadequate. At present the water supply is inadequate for domestic usage and no water is being suppliedto the industrialsector. The industrial water demand is being met through ground waterresources and by tankers broughtfrom other places.
The town does not have a sewage collection,treatment and disposalfacility. The industrial effluent treatment is being implementedthrough IETPs in some industries and through CETPs in others. The sewage and industrialeffluent are disposed off in open drains that ultimatelyjoin Nallar and Noyyal rivers passing throughthe town. These two water bodies are basicallynatural drainage courses, which carry water only duringthe monsoons.During the remainingperiod of the year, these rivers carry only the industrialeffluents, which get stagnatedin the naturaldepressions in the riverbedand percolateinto the groundwater.As a result,the groundwaterquality around the cluster of bleachingand dyeingunits is found to be polluted, mainly by TDS, to such a level that it is unfit for domestic, industrial and agriculturalactivities.
Low cost sanitation facilities presently provided by TM were found to be inadequate to cater to the present levels of the populationsection comprisingof slum-dwellersand the Economically Weaker Sections or the Low Income Group. Also, most of the facilities provided are not connectedto any proper drains or septic tanks. It is necessary to extend low cost sanitationfacilities to the slums in TM.
In the absence of any intervention for remedying the above conditions, the following consequencesare anticipated:
(a) Increase in health relatedhazards due to the prevailingunsanitary conditions; (b) Widespreadenvironmental degradation due to dischargeof untreatedeffluents; (c) Overexploitationof ground water by industries; (d) Impairmentof ground water quality and (e) Deterioration of infrastructure due to increase in population caused mainly by migrationfrom surroundingareas in search of employment.
1-5 Environment and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Contex of theproject
It is in this contextthat the need for developingthe infrastructurefor water and wastewater managementin Tirupur was realized and the Tirupur Area DevelopmentProgram (TADP) was proposed. Details of the proposed infrastructure development program have been discussed in Chapter 2.
1.4 Project Scope
TADP is an environmentalmanagement and social improvementprogram, which would significantlyimprove the environmentaland social condition in the project area, through provision of potable, piped water supply,facilities for sanitation and domestic wastewater collection,treatment and disposaland sludgetreatment and disposal.
The proposed TADP aims to provide water supplyto industries and households in TLPA, which comprises TM and 2 Town Panchayats and 14 Village Panchayats. In addition, water would be supplied to the four wayside unions (Perundarai, Uthukuli, Chenimalai and Tirupur) and a Model township at Mudalipalayam,which lie enroute on the water transmissionsystem corridor.The Project would provide for the collection, treatrnent and disposal of domesticwastewater generated within TM.
The Project would provide for the collection,treatment and disposalfacility for the sludge generatedfrom industrialeffluent treatment plants in Phase-II.
The Project beneficiariescan be categorizedas follows:
(a) Domestic consumers within Tirupur Municipalitywho would be provided water supplyand sewage collectionservice
(b) Industrial consumerswithin Tirupur Municipalitywho would be provided a water supply service and sludge disposalfacility in Phase-II
(c) Industrial consumersoutside TirupurMunicipality but within TLPA who would be provided a water supply service and sludgedisposal facility in Phase-II
(d) Enroute Village Panchayats Unions on the transmissionmain route who would be provided a water supply service
(e) Panchayats adjoiningTirupur Municipalitywho would be provided a water supply service
(f) Residents in notified slums within Tirupur Municipalitywho would be provided on-site sanitationfacilities linked to the seweragesystem
1-6 Environment and Social Assessment Report Tirnpur Area Development Project Contert of theproject
1.5 Approachto ProjectImplementation
The existinginstitutional set-up in Tamil Nadu vests the responsibilityof developmentof water supply and seweragefacilities with the TWAD Board. The onus of providing water supplyand seweragerests with the Municipalities,Panchayats and other local bodies. The TWAD Board functions with limited financial allocations from the GoTN and external fundinginstitutions. As on date, its coveragefor water supplyfor major municipalities(like Tirupur) is reasonably high, though not complete, while its coverage of sewerage is negligible.The dependenceof Tirupursolely on TWADBoard, for the developmentof water supply and sewerage sector would result in considerabletime lag, which would be detrimental to the industrial development of Tirupur area. The Tirupur Exporters' Association (TEA) along with TACID therefore decided to implementthe Project on a commercial basis. A Memorandumof Understanding(MoU) was signed by TEA and TACID with InfrastructureLeasing & Financial ServicesLimited (IL&FS)on August 25, 1994for developingthe Project.
To implement the Project on a commercial format, a special purpose vehicle with the name New Tirupur Area DevelopmentCorporation Limited (NTADCL), was incorporated as a public limited company under the Companies Act, 1956. NTADCL has been promoted jointly by Governmentof India, Governmentof Tamil Nadu (GoTN), Tirupur Exporters' Association (TEA) and IL&FS. NTADCL has entered into a concession agreementwith GoTN for implementationof the Project.
The scope of TADP posed for commercial development under present concession agreement is limited to implementationof facilities envisages under the Phase I. The project is conceived on a Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) basis. NTADCL would enter into a Concession Agreement with GoTN and TM as the BOOT Operator and thereafter be responsiblefor implementationof the projects.
The Project wouldbe bid out on an InternationalCompetitive Bidding (ICB) basis to induct an experienced and suitably qualified Private Sector Partner (PSP). The PSP would be responsiblefor the design,construction and operationand maintenanceof the facility for the period of the concession.
1.6 Objectiveof the Environmentaland Social Assessment(ESA)
The EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentNotification of January-1994and its subsequent amendmentsof the Ministryof Environmentand Forest (MoEF),Government of India, do not require ESA for project category such as TADP. NTADCL however undertook the ESA study in keeping with the requirementsof the IL&FS's Environmentaland Social Report (ESR)as well as the WorldBank's OperationalDirective 4.01, 4.20 and 4.30
1-7 Environment and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Context of the project
A comprehensive ESA study was carried out through the Center for Environmental Studies (CES) at Anna University, Chennai. Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies (TNIUS),Coimbtore, supported CES in conductingthe social assessment
The main objectivesof the ESA studyare:
(a) Identificationand assessmentof the likely environmentaland social impacts and analysis of alternativesto minimizethem; (b) Developmentof an environmentalmanagement plan and resettlementaction plan for making the projectenvironmentally sound and socially acceptableand (c) Recommendation of an appropriate institutional framework and monitoring mechanismsfor the environmentaland resettlementaction plans
The ESA study is designedto:
(a) Ensuremitigation of potential environmentalissues and communityconcerns early in the implementation of the proposed project by incorporating necessary safeguardsin the design;
(b) Minimizerisk to the projectproponent and the consumer;
(c) Avoid delays and extra costs which may subsequentlyarise due to unanticipated environmentaland social problems;and
(d) Ensure that the concems of residents and communitiesare addressed and plans made for the rehabilitationand resettlementof those likely to be affected.
1.7 Methodology
1.7.1 EnvironmentalAssessment (EA)
As a first step, secondary data was collected from GoTN and other agencies. Details of topography, hydrology, surface and ground water quality were obtained. The current service levels of water supply and sanitary conditionsas well as land requirements for water supply and sanitation projects were studied. Data on soil quality, land use pattern, climate and meteorology was also obtained. A detailed project description was obtained from NTADCL for understandingthe likely impacts.
1-8 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Contextof the project
Following this, field investigationswere carried out to establish baseline environmental conditions. Surface water samples were collected from selected locations on the rivers Bhavani, Cauvery, Noyyal, and Nallar. Samples were also collected from Sarkar Periyapalam lake. Ground water samples were collected from both dug and bore wells. The collectedsamples were analyzedfor variousbiological and chemicalparameters.
For studyingthe ecologicalstatus of the region, inventorizationand characterizationof the flora and faunawas done.
The above data collectionwas supplementedby interactionwith the local people through local bodies,Non GovernmentOrganizations (NGOs) and peoples' representatives.
The primary and secondary data were used to predict the impact of the project on the existing environmentalconditions. An analysis of alternatives was done for the various project components. Alternatives most favorable to the environment were then recommended.
The environmental issues arising from the project were identified and appropriate mitigation measures suggested in an Enviromnental Management Plan (EMP). The institutional arrangements required for monitoring the project were identified. This is necessary to ensure that the mitigationmeasures suggestedin the EMP are implemented.
1.7.2 Social Assessment(SA)
As a first step towards the study,the project documentsand maps provided by NTADCL were carefully studied.To facilitatean understandingof the project,its parametersand the socio economic setting, field visits to all project facilities were undertaken.After the site visits, a reconnaissancesurvey was planned and executed with the objective to gain first hand information about the probable PAPs and their socio-economicprofile, awareness about the project and concerns. This informationwas later used to develop detailed survey plans for their firn identification,to brief the local governmentabout the dinensions and areas of land acquisition, and to mobilize their support for authenticationof ownership records. The findingsof the reconnaissancesurvey were extensivelyused for identification of project alternativesfor the project componentsthat gave rise to significantsocial issues
Following liaison with the local governmentat the level of the District Collector, the task of detailed investigationon socio-economicprofile of PAPs and adjoining populationwas initiated. The questionnaire prepared for the purpose was first field tested with 5% coverage. Based on the field experience and the feedback,the questionnairewas revised. Under the supervision of an experienced sociologist,a team of investigators was then mobilized to carry out the survey.
*1-9 Environment and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Context of theproject
Secondarydata on ownershipof landsrequired for the project was obtained.Following the analysis of these records with referenceto layout maps of the proposed project facilities, physical demarcationof project sites in the presence of revenue officialswas carried out to the extent possible. In order to minimize further encroachmentof sites, administrative steps as well as support from local residents were sought. These steps led to actual identificationof PAPs of the project.
The data on assets and belongingsof PAPs, extent of their losses due to the project and their preference for resettlementand rehabilitationwere then collected which formed the basis for developingthe Resettlementplan and the Entitlementpackage. While developing the same, IL&FS guidelines,prescribed in the form of ESR, were followed. In order to ensure timely implementationof the recommendations,a schedule of work integrating the resettlement and rehabilitation needs with the project execution was developed. The budgetary requirement for the package, based on the guideline value of land prices and assets, was then worked out.
1.8 Organizationof the Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport (ESAR)
The ESA report is organized in ten chapters. Introductionand project description are presented in Chapters 1 and 2 respectively.The introductionprovides a backgroundto the project and identifies the need for the project. The objective of the ESA study together with the methodologyadopted is also presentedin this chapter.
Chapter 2 presents the Project Description, which contains a detailed description of the various proposed elements of the project viz, water supply, sewerage and sewage treatment.
The Environmental Setting, Analysis of Alternatives, Prediction and Assessment of Impacts and the EnvironmentalManagement Plan are presented in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively.
Chapter 3 describes the environmentalcomponents in the project area. The focus of this chapter is primarily on the existingphysical, chemicaland biological status of the surface and ground water sources. In addition, the status of the terrestrial flora and fauna in the project area has also been described.
An analysis of the various alternatives in project design at both strategic and project component level, has been carried out in Chapter 4. The various issues and impacts associatedwith the proposed projectare assessedtogether in Chapter 5
1-10 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Conrexrof the project
In Chapter 6, an EMP for the project has been detailed. The suggested measures to mitigate the issues arising out of the impact assessmenttogether with the institutional arrangementsare providedin this Chapter. To ensurethat the managementplans are fully implemented,Environmental monitoring requirements are also provided
The social setting and procedures used in the social assessment study are described in Chapters 7, 8 and 9. The detailed information on the PAP is provided together with identification, measures undertaken for minimization of negative social impacts and profile of the PAPs. Mitigation measures to alleviate the social impacts together with a RAP are also provided in this section.
Chapter 10 presentsan assessmentof the variousenvironmental and social risks associated with this project. Suitable management plans for mitigation of these risks are also presented.
1-11 CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Preamble
This chapter gives an overview of the Project in terms of technical description of the various water supply and sewerage system sub-componentsas for Phase I. The scope of work would cover the following:
(a) A bulk water supply system consisting of abstraction of 185 MLD of raw water from river Cauvery, treatment and distributionto bulk industrial consumers, TM and wayside villages
(b) A water distributionsystem to store and distribute treated water to domestic and industrialconsumers within the jurisdiction of TM
(c) A sewage collection,treatment and disposal system for the TM, including onsite sanitationfacilities for the slum areas within TM
2.2 Water SupplySystem
The system is designed to abstract 185 MLD of raw water from river Cauvery, treat it at a water treatmentplant about 1.4 km away and transmittreated water to a master balancing reservoir, 54 km from the water treatment plant. From the master balancing reservoir, treated water is pumped to 35 water distributionstations through three trunk distribution mains, hereinafter termed as feeder mains. Treated water from the 35 water distribution stations would then be distributed to individual consumers through local distribution networks. A line diagramrepresenting the water supply systemis attached as Figure2.1.
2.2.1 Water Source
River Cauvery, which is a perennial river, is proposed as a source of raw water abstraction for the project. The Water AllocationCommittee of Governmentof Tamil Nadu (GoTN), has permitted abstraction of 185 Mld water from river Cauveryat the proposed abstraction point about 55 km from Tirupur vide GovernmentOrder No. 391 dated 27 May 1996.
2.2.2 Intake Works
The intake on river Cauverywould be constructedon the Right Bank of river Cauvery. It is proposed to create a channelwithin the riverbedto improve water availability at the
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intake well throughout the year. The intake would be RCC structure with manually cleaned coarse screens.
2.2.3 Raw Water Main
The raw water, abstracted at the intake would be pumped from the intake to the Water Treatment Plant (WTP), near the Vasavi College compound, through a 1.4 km long pumping main. The raw water main would be constructed in mild steel of 1400-mm diameter with a wall thicknessof 12 mm
2.2.4 Water Treatment Plant
The water treatment plant would have a capacity to treat 185 MLD of raw water. The water treatment process would consist of a single stream with pre-chlorinationfacility, 3 hydraulic flocculators,3 lamella clarifiers and 10 conventionalrapid gravity filters. The sludge treatment process would include the return of backwash water to main process clarifiers and the transfer of sludge from the clarifiers to a single polymer sedimentation thickener and centrifuge. The disinfection process would be based on breakpoint chlorination.
2.2.5 Treated Water Pumping Station and Transmission Main
Treated water will be pumped from the treated water tank of 4000 m3 capacity, located at WTP, to a Master Balancing reservoir (MBR) at Neripperichal through a 54 km long transmission main. One booster pumping station is planned en-route at Erukattuvalasu (about 14 km from WTP). The transmissionmain would be 1400mmdiameter up to km- 49 and 1200mmdiameter beyondkm-49
2.2.6 En-route supply
Four tapping points with meters and flow regulation valves would be provided on transmission main at convenient locations to supply bulk water to enroute villages with maximum allocated quantityas per details furnishedbelow:
Kanjikoil Union : 2.7 Mld Perundurai & Chennimalai : 8.4 Mld Uthukali : 3.9 Mld Model township : 3.4 Mld
The water distribution system for the enroute villages will be designed, implemented, operated and maintained by the respective unions through State Agencies like TWAD Board
2-3 Environment and Social AssessmentReport TirmpurArea DevelopmentProject ProjectDescription
2.2.7 MasterBalancing Reservoir (MBR)
The MBR would be constructedin RCC of capacity 23 million liters, which is equivalent to about three hour's storage. The water supplypumping stationwould pump the water to the distributionsystem from MBR with desiredpressure in the supplymain.
2.2.8 FeederMains
It is proposed to supplywater to various areas through 3 Feeder Mains (FM) of Cast Iron material. The FM-I (about 18.65 km long) will supply water to TM. The FM-II (about 40.42 km long) will supplywater to I town panchayatsand 9 villagepanchayats including industries. The FM-III (about 36.73 km long) will supply water to I town panchayat, 5 village panchayatsand SIDCOtownship at Mudalipalayam.The FM-I, FM-II and FM-III are proposedto feed 9, 17 and 9 water distributionstations respectively.
2.2.9 Water DistributionStations (WDS)
The WDS would consist of a ground level storage tank to receive the water from the feeder main, an elevatedservice reservoirand a pumping stationto lift the water from the ground level storage tank to elevatedservice reservoir.
2.2.10 Local Water Distribution Station outside TM
Treated water would be distributed by gravity from the water distribution stations to individualbulk consumersthrough a local distributionsystem. The minimumpipe size in the local distribution system would be lOOmm.The length of a new water distribution system in TLPA area would be 120 km. Bulk consumers would be provided with individual consumer connections with bulk meters. Suitable tap off points and flow regulatingvalves would be providedfor supplyingbulk water to the adjoiningPanchayats. The concerned State agency would implement the water distribution scheme for each adjoiningPanchayats and connectto NTADCL's local distributionsystem
2.2.11 Water Distribution System within TM
Treated water will be suppliedto individualdomestic and industrialconsumers within TM from the Water Distribution Station through a local distribution system by gravity. The pipe material for the distributionsystem would be Cast Iron, HDPE and PVC. The existing local distribution system would be integrated with the new local distribution system. Existing consumer connections on the old system would be transferred to the new pipelines wherever required. TM would be responsible for providing new consumer connections for the consumers within TM area. The length of existing local water
2-4 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ProjectDescription
distributionsystem in TM area is 137 km and the length of additional pipelines would be 227 km.
2.3 Sewerage System
Domestic wastewater from individual properties would be collected through a sewage collection system and conveyed by gravity to five sewage pumping stations, from where sewage would be pumped to two sewage treatment plants outside the east and west boundaries of TM. Treated wastewater would be disposed off in adjacent surface water channels. Industries within TM would not be connected to the sewage collection system proposed under this Project.A line diagramof the domesticwastewater system is attached as Figure 2.2.
2.3.1 Sewers
Gravity RCC sewers would be provided to collect domestic wastewater from Tirupur Municipal area. The sewers would have diameters varying from minimum 150 mm to maximum 800 mm with a total length of approximately 288-km. Average depth of excavationis expectedto be3-4 m
2.3.2 Sewage PumpingStations
To facilitate gravity collection of domestic wastewater,the sewage collection system is organized into five zones. Sewage from each individual zone would be collected at a Sewage Pumping Station (SPS). Sewage collected from Zone 1 at SPS-1 (Kangeyam Road) will be pumped to SPS-4 (at Banakarrawtherthottam)and from SPS-4 it will be pumped to SPS-5 (at Mannarai). SPS-4 & SPS-5 will also have their own contributory area from the respective zones. The sewage collected from Zone 3 at SPS-3 (Murugandapuram)will also be pumped to SPS-5. The sewage from Zone 2 will be collected at SPS-2 near Natraj Cinema. All the sewage pumping stations would be fitted with submersiblepumps
2.3.3 Sewage TreatmentPlant (STP)
From SPS-5, sewage will be pumped to ST? (East) at Sarkar Periyapalayam.The sewage collected at SPS-2 will be pumped to STP (West) at Sultanpet. Primary and secondary treatment would be effected at both sewagetreatment plants. Primary treatment comprises of screens, flow measurementand grit removal arrangements.The secondary (biological) treatment comprises of extendedaeration process. The sludge would be disposed off after thickening and dewatering in sludge drying beds. The treated effluent from Sarkar PeriyapalayamST? will be discharged to the river Nallar and that from Sultanpet STP to River Noyyal.
2-5 s-
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Figure 2.2: Line Diagrarn Representing Seweragg Systern! For T;ruDur Municivality, Environmentand SocialAssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ProjectDescription
2.4 Low Cost Sanitation
The project scope providesfor provisionof onsite Low Cost Sanitation(LCS) facilities to the residents of 99 notified slum areas within TM.
The LCS facility would be provided by way of water closets (WC), septic tanks and soak pits. Two types of WC units would be providedto servea populationof about 320 and 160 each. Type-I WC unit would consistof 8 latrines and Type-11would consist of 4 latrines.
The latrines would be of pour flush type requiring about 2.5 liters of water for every flush. Every WC unit would be providedwith a water storagetank and water taps in each latrine. The LCS facilities would be connected to the sewage collection system wherever it is feasibleto do so.
2.5 Construction Schedule
A broad Project ConstructionSchedule is given in Figure 2.3. Construction of water supply facilities includingdistribution system in TM and TLPA would be completed in all respects within three years of award of ConstructionContract
Constructionof sewerage facilitieswould be divided in 3 Phases. Areas on Northeast side of Tirupur would be taken up in first Phase, whichwould be completed,in the first 3 years from the award of contract.The area on the North side between two major roads would be covered by seweragesystem in the secondphase, which would be completed in five years from the award of contract. In the third phase, westem and southern area, mainly comprising industrial clusters, would be covered. Phase III works would be executed concurrent to Phase I and II and would be completed within six years of award of ConstructionContract.
All slum areas in Tirupur would be coveredby on-site sanitationfacilities in the first phase of 3 years and would be connected to the sewerage system as when it is developed in respective areas. In the interim period, the areas not connected-with the sewerage system would be provided with septic tanks and soak pits etc. which would be by-passed while connectingto seweragesystem
The project will commence commercial operation at the end of third year when water supply facilitieswould be completed
2-7 FIgure2.3 ConstructionSchedule
Si. Tasks _ _ _ Schedule for Implementation | No. Year I Year 2 Year 3 _Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 _. i?;~iJ~~~ir~;I,t,~: triri ~ Ia i Q1|Q2|Q3 Q4 G11Q21Q31 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 QI Q2 Q3 Q4 01 Q21Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 03 Q4
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Si. Tasks Schedulefor Implementation No. Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6
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ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
3.1 Preamble
The program for conductingbaseline environmentalstudies was designed after a detailed screening and scoping exercise that comprisedvisits to all proposed sites of the project components. This helped to identify the critical environmentalcomponents, which are likely to be impacted by the project activities.Hence, the focus of baseline studieswas on monitoringof surfaceand ground water bodies.In this study,both primary and secondary data sources were used to understandthe baselineenvironmental conditions.
3.2 SurfaceWater Quality
3.2.1 Cauveryand BhavaniRivers
The surface water qualityinformation was collectedfor the followingfour locations,using secondarydata. (a) The present municipalwater supplysource on river Bhavani at Mettupalayam (b) Bhavani at Savandapur,located 6 km above influencepoint, (c) Cauvery at Urachikottai,this point is approximately6 km above confluencepoint (d) Cauvery at Kodumudi,9 km below confluencepoint
The secondary data on surface water quality in River Bhavani/ Cauvery upstream and downstream of the proposed headworksite, obtained from Central Water Commissionin Coimbatore, is presented in Annex 3-A to 3-C. The data shows that the values for pH, conductivity, hardness, nitrate.,chloride and sulfate are within the permissible limit for drinking water (refer Annex 3-D for drinkingwater quality standards).The temperatureof the river water was in the range 25.3-32.8°C.The BOD valueswere in the range of 0.2-2.2 mg/I. The dissolved oxygen content of the river water varied from 5.1 to 7.7 mg/l. The values indicate that the river is a good drinkingwater source.
The present municipal water supply source for Tirupur is river Bhavani at Mettupalayam. The water quality of this source for the period Jan 1991 to Feb. 1996 was also collected from Public Health Laboratory,Coimbatore. The data is presentedin Annex 3-E.
The above data indicates that the values for pH, TDS, hardness, nitrate, chloride and sulphate are within limits prescribedfor drinkingwater. However,the water is colored with a high turbidityvalue. Bacteriologically,the water appearsto fall under CategoryC waters' and can
' Schemefor Zoning and Classificationof Indian Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Waters, Central Board for the Preventionand Controlof WaterPollution, New Delhi, 1978-79.
3-1 Environmentand SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
achieve the drinking water standardsonly after being subjectedto conventionaltreatment followedby disinfection.
Since the Cauveryriver water is one of the main sourcesbeing consideredfor use as a source of drinkingwater in the presentproject, the quality of the water at the intake-pointneeds to be assessed.To deternine the qualityof waterin the Cauveryriver, samplesfrom six stations in and aroundthe intake point over a stretch of about 5 km were collectedon three different occasions during May-June, 1996. The samples were collected as per Standard Methods2 with due precautionstaken to avoid recontamination.The sampleswere analyzedfor relevant physico-chemicaland biologicalparameters.
Sampling and Analysis
A reconnaissancewater qualitysurvey was conductedon May 19, 1996. During the survey, water samples from eight stations on Bhavani-Cauveryrivers were collected.The samples were analyzed for physico-chemicaland biologicalcomponents. Based on the results, two stationswere droppedfor furthersampling and it was decidedto collectthree more batchesof samples on differentoccasions from the remainingsix stations.Figure 3.1 indicates these locations. (a) Left bank of river Cauveryabove the old bridgeat Kumarapalayam (b) Right bank of river Bhavaniabove the old bridge at Bhavanion the main stream (c) Left bank of river Cauverybelow the new bridge (d) Right bank of river Cauverybelow the new bridge (e) Right bank of river Cauverynear the intakewell of the TWADBoard (f) Right bank of river Cauveryat the intakewell of Narmadaprocess
Physico- Chemical Qualityof Water
The river water samples were analyzed for turbidity, pH, alkalinity, suspended solids, BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, hardness and chloride and the results are presented in Annex 3-F. The turbidity of the water samples was less than five Normal TurbidityUnit. Hardness values varied from 70 to 113 mg/I. Chloride and Sulphate values were relatively low at 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l respectively.The nitrate levels were less than 15 mg/I. The BOD values ranged from 5 to 10 mg/I. The COD levels were low at 40 mg/l.
The chemicalquality of the river water meets the prescribed requirementof a source for drinkingwater supplyafter conventionaltreatment. The profileof the chemicalquality values of the river water samplesis depictedin Figure3.2.
2StandardMethods for Water and Wastewateranalysis, APHA-AWWA, 17th Edition, 1992. 3-2 URACHIKOTTAI /N\ TITLE Surface water sampling Locations in ahavni -Couvery Rivers
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FIGURE 3.2. CHEMICAL PROFILE OF CAUVERY RIVERWATER AT DIFFERENTSTATIONS Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
To analyzethe variationin water qualityover the day, furtherdata was collectedin site No.2 Bhavani River near old bridge on 18.6.96.Samples were collectedat four-hourlyintervals and analyzedfor pH, conductivity,TDS, BOD,COD and chloride(Annex 3-G). Concurrent flow measurementswere also made that rangedfrom 19 to 20 m3/sec. The TDS contentwas found to vary slightlybetween 10.30am. and 2.30 p.m. at 300 to 220 mg/l.A slightvariation in the CODand pH was alsonoticed.
BacteriologicalParameters
A detailed bacteriologicalsurvey of CauveryRiver at four stationscovering a stretch of 10 Km around the proposedintake well was conductedduring October 1996 to March 1997. The followingstations were selected.
(a) StationI - 500-600 m downstreamUrachikottai Barrage and 5 Km upstream the confluenceor 7 Km upstreamthe proposedintake well site along the Right Bank of the river.
(b) Stationn - 200 m upstreamthe proposedintake well location,30 m from the Right Bank of the river.
(c) StationIm - 200 m upstreamthe proposedintake well location,50 m from the Right Bank of the river.
(d) StationIV - downstreamRananathapuram Pudur, whichis about 5 Km downsteam, the confluenceand 3 Km fromthe proposedintake well site.
The resultsof the bacteriologicalanalysis of waterat these sitesare shownin Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Bacteriological Analysis of Water Station Range (MPN/100ml) TotalColiforms Non fecal Coliform E.Coli Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom StationI 130-1400 220-1100 30-780 50-1207 20-490 40-490 StationII 1700-24000 2100-22000 1440-19100 300-21070 140-4900 61-2100 StationIII 460-13000 NA 120-10300 NA 20-270 NA StationIV 330-130,000 790-79000 110-116000 697-30000 140-27000 92-49000
The results shownin Table 3.1 indicatethat the water samplesat all samplinglocations have bacteriologicalcontamination.
3-5 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
It may therefore be surmised from the results above that the water from the sources consideredis unsuitablefor direct consumption,with respect to the bacteriologicalquality, unless suitablytreated. The TWAD Board supplieswater from the same source after proper treatmentfor domesticpurposes. No outbreaksor epidemicshave been reported so far due to the consumptionof this water.It thereforeappears that after proper treatment,this water can be used as potablewater.
3.2.2 Surfacewater Quality- Noyyaland NallarRivers and S.PeriyapalayamLake
To monitorthe surfacewater qualityin TLPA, samplesfrom eight stations(refer Figure 3.3) were collectedand analyzedfor physico-chemicaland bacteriologicalquality. The detailsof the samplingsites are givenbelow:
(a) Nallar Rivernear Nallathupalayambridge (b) Nallar Rivernear Pichampalayambridge (c) Noyyal Rivernear NatarajCinema Theatre (d) ChinnakaraiRiver near MangalamRoad bridge (e) Odai River near Kangeyarnroad bridge (f) NoyyalRiver near Kasipalayambridge (g) Noyyal Rivernear Kangeyam- Uthukuliroad bridge (h) SarkarPeriyapalayam Lake
Physico- Chenucal Quali1yof Water
The resultsof the analysisof the physico-chemicalquality parameters are presentedin Annex 3-H. The TDS levels were high ranging from 5000 - 7000 mg/l; chloridevalues were also high ranging from 2500 - 3500 mg/l. The COD and BOD values were high ranging from 360-800 mg/I and 35-100 mg/l respectively. The COD, BOD ratio is about 10. These observationssuggest that thesetwo rivers functionmainly to conveywastewater.
To assess the water qualityprofile of the dischargeinto the SarkarPeriyapalayam Lake, four- hourlywater sampleswere also collectedfor deterniningpH, TDS,BOD, COD and chloride at Nallathupalayam.Concurrent flow measurementwas also made. The results are furmished in Annex 3-I. The CODlevels ranged from200-470 mg/l, BOD from 16-30mg/l, while TDS and chloridelevels were of the orderof 6570 mg/land 3000 mg/l respectively.The flow rate was about 0.02 m3/sec.
The water quality at Sarkar PeriyapalayamLake was quite similar to those in the river courses. This is presumablydue to the fact that the lake receives its flow from the Nallar River.
3-6 ' LEGEND t Figure o. 3.3 7 N ROAD (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fiuso \ / N RALWY L TITLE:SURFACE WATER P, r[ RAIWAYLtIME I,E1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS ROVER IN TIRUPUR
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-*--- , - a . ' Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
BacteriologicalParameters and PhytoplanktonDiversity
To assessthe bacteriologicalquality of the river waters within Tirupur,seven water samples were collectedand analyzed for total coliforms,fecal coliforms,E coli and S. fecalis. The results of the analysisare shown in Annex 3-J. The four-hourlysamples collectedat Nallar for total Coliforms,fecal Coliforms,E. coli and S fecalis showedlevels ranging from 17,000 - 1,30,000/100 ml, 2,000 - 13,000/100 ml, 2,000 - 13,000/100 mnland 5 - 13/100 ml, respectively.The sample collectedat SarkarPeriyapalayam Lake, where the Nallar River joins it, was foundto be heavilypolluted and accountedfor fecalcontamination.
The water sample of Sarkar Periyapalayamlake also supported rich phytoplankton population of which Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlamydomonas sp., Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Cosmarium sp., Scenedesmus armatus, S. bijugatus, S. quadricauda Euglena pisciformis, Fragilaria sp., Navicula cryptocephaIa, Navicula sp., Nitzschia palea, Synedra sp., Anabaena sp., Merismopedia sp., Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria limosa were found commonly.The presenceof someof thesephytoplankton and algae is indicativeof polluted waters.
3.3 Ground Water Qualityin and aroundTirupur
Past data on the chemical quality of ground water in Tirupur was collected from Public Health Laboratory(PHL), Coimbatoreand Public Works Department(PWD) for the period January 1990 - Febrary 1996for the followingstations.
(a) Tirupurmarket and Talukoffice area; (b) Presentmunicipal supply source at Koilvazhi; (c) 13 localwells.
The ground water quality of wells in market and Taluk office areas in Tirupur collectedfor the period January 1990- August 1994 is presented in Annex 3-K. The values of TDS, hardness, chloride and nitrate exceed the pernissible limits for samples collected in market area and the values show an increasingtrend. The water quality in taluk office area also exceeded the limits for drinking purpose with high values of TDS, hardness, nitrate and sulphate.
3-8 Environment and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Environmental Settings
The present groundwater sourcefor TM supplyis Koilvazhibore well. The quality of this sourcefor the period May 1991 to Februar 1996 is given in Annex 3-L. Data on ground water qualityof 13 localwells in variousparts of Tirupurarea are presentedin Annex 3-M. The values for pH chloride,nitrate, fluoride and iron are within acceptablelimits 3. Though the TDS and hardness values exceed the acceptablelimits of 500 and 200 mg/l it is still withinthe tolerablelimit 4 of 1500and 600 mg/lrespectively.
As seenfrom Annex 3-M,the turbidityof water samnplesranged between I and 40 NTU with eight samplesexceeding the permissiblelimit of 2.5 NTU and one samnplehaving a value of 40 NTU. Three sourceshad color. The TDS of water samplesranged from 1956 to 6750 mg/I.
Out of 13 sources collected,7 had TDS levels exceedingthe permissiblelimits of 500 mg/I. Out of these; four samples had values above 1500 mg/I. The number of samples with hardnessexceeding the acceptablelimit of 200 mg/I was 10. Out of these ten samples,three had valuesof 600-mg/I.Similarly chloride in seven sourcesexceeded the permissiblelimit of 200 mg/I, withthree sourceshaving chloride concentration above 1000mg/I.
To assessthe groundwater qualityin Tirupurmaster plan area and its suburbs,samples were collected from 56 locationsconsisting of 21 bore wells and 35 dug wells, for chemical analysis. Eleven ground water sampleswere analyzed for bacteriologicalparameters. The samplinglocation details are providedin Annex 3-N.
Physico-ChemicalAnalysis
The water samples were analyzed for physico-chemicalparameters on two different occasions with a gap of six weeks and the results are presented in Annex 3-0 and 3-P. The TDS values ranged from 465 to 10,400mg/l (refer Figure 3.4). Generally,high TDS values were observed in dug wells near the rivers, which normallyreceive effluents from the dyeing units. The TDS values in dug wells close to the course of Noyyal River up to the ChennimalaiReservoir were relativelyhigh at 6000 mg/I. Chloride levels were in the range of 70 to 4500 mg/I.
Dug wells close to the course of Noyyal River in the lower stretches up to Chennimalai reservoir had high levels of chloride at 2500-4000 mg/I. Hardness values were in the range of 90-1750 mg/I. Generallywells close to the course of Noyyal River in the lower stretches up to the Chennimalaireservoir had high hardness at 500-1000mg/I.
Nitratevalues ranged from 0 to 185 mg/I;majority of the wells had about 100 mg/l.Fluoride valuesranged from0.2 to 1.6mg/I; majority of the wellshad about 0.5 mg/I.
3 The limitsup to whichwater is generallyacceptable to the consumers. 4 The limitsup to which wateris toleratedin the absenceof altemativeand better source. 3-9 -lo Nil 4-7
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880 0 880 1760 2640 Rhirnernrni t - lmmmml Areos of high TDS(>4000mg/1) / Metres Industrial Clusters Fig- 3.4 LOCATIONOF INDUSTRIALCLUSTERS & AREASOF HIGHTDS (>4000 mg/1) Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
Sulphatelevels rangedfrom 30 to 850 mg/l. Wells close to the course of Noyyalriver in the lowerstretches up to the Chennimalaireservoir had generallyhigh valuesat 230 - 600 mg/i.
The five dug wells close to river Noyyal and Nallar wells had high colors. The absorbance values were of the order of 0.04 - 0.4 absorbanceunits (Annex 3-Q). The same wells also showed high TDS (refer Annex 3-P) indicating that they are polluted by wastewater dischargedfrom the dyeingindustry into them.
A review of the past records,and the resultsof the analysisof primary data describedabove indicatethat the groundwater qualityin Tirupuris severelyimpaired.
Bacteriological Parameters
Eleven ground water samples collected from the area were analyzed for bacteriological components (Annex 3-R). Among the 11 stations from which samples were collected, except the sample at station25, remainingstations were found to have poor bacteriological quality (Total Coliformsranging from 41 to 33 x 103MPN/ 100 ml). Generally,the dug well water samples were more polluted comparedto bore well water samples. Shallow bore well waters accountedfor higher bacterialconcentration than the deep bore wells. In summary, the ground waters from both dug and bore wells in Tirupur and suburbs are polluted.
3.4 EcologicalAssessment
The project area is characterizedby undulatingrocky zones. The terrestrial ecology of the area is suggestiveof dry-deciduousor semi-dry-deciduousand thomy dry land conditions. The major aquaticcomponent of the projectarea representedby the River Cauveryis rich in floral and faunal diversity.
The secondary data on avian fauna in the project area was collectedfrom the following sources:
(a) SalimAli Centerfor Omithologyand NaturalHistory, Kalampalayam P.O (b) Instituteof Nature Studies,Erode
There is a diversityof residentialand migratorybirds in the studyarea. About 128 speciesof birds belongingto 43 familieshave been recordedin the area.
The rapid floral and faunal surveywas carriedout at the followingsites:
3-11 Environment and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Environmental Settings
(a) Confluencezone of River Bhavaniand River Cauvery (b) Stretchbetween the confluencepoint and CauveryBridge (c) Waterintake point (d) VasaviCollege Campus - proposedsite for WTP (e) Clear water transmission corridor including proposed sites for booster pumping stations (f) Selectedservice reservoir sites (g) SPS site at Kuttainear NatarajCinema Hall (h) Sarkar Periyapalayam - STP (E) site (i) SultanpetChinnandipalayam - ST? (W) site 0) NoyyalRiver (k) Nallar River
At all the studysites cast-net(mesh size: I cm) was used to catch the aquaticanimals. After each cast the number and species compositionof macro aquatic animals caught were recorded.The animalswere put backinto the watercourseafter recordingthe observations.At each sampling site the net was cast at least 5 times. Major shoreline species sighted at samplingsites were noted and recorded.At each samplingsite approximately20-sqm area abuttingthe water line was covered.Strip - count method was followedto studythe fauna in the clear water transmissioncorridor. At regular intervalsof 5 Km a sample stretch of 100 m x 10 m was demarcatedand the major faunalspecies, if any,in the area were enlisted.
3.4.1 Aquatic Flora and Fauna
Aquatic: Cauvery River System
Macro faunal composition in the Cauvery river system at confluence zone of River Cauvery and River Bhavani, stretch between confluencepoint and Cauvery Bridge, water intake area is presented in Annex 3-S.
Fromthe data it is evidentthat the systernsupports a rich varietyof aquaticlife. The range of fauna recorded includes the benthic,column and surface feeders. Representativesfrom all major invertebratephyla and chordateclasses were recordedduring the survey.The dominant fish fauna included the following. Catla catlt, Tilapia mossambica, Puntius malus, Anabas scandens and Labeo calbasu. The major crustean recorded during the survey was Macrobrachiumsp. The dominantmolluscan fauna included Melania sp. and Carbicula striatella.
3-12 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
Aquatic: Noyyal and Nallar rivers
Survey for macro aquaticfauna was carriedout at 20 stationsin Noyyal and 10 stations in Nallar rivers.No fish / prawn life was evidentin both these watercourses.In fact, in several stretchesthe water almost remainedstagnant. In some places a few molluscan shells and aquaticinsects were observed.In their presentcondition these two riverscarry effluentsfrom bleachingand dyeingunits located in Tirupur.
3.4.2 TerrestrialFlora and Fauna
The water intake area is rich in vegetation and approximately 36 varieties of plants comprisingherbs, shrubs and trees are presenthere. The canopy of the region is formed by trees of the genera Cocos, Areca, Mangifera, Ficus etc. There are nearly 17 varieties of plants, which are economicallyvaluable in terms of their medicinaland food values. Areca nut trees form the largest number in the area, approximately85, followed by 25 Coconut trees, 20 Neem trees, 15 Jackfruit trees, 8 Guava trees, 8 Palm trees, 5 Mango trees and 2 Fig trees. Penniserum typhoides (americanum) and some grass varieties such as Scirpus sp. are also found.
Some of the plants of medicinal value include Acalypha indica and P.amarus. Others which are known for their economic value are Azadirachta indica, Ficus recemosa, Artocarpus heterophullus Musa sapientum, Saccharum officinarum, Cucurbita peop, Oxalis carniculata Areca catechu, Pongamia pinnata, Physalis minina, Scirpus sp. and Pennisetum typhoides.
The proposedclear water transmissioncorridor is characterizedby the presence of a variety of economicallyimportant trees along the sides. Among these, about 260 are Azadirachta indicawhich is knownfor its medicinalvalue.
Tamarindusindicus, another economically useful tree is the dominantspecies in the corridor. There are about 800 trees on the stretchup to Perumanalor.Each tree is known to produce about 100 to 150 kg of pods every year fetchingRs.500 to 1000/treeto the Government. Acacia nylotica is known for its tannin yielding bark. Besides,.there are a few mango, gulmohrand fig trees all alongthe stretch.
Sites of booster pumping stations, raw water treatmentplant and the seweragepumping stationat Kuttai are marked by scrub vegetationrepresented by Prosopisspecigera.
3-13 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentalSettings
3.5 Summary
Environmental status of the Tirupur area in terms of surface and ground water quality as well as ecological assessment has been detailed in the present chapter. Table 3.2 highlights the observations made with respect to the critical components.
Table 3.2 Status of critical environmental components
Component Location Observation
Surface Cauvery and Bhavani pH, total dissolvedsolids, hardness, nitrate, chloride and Water Rivers Sulphateare withinlimits prescribed for drinkingwater. Quality Thewater is coloredwith highturbidity value.
Bacteriologically,the water can achieve the drinking water standards only after being subjected to conventionaltreatrnent followed by disinfection.
Noyyal and Nallar Rivers Observations on TDS, Chloride, COD, BOD and and S.PeriyapalayamLake bacteriologicalparameters suggest that these two rivers and the lake, function mainly to convey /hold wastewater.
GroundWater Present municipal supply pH chloride, nitrate, fluoride and iron are within Quality in and sourceat Koilvazhi; permissible limits. Whereas, the TDS and hardness around valuesexceed the acceptablelimits Tirupur Tirupur market and Taluk The values of TDS, hardness, chloride and nitrate office area exceed the permissible limits for drinking water and the values show an increasingtrend at the market area.
The water quality in taluk office area also exceeded the limits for drinking purpose with high values of TDS, hardness,nitrate and Sulphate.
13 localwells Out of 13 sources, 7 had TDS levels exceeding the permissiblelimits
Seven sources exceeded the pernissible limit for chloride. Flora and Cauvery river system No rare or endangeredspecies Fauna Noyyaland Nallar rivers
Terrestrial Flora & Fauna. Water intakearea.
Transmission corridor Pumpingstations. Water & SewageTreatment Plants
3-14 CHAPTER 4
ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES
4.1 Preamble
Analysis of alternativesis an essentialstep towardsdevelopment of environmentallysound and sociallyacceptable project design.
In this project,the alternativeswere examinedat two levels viz.
(a) Strategic,encompassing the projectcomponents (b) Projectspecific, which consider issues related to siting,routing etc.
The strategiclevel altemativefor the projectpertains to the selectionof the water sourcefor the project and evaluatesthe alternativesbased on their reliabilityand water quality. The project specific alternativesconsider the environmentaland social impacts of siting the project componentsand routingof the water transmissionlines and identifiesthe alternatives whichare environmentallyand sociallymost acceptable.
The technicaldetailing of the project,in terms of finalizationof sitesfor projectcomponents, have been done concurrentto evaluationof environmentaland social impacts.The approach for selectingthe alternatives,therefore, has been to examinethe initialproposed scheme and seek alternativesfor those componentsthat give rise to significantenvironmental or social risks.
4.2 Identificationof StrategicAlternatives for Source of Water Supply
Alternativesfor the sourceof water includedthe following:
(a) Surfacewater options
* River Noyyal * River Bhavani. * River Cauvery
(b) Groundwateroptions
4-1 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Analss of Alternatives
4.2.1 Analysis of Alternatives for Source of Water
Amongst the surface water options of abstraction from rivers Noyyal, Bhavani and Cauvery, river Noyyal is not a perennial river and has water for only about three to four months a year. For the rest of the year, it serves as a drainage channel for sewage and industrial effluent. Currently since the sewage and industrial effluents are not treated, the quality of water in the river is very poor and not suitable as a source of water.
River Bhavani has been presently utilized as a source for the first and second water supply schemes for Tirupur. Besides, river Bhavani also serves four adjoining town panchayats and several rural panchayats. Discussions with State irrigation department confim that the Bhavani River System is designed for full utilization. Based on above, river Bhavani may not serve as a dependable source of water considering the projected water demand at Tirupur.
Ground water available in the area does not meet the requirements of the project, both in terms of both quality and quantity. The quality related data presented in Annex 3-K clearly shows a steady increase in the level of average TDS concentrations. Data on the fluctuations in the water table in Tirupur taluk are presented in Table 4.1. Table 4.2 summarizes the ground water potential in Tirupur.
Table 4.1 Rise and Fall Situation of Water Table and Trend of Fluctuation in Tirupur Taluk SL Location Depth of Water(m) Fluctuation (m) Trend and Type No. Jan '82 Jan '93 + (Rise) Jan_'82_J___ (-) Fall 1. Tirupur 6.15 15.00 (-) 8.85 DecliningSteeply 2. Nachchipalayam 2.19 7.10 (-) 4.91 - do - 3. Perwmanallur 15.00 15.90 (-) 0.90 Declining moderate
The data presented in Table 4.1 indicates a significant decline of about 9 meters in the water table, over the last decade.
Also the data shown in Table 4.2 on ground water potential indicates over-ufilization of the groundwater in the taluk. Groundwater as a source of water for Tirupur is therefore not feasible.
4-2 Environmentand Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Analysisof Alternatives
Table 4.2 Data on Ground Water Potential at Tirupur (as on Jan 1992)
SL Taluk Ground Utilizable Net Balance Stageof Ground Probable No. water Ground Ground Ground waterdevelopment numberof Recharge water water water wells (ha.m) Recharge Draft available feasible (ha.m) (ha.m) for dev. (ha.m) as on at Year date % -5%
1. Tirupur 2874 2443 3005 -562 123 126 =
In view of the above, the water supply requirementof TLPA is best served by the river Cauvery which is a perennial river. The Mean Annual Run-off (MAR) from the entire Cauvery basin is 20.7 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM) from a study of 38-year record. The utilizable flow is 19 BCM, i.e., 92% of the Mean Annual Flow (MAF). Further, according to the decision of the Water AllocationCommittee of GoTN, abstractionof 185 MLD of water from river Cauvery will be permitted for the TADP. Hence, Cauvery River is consideredas the most feasibleand reliable sourceof water amongstother possible water sourceoptions.
4.3 Analysisof Alternativesfor Sitingthe ProjectComponents and Routing
During the project development, there has been a continuous effort to integrate the findings of ESA with the technical considerationsin siting of project components to minimize the negative environmental and social impacts. Whenever, negative environmentaland social issues for a project componentwere observed to be significant, alternate locationfor its siting were examined.
The findings of ESA indicated that the siting and routing of the project components did not have any significant negative environmental impacts that entailed selection of alternatives.The details of these investigationsare presented in Chapter 5.
However, some of the project sites gave rise to moderate to significant negative social impacts. Due to the very nature of a water supply and wastewater management, the alternativesfor siting the project componentsare limited to alternativelocations within a short distance of the originally selected sites. Notwithstandingthis constraint, the ESA considerationsresulted in modificationsfor those projectcomponents that had moderateto significant associated social risks. The outcome of selection of alternatives for project components, influencedby the social considerations,is listed in Table 4.3. It is observed that all major social impacts were effectively addressed by siting and routing
4-3 Environment and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Analysis of Alternatives
modifications. The details of social aspects considered in this process are presented in Chapter 8.
Table 4.3 Alternatives Examined for Minimization of Social Impacts
Pre-ESA Selection | Social Issues Post-ESA Residual Social _7 .Alternative Issues Project Component 1. MBR at Puluvarpatty 102 houses to be MBR site shifted to Impacts limited to 6 demolished Neruparichal landownerPAPs 2. SR at Thiruvalluvar 20 families to be SR shifted to alternate Nil, alternate site at Nagar resettled location in Governmentland free ThiruvalluvarNagar of squatters 3. STP at 57 squatter families STP site boundaries Nil Chinnandipalayam to be resettled modified to exclude the squatters Pipelines X_== 4. WTM at About 500 m A few residential and Alterate routing Negligible long stretch along commercial along Perundurai- NH-47 near structures, increased Erode highway Perunduraritown con-gestion on NH during construction 5. NH47 to MBR at A large number of Permissionto lay the Negligible Neruparichal residences and pipeline below the commercial road surface obtained structures will be partially affected
44 CHAPTER 5 PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
This chapter focuses on the prediction and assessment of impacts on the various environmentalcomponents due to the project activities. The exercise of prediction and assessment of impacts is then used to formulate and implement the Environmental ManagementPlan (EMP)during and after the implementationof the project.
The environmentalimpacts have been identifiedfor the followingstages of the project:
* Pre-constructionphase * Constructionphase * Operationphase
5.1 Pre-constructionPhase Impacts
During the pre-constructionphase, in additionto land acquisition,land clearanceand site preparation for the proposed facilities are the main activities. Most prominent of these impacts are social impacts related to acquisitionof lands and private properties and are coveredunder separatesections (chapters 8-9) of the report.The imnpactsof site clearanceand preparationare in the formnof impactson vegetation,community severance and generationof noise and dust The magnitudeof these impactsare site specificand depend on the exiting environmentalconditions and the locationof sensitivereceptors with respect to the project sites
5.1.1 Impact on vegetation
Most of the projectsites of TADPare to be locatedin banrenareas wheresite clearancedoes not have any impacton localvegetation. Only at the water intakesite whichis proposedto be located downstreamof the confluenceof the river Bhavaniand Cauveri,raw water main, and the water transmission line along NH47, will require felling of some trees and shrubs for locatingthe project facilities.However, based on the existinginformation, apparently no tree felling is required at the site proposed for Sewage TreatmentPlants (STP) and Sewage PumpingStations (SPS).
With respect to water intakefacility, total area requiredis limitedto 0.316ha. Out of this area 0.256 ha is coveredunder paddy crop and the tree cover, comprisingprominently bettle-nut, guava, coconut and a few mango trees, is limitedto 0.06 ha. The constructionof intakewell will require fellingof about 20-30 trees. Consideringa moderatelydense belt of vegetation all along the banks of river Cauveri in the vicinityof the projectarea, this tree felling will Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Assessmentof Impacts
constitutea marginalimpact on the enviromnent.It is, however,desirable that the impact is fully mitigatedby compensatoryplantation of trees.
At the remainingtwo sites, the vegetationclearance is considerablyless than water intake site due to low existingvegetation density and the impacton the environmentis negligible.
Some clearing of vegetation (fellingof a few trees) may also be required along the route of the clear water transmissionline along the NH-47. These impacts, however, are low and can be further minimizedby minor adjustmentsin pipeline alignment.
5.1.2 Noise and Dust
The project sitescan be categorizedas sites withinTM and outsideTM area. The sites,which are within TM, have been originallyearnarked for developingmunicipal facilitiesand are ready for construction.These sitesdo not requiresite clearance.
The sites located outside TM require certain degree of leveling etc as pre-construction activities.These sites are however are located away from habitationand thereforethe pre- constructionactivities do not have any significant impacts in terms of noise and dust pollution
5.1.3 Other Impacts
The project sites for water treatmentplant, STP and MBR are the only large sites where severancerelated issues may be of significance.However, no cart tracks or foot-trailshave been observedat the sites for water treatmentplant and the STP.
Amongstthe project sites,the site for MBR is the only site that is close to agriculturallands and habitation.Further, there only a few hutmentand houses near to this area. Sincethe area of this site is limitedto only 4 ha (about 200m x 200m), and that the neighboringareas are sparselyinhabited, development of this site does not involveany significantseverance related issues.
5.2 Constructionphase Impacts
5.2.1 Impact on Air quality
(a) Impactdue to transportof constructionmaterial
The constructionmaterials required for the projectare presentedin Table 5.1. It is observed that during most of the constructionperiod, on an averagethe vehicularmovement will be about 20 truck loads per day distributedover a number of roads with a peak of 60 trucks
5-2 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea Developmen Project Assessmentof Impacts
(Table5.2). This will lead to only a marginal increasein dust and air pollutants like NOX, Pb, SO, SPM and CO due to transportationof constructionmaterials in the project area. Further, movementof trucks are not expected to cause a significantrise in existing traffic on any of the haul routes passing throughthe inhabitedareas
Table 5.1 ConstructionMaterial required for the Project Sl. Description MaterialRequired Total Required No. Material No. of MBR and Water Wastewater Trips Service Treatment Treatment Reservoirs Plant Plant 1. Bricks (Number in 70 100 60 230 77 thousands) 2. Steel (M.T) 1200 1350 2200 4750 475 3. Coarse aggregate 7200 9250 16000 32450 3245
(M.T) __ _ __ 4. Sand (M.T) 24500 28500 450001 98000 9800 5. Cement(M.T) 5600 6400 11000 23000 2300 Total 15897
M.T. = Metric tons
Table 5.2 Numberof trips requiredfor transportationof constructionmaterial Sl. Construction Projectcomponent Distance No. material from TM MBR and Water Wastewater Service Treatment Treatment Reservoirs Plant _Plant
1 Bricks _34 _20_5 23 2. Steel 120 135 220 15_30_km 3. Coarse aggregate 720 925 1600 4. Sand 2450 2850 4500 8- 70 km 5. Cement 560 640 1100 Total 3873 4584 7440 Durationfor 20 24 38 completion (Months)' Average daily trips 6 6 . 7
(a) Impactdue to constructionactivities
It is estimated that the fuel consumptionfor various construction machinery will not exceed 1000 liters/day during the peak construction period at any of the major constructionsite. The air quality impacts due to combustionof diesel at such quantitiesis not expected to lead to any significant impacts on the air quality of the neighborhood. Further, all the major constructionsites are located in sparselyinhabited areas.
as per project implementationsceule
5-3 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Assessmentof Impacts
(b) Impactdue to trafficdiversion
Traffic diversion will need to be done during construction activities mainly during constructionof water distributionsystem and seweragesystem. Traffic diversionwill lead to congestionof main roads. It is expectedthat due to closer of selectedsections, the traffic on alternateroutes will increaseby 1.5 to 2 times. The averagespeed of traffic thus is expected to reduce from present 30 km/hrto about 15-20km/hr. The changesin traffic flow will thus give rise to increasedair pollutionIn addition,at the intersectionsthere could be more of idlingemissions. These impactswill howeveris short term and limitedto the traffic diversion period.
5.2.2 Noise Impacts
(a) Noise impactson residentsof TM area
The major sourcesof noisepollution are vehiclestransporting the constructionmaterial to the varioussites and noisegenerating activities at constructionsites.
Minor short-termimpacts are envisagedat Avinashiroad, Bharatiya complex,Rayapuram, Puchchkadu,Dharampuram road, Peripchipalayar, Thennampalayamand Vinbaji nagar sites where service reservoirsare proposed. Moderate,short-term impacts are expected at Erukattavalasuwhere booster-pumpingstation is located and Neripperichalwhere master balancingreservoir is located.Additionally, during construction of all the sewage pumping stations, STP and sewer lines there will be moderate increase in the noise levels. Minor short- term noise impacts are envisaged at the construction sites for low cost sanitation facilities.
Concreting,mixing and materialmovement are the primarynoise generatingactivities at the site and would have impactsin populatedareas.
(b) Noise imRactson constructionworkers
Equivalent sound level averaged over 8 hours, (Lcq(8hr)), is used to describe exposure of noise in work places. The damage risk criteria for hearing, as enforced by OSHA (OccupationalSafety and Health Administration,USA) and other organizationsto reduce hearing loss, stipulates that noise levels up to 90 dBA are acceptable for eight hours exposure (Lq (sh,))per day. Whereas ACGIH (American Conference of Govermment Industrial Hygienists) proposed an (Lcq(ghr)) limit of 85 dBA. Exposure to impulses or impact noise should not exceed 140 dBA (Peak acoustic pressure). Exposure to 10,000 impulsesof 120 dBA is permissibleper day.
5-4 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Assessment of Impacts
The Director General of Mines Safety in his circular No. DG (Tech)/18 of 1975 has prescribed the noise level in mining occupations(TLV) for workers, in an 8 hour shift period with unprotectedear as 90 dBA or less. Although,some constructionactivities are likelyto exceedthe limit, they are not expectedto producesound levels above 90 dBA for more than 2-5 hours per shiftreducing (Leq (8h,)) to be well withinthe limits.
Heavymachinery drivers and personnelworking very near to generatorsets are likely to get exposedto higher levels than the prescribedlimits if the exposureis continuousand should therefore be provided with protective gear. Noise level due to various construction machineryis presentedin Table 5.3.
Table5.3 Noiselevel of constructionmachinery ConstructionMachinery dB(A)(at 2 m distance) Truck 85 Generator 96 ConcreteMixer 89 TillingMixer 85 Vibrators 86 BatchingPlant 86 Crane 85
5.2.3 Other Impacts
(a) WaterOualitv Impacts
The only constructionoccurring near the river is the intake well. This is not likelyto cause any adverseimpact provided good engineeringpractices are followed.
(b) Imnact due to Labor Camps
Impacts due to the labor camps and migrant labor, if used, entail stress on local utilities and services such as water supply, sanitationetc. Induced impacts due to migrant labor may be in the form of stress on the local resources such as water supply and sanitation. Approximate number of construction workers involved in the project will be 112. Assuming four members per family, the total number of persons will be around 450. Camps for migrant laborers are proposed to be establishedin uninhibitedarea. Therefore, the impact due to labor camps and migrantlaborers will be minor.
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5.3 Operation Phase Impacts
There are very few adverseimpacts of the projectin the operationalphase. The infrastructure improvementdue to this project will lead to improved water supply and sanitation as mentionedearlier.
5.3.1 Noise Pollution
The varioussources of noise duringthe operationof the projectare givenin Table 5.4.
Table 5.4 Sources of noise
Source Estimated Noise Level (dBA) I. Watersupply head-works Head worksentrance 63-64 Waterpump 200-300 hp 85-86 2. WaterTreatment plant Plant entrance 54-55 Waterpumps 200-550 hp 82-86 Aeratorpumps10 hp 83-86 Mechanicalfilter 74-75 3. Sewagepumping station Pumpingstation entrance 69-70 Sewagepumps 40 hp 91-92 4. SewageTreatment plant Plant entrance 52-53 Sewagepumps 40 hp 76-77 Treatmentunits 83-86 Source: Environmentalassessment of SecondMadras Water Supply and Environmentl Sanitationproject.
The sound pressurelevel generatedby a noisesource decreases with increasingdistance from the source due to wave divergence.Noise levels at variousdistances from the point source, assumingthere is no sound attenuationand that noise is hemisphericallypropagated, can be calculatedusing the following-formula.
Lp = Lw -20 log r - Ae -8 where,
Lp sound pressure levelat a distance'r' from the source, Lw sound pressure levelat the source, Ae attenuation due to atmospheric effects or interaction with the objects in the transmissionpath
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Further, sound pressure level at various distances can be calculatedusing the following formula Lp, = Lp2 - 20 log (rI/r2) - Ael,2 where,
Lp1 soundpressure level at a distanceri fromthe source, Lp2 soundpressure level at a distancer2 from the source, Ael,2 attenuationdue to atmosphericeffects or interactionwith the objects along the path ri - r2. Table 5.5 Predictedambient noise levels Source EstimatedNoise Level (dBA) Watersupply head-works Headworks entrance 63-64 5m awayfrom the Headworks entrance 41.5 WaterTreatment plant Plant entrance 54-55 5m away fromthe Plant entrance 32.5 Sewagepumping station Pumpingstation entrance 69-70 Smaway fromthe Pumpingstation entrance 47.5 SewageTreatment plant Plant entrance 52-53 Smaway fromthe Plantentrance 30.5 (Permittednoise level is 55 dBA)
These calculationsindicate that the noise levels will not have any significantimpacts outside the plant premises,since even at a distanceof 5 m fromthe plant entrance,the levels are well belowthe pernitted level of 55 dBAwhich is prescribedfor nighttime (Table5.5).
5.3.2 Reductionin the downstreamflow of the river
The water will be withdrawnfrom the river Cauveryat a rate of 2.1 m3/s. Since the flow of the river ranges from 16.82 m3/s to 18.13 m3/s at Urachikottaiand Kodumudirespectively (refer Annex I 0-A),at 99% confidencelevels, the impactof the withdrawnwater on the flow is negligible
5.3.3 Sludge generationfrom the water treatmentplant
About 42 tons of inorganicsludge is expectedto be generatedevery day from the WTP. As the sludge from WTP do not containharmful or toxic substances,its disposaldoes not pose significantenvironmental risks. However,indiscriminate disposal of this sludgecould lead to aestheticimpairrment and poor sanitationdue to unavoidableco-disposal of municipal solid wasteat these sites.
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5.3.4 Sludge generationfrom sewage treatmentplant
The proposed STP are of the conventionaltype and would adopt biological treatment to meet the effluent disposal standards prescribed by TNPCB. The Extended Aeration variation of Activated Sludge Process is proposed to be adopted for Tirupur for treatment of sewage.
The quantity of sludge expected to be generated from STP(E) and ST? (W) is 11.4 tons per day and 7.6 tons per day respectively.The volume of sludge to be taken out of the sludge drying beds will be about 11.2 m3 and 7.6 m3 per day respectively, at STP(E) and STP (W)
Estimatedquantities of screeningsfrom sewagefrom STP(E) and STP(W) are 0.45 m3/day and 0.3m3/d respectively.About 3.0 m3and 2.0 m3 of grit is expected to be collected per day from STP(E) and STP(W) respectively. The grit will be washed to remove all putrisibleorganic matter in the grit removalsystem before disposing.
Sludge, screeningsand grit from STP could result in soil, surface water and ground water contaminationif disposed off indiscriminately.
5.3.5 Sludge disposal
The CETPs/ IETPs are expectedto generatelarge quantitiesof chemicalsludge containing spent dye stuffs and the coagulantsused for effluenttreatment such as alum / MSS, lime, polyelectrolytesetc. Based on the expectedindustrial demand of 100 MLD, the estimate of sludge generated at the primary sedimentationtanks of CETPs and IETPs is around 300 tons/day on dry basis. Impropermanagement of this sludgemay result in contaminationof soil, surfacewater and ground water.
5.4 Summary of Adverse Impacts
The negative environmental impacts of the project during the construction phase and operational phase are presented in Tables 5.6 and 5.7, respectively. Table 5.6 Construction Phase Impacts
Major Activity Issue Degree of Impact - Activity Water Construction of Accumulation of debris Minor, providedsite for disposal of Supply intakewell andspillage debrisis identified System Minor,short duration,noise levels due Noise Levels to construction activities are falling within standards.Also, impact will be
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Major Activity Issue Degree of Impact Activity only within a distance of lOOmor so, which is uninhabited.
Laying of 1.4-kmTraffic disruption at Minor, as the activity is of short long Transmissionpipeline crossings at State duration and traffic diversion is line to water and NationalHighway feasible. treatmentplant. Constructionof vater Dust and noise due to rock Minor as the constructionsite is away treatmentplant. blasting. from habitation
Laying 54 km long Disruptionto traffic Generally minor. Moderate at the clear crossingsat National Highway. water transmission lines Construction of Dust and noise due to rock Moderte; at construction sites in booster station and blasting. downwindregions, for a short duration Master Balancing only Reservoir Laying of feeder Dust and noise due to Moderate,site specific,only for a short main pipelines and constructionactivities time construction of service reservoirs-35 in number Layingof distributionTraffic disruption and Minor,limited to a few congestedareas System congestion also shortterm. Collection, Layingof sewage Traffic disruption and Moderate;along haul roads and enroute Treatment collectionsystem congestion alignment and Disposal of Vibrations in the Minor Domestic surroundingareas Wastewater Dust and noise generation Moderate Loose soil generation Construction of Dust and Noise due to Moderate sewage pumpingconstruction activities _station ._. Laying of sewageTraffic disruption and Moderate; haul roads and en route pumpingmain Congestion alignment.
Dust and noise due to Minor constructionactivities
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Major Activity Issue Degree of Impact Activty Construction of Dust and noise due to Minor,as sites are largelyuninhabited. sewage treatment o constructionactivities plant Construction of Dust and noise Minor as STP are very close to ultimate effluent disposal disposallocations works Low Cost Constructionof septicDust and noise Minor Sanitation tank and soakagepits Facilities Overall Quarrying Depletion of resources at Minor, gravel requirement are very Impacts the site. low
Transportation Increased congestion and impacts impact on air quality (due Moderate, only in Tirupur Municipal to generationof pollutantsArea like NO., SPM, CO and SO.,)and noise levels
Effect on severanceThroughout the projectsite telephone lines, Minor,dislocations only at a few places electric transformers, electric poles, canals (Kalingarayan irrigation canal for raw water conveying mains), railway lines, Crossing of river bed)
Impact due to migrantStress on local utilities labor Minor as the construction sites are distributedover large physical area and .______are located at remote places
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Table 5.7 Operation Phase Impacts
MajorActivity Activity Issue Degree Of Impact Water Supply Operationof Intakewell Reductionin the down streamflow in Minor; only 2.1 ms/s being the river. withdrawn.Flow of river is 18.13 m3ls
Operationof water Disposal of generated inorganicModerate Treatrnentplant sludge and backwashwater.
Operation of BoosterNoise Minor stationand Master Balancing Reservoir. Collection, Operationof sewage Noise and odor Minor Treatment and Punping station Disposal of Domestic Wastewater Operation of sewageNoise and odor Minor as STPs are located in treatmentplant. uninhabitedareas
Low Cost Operation of septic tanks Odor Minor Sanitation and soakagepits Facilities ____
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5.5 ProjectBenefits
(1) TADP is the first integrated water supply project of its kind in India which comprehensivelyregenerates the environmentwhile bringing positive benefits to the populace and commercial environment. After its implementation, the consumersin Tirupur Municipality(TM) would have access to a reliable source of piped drinking water as well as a sewerage system, which would have been difficult to provide from government budgetary resources. TADP being a self- sustainingcommercial venture and is a bench marks for future projects in India for sustainabledevelopment combined with industrialization.
(2) Considering the present inadequacies in water supply and sewerage facilities within the local planning area of Tirupur, implementation of TADP would, therefore, bring about significant improvementin the environmentand sanitation. Overall socio-economic improvement would also result due to associated development and industrializationdue to reliable water supply. Several benefits accruingdirectly from the projectare:
(a) Provisionof reliable and adequate water supply for domestic consumption is expected to result in improvementin ground water table of the region. Implementationof the project would result in reduced abstraction from ground water sources and regulation of ground water utilization for industrialpurposes.
(b) Tirupur Municipalityand en-route PanchayatUnions, which currently have an unreliablepiped water supplyonce every alternate day for two hours @ a per capita supply of 46 lpcd, would receive an assured water supply @ 140 and 70 Ipcd respectively,at a subsidizedrate. This would considerably enhance the quality of life of consumers within Tirupur and en-route villages.
(c) Tirupur Municipalityxvould receive a comprehensivesewerage system as part of the project. Currently, domesticwastewater. is discharged untreated into open channels which has led to contaminationof ground and surface waters.
(d) Bettermentof health and improvedcommunity hygiene would be facilitated through provisionof low-costsanitation facilities for slums. Presently there are limited facilities for residents in the slum areas in Tirupur which provide for only 8% coverage of slum population. All slums within the municipal area have been proposedto be covered under TADP. This would
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therefore improve sanitary conditionsand considerablyenhance aesthetic quality of the region.
(e) Industries within TLPA would have access to common collection, treatment, and disposal facilities for industrial effluents on completion of the CommonEffluent Treatment Plants (CETPs),which are currentlyunder construction.Considerable quantities of effluent sludge, which would be generated by the CETPs in Tirupur, would be treated and disposed at a central facility to be created under TADP. This would facilitate safe and organized managementand disposal of effluent sludge in a remote area away from Tirupur, control over localized disposal, reduced human exposure and control over contamination by toxic substances etc. Cumulatively,this would also enhancethe qualityof local environment.
(3) TADP is expected not only to benefit the existing residents and industries of Tirupur,but is also expectedto create an economicallysustainable environment for future commercial expansion. The very existence of an efficient and assured supply of water and offtake of fluid wastes would provide a multipliereffect to the neighboringregion, in the form of additionalinvestments in industry and trade.
(4) Presently,the industriesuse ground waterhaving a TDS of 2000 to 4000 mg/l. After the inception of the project,the treated water supplywill have TDS concentrations around 300 mg/l. This is expected to lead to a reduction of effluent TDS concentrationby an averageof 2500 mg/I. This will intern improvethe ground water quality since substantialquantity of industrialeffluent is presentlycontaminating the groundwater.
(5) A large number of the social impacts are beneficialin nature and these include improved water supply, sanitation, public health, employment opportunitiesand ground water quality. This will result in enhancementof economic growth of the region and thereby improve the quality of life. Detailed discussionson the social impactsdue to land acquisitionand their mitigationare providedin chapter9 of this report.Table 5.8 givesthe summaryof positiveimpacts of the project.
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Table 5.8 Positive Impacts during construction and operation phases
Project Component Issue Impacts
Construction activity * Employment Local persons should be preferably employed for and operation of opportunities for the construction work, which will result in an various project local population improvementin local economy. components Some of the locals could be given specialized training for operating and maintaining the water supply and seweragecomponents, which will result in upgradation of skills of local persons thereby contsibuting to improvement of their socio- economicstatus. Water Supply - * Supply of 185 MLD This satisfies the water requirements of the area. Quantity of water to the area, Therefore, it will result in improvedpublic health as including 100 MLD well as standard of living. Local economy will also for industrialuse improve becauseof improvedinfrastructure.
Presently the textile units have to bring water tankers from far off places. They will get resources locally leadingto greater cost effectivenessas well improvedproduction due to greater reliability of the water availability.
Improvementin the emergency services, therefore greater safety. * Additional water supply for fire protection works Water supply - Quality * Supply of adequate, Insufficienciessuch as inadequateand low quality potable water to the water supplyhave resultedin wide spreadimpairment public and industries of surfaceand groundwater in the region.In general, unhealthyliving conditions are prevailingin the area. The livingconditions are boundto improvefollowing the project There will be a decrease in water borne diseasesand improvementin public health.
Industrial effluent will consequently have a lower - Water supplied will TDS thereby significantlyreducing the contamination have low TDS (300 of soil, surfaceand groundwater. This improvement mg/l) as compared to will result in long term restorationof ground water the present level quality (1000-4000mg/l)
Low cost sanitation * Proper sanitation Will lead to better public health and living facilities facilities conditions.
Domestic Sewage * Proper sanitation Will lead to better public health and living collectionsystem facilities conditions. * Digested sludge can be used as manure or landfill
5-14 CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 Preamble
The EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) addresses the requirementsfor successfully mitigating the likely adverse impacts and identifies the post project monitoring requirements needed for the successful implementationof the suggested mitigation measures. The institutional arrangements needed for implementing the mitigation measures and conductingpost project monitoring have been identified in the form of a monitoringplan.
In this Chapter, the EMP for TADP is presentedwhich maps on to the impacts identified in Chapter 5 for the constructionand operationphases of the project. Mitigation measures are being suggestedfor those project activities,which have been found to have major or moderate environmental impacts. The recommended mitigation measures are to be implementedby the ProspectiveOperator (PO) and NTADCL in close coordinationwith TM, Tamil Nadu PWD, Tamil Nadu PollutionControl Board (TNPCB)and public utility services.
6.2 EMP for the ConstructionPhase Impacts
The following section recommendsthe measures needed to minimize and mitigate the constructionphase impacts. Detailed assessmentof these impacts has been carried out in section 5.1 and 5.2. The approachadopted has been to recommendmitigation measures of two types, (i) precautionary measures and (ii) compensatory measures, wherever applicable. In most of the cases however, the recommended mitigation measure is precautionaryin nature.
6.2.1 ManagingImpact on Vegetation
Clearing of vegetation,restricted to a few trees, is envisagedprimarily at the site proposed for the water intake well and raw water main at Anainasuvampalayam;water transmission line and feeder mains.
PrecautionaryMeasures
The precautionary measures suggestedto mitigate the impacts likely due to clearing of
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vegetationduring the constructionphase include:
* Locating structuresat all project sites (e.g., water intake site), so as to minimize felling of trees, to the extent possible. * Adjustingthe alignmentof mains and pipelinesto the extent feasible so as to minimize damage to the root systems.
It is recommendedthat the compensatoryplantation that would require to be done by the PO, in keeping with the mandatesof the Tamil Nadu Tree FellingAct.
CompensatoryMeasures
It is recommendedthat commerciallyand aesthetically important plants such as Cocos nucifera (coconut), Tamarindas indica (Tamarind), Delonix regia (Gulmohar) and Bougainvilleabe planted along the area.
In some stretches of the transmission line corridor, the sides of the highway are barren. The aesthetic value and the biological diversity along the water transmissioncorridor can be enhanced by planting trees. Trees that provide good shade and large canopy such as Delonix regia can be planted at a distance of about 3m away from the edge of the road. Plantingof trees such as Azadirachtaindica will attract nesting birds.
The barren land area at Erukattuvalasucan be made greener by planting suitable plant species as suggested, so as to form a canopy at the site for the booster pumping station. Species such as Bombax malabaricum and Anthocephalus kadamba can be planted.
Some notional cost estimates for landscapingat the various sites in the project area are presented in Table 6.1.
6.2.2 Managementof Noise Impacts
Following Precautionary measures are recommended for the management of noise impacts.
* To minimize the impact, construction operations in residential and sensitive areas should be restricted to between 7.30 a.m. and 6.00 p.m. Prior information should be provided if the blasting is significant.
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Table 6.1 Notional Cost Estimates for Tree Planting
Location No and type of Area Cost of planting Cost of trees/shrubs required (not including maintenance (ha) cost of land) (Rs/Year (Rs.) up to 3 years) Near Intake Local species such as 0.24 3,900 6,000 point prominently Bettle-nut, Guava, Coconut, Mango Neem, Jack fruit etc. (30) and shrubs (in between trees) Raw water Local species such as Along the 3,250 3,500 transmission Amaltas, Gulmoar, route line (1.5 km) Mango(SO) Treated water Local species such as Along the 97,000 76,000 transmission Amaltas, Gulmoar, route line (43km) Mango(1500) where the space is available MBRs Local species such as 0.55 2,300 2,000 Neem (20) _ _ Feeder mains Local species such as Along the 32,000 26,000 (total length= Amaltas, Gulmoar, route 51 kcm) Mango(500) where the space is ______available _ STP (West) at Local species such as 0.66 1,430 2,100 Sultanpet Neem, (20-24) and shrubs such as Tulsi (in between ______trees) _ _ STP (East) at Local species such as 1.025 3,900 4,000 Sarkarperiyapa Neem, (60) and shrubs layam) such as Tulsi (in between. trees) Total cost 1,43,780 1,19,600
Grand Total = (Capital cost + Maintenance Cost for 3 years) + 10% (as replanting cost) Grand Total = Rs. 0.54 Milion
* Noise level should be reduced by provision of encasement to generator sets and concrete mixers at the servicereservoirs at Andipalayamand ThiruvalluvarNagar.
* Operators of heavy machinery and workers in near vicinity should be provided with ear plugs and other protectivemeasures for safety.
6.2.3 Managing Impacts due to Movement of Construction.Machinery
Precautionarymeasures, in order to avoid adverse impacts due to traffic-congestionare as
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follows.
* The most suitable route for delivery and haul equipment with due consideration for load limits, traffic pattern, and the character of the area traversed should be selected.
* Traffic controls and diversions, marked with signs. lights and other measures (flags) should be provided. This is necessary to minimize confusion and ensure public safety. Police and fire departments should be informed before any route is closed. Also, routes should not be closed until an alternate road is identified.
* The prospective operator should follow the prescribed safe, legal load limits of all bridges and surface roads that may be traversed by the heavy equipment used at the project sites.
6.2.4 Managing Impact on Air Pollution
Construction activities and the consequent transportation activities add to the air pollution in the region. Impact of the air pollution will be moderate and short term at booster pumping station, MBR, feeder mains, service reservoirs, sewage pumping stations, STPs and while laying sewer lines.
Precautionary Measures
* It is recommended that construction equipment, machinery and diesel engines be maintained in good condition so as to reduce emissions.
* Dust. should be controlled by sweeping and sprinkling with water. Mud should be washed from all construction equipment and vehicles prior to hauling on roads.
* Trucks carrying dirt and sand to and from the construction site, should be covered or wetted, in accordance with the construction specifications prescribed by the local corporation, to minimize release of dust.
6.2.5 Managing Impact due to Labor Camps
Considering the long construction period of the project, the local and migrant laborers will pose some stress on utility services such as water supply and sanitation.
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PrecautionaryMeasures
* Planningof labor campsneeds to done along the lines of the suggesteddesign in Annex 6-A
* Adequate water supply, sanitary facilities and drainage in temporarycolonies of the constructionworkers should be provided.
Other Recommendations
In order to minimizethe constructionphase impacts,a few constructionsite practices are being recommended.
* Deep resurfacingscars on the pavement may cause tripping, falls, and added liability to the authority.This shouldnot be permitted.
* When pipelinesare laid or subsurfaceexcavations are made in existing streets, cuts in the paving are unavoidable.Best constructionpractices should be applied to ensure that repaved trench areas, blendwith the existingpavement to the extent possible.
* Pedestrian bridgeswith handrails shouldbe provided at all intersectionswhen trenches remain open. Steel plates over trenches should be provided at driveways and intersections.
6.3 EMP for the OperationPhase Impacts
The mitigationmeasures for the various operationphase impacts identified in section 5.3 are listed below.
6.3.1 Disposal of sludgefrom Water TreatmentPlant
It is estimated that about 42 tons/day of alum sludge(Al(OH) 3), will be generatedfrom the WTP. It has to be ensured that this sludge is disposedoff suitably.
PrecautionaryMeasures
* Possibleuses of alum sludge are, * as a plasticizerin ceramicindustry; 6-5 Environmentaland SocialAssessmentReport TiruparArea DevelopmentProject EnvironmentManagement Plan
* as constituentof high alumina refractorybricks;
* as a part of the mixer with fly-ash for road stabilization; * as an ingredientfor the preparationof buildingbricks; * as soil conditionerfor heavy clays and * as fill materialfor low lying areas and abandonedquarries
These options should be examined and a suitable one selected for management of the sludge by the NTADCL.
6.3.2 Sludge Generatedfrom SewageTreatment Plant
The sludge, screenings and grit generated from the sewage treatment plant require adequate disposal (refer to section 5.3.4). The screening and grit can be washed and then send to landfill for disposal. The wash-watercan be treated in the sewage treatment plant for removal of organic load. As the STPs are designed as extended aeration systems, the sewage sludge is expectedto be well stabilizedand can be used as soil conditionerin areas earmarked for greenbelt development. This sludge can also be used in the agricultural field. However, the precautionarymeasures for management of sewage treatment plant sludge are presentedbelow.
* Land application,if consideredan option, shouldbe attemptedonly after analyzingthe sludge to ascertainthe safetyof this option fromthe point of view of public health.
D High ammonia concentration in the sludge might inhibit seed germination. As the sludge is high in nitrogen, the nitrate-nitrogenis not readily retained in most soils, crops that have a relatively high demand for nitrogen should be planted. Usually, soils that have had prolonged applicationof sewage sludge will become acidic and require periodic liming.
6.3.6 Overallenvironmental management plan
The environmentalmanagement plan providingthe mitigationactions to be taken for each issue togetherwith the responsibleagency for each actionis presentedin Table6.2.
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Table 6.2 Environmental Management Plan
No. -Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity A. Construction PhaseImpacts I. Clearing of vegetation A minimum level of tree plantation Prospective Operator to be undertaken as documented in (PO) the ESAR
2. Dust contamination at Construction sites / haul roads near / PO construction sites and passing through residential and along haul roads commercial areas to be watered twice a day. Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately covered 3. Air Pollution Construction machinery and vehicles PO to meet relevant emission standards and to be maintained adequately
Monitoring of NOx, HC, PM1 o, NTADCL SOx and CO at sensitive/ residential areas near major construction sites as per Table 6.3. In the event of violation of 24 hourly PO averaged Indian Standards for any of the parameters activities to be restricted between 6 AM to 9 PM. 4. Noise Pollution and Noisy construction operations in PO Vibrations residential and sensitive areas should be restricted to between 6 AM and 9PM.
Provision of ear plugs to operators of heavy machinery and workers in near vicinity
Provision of encasement to generators and concrete mixers at the site of the service reservoirs at Andipalayam and Thiruvalluvar Nagar
During the night, material transport should be uniformly distributed during the night to minimize noise impacts
Prior information to be provided if blasting is significant
Blasting to be in accordance with the Explosives Act, 1884 and Explosives Rules, 1983
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No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity 5. Disposal of Daily inspectionat haul roads and PO constructiondebris sites for constructiondebris for safe collectionand disposalto landfill sites Collectionand disposalof refuse and PO debris generated during site clearance. Minimizingconstruction debris by PO balancing cut and fill requirements 6. Diversionof Traffic Adequateand safe measures for PO and Congestionin divertingthe traffic to be provided Transportation during constructionacross National Highway,district roads and roads within Tirupur.
While planning alternate routes,care to be taken to minimizecongestion Traffic Police and negativeimpacts at sensitive receptors such as schoolsand hospitals
Traffic controls and diversions marked with signs, lightsand other measures(flags) should be provided PO
Prior to creating diversionsand PO detours the citizens should be consultedwell in advancethrough citizens' meetings.It shouldbe an informeddecision taken through public participation.
Diversionworks to be dismantledto PO restore the area after completionof construction 7. Construction labour Planningof labourcamps needsto be PO done to ensure adequatewater supply,sanitation and drainage etc. in conformitywith the Indian Labour Laws 8. Procurementof Procurementof constructionmaterial PO constructionmaterial only from permittedsites and quarries 9. Laying of Water Pipeline route should be realigned PO TransmissionLines where possible,to minimize tree felling and need for resettlement.
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No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity Pipelines to be provided external casing PO while crossing effluent channels and passing through inhabited areas prone to water logging 10. Laying of Water Adequate precaution should be taken PO Distribution System while laying the lines to avoid possibility of cross connection with the sewer lines 11. Location of vents on While placing the vent shafts, PO Sewer System, Low precautions to minimize odor nuisance Cost Sanitation and to residents should be undertaken Sewage Pumping Stations B. Operation Phase Impacts I. Impact on water Regular,monitoring of water quality PO quality and therefore upto the bulk offtake point followed by to public health due to immediate measures to remedy the treatment deficiencies situation if there is a impainnent of or contamination of water quality. water. Regular monitoring of water quality during distribution at the consumer end TM followed by immediate measures to remedy the situation if there is a impairment of water quality 2. Disposal of sludge and Adequate facilities for disposal of WTP NTADCL residues at WTP and and STP sludge should be provided STP. based on recommendations of EMP (sections6.3.1 and 6.3.2) 3. Operation of Sewage careful transfer of solid wastes from NTADCL Pumping Stations sewage pumping station site should be ensured.
Adequate precaution should be made to PO prevent ground water contamination from the wet wells at pumping station Operation of Low Septic tanks and soak pits should not TM Cost Sanitation cause ground water contamination, odor Facilities or fly nuisance. 4. STPs Open areas surrounding the STPs and PO WTPs (within the premises of the plants) should be covered by plantation. Effluents from treatment plants should PO be conveyed to the rivers by closed conduits. Adequate bank protection measures PO should be provided near the disposal sites in the river.
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No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity 5. Surface and ground Adequateprecautions to be taken PO water contamination duringthe operationsto avoid contaminationof surface and ground waters due to spillage/leakageof oils, fuel or chemicals. 6. Transportation and Guidelines and procedures in PO storage of hazardous Motor Vehicle-Act 1986 for chemicals transportation; Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989 to be followed for storage and handling of hazardous chemicals: Insurance covers to be taken for accidents and cost of clean-up operations
7. Generation of sludge A common facility should be GoTN/Industries at the IETPs and developed for the secured disposal operating CETPs of the sludge following the CETPs/IETPs guidelines laid down by the MoEF 8. Release of high TDS Technical assistance to the TEA and NTADCL levels from industries to implement measures industrial effluents for reducing TDS at source through use of low salt dyes, reuse lof dye bath etc.
6.4 EnvironmentalMonitoring
The monitoringactivity in the contextof the projectwould be at three levels:
routine monitoring of the performanceof the water supply system up to the points of bulk off-take supplyto the TM will be by the PO to ensure that the system it is being operated and maintained in conformity with the applicable water quality standards.
II compliancemonitoring by the NTADCL to ensurethat the proposed environmental management plan is being implemented. In the event of any violation of standards observed, it would the responsibility of the NTADCL to ensure immediate rectification.
III monitoring the trend in the performance of the project in terms of the services committedby NTADCLto the beneficiariesas well as the environmentalquality of the project area. This monitoring which would be done by NTADCL in
6-10 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tiripur Area DevelopmentProject EnvironmentManagement Plan
consultationwith the Citizens' Committeeand will attempt to evaluate the extent of benefits that the consumershave accruedfrom the project. Additionally,if this monitoring reveals that any modifications are required in the project design to maximizethe benefits,NTADCL would implementthem.
Monitoringat this level, would also be a form of disclosuremonitoring used to keep the beneficiariesof the projectinformed about its progress.
Implementationof mitigationmeasures may also sometimesgive rise to impacts, which will be recognized early, if rigorous monitoring is ensured. The monitoringplan should also provide for periodic revision of the measures.The plan is describedin Table 6.3 and fully covers the monitoringrequirement at level II and III defined above. It provides the monitoringrequirement for each impact/ issue identified earlier, the responsible agencies and the estimatesof the costs involved.
The estimatedcost of the environmentalmonitoring is Rs. 2.558 Millionper year duringthe constructionphase and Rs. 2.676 Millionper year duringthe operationphase and has been fully integratedin the overallfinancial analysis of the project
6.4.1 Infrastructurerequirements
In order to implement the monitoring requirementsrecommended in Table 6.3 above, certain infrastructurerequirements, have been identified.
The operator should provide facilities at the WTP, STP and ETP for monitoring and regulating performnanceof these treatmentfacilities. In addition,provision should be made for one centralized laboratory for sampling and analysis of all relevant parameters including heavy metals in influents, effluents and sludge to confinm compliance with TNPCB standards.
6.4.2 InstitutionalArrangement
For the complianceand trend monitoringrecommended above, NTADCL would hire the services of a senior expert in the form of a consultant.The consultantwill be on a retainer and the responsibilitieswill include,
* hiring a monitoringagency to monitorthe environmentalquality, * review the outputsof the monitoringagency, * rationalizethe environmentalmonitoring process, * preparation, of an annual environmentaland social performance report for
6-11 Environmental and Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area Development Project Environment Management Plan
NTADCL preparation,of an environmentaland social perfornance report, to be used by NTADCL for communicatingthe progress of the project to the financing institutionsproviding assistance.NTADCL would provide a specific format to the consultantfor this report.
Separate citizens' committeesshould also be formed for monitoring of constructionand operationphases of the project. During the constructionphase, both the NTADCL and the citizens' committee should monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures particularlyfor land acquisitionand related compensationand air and noise pollution.
At this point, a schematicof the proposed project implementationstructure, showing the compositionof the NTADCLis shown in Figure 6.1 to facilitate greater understanding of the involvementof the various organizationsin the project.
The State Departmentof Environmentand Forests should periodicallyreview and monitor the project. The groundwatercell of PWD should monitorgroundwater quality, levels and trends in the project area.
Steps have to be initiated to identify and train necessary manpower required for the operationand maintenanceof the proposed,water and wastewatertreatment plants. Action has to be taken at the earliest so as to associatethe identified staff right from the initial stages of constructionand commissioningof the plants.
The existing capacity of the TM may be strengthenedin terms of increased and trained manpower as well as improved inforrnationmanagement systems especially related to billing. This capacity building and strengtheningwould assist in the mitigation of the institutionalfailure risks.
6-12 GoTN Construction TM HContractor . Contrcoi Concessioi Agreement
Constructio ntract & C tract
Equity NTAD Debt (SPV) Shareholdeers Lender,s Aareement Agreement
Service gareement Bulk Wate Supply and Bulk W ter Supply Sewage ake Agreement Agreen ent
Industrial Tirupur Wa side Units Municipality Villages
Figure 6.1
NTADCL Contractual Structure Table 6.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan Si. | MonitoringRequirement Specifications* Responsible Totalcosts No. Tg . | Entity (Peryear) ConstructionPlhase Impacts Ambient air quality at fixed stations at 3 locations to NOx, SOx, PMIo, CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly NTADCL 10,00,000 understand the impact of change in traffic pattern monitoring for three days once every due to the project. monsoon& summerand two times during the winterseason Moving stations (3 nos.) at the construction sites 10,00,000 (only during constructionperiod). To understandthe NOx, SOx, PM I o,CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly impact of constructionoperations. monitoring for three days once every monsoon& summerand two times during the winter season 2 Noise pollutionat the constructionsites Fortnightly monitoring at 3 locations on NTADCL and 1,44,000 (only during constructionperiod) hourly basis for 24 hour period Citizens' committee 3 Disposal of constructiondebris Periodicinspection at haul roads and sites for NTADCL and constructiondebris for safe collectionand Citizens' disposalto landfill sites committee 4 Traffic and Transportation Measuresfor divertingthe traffic during NTADCL with constructionacross National Highway, the traffic police district roads and roads within Tirupur,to be and the Citizens monitored. Committee.
Publicconsultations should be conductedwell in advance in order to take an informed decision on the proposed detours and diversions. 5 Domestic sewage and refuse management at the Check for adequacy of sanitation NTADCL and labor camps and constructionsites. arrangementsat the labor camps. Citizen's committee
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Si. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Total costs No. _ Entity (Per year) 7 Water Pollution Check for: NTADCL and Public Health * blockageof flowingwater which may Department lead to stagnationof water; * soil erosion due to constructionactivities leadingto contaminationand siltationof water bodies. * water contaminationdue to use of fuel and lubricantsat the constructionsites
8 Procurement of construction material. Check that procurement of construction NTADCL materialshould be only from permitted sites and quarries
Sub total 21,44,000
6-15 Enviroilinentll alidSocital AssessittentReport Tirupitr Area Developittelt Project Enviroinm,entMaitagennte Plany
SI. MonitoringRequirement Specifications* Responsible Totalcosts No. l Entity (Per year) OperationPlhase Impacts Water quality at intakepoint Chemicalquality#, seasonally for 3 locations NTADCL 1,44,000 (throughoutthe project) (@ 3 samplesper location) Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3 locations. Grab samples thrice a day 2,70,000 (covering the diurnal cycle) 2 Water quality at the outlet of the WTP Chemical quality#, seasonally for I location NTADCL 36,000 (@ 3 grab samples) Residualchlorine and bacteriologicalquality, 72,000 monthly for I location (@ 3 samples) 3 Water quality at the two MBRs Clhemicalquality, seasonallyfor 2 locations NTADCL 96,000 (@ 3 samples /location) Residual chlorine and bacteriologicalquality, 1,80,000 monthly for 2 locations (@ 3 samples) 4 Water quality at the consumerend Bacteriologicalquality, and residual chlorine NTADCL 9,00,000 daily one sample (1 one sample / month for a population of 10,000). For a population of 3 lakhs - 30 samples per month 5 Surface water quality at the point of treated effluent Chemicalquality#, seasonally for 2 locations NTADCL 96,000 discharge (at Sarkar Periyapalayamlake and at river ( 3 grab samples per location Noyyal). Bacteriological quality, monthly for 2 1,80,000 locations @3 grab samplesper location. 7 Surfacewater quality at the point where the river Chemical quality#, Seasonallyfor I location NTADCL 48,000 Noyyal leavesthe TLPA. @3 gtab samples. Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3 90,000 locations
6-16 E,,vironmentall arndSocial AssessmteitReport Tirupur Area DevelopmzentProject Environment Atanageineit Plan
8 Groundwater quality at 16 locations in the high TDS Ground water level, TDS and color seasonally NTADCL 64,000 belt, (> 4000 mg/I) that was determined during the for 16 locations, one sample each. baseline studies. Si. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Total costs No. Entity (Peryear) 9 Ground water quality, at sludge disposal sites Ground water level, Chemical quality, NTADCL and PO Bacteriological quality, annually for 3 locations, one sample each per site. 10 Soil quality, at sludge disposal sites Soil characteristics annually for 3 locations, NTADCL and PO one sample each per site Transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals, ro check whether guidelines and procedures NTADCL and e.g. chlorine at water treatment plants in Motor Vehicle-Act 1986 for transportation; Traffic police. and in Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989 for storage are being followed. 12 Consultancy fees @Rs. 5 lakhs / year 5,00,000
Sub total 26,76,000 Total 48,20,000
# The chiemical parameters recommended to be monitored are: pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, hardness, alkalinity, acidity, fluorides, sulphates, phosphates, clhlorides, nitrates, HOD,DO, ironand manganese. * The frequency of samplingand the parametersrecommended for analysis in the above table must be rationalizedby the consultantto NTADCL and suitable modificationsmade with respectto locations,frequency of sampling and parametersmonitored. A The locations-recommended are: TiruppurMaster Plan Area Suburbs Kuppandapalayam Uthukuli-KangeyamRoad Karuppakavundampalayam Karaipudur Kasipalayam SalameduThottam SarkarPeriyapalayam ThangammanKoil Athupalayam Orathupalayam-OorvazhiThottam Alankadu Orathupalayam- ManiankaduThottamKangeyam Road AnapalayamKombaithottam Wellat Attavampalayamis recommendedas a baselinestation since TDS levels are low (-500 mg/I).
6-17 CHAPTER 7
SOCIAL SETTING AND LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE
7.1 Introduction
According to the feasibility study for TADP approximately28 hectares of land area is required to house the project facilities.In order to minimizethe social impacts due to the acquisitionof lands, as far as possible,the facilitiesare sited on the governmentlands. The acquisitionof privatelands for the projectthus is limitedto less that 10 hectares.
As a result of land acquisitionfor the project, the economic losses of Project Affected Persons (PAPs), besides loss of lands, may include loss of house, business and access to economic opportunities.Therefore, while implementingthe project, it is necessary to consider all disturbancesand losses and their impact on the socio-economicstatus of the PAPs while planningfor the mitigationmeasures to minimizethe negative/adverseimpacts. Also, the rnitigatorymeasures should be evolved through a participatoryprocess with the PAPs and the final plans shouldhave their agreementand approval.
The main objectiveof the social assessment,therefore, is to assess the social impact of the project due to acquisitionof land and assets and outline a Resettlementand Rehabilitation (R&R) measures to mitigatethe negative impacts and consequentrisks to the project. The remedialmeasures suggested in the mitigationplan must ensurethat all the PAPs have their income levels after the project implementationimproved or at least restored to the pre- project levels.
Social assessmentstudy for the project,therefore, aims at identifyingthe PAPs, analyzing their socio-economicstatus, assessing losses due to project implementationand propose Resettlement and RehabilitationPlan (RAP) which ensures that PAPs do not suffer economic losses. The environmentaland social assessmentstudy is expectedto prepare a well researchedand documentedenvironmental and social assessmentreport (ESAR) with due considerationto public opinionand sensitivities.The ESAR is preparedaccording to the principlesand processescontained in the Environmentaland Social Report (ESR) of IL&FS and the World Bank's policies(O.D. 4.30 and 4.20).
7-1 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land AcquisitionProcedure
This chapter describes the social setting of the project and also gives the legislative and procedural requirements on which the recommendations of the social assessment study are based. The areas covered include: * information on past and projected trends of population and economic growth, * immigration and its impact on demographic features, * land use pattem, * land values and social attitude of people towards landholdings in the project area and * legislative and procedural aspects of land acquisition.
7.2 Distribution of Project Components
The TADP, primarily being a water supply project, covers all the Town and Village Panchayats within the TLPA and the villages enroute the water transmnissionline. The TLPA consists of one urban local body - Tirupur Municipality, one Town Panchayat - Velampalayam and three Panchayat Unions, namely - Tirupur, Avinashi and Uttukuli. The total geographical area under TLPA is about 218.28 sq.km. The Panchayat Unions consist of fourteen Village Panchayats each of which houses some of the project components. The distribution of project components is presented in Table 7.1.
The project also includes laying of 1.4 km of raw water mains, 54 km of treated water transmission mains, 97 km of feeder mains and 288 km of sewer lines.
Table 7.1 Distribution of Project Components in TLPA Si. Project Component Location of the Site No. 1 Intake well Anaina Suvampalayam 2 Raw Water Pumping Station Anaina Suvampalayam 3 Raw Water Pumping Main Suriam Paliyam 4 Water Treatment Plant Suriam Paliyam 5 Treated Water Pumping Main Suriam Paliyam 6 BPS at Erukattuvalasu Thiruvachi 7 Master Balancing Reservoir Neruperichal
7-2 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land AcquisitionProcedure
Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main-I 8 Avinashi road Tirupur Municipality 9 Bharathiyar complex Tirupur Municipality 10 Rayapuram Tirupur Municipality 11 Puchakkadu Tirupur Municipality 12 Tennampalayam Tirupur Municipality 13 Perichipalayam Tirupur Municipality 14 Vinobaji Nagar Tirupur Municipality 15 New R K Puram Tirupur Municipality 16 Shakthi Nagar Thottipalayam
Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main- 2 17 Indira Nagar Tirupur Municipality 18 Velampalayam Velampalayam 19 Kariampoondi Kariampoondi 20 Pudupalayam Pudupalayam 21 Samundipuram Velampalayam 22 Chettipalayam Mangalam Chettipalayam Mangalam 23 Chinnandipalayam pirivu Chinnandipalayam pirivu 24 Andipalayam Andipalayam 25 Iduvampalayam Iduvam palayam 26 Iduvai Iduvai 27 Murugampalayam Veerapandi 28 Kuppandam palayam(school site) Veerapandi 29 Kuppandam palayam(school site) Veerapandi 30 Veerapandi Veerapandi 31 Avarapalayam Veerapandi 32 Thiruvalluvar Nagar Tirupur Municipality
Service Reservoirs on FM 3 33 Pandian Nagar Neruperichal 34 Neruperichal Neruperichal 35 Mannari Mannari 36 Mudalipalayam Mudali palayam 37 Nallur Nallur 38 Kaliappa Nagar Nallur 39 Kaliapalayam Nallur 40 Muthampalayam Mutham palayam 41 Ponkoil Nagar Ponkoil Nagar 42 Koil vazhi Mutham palayam
Sewage pumping Stations 43 Mannarai Mannarai 44 Kongu main road Kuttai Tirupur Municipality 45 Kangayam road Kuttai Tirupur Municipality 46 Natraj theatre Kuttai Tirupur Municipality 47 Vanakkara rawther thottam Tirupur Municipality
Sewage Treatment Plants 48 Sewage Treatment Plant - East Sircarperiapalayam 49 Sewage Treatment Plant - West Chinnandi palayam
7-3 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land AcquisitionProcedure
7.3 Constitution of TLPA
The TirupurLocal Planning Authority for Tirupurwas constitutedunder section 11 (1) (3) of the Town and Country Planning Act, vide G.O. MS. NO. 1138 R.D. & L.A. Dt. 07.06.76, with the Chairman of Tirupur Municipal Council as the Chairman and the Town Planning Officer as the Member Secretary.
7.4 Decadal Growth of TLPA
The total populationof TLPA area is 364504as per 1991 census. Prior to 1950 Tirupurwas basicallyan agrariansociety with its major crop being cotton with a few handloomsin and aroundit. In the courseof time the failureof rains and decreasingwater level in Noyyal led to lower agricultural production and people tumed their attention on knit wear manufacturing. Sustained winds with low ambient moisture, availability of labor and productionof cloth in nearby industrialcenter of Coimbatorehave been conducivefor rapid growth of dyeing and bleachingoperations at Tirupur.Table 7.2 gives decadal population growth of TLPA since 1951.
Table7.2 DecadewisePopulation Growth and Variation of TLPA Year Population Variation Per centage
1951 1,00,730 1961 1,32,853 32,132 31.89 1971 1,73,924 41,071 30.91 1981 2,30,000 56,076 32.24 1991 3,64,504 1,31,504 57.17
7.5 Socio-Economic Profile
Out of the population of 2,35,661 in 1991, in Tirupur, the male and female population constitute 1,22,394 (51.90 per cent) and female populationis 1,13,267 (48.10 per cent) respectively. The literacy rate of Tirupurtown is 66 per cent comprising 91,807 men and 63,860women literate.The populationin the workingage group in 1991 was 118000.
The occupationalcharacteristics of populationin Tirupurtown and TLPA excludingTirupur town are presentedin Tables 7.3 and 7.4 respectively.
7-4 Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project Social Setting and Land Acquisition Procedure
Table 73 Occupational Characteristics of Population in Tirupur Occupation Workers Percentageof total Percentageof Population(Working total Workers Age Group) 1. PrimarySector I. Agriculture 1357 1.2 3.1 2. Mining,Livestock, Quarrying etc. 52 0.05 0.1
nI. SecondarySector 3. HouseholdIndustry 18385 15.6 42.2 4. Manufacturingother than household 3793 3.2 8.7 Industry 5. Construction 4416 3.7 10.1 IIL Tertiary Sector 6. Trade & Commerce 7873 6.6 18.1 7. Transportand Communication 2103 1.7 4.8 8. Other Services 5619 4.5 12.9 Total 43598 36.65 100.00
Table 7.4 Occupational Pattern of TLPA Excluding Tirupur Town Occupation Workers Percentage of total Percentage of total Population(Working workers Age Group) 1. PrimarySector I. Agriculture 10,309 13.1 30.0 2. Mining, Livestock,Quarrying etc. 302 0.4 0.9 II. Secondary Sector 3. HouseholdIndustry 12,811 16.4 37.2 4. Manufacturingother than household 6,782 8.7 19.7 Industry 5. Construction 605 0.8 1.7 Ill. TertiarySector 6. Trade & Commerce 1,536 1.9 4.5 7. Transportand Communication 301 0.4 0.9 8. Other Service 1,743 2.2 5.1 Total 34,389 43.9 100.00
Tirupur town area three major occupational sectors can be identified viz. primary, secondary and territory sectors. The major workforce is found to be occupied under manufacturing sector, which constitutes around 50.9 per cent to the total workforce. The other major workforce comes under trade and commerce sector.
7-5 Environmental and Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land Acquisition Procedure
The occupationalpattern in TLPA excludingTirupur town also shows similar pattern. Manufacturingsector employsthe largest number of persons followed by the agricultural sector.
7.6 Projected Occupational Pattern of TLPA - 2001
The total number of persons in the workableage group in 2001 are projectedto be 3,20,000 comprising64 per cent of the total populationand will be equally divided amongmale and femaleworkers. The total workers is estimatedat 208000comprising of 144000males and 64000 females,constituting 41.6 per cent of the projectedtotal populationof 5.00 lakhs and 65 percentof the populationin the workingage group. The estimatedoccupational pattern of TLPA in 2001 is presentedin Table 7.5.
Table 7.5 Estimated Occupational pattern of TLPA in 2001 SL Occupation Workers Per centage of Percentage of No total Population total Workers (Working Age I Group) I Agriculturenon-urban user 31800 9.9 15.3 2 Manufacturing 109200 34.1 52.5 3 Trade and commerce 26400 8.3 12.7 4 Transport& communication 4260 1.3 2.0 5 Construction 5800 1.8 2.8 6 Serviceand others 26000 9.6 14.7
Total 208000 - 65.01 100.0
7.7 Social Amenities
7.7.1 Water Supply
Tirupur town is served by a system of two protectedwater supply schemesusing Bhavani river near Mettupalayamas the source. The system also serves the needs of the wayside villagesand the net quantityreleased at Tirupurreservoir is about 33 MLD with a per capita consumptionof 46 litres.
The water supply is through house connectionsin well-developedlocalities and through public standpostsin slums and under-developedareas. In additionthere are connectionsfor
7-6 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Selling and Land AcquisitionProcedure
commercial and drinking purposes in industrial premises.
The broad breakup of water distribution connection in Tirupur is presented in Table 7.6.
Table 7.6 Water Distribution Connections in Tirupur Nature of Connections Number
Public standposts
1. Single Tap 139 2. Double Tap 14
House Connections 7477
on-domestic Connections 132
In addition to the distribution system, water is also supplied from 57 open wells and 7 bore wells located in various parts of the town through lorries to unserved and high level areas of the town.
7.7.2 Drainage and Sewerage
There is no underground drainage system in this town at present and only open drains are available. The total length of drains is 80 km. out of the total length of roads about 110 km. The sullage water flows from the drains are discharged into the Noyyal river. *** Most of the houses have only dry type latrines and some have septic-tanks. The rubbish taken out of drains is collected in dustbins and removed by carts and trucks to the compost yard situated on the southern outskirts of the town.
7.7.3 Health
There are 3 Hospitals, 1 Dispensary, 3 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre, 1 Family Welfare Centre and 5 Private Nursing Homes, to take care of the health needs of the public. Table 7.7 give the break up of health facilities available in Tirupur Town.
7-7 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Settingand Land AcquisitionProcedure
Table 7.7 Health Facilities
S.No. Classification Ownership Number Bed Strength 1. Hospital Government 1 110 ESI 2 - 2. Dispensary Municipality 1 2 3. Nursing Home Private 6 112 4. Clinic Private 10 - 5. Maternity and Municipality 3 52 Child Welfare 6. Family Welfare Municipality 1 -
7.8 Land Use Pattern of TLPA
TIheindustrial development has occurred mainly along the railway line, the Noyyal river and important roads viz., Avanashi road, Palladam road and Perumanallur road. A major part of the residential development has occurred on the northern side of the railway line and Noyyal river. The residential development accounts for 72 per cent of the developed area.
The Commercial part of the town is mainly concentrated around the Municipal Office. However, in the older part of the town i.e. in the southern side of the Noyyal river, some parts of the residential have been invaded by commercial development. The wholesale and retail warehousing activities are more around the present Bus-stand which lies on the meeting point of Dharapuram road, Kangeyam and Palladam Roads. There is a Cotton Market nearby the Bus-stand. Retail commercial outlets are distributed along the important roads of the town and Commercial uses occupy 6.00 per cent of the developed area. The existing land use pattern is presented in Table 7.8.
Table 7.8 Existing land use pattern
Si. Usage Totalarea in No. hectares I. Residential 1997.08 2. Commercial 167.23 3. Industrial 423.65 4. Educational 130.07 5. Publicand Semi-Public 68.75 6. Agricultural 19041.22 Total 21828.00
7-8 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land AcquisitionProcedure
7.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern
The TLPA master plan describes a proposed land use of TLPA by 2001 AD. About 31 per cent is set apart for residential activity and 55.52 per cent for agricultural activity. About 8.5 per cent is intended for industrial activity.The detailed proposed land use pattern is presented in Table 7.9.
Table 7.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern of TLPA - 2001 S. No. Usage Totalarea in Ha.
I . Residential 6672.98 2. Commercial 418.41 3. Industrial 1837.65 4. Educational 631.76 5. Publicand Semi-Public 148.65 6. Agricultural 12119.45 Total 21828.00
7.9.1 Residential use The spatial requirements for residential use in the year 2001 for the TLPA have been assessed on the basis of 75 persons per hectare. The residential area requirement will be 6673.00 ha for the projected population of 5.00 lakh in 2001. It includes the land required for local roads and streets, local shopping centre, primary schools, open space etc. The residential area has been divided into primary residential zones and mixed residential zones.
7.9.2 Commercial Use The commercial use include all commercial and business use, financial institutions, cinema theatre, and other conmmercialentertainment centres, warehouses and automobile repair shops etc. The space need at the commercial use in the TLPA for the year 2001 will be about 418 hectares.
7.9.3 Industrial Use The total estimated working force in the Planning area by the year 2001 is expected to be 208,000. Further division of this working force among service industries, light industries and heavy industries is expected to be in the ratio of 4:3:2 viz. 92,445 in service industries 69,330 in light industries and 46,225 in heavy industries. The area requirement for different categories of industries and the planning norms used are presented in Table 7.10.
7-9 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land AcquisitionProcedure
Table 7.10 Break-up of industrial area into different categories of industries SlNo. PlanningNorm RequiredArea
Area requirements for service Industries at a 370 hectares. standardof 250 workers/hectare: 2 Area requirement for light Industries at a 695 hectares standardof 100workers/hectare 3 Area requirement for heavy Industries at a 772 hectares standardof 60 workers/hectare Total 1837 hectares.
Thus the total area under industrial use in the year 2001 is expected to be 1837 hectares.
The occupational pattem of the Tirupur town shows major contribution to the work force of the knit wear industry which accounts for 80 per cent of Indian cotton knitted garments (Hosiery). There are about 2500 Hosiery units and 500 processing outs employing over 2,00,000 workers. The export accounted for Rs. 1150 crores in 1991. It has also recorded a major foreign earning in the country contributing 2.7 per cent of country's exports in 1991 with growth potential of 23 per cent per annum.
The TLPA has regulated the land use dividing it into a number of zones. Exemption needs to the obtained from the Government and/or Director of Town & Country Planning, as the case may be, in case any deviation is to be made against this regulation.
7.9.4 Land Values and Ownership
Nearly 90 per cent of the lands in the TLPA are privately owned while the municipal and government lands account for 2.5 per cent and 7.5 per cent respectively. The land value within the town fluctuates according to its usage and location. Due to an increased demand of land for industrial and commercial activities an appreciation in land value has occurred. For example, the value of land along the Avinashi road is around Rs.720/- per Sq.ft. (Town S.F.No.39/7/K) or Rs.3 crores per acre at one of the proposed Service Reservoir site. The land values in the outskirts of TLPA are in the range of Rs. 20-25 lakhs per hectare. The land values in the areas near Bhavani at the site for intake well and water treatment plant are about Rs. 15 lakhs per hectare.
However, the registered price of land in the area which normally form the basis of calculating the market value by the revenue department during the land acquisition, are many times lower the market price. Although, the registered value of land vary for different transactions, the average value in the project at the time of social assessment (1996) was
7-10 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land AcquisitionProcedure estimated to be R. 2.8 lakhs per hectare. It is thus seen that the market value for the lands is up to 5 to 10 times of the guideline value of the Registration department.
7.9.5 Social Attitude towards Possession of Land
Due to the vast difference between the guideline value and the actual market price of the lands, the general tendency among the landowners is to go to court to get a stay order, the moment the owner of private land or an encroacher/occupier of government poromboke' lands comes to know about the probable eviction or acquisition. Similarly there is a tendency of demanding a high rate of compensation based on the market price of the piece of land to be acquired for any government/public purpose.
In general, the people living in Tirupur and nearby villages where the components are designed were found to be more attached to whatever little piece of land they owned, occupied or encroached. In some areas they have been living in poromboke lands for more than 15-20 years and have electricity, water supply and road facilities but with only 'B' memos' issued by the Revenue Authorities.
Since they have been living in their respective places for more than 15-20 years they have established a cultural bond with surrounding areas, besides a trader customer linkage.
7.10 Land and Property Acquisition Procedures
Procedure for Land Acquisition
The Land Acquisition Act (1 894) amended in 1984 as a National Act extends to the whole of India except for the State of Jammu & Kashmir. This Act empowers any State Government to acquire compulsorily any land (not owned by it) which is required for a public purpose. In the present case the land is required for the TADP. The provisions of the Act focus on the procedures of acquisition and payment of compensation for land and other immovable properties.
Prior to initiating any land acquisition, an officer (mostly from revenue department) is
I The landsbelonging to Governmentare classifiedas Porombokelands. Government can consider allotment of these lands as per certainnorms for ScheduleCastes I Tribes.
2 'B' Memo :This is notice servedon the encroacherof a governmentland. This indicatesthat he would be evictedat any time withoutprior notice. A penal tax is also leviedon the encroacherwhich is revisableupwards yearly.
7-11 Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land Acquisition Procedure designatedto perforn the finctions of a Collectorunder this Act who receivesrequisition from the concernedproject authorities to acquire land for the project. In the case of TADP the requisitioning authority is New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited (NTADCL).The requisitionis submittedto revenuedepartmnent. The requisitioningofficer submitsto the Collectorthe details of land (called land plan schedules)to be acquired. The detailsprovided are the landowner's name, surveynumber and extentof land to be acquired. For any land acquisition (LA), the amended LA Act of 1984 under section (u/s)- 4(1) stipulatespublication of a notificationto that effect in the OfficialGazette and in two daily newspaperscirculated in the locality (in which land is to be acquired)of which at least one shall be in the regional language. In the case of TADP it should be in Tamil. Such a notificationenables the concemedLA authoritiesto enter upon the land, make preliminary survey, ascertainits suitabilityand detemine the exact portion of the land to be acquired. The substance of this notificationis given as public notice at a convenientplace in the locality in which the land to be acquired is located. Such a notification provides an opportunityto the parties interested in the land to file objections,if any, u/s-5A to the proposedacquisition.
In orderto proceedwith the acquisitionof the notifiedland or any portionof it, a declaration u/s-6 of the LA Act specifiesthe precise boundariesof the area of the land to be taken. This declarationis made within one year from the date of publicationof the notificationu/s 4(1). Every such declaration is published in the Official Gazette, as well as in two daily newspapers,one of which shouldbe in the regionallanguage. With the appearanceof this declarationas an office notification,Government issues directionsto the Collector u/s-7 of the LA Act to take orderfor acquisitionof land.
Thereafter,section-8 of the Act requiresland to be marked out, measuredand planned,while u/s-9 notices are served to concernedpersons (owning land) stating the intention of the Governmentto take possessionof the land and that any claims for compensationshould be made to the Collector.Such notificationsare givenas publicnotices on or near the land to be taken. Any other claimantto the propertyas co-proprietor,sub proprietor,mortgagees, tenant or otherwise,u/s 10 is required to submit a statementto that effect to the Collector.Finally the awardof compensationis made by the Collectoru/s- I I of the LA Act after inquiringinto objections (if any), pursuantto the notice given u/s-9 to the measurementsmade u/s-8 and into the value of the land fixed as on the date of the publication of the notificationfor acquisitionof land uls4(1). Section 11-A of the Act stipulatesthat the award u/s-Il should be made within a periodof two yearsfrom the date of publicationof the declarationand if no awardis made within that period,the entireproceedings for the acquisitionof the land stands lapsed.
7-12 Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Social Setting and Land Acquisition Procedure
Once the award is made u/s-I1, the Collector u/s-16 may take possession of the land which there upon rests absolutely with the Government, free from all encumbrances. In urgent cases when land is required on immediate basis for a public purpose, the Collector, as directed by the Government, may take possession of land where no award has been made, on the expiry of fifteen days from the publication of notice u/s-9(l). Such lands there upon are vested absolutely in the Government, free from all encumbrances. However, before taking possession of such lands, the Collector u/s-17 (3-A) is required to tender payment of 80 per cent of the compensation for the land to the person(s) entitled.
However, any person, who does not accept the award, or accepts compensation under protest, is required uls- 18 to apply to the Collector to refer his case to the court for its determination with regard to the measurement of the land, amount of compensation or apportionment of compensation among the persons interested. This has to be made within six weeks from the date of the Collector's award. Section- 18 to 28 detail out the procedures involved in settling the cases referred to the court.
Section-3 1(1) of the LA Act, 1984 stipulates payment of compensation to the awarders. However, if they do not accept the compensation or there is a dispute with regard to the title to receive the compensation, the Collector u/s-3 1(2) is required to deposit the compensation amount to the court.
Also, the amended LA Act, 1984 has provision for acquiring land through direct negotiation between the project affected families and the concerned government authority. In this case, the government authority will be the Revenue Authority.
7.11 Acquisitionof Other Lands
Acquisition of governmentland does not involve any difficulty as LA is done by the Governmentitself. For such landsno compensationis due to any body.However, requisition is made to the concernedDepartment for alienationof land.
Accordingto resettlementand rehabilitationpolicy of IL&FS,if there are encroachmentson such lands, they need to be provideddwelling units nearthe place of their livelihood.
7-13 CHAPTER 8
PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS - IDENTIFICATION, MINIMIZATION AND PROFILE
8.1 Introduction
All development projects, unless located in remote and thinly populated areas, involve considerable displacementof the local population.The degree of displacementmay be much higher if the project has a semi-urbansetting, as is the case with TADP. The past experience of project implementationin India with respect to the rehabilitation of the displacedpeople has not been good. Many displacedpeople have protested against such projects, causing delays and cost escalation. It has been observed that in a number of projects, no serious effort was done to assess the degree of displacementduring the project planning stage. The issues related to displacementwere thus invariably underplayedtill public pressure and outcry revealedthe true dimensionsof the problem.
The solution to the problem of displacedpersons lies in careful assessment of extent of displacementduring the initial stages of project developmentitself, minimizingit through project modifications and providing adequate compensation where the displacement is inevitable.
As per the environmentaland social policy of IL&FS,as the first step towards assessment of social impacts, a rigorous study for the identificationof project affected persons in TADP together with identificationof options for minimizationof negative social impacts was attempted. This chapter describes the methodology and findings of these considerations. The chapter begins with definitions of project affected persons and families, describes the secondary and primary data collection effort in their physical identification,presents their socio-economicprofile and highlightsthe efforts undertaken towards minimizationof PAPs and their influenceon the project design.
8.2 Definitions
The field survey of the project sites indicatedthat majority of the displaced persons are adversely affected either due to loss of land or loss of structures like housing. In both cases, accordingto entitlementframework of IL&FS social assessmentpolicy, the families of the displacedpersons need to be treated as unit for compensationand/or resettlement and rehabilitation.
A minority of those affected howevermay be categorizedas project affected person where the loss is confined to the structure for shops. In such case, only the earning member(s) of
8-1 Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project PAPs- Identification and Profile
the family is affected directly.If throughcompensation, the income levels are restored, the family as such is not affectedby the project.
8.2.1 Project Affected Persons
Project affectedpersons (PAPs) are those, who are:
* physically displaced or economically adversely affected as a result of physical relocation and/or * economicallyaffected but not physicallyrelocated and/or * loose accessto communityamenities and resourcesdue to the project.
8.2.2 ProjectAffected Families
Project Affected Families are all families (a family is defined as two or more or group of persons related by birth, or marriage or adoption who reside in the same household and share the common kitchen)that are - physically displaced or economically adversely affected as a result of physical relocation and/or * economicallyaffected but not physicallyrelocated and/or * loose access to communityamenities and resourcesdue to the project
8.3 Identification of PAPs at Sites for Project Components
The first step towards identification of the PAPs is to compare the Survey Field (SF) number of plots of lands required by the project with the revenue records, which contain the latest land ownership information. At the commencementof social assessment, the information on project profile and project sites layout was scanned to identify the SF numbers of plots of land required by the various project components. During the initial stages of the social assessment, the project profile was still being firmed up. So, the informationfor some of the project sites was only partially availableor was under review. The initial fieldwork, therefore,was planned as reconnaissancesurvey for familiarization with the project sites and the probable social issues.
During this survey, each of the areas belonging to the project components was visited. It was observed that most of PAPs were residing at three sites proposed for the project namely Puluvarpatty,Thiruvalluvar Nagar and Chinnandipalayam.Minor social issues in the form of loss of one or two houses and a few minor structures were perceived with respect to Kanianpundi, Murugandampalayam,Pappananickenpalayam, Avaraipalayam
8-2 Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project PAPs- identification and Profile
Pirivu, Indira Nagar, Anainasuvampalayam,Sakthi Nagar, and Kuppandapalayam,.Rests of the sites on Municipalland were observed to be free from PAPs and consequentlyno adverse social impacts were anticipated for these components. The initial estimates of degree of impacts related to PAPs for various components of the project during the preliminarysurvey are summarizedin Table8. 1.
Table 8.1 InitialEstimate of Degree of Social Impactsdue to Land Acquisition
Degreeof Impacts ProjectSites Project Component Majorimpacts Puluvarpatty MBR ThiruvalluvarNagar SR Chinnandipalayam ST? (West)
Minor impacts Kanianpundi SR Murugandampalayam SR Pappananickenpalayam SPS AvaraipalayamPirivu SR IndiraNagar SR Anainasuvampalayam Intake well SakthiNagar SR Kuppandapalayam SR
MBR: Master Balancing Reservoir STP: Sewage Treatment Plant SR: Service Reservoir BPS: Booster Pumping Station
These findings were discussed with the district authorities of Coimbatore and Periyar District with the objective of obtainingtheir support for the physical verificationof PAPs. The District authorities deputed their town level revenue officials with instructionto lay survey stones in the. project area and scan the sites for the verification of PAPs and the status of their land ownership.
The reconnaissancesurvey, indicated that fromthe pointof viewof landacquisition for the project, the site for MasterBalancing Reservoir (MBR) at Puluvarpattywas the most sensitive.A socio- economicsurvey was carriedout amongthe potentialPAPs in the area A censuscount of the structureswithin the area requiredfor the projectindicated that 102houses required demolition for clearingthe site. The results of the survey highlightedthat most of the land holdings in the area (50 per cent of total PAPs) were legal with valid titles or pattas and lived in pucca houses with well laid road and public facilities. The community expressed deep apprehension towards land acquisition in this area, which was also reflected, during the
8-3 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs-Identification and Profile
visit of the survey team.
ThiruvalluvarNagar, the proposed site for a Service Reservoirwas found to be the second most sensitive area from the point of view of land acquisition. The reservoir site at ThiruvalluvarNagar is located within a cluster of 150 families belonging to scheduled castes. All of these families have occupied Governmentporomboke land and do not hold a legal title to the land. These familieshowever, have been residing on these lands for the last 15 to 20 years and are 'B' memo holders.
The land ownership records indicated that the project site was located at survey field No.T.S.5. With the help of local revenue official survey stones were laid demarking the project site. The demarcationenabled exact identificationof PAPs and probable loss of their housing and associated disturbancesin their area. It was observed that 20 families required resettlementat this site.
Chinnandipalayam,the site for Sewage Treatmentplant (West) was found to be the third most critical site during the initial assessment.This site is part of lake poromboke and has been considerably encroached in roadside. Approximately 60 encroachments were identified within the land required for treatment plant. The encroachments at this site, however,were of relativelyrecent origin of about 5 years or less.
Meanwhile, appropriate steps were taken to authenticate the records by laying survey stones or making demarcationsat all project sites. It was observed that many small huts have developed in the project sites after the preliminary survey. Hence the District Revenue authoritieswere approachedfor minimizationof further encroachmentsand they served a suitable order, whichhelped in controllingthe further encroachmentsat almost all the sites.
The aforesaid order also facilitated to seek the assistance of town and village revenue officials not only for demarcatingthe sites but also settlingthe local issues that arose after informal discussionwith the communityabout the objectiveof the project and its demand for the site.
8.4 Identificationof PAPs alongthe WaterTransmission Main (WTM)
The WTM that carries the treated water from WTP at Suriampalayam to MBR at Neruparichal will mainly be laid within the right of way (ROW) of NH47 and the state highways. The social issues due to the laying of the transmissionline, therefore, will arise only in those sections where either the ROW is significantlyencroached or is too narrow to allow passage of the pipe line. During the ESA the entire road stretch was studies
8-4 Environmental and Social Assessment RepoH TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs- Identification and Profde
carefully and following road section were identified where social issues required mitigation
(a) Road Stretch Passingthrough Perundurai Town
At km 77.6-79.0, the highway passes through Perundurai,where at a narrow stretch of about 500 m between km 78.0-79.0, the available ROW width from center of the road including the BT and berm reduces to about 7.0m which leaves inadequate width for digging the trench. The highwaythrough Perunduraiis a fairly busy stretch and there are permanent shops/structureson either side at distance of about 1-5m from the BT edge. Also, there is considerableencroachment of the free availableNH land along the road through Perundurai.At least a few permanentstructure located at 1.0 m from the BT and some temporary businesses are likely to be affected by the proposed water main alignment. The construction will also cause significant congestion on the NH at this stretch
(b) WTMsection along the State Hinhwavfrom Perumanalluriunction to MBR
At km 106 on the NH47, the WTM alignmentturns right and runs along the state highway to Tirupur till the MBR locationvia the Puluvapattyjunction. Along this 7 km long stretch the total available road width is limited to BT of 7.0m and berm width varying between 0.5m in considerableportion and about 1.0 m at few points. Considerablesections along this stretch have ribbon development along the road that a number of houses and commercialstructures are located along the road.
8.5 Identification of PAPs along the Feeder Main Routes
Three feeder mains have been proposed to carry water from MBR up to the service reservoirs within TLPA. The feeder mains are proposed to traverse along the state highways and ring road sectionswithin TLPA. From the MBR site, two feeder mains (FM I and III) are proposed to be laid along the ring road on the right of the MBR upto the Puluvapattyjunction while one feeder main is proposed to be laid along the ring road on left from the MBR. The proposed feeder mains are expectedto be of 0.3-0.6 m dia, which would entail a trench width of about 1.2-1.8m.
The ring road has an overall width of the 4-5 m with a BT of about 2.5-3.0 m and berm of about 0.5-1.Om.Most of the feeder mains alignment along the ring road passes through areas where a lands adjacent to the road are not fully occupiedand it is possibleto lay the pipeline without any social impacts.However, there are a few sections (total length about
8-5 Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs- Identification and Profile
1000 m) where considerable roadside development has taken place and no space is available beyond the berm. In these sections it will be necessary to take the pipeline behind the row of structures through the agriculturalfield. In this context the sections requiring specialattention are the following
* 200 m long distance in stretches close to Puluvapattyjunction and on the road to Neruperichchalvillage (FM III); * in stretches ( about 200 m) along the road to Attupalaiyam(about 10-15 structures includingone road side temple)and throughAnuppapalaiyam (about 40-48 houses, 10 business establishments,4-5 boundarywalls requiringpartial demolition)along Feeder Main II route in the region from MBR and prior to crossingAvanashi road. * a narrow stretch of about lOOmon the ring road near Solipalaiyam(FM II) where about 11-13 houses will be partially affected (walls will have to be demolished as these fall within the berm and are close to the BT); - on the route to Pudupalaiyam(about 50-lOOmoverall stretch) on FM II, * moderate to major impacts along the stretch of ring road from Velampalaiyam to Chamundipuram (about 100 m)
For the entire feeder main length, the social impacts can be fully eliminated by laying the pipe line below the BT top in the critical stretchesdescribed above.
8.6 Identification of PAPs along the Sewer Lines
In city area the sewers are generally laid at the center of the road to facilitate the house connection by gravity at a short distance from the houses located on either side. The alignment of the sewer will have to be deviated from the center of the road due to other underground services like electricity, telephones, water distribution etc. The house connections are joined to the manholes on the sewer, which are provided at a distance of about 3045 m depending on the size of the sewer.
For wide roads, like state or national highways the sewers are provided on one side of the road. To avoid road crossings for connections at short intervals, a rider line is provided on the other side of the road that is joined to the main sewer at suitable intervals. In Tirupur area the sewers will be laid underground along the center of the road in almost all parts of the city. Therefore, no displacement of the people is expected due to laying of the sewer lines.
At 2 locations, sewers are crossing the railway line through the existing underpasses. In such case, the sewer alignment will have to be slightly deviated, as the sewer lines can not be laid through these narrow underpasses. Railway authorities generally carry out the
8-6 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs- Identificationand Profile
railway crossing works themselves with minimum disturbance to railway movements. More often construction techniques like pipe jacking are adopted to minimise the disturbance. The ROW of railways near the underpasses are free from encroachments and no social issues are expected in construction of the sewers lines.
8.7 Categoriesof PAPs
After completing the reconnaissance survey and establishing links and support from local administration, detailed socio-economic surveys were planned at all project sites. These surveys were conducted by a team of investigators trained locally under the guidance of an experienced sociologist.
The affected families identified in the surveys belong to the following three categories:
* Land owners * Squatters * Partially affected families
8.7.1 Land Owner PAPs
Those families who possess valid titles to the land required by the project fall under this category. For compensation of the loss, the landowner is considered as a unit or family and is entitled to choose between a land of equal productive potential or cash compensation. Due to paucity of land, compensation in the form of alternate land is rarely feasible in India and hence compensation is mostly in the form of cash compensation. For those families who have considerable negative impact on their income due to LA, however, it is desirable to provide advise/training/financial assistance to commence alternate means for income generation.
8.7.2 EncroacherPAPs
Squatters are defined as the people with no legal holding or ownership of the land under their occupation.
Generally people encroach the land near the place of their work for dwelling purpose and also for small temporary shops to earn for their livelihood. They also encroach land for putting up religious structures. These squatters are considered for compensation, as family, and are provided with a basic dwelling unit according to certain norms and also cash compensation,if applicable.
8-7 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs- Identificationand Profile
8.7.3 Partially Affected Persons
Those persons who are not directly affected due to loss of major assets and only face marginal loss or discomfort due to project implementation fall under this category. This category of PAPs is represented by family head as individuals while being considered for cash compensation.
Based on the above categories the breakup of PAPs identified with respect to the project sites is given in the Table 8.2.
Table 8.2 Distribution of PAFs at sites for Project Components
S. Component Land Squatters Partially affected No. Holders persons
I. Intake well 12 Nil Nil 2. Raw watermain 2 Nil Nil
3. Water Treatment Plant I Nil Nil 4. Clear WaterTransmission main I Nil Nil 5. BoosterPumping Station' Nil 4 6. Master BalancingReservoir 2 6 Nil 7. ServicesReservoirs a) Municipallimit 3 21 2 b) Outside-Municipal limit Nil 2 3 8. Sewagepumping stations Nil 6 1+Temple and a school 9. Sewagetreatment plant (STP) 8 57 I Total 32 90 9 One of them is thatchedroof structurefor NationalLiteracy Mission where no personsstay as such.
8.8 Detailed Identification
8.8.1 Land Holder PAPs
According to the Revenue records and relevant registered documents, that were available with the village administrative officer, land holdings of PAPs have been ascertained. The
' BPS earlier planned at Sarlai and Kanakkaampalayamwere droppedwhich eliminatesPAPs under this category. The analysis, however,retains the observationsduring SA. 2 The original site for MBR was changedto a new site as a measuretowards minimizationof social impacts (refer section ***)
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other assets of PAPs have been identifiedby social surveys.Based on these observations, the details of aggregatedloss of each PAP under this categoryare provided in Table 8.3.
Table 8.3Land holdings and assetsof land ownerPAFs Name of the PAF & Address S.F.No. Total Extent of Kind of Other assets Remarks Extent o land to be land land acquired (in Hec.) (in Hec.)_
Anainasuvampalayam Village
1. I.Ramasamy Chettiyar 137/9 0.625 0.06 Wetland Bettlenut Ownership trees Guava under trees conditional Coconut patta trees and MangoTrees 2. V.VenkataramanChettiyar 3. V.KaruppanaChettiyar
4. V.Perumal Chettiyar 5. Rajamani 6. C.Angalamal 39 0.805 0.256 Wetland Paddycrop 7. K.CheeniamalaiGounder 8. R.Muthu Gounder 9. Maariayi 10. P.Kandasamy 11. Devayaniammal 12. L.Rangasamy SuryamapalayamVillage 13. S.Marimuthu 50/6 0.020 0.00675 WetlandPaddy crop 14. Velappa Chettiar 15. Loganathan 21&22 4.925 1.22 Dry land Nil
NeruparichalVillage 16. K.Palanisarny 140/1 0.060 0.060 Rocky Nil 17. Heir of AlagiriBoyar 14012 0.120 0.120 Barren Nil land 18. Natarajan 140/3 3.045 1.320
8-9 Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Identification and Profile
Name of the PAF & Address S.F.No. Total Extent of Kind of Other assets Remarks Extent of land to be land land acquired (in Hec.) (in Hec.)
19. N.Ramasamy one full and 135-1-A 5.490 4.000 Dry land Entire one Share in 135-1-C Tiled S.F.No. 135 house has a land area of 5.490 hectare. 20. N.Swaminathan one full 135-1-D Well and One share in 135-1-B (Joint One share in 135-1-C ownersh ip) 21. R.Swaminathan one share 135-1-B in
Sarkarperiapalayam Village (Perunthurai T.K.)
22. K.Balasubramanian lyvar 122 2.050 2.050 Dryland Nil 23. K.Subba Rao
24. Viswanathan Chettiar 124/1 1.160 1.160 Dry land Nil 25. ParamasivamnChettiar
Sarkarperiyapalayam (Neruparichal Village)
26. Chennimalai Gounder 39/2 0.405 0.405 Dry land Tiled house cattle shed
27. Mayangathal alais 39/1 0.370 0.370 Dry land Well Rangathal
Chinnadipalayam Village
28. K.Nachimuthu Gounder 200A/I 0.065 0.065 Dry land
29. K.Subbia Gounder 200A/2 0.170 0.170 Dry land Homestead ______jWeaving unit Note: 3 PAFs namely Mr.Nachimuthu Gounder and his 2 sons have ownership in the revenue records for the SR site at New R.K.Puram which they should have transferred to muniicipalityin lieu of development and sale of adjoining lands owned by them.
While compiling this information, it was observed that for a number of land holdings, ancestral ownership has not been updated. In such cases the social survey has attempted to find the details of all heirs to the property and has assumed equal distribution of land among them (for want of more information).
Of the total 32 landowners, 21 are absentee landowners who do not stay at the project site. It has been gathered that the absentee landholders are staying at different places in Periyar
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and CoimbatoreDistricts. Out of the 11 landownerswho stay in the area, only 9 live near the project sites with their families and could be contacted during the field visits. Addresses of remaining two were obtained from the village assistants and their whereaboutswere determined..However, addresses of the absentee landownerswere not known by any one and they could not be contacted.
8.8.2 EncroacherPAPs
Due to rapid urbanization, there has been a steady increase in the number of poor, unskilledand vulnerablegroups who migrate and settle down in and around Tirupur. New colonies of these people have emerged as unplanned settlements in many areas around Tirupur. Majority of these settlements is coming up on lands owned by the Government i.e. Poromboke lands. Based on their designateduse the lands occupied by the squatters can be classifiedas:
- River Poromboke - Lake Poromboke - Natham Poromboke - PWD Poromboke - High ways Poromboke - Cart Track Poromboke
The detailed social survey has revealed that there are 98 encroachmentsin all the project sites excludingWater Transmissionline. Of these encroachments,there are 87 residential settlements,3 shops, one residencecum shop, 1 vacant piece of land, one fence, one semi- metal road, one thatched structure for Adult Educationand 2 bathrooms.The project area wise details of the encroacher PAPs, their assets and annual incomes are provided in Annex 8-A.
8.9 Socio-Economic Profile of Squatters PAPs
8.9.1 Social Structure
All PAPs, except for two Christianfamilies, are Hindus.All the Hindu PAPs belong to the lower strata of community structure. Eighty per cent of these PAPs belong to Schedule Caste and 20 per cent to Most Backwardand Backwardcommunities. The family structure
8-ll Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs-Identification and Profile
among PAPs is predominantly nuclear, with less than 10 per cent families being joint.
Probable reasons for such observations may be:
(1) The male workers migrate with only their spouses to the urban area and leave behind their parents with their relatives.
(2) The cost of living in Tirupur is so high that the PAPs are unable to provide for their parents. Even in the joint families, it has been observed that parents and married sons with separate kitchens share the dwellings.
8.9.2 Demographic Features
Out of the total number of 344 persons comprising the PAPs there are 174 males and 170 females. The male female ratio among the PAPs thus works out to be more or less equivalent. The average family size of PAPs is 4. More than 42 per cent of the population is in the active age group of 18 to 40 years. The overall literacy level among the PAP is 45 per cent but it is considerably lower among the women (30 per cent). Only five per cent of the population is educated up to Matric. Among the PAPs, no person have done graduation or attained a formal technical training.
8.9.3 Special Population
During the survey 7 pregnant women and 13 children below one year of age were identified among the PAPs. The number of children below 5 years, aged persons above 60 years and mentally retarded were found to be 12, 14, and 1, respectively.
8.9.4 EconomicCondition
In terms of their occupation, 50 per cent of the adult population are laborers in Banian (Vest) Companies, 20 per cent are self employed such as barbers, carpenters, vendors, cycle shop owner, astrologers and Government Pensioners. The agricultural coolies are 7 per cent. Others belong to construction coolies, masons etc. or are not employed in any economically gainful activity. The dependent ratio is 56 per cent and the working population constitutes 44 per cent only.
The days of employment for seasonal and non seasonal workers varies from 6-9 months as 12 per cent of them are semi skilled and 88 per cent are unskilled.
8-12 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs-Identification and Profile
For most of the families, labor in knitwear companies is the main source of income. The annual income ranges from below Rs.5,000 to above Rs.30,000 per year. Among the PAPs, 50 per cent (40 families) of the families are below poverty line ie. earning about 11,850 per annum. Five families in the project site earn more than Rs. 30,000 per year. Child labor is also seen in the area but respondents were reluctant to provide information on extent of the practice.
Sixteen per cent of the families have an annual expenditure of less than Rs. 10,000, 57 per cent spend between Rs. 10,001 and 20,000 per year and twenty two per cent of PAP farnilies spend Rs. 25.000 per year. The remaining five per cent of the PAPs, spend more than Rs. 30,000 per year. It was observed that the PAPs do not save much and spend whatever they earn and take additional loan for emergencies The data on present indebted numbers of PAPs indicate that there are only 8 families free from loans (Table 8.4).
Table 8.4 Present indebtedness of the PAFs Indebtedness No. of families Nil 8 1 - 5000 25 5000- 10000 33 10001 - 15000 12 15001 -20000 6 20001 - 25000 3 25001 - 30000 1
8.10 Assessment of Structures Owned by PAPs
Housing needs are the prominent cause of encroachment among the PAPs. It is observed that a majority of houses are kutcha houses (55 per cent huts and 30 per cent with tiled roof and mud walls) and only 5 per cent of the houses are pucca.
It is further observed that out of 50 project sites, temples exist at 6 sites. However, only at two sites namely Mannarai and Thiruvalluvar Nagar the temples are pucca built up structures. Some of the PAPs also own makeshift shops. In a few places, abandoned community latrines have also been observed. The details on structures owned by PAPs have already been presented in Annex 8-A.
8.11 Common Infrastructure Facilities and Living Conditions
The infrastructure facilities are easily accessible in those areas where the project
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components fall within the municipal limit. But these facilities, including essential amenities are not accessibleto the PAPs residing outside the municipal area. At most of the sites, drinking water, sewage, drainage, street light, toilet, Balwadi, antenatal care, primary school, housingand facilitiesfor non-formaleducation are lacking.
If the comparison is made between 'B Memo' paying community and non-paying community, there is a vast gap in access to basic services. 'B Memo' paying dwellings possess amenities like electricity, ration card, semi-pucca and pucca housing structures. These facilities are not found in non-B-Memoareas. Though, most of the sites encroached by the poor PAPs are rocky and barren in nature, they are located on the main roads, leading to Avinashi and Tirupur. Thus, these groups enjoy bus facilities, health care through primary health center, education,Balwadi and ration card, They also have access to the Post Office which exists within 3 km. Most of the PAPs, however, consider that school, PHI and the workspaceare far away.
In terms of the local communitystructure, it is seen that there are mostly opinion leaders and caste leaders who head the communitystructure. Besides, another informal structure exists in the form of loosely run welfare societies. If any serious community problem arises, the PAPs seek the help of local political leaders,who often guide them. There is no participationof womenamong the communityleadership.
8.12 Housing Condition
All 97 PAPs (l-Arivoli Iyakkam Structure) live in their own shelters. As shown in Annex 8-A, 54 families live under thatched roof with either mud walls or brick walls or thatched walls. Among the remaining, 40 live under tiled roofs with either mud or concrete walls. Three live in their bunk shop. 15 per cent of the houses are electrified, none have individual drinking water. or sewage or toilet. Around 44 per cent of the working population has to commute more than 5 Km. both ways every day to attend their daily work. Thirty eight per cent of them have their working place within 5 Km distance and the remaining within 3 Km distance.
8.13 Housing Size and Surrounding Area
The people who encroached the sites at the initial stage played the role of opinion leaders and developed political contacts. They possess relatively spacious, semi pucca housing structures. They have also occupied the surrounding sites for their children. The details of Housing size and surrounding sites held by the PAPs are given in the Tables 8.5 and 8.6.
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Table 8.5 Housing size of the PAFs
SI. No. Size in Sq.ft. No. of families Per cent of total
1. 1 -200 13 13 2. 201 -400 16 16 3. 401 - 800 43 44 4. 801 - 1200 20 20 5. >- 1200 6 7
Table 8.6 Surrounding areas held by PAFs
SI. No. Size in sq.f% No. of families Per cent of total
1. Nil 18 18 2. 1 - 200 21 21 3. 201 -400 22 22 4. 401 - 800 24 25 5. 801-1200 8 8 1200 3 6
8.14 Infrastructure Facilities Available for PAPs
Fifty six per cent of the PAPs live in houses, which have only one room. About 35 per cent have two room dwellings. Very few houses i.e. 6 per cent possess more then two rooms. Around 68 per cent have individual kutcha bathroom, three per cent own concrete bathroom and 29 per cent have no bathroom. Less than 21 per cent of families have a separate kitchen. Few of them only have cattle and cattle sheds. The PAPs have common drinking water supply once in 34 days. No one has toilet in their house while 10 per cent of the PAPs have electrical connections in their houses. Heads of 38 families say that they have their name in the voters list. Forty-eight families have access to distribution of food supply under civil supplies through their ration cards.
8.15 Preference of PAPs for Compensation
During social survey the emphasis has been in ascertaining the willingness of encroacher PAPs to move on to an alternate site. For each group of squatters their opinion on the preferred options for alternate site and compensation have been ascertained. It was observed that all PAPs who will loose their dwelling due to the project have requested for alternate housing. Some partially affected families have made requests for reasonable compensation for their loss. The social assessment thus attempted to identify desirable sites for resettlements at each site group of squatters albeit with partial success. The desirable locations for resettlement of PAPs are presented in Table 8.7.
8-15 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject PAPs-Identification and Profile
Table 8.7 Desirablelocations for resettlementof squatters
Si. Locality of squatters Alternate Site No. 1. ThiruvalluvarNagar Ward-A,Block-5, TS-14
2. Chinnandiapalayam No altemate site is available at Chinnandipalayam 3. Mannarai Only four PAFs are eligible for dwelling units, whichshould be providedin the near vicinity.
It is observed from the Table 8.7 that only four PAPs are eligible for dwelling units which should be provided in the near vicinity.
8.16 Minimization of Social Impacts
During the project development, there has been a continuos effort to integrate the findings of SA with the technical considerations for project design to minimise the negative social impacts of the project. As a result a number of modifications have been affected.
8.16.1 Minimization of Social Impacts at Sites for Project Components
(a) Site for MBR
As recorded in section 8.3, 102 houses were required to be demolished to construct the MBR at the originally selected site at Puluvarpatty. Immediately after the reconnaissance survey at the site, the information about large number of PAPs and possible significant impacts of land acquisition at Puluvarpatty was passed to the sponsors for the reconsideration of sites. Based on these findings and some technical considerations, a new site at Neruparichal about 500 meters from the original site was identified for Master Balancing Reservoir. As a result, the number of PAPs from 50 legal titleholders and 52 squatters was reduced to 6 landholders and 1 partially affected PAP (Table 8.2).
(b) Site for SR at Thiruvalluvar Nagar
The construction of SR at this site requires that 20 squatter families be resettled to a new location. During the course of SA, inquiries for identifying a possible resettlement in the vicinity revealed that at about 500 m from the original location, unoccupied government lands (T.S. No. 14) were available which can be used for housing the SR. The technical considerations indicate that alternate site adequately meets the site criteria for housing the SR, eliminating the need to resettle the 20 families.3
3The RAP, however, provides for budget for resettling these families as a precautionary measure
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(c) Site for STP (W) at Chinnandipalavam
The STP(W) site, predominantlycomprises of the S.F.No.187 (Lake poromboke) along the main road to Mangalam.The site area adjacent to the road is heavily encroached.As many as 57 familiesreside in this area, the detailsof which are already provided in Annex 8-A. A layout map of the encroached area with respect to overall dimension of S.F.Nos.187 and 200A is presentedin Figure 8.1. Consideringthe difficulties of resettling 57 PAFs if the encroachedsites are taken for the project, as also the availability of more than 20 hectare land in S.F.No.187against the project requirement of 6.6 hectares, the project layout has been modified to leave the encroached areas and S.F.No.200-A undisturbed.
This recommendationhas saved the project authoritiespurchase of one alternative site of at least 0.50 hectareand constructionof resettlementcolony at an approximatetotal cost of Rs. I crore. Also, PAFs have also been spared the physical and psychologicalhardships of resettlementand rehabilitation
8.16.2 Minimization of social impacts along WTM routes
During the social assessment studies for the route of WTM from the WTP to MBR ( 54 kim), two critical regions with significant social impacts were identified.
* About 500 m long stretch oh NH-47 near Perundari town * Stretches along the 7 km long section of SH-6 and Major District Road (MDR) leading to MBR at Neruparichal
In was found necessaryto consider alternatealignment for the WTM near Perundaritown to minimizethe social impactsthat would have arose due to passage of the mains through congested sections of NH47.
Two alternative alignmentswere considered. The first option was to take the water main along a road connectingto the Perunduari-Erodehighway and continuingalong either the left or the right of the road till Perunduraijunction. The second alternative was to turn towards east, north of road km 78 into the weekly market place (governmentland) before the congested portion of the NH and continuealong the Erode-Perundurairoad up to the junction. The currentlylaid TACIDmain also followsthe secondalternative and cuts
8-17 Fig No. 8.1
/ PRIVATE LAND UNDERS.F. NO. 200 A AND- * ENCROACHMENTSON SF. NO. 187 AT. Ca-INNANDIPALAYAM
r 7;tF r\
%,, / ENCROACHMENTS
\a\ X ~~~~~~~~(S.F.NO.200A) \
_ WUr^Cvn~~Lft
~~~~~1ni _, _Go....._. Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Identification and Profde
across to the left of the Erode-Perundurairoad till the junction beyondwhich it turns onto the road to Uttukuli.
The Erode-Perunduraiand the parallel road are dual undivided carriagewayswith a BT about 7.0-8.0 m wide includingthe berm and free availableland alongsideof about 3-5m width. The stretch after the market plot along the road is relatively free of encroachments; as the TACID main is being laid across the left of the road, it would be feasibleto consider the road stretch on the right of the Erode-Perundurairoad for the proposed TADP main. The Second alternative,therefore, is the most suitablealignment from the point of view of social assessment.The residual impactswith the proposedalternative are practicallynil.
For minimizationof social impacts for WTM route along the SH-6 and MDR, permission from the state authorities have been obtainedto lay the transmissionmain below the BT portion of the road. No demolitionor acquisitionof privateproperty is thus required in this section.
8.16.3 Minimization of social impacts along the Feeder Mains routes
It has been observed that about 1000 m long stretch of the total length of 95.80 km of the three feeder mains pass through areas where development along the road does not allow adequate space for laying the pipeline. The only possible way to lay the pipeline along these stretches is either to lay it below the BT or through the agricultural field behinf the structures adjacent the road. With the view to minimizethe social impacts, permissionfor the relevant authoritiesis being soughtto lay the feeder mains belowthe BT.
8.17 Impact on Host Communities
For successful integration of resettled population with the host community it is essential to fulfill the interest of the host community while planning the RAP. As per the original proposal for TADP, the resettlement of 57 families at Chinnandipalayam and 24 families at Thiruvalluvar Nagar could have give rise to significant impacts for the host comnmunities.However, as has been explained in the section 8.16.1, by modifications in the project design, the resettlementneeds at both of these places were fully eliminated. The project thereforedoes not need the considerationof impactson the host communities.
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CHAPTER 9
RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN
9.1 Introduction
The process of mitigation of social impacts of any development project is an exercise requiring a careful and concerned execution of a series of steps. After identification of PAPs, the first importanttask under mitigationof impacts is to identify the extent of loss of physical assets and means of livelihood for each PAP. It is necessarythat at this stage the impact of loss is ascertainedkeeping in view the capacityof PAPs to earn an adequate livelihoodwith the assets remainingafter the acquisition.
All PAPs need to be provided adequate compensationfor their losses in such a way that the living standard of each PAP is at least maintainedto the pre-project level. It is also necessary to ensure that PAPs do not suffer from a permanentpsychological impairment and during the post project phase have adequateopportunities to achieve the same level of economic progress, which would have, been otherwisepossible. For adequate mitigation of social impacts,it is necessarythat the resettlementand rehabilitationplan recommended by the SA, is implementedin a systematicand time bound schedule.
Whiledeveloping the resettlementand rehabilitationplan for TADP, the SA has attempted to capture the above elements. This chapter detail the procedures followed to develop mitigation plans for negative social impacts, presents action plans for resettlement and rehabilitationand concludeswith recommendationsfor monitoringtheir implementation.
9.2 Approach for Mitigation of Social Impacts
As a result of land acquisition,the affected population is subjected to a wide range of social impacts. Most severely affected families are those, which loose all their assets, includingthe homesteadland, to the project. The fundamentalobjective of SA, therefore, is to minimizethe number of such families.
The families which loose only partial assets may continueto live at the original place. The mitigation measures for such families involve a fair assessment of their losses and provision for timely and adequate compensation.A number of possibilities exist while deciding the mechanism of compensation.A cash compensationfor the loss of land and assets is desirable only in those cases where the PAPs have the capacity to use the compensationproductively and where the loss does not entirely eliminate their capacity to earn a livelihoodwith the remaining availableassets.
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In other cases, the mitigation measures need to strike a balance between immediate cash compensation, a cash compensation leading to a fixed regular earning and a compensation for lost earning capacity by providing alternate means of livelihood through training and rehabilitation.
One important category of PAPs, however, is of those families, which do not have any legal rights to the land they occupy for their homestead and commercial activities. The Government in a way recognizes the rights of those PAPs who continue to occupy the piece of land for substantial past by levying a penalty for occupying Government land.
For recent encroachments, the PAPs do not have a locus standi and determination of compensation for their loss requires a humanitarian and sensitive outlook. Mostly, PAPs under this category are marginalized people, who follow menial occupations to earn their livelihood, the opportunities for which exist in the near vicinity of their place of living. These PAPs are normally worst affected due to the project development as they are left to fend for themselves with depleted possessions and an inadequate capacity to find an alternate source of livelihood. The fundamental challenge with the mitigation of social impacts of a development project lies in adequate consideration of the resettlement and rehabilitation of these PAPs. A successful consideration of resettlement and rehabilitation needs of such PAPs is possible only if the proposed development shares the benefits of the project with the affected families.
9.3 Assessment of Compensation
A detailed description of loss of land and other assets of all PAPs have been presented in the previous chapter. Based on that information, this section evaluates the loss and provides estimates for compensation to each PAP. The description is sequenced as per the project components.
9.3.1 Water Intake Well
Water intake well and allied pumping station are to be located in S.F.No.137/9 and 39. The project requires only 0.06 hectare from S.F.No.137/9 out of the total area of 0.625 hectare. The plot is owned by 5 individuals as described in Table 8.3 under conditional patta. The extent of land acquisition thus is only 10 per cent of the landholdings of PAPs and would not impair continuation of horticultural activities by them. At this site, these five individuals need to be given compensation for the loss of lands and the trees which is estimated for Rs.1000 per Jack fruit tree and Rs.500 per tree of other types. As per the ESR the PAPs need to be given 12 years earnings from the trees owned by them as the compensation for their loss. The total compensation for land required from S.F.No.137/9,
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therefore, works out to be approximately Rs. 0.121 Million for the land and 0.18 Million for the loss of 20 trees.
The S.F.No.39 has a total area of 0.805 hectare and is under agricultural use by 7 individuals. Out of this land the project requirement is of 0.256 hectare, which leaves only 0.549 hectare with the PAPs after acquisition. Since these PAPs have not been living at the site and even the total land under this SF number is not sufficient to provide sustained livelihood to the owners, it was assumed that in addition to this land, the PAPs must have other means of livelihood. In view of the above, cash compensation for the acquired land is considered appropriate. The total compensation for the land of 0.256 hectares thus works out to be Rs. 0.512 Million. This compensation should be given to the PAPs in cash, in proportion to their landholding, only after ascertaining their capacity for productive utilization of the amount. Otherwise, only a part of the compensation should be paid directly and the remaining should be kept in fixed deposits to provide a regular earning to PAPs.
9.3.2 Raw Water Transmission Line and Water Treatment Plant
After originating from intake pumping well in S.F.No.39, the raw water transmission line passes through SF numbers 40 (Canal poromboke), 50, 46, 30 (NH 47), 29, 28 and 27, before it reaches the S.F. No.21 and 22 earmarked for water treatment plant.
The land requirement for the pipeline route through S.F.No.39 has already been considered while arriving at the compensation for intake well. For the S.F.No.50/6 from a total area of 0.020 hectare, the land requirement for the pipeline is 0.00675 hectare. The land is owned by two individuals. Based on the estimated land value of Rs. 2.0 Million per hectare, the compensation for the land is calculated at Rs. 13,500, which can be paid to the PAPs on the similar lines as compensation for land for intake well. For these calculations the compensation for crop has not been included. It is assumed that while acquiring the land, arrangements will be made to enable PAPs reap the standing crop on the land.
Beyond S.F.No.50 the transmission line passes through S.F.No.46 along the cart road and S.F.No.30 (NH 47). Beyond S.F.No.30 the pipeline needs to cross S.F.No.29, 28 and 27 before reaching S.F.No.21 and 22. Most of the land under these five S.F. numbers are with the government (Annadhanam Poromboke) except for minor landholdings which do not come in the way of pipe line and 1.22 hectare of lands in S.F. No. 21 and 22 which are being acquired from one Mr. Loganathan. The compensation for 1.22 hectare of lands to Mr. Loganathan is estimated to be Rs. 2.44 Million. The mode of compensation should follow the guidelines provided for water intake well and raw water transmission line.
'The rate of compensationfor landsoutside TLPA has beenconsidered @ Rs. 2.0 Millionper hectare
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9.3.3 Water Transmission Line and Feeder Mains
Water transmissionline and feeder mains are proposed within the ROW of NH-47 and SH-6. Most of the stretches have adequate ROW along the pipeline. However, in some congestedparts laying of the pipelinewill cause minor dislocations. The impacts however can be minimizedby bypassingthese stretches and taking the pipeline route through less congested roads as have been already described in sections 8.16.2 and 8.16.3. No social impacts of laying the water transmissionmains from WTP to MBR are expected after the mimmizationmeasures.
With respect to laying the feeder mains, efforts are being made to obtain permissionfrom the local authorities to lay the pipeline below the paved portion of the roads through the congestion sections. However, cost of acquiringa 5-m wide strip over a 1000-m stretch (total length of congestedstretches along the feeder main routes - section 8.5), from the agricultural field behind the roadside developmentshas been provided in LA budget. In case, it becomes necessary to acquire these lands, the owners will be identified with the assistance of a NGO/social consultant and compensated during the implementation of RAP for the project.
9.3.4 Master Balancing Reservoir
The total requirementof land for the Master BalancingReservoir (MBR) at Nerupperichal village is 4 hectares. This land is to be acquiredfrom S.F.No. 135, 136 and 140. Some of these areas have been extensively used for stone quarrying and have deep depression, which are not conducivefor constructionof the reservoirs.The land under S.F.No.135is most suitablefor the project,but is entirelyowned by private landowners.In case it is sold by the landowners,4 hectarescan be obtainedfrom this plot which has a total area of 5.49 hectares. However, if only partial land is availablefrom S.F.No.135,lands to the tune of 1.40 hectare from adjacent S.F.No.140and up to 1.14 hectare from S.F.No.136can be obtained.
The compensationamount and its allocationwithin the PAPs, therefore,will depend upon actual scheme of land acquisition.The compensationfor the lands at the rate of Rs. 3.0 Million per hectare is estimated to be Rs. 12.0 Million, which should be divided among the landholders in proportionof the area of acquiredlands from individual owners. As the landholders are not dependent on the lands for their livelihoodthe compensation can be paid in cash who can also be assistedin using the compensationin acquiring productive assets.
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However, if available lands from S.F.No.140and S.F.No.136are taken, only about 2.5 hectares will be required from S.F.No. 135. In this event, no compensationis required for S.F.No.136,which is poromboke land. The compensationfor S.F.No. 140 will be due to Mr.K.Palanisamyfor 0.06 hectare, to the legal heir of late Mr.Alagiri Boyer for 0.12 hectaresand to Mr.Natarajanfor 1.32 hectares.
On S.F.No.136,which is a porombokeland, certain encroachmentsare observedtowards southwest boundary. One family headed by Mr.Murugasamywho is the legal landowner of the adjacent land has constructedmemorial for his only departed son, apparentlybeing unaware that Government land was being encroached upon. The family has also constructed other structures such as water tank and thatched pump house on the porombokeland, which they are willingto forgo without any compensation.The family, however,requested that the memorialshould not be disturbed.Considering the sentimental value attached with the memorial and the fact that it occupies a small area of about 12 sq.m. at the corner of the required land, it is recommendedthat the memorial he kept intact and in possessionof the PAP.
9.3.5 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main I
Out of the nine service reservoirs on the Feeder Main I only one reservoir site at New R.K.Puram is under private ownership. This land has an area of 0.07 hectare and it falls under TS number 151/If/E.
As per town planning rules, each owner who sells his land for plots for residential/commercial purpose has to earmark some lands for common amenities such as play ground, temples, water reservoir, roads etc. Accordingly, this plot of land as consequence of development of lay out for the area was earmarked for water reservoir site. The land, however, is still in the name of the original owner and his two sons. Since in principle, the land should have been handed over to the municipality free of cost, it cannot be considered, as rightfully belonging to the title holders and as such does not call for compensation. The municipality, therefore, should take necessary action for transfer of title.
The land for service reservoir on Feeder Main I at Rayapuram is under municipal ownership. This land has an area of 0.079 hectares and is situated in TS No.39/54/K. Two structures, an abandoned toilet measuring, 2.60 x 6.40 m. and a one seated toilet measuring 2.50 x 1.50 m. under use by municipal staff located in the existing Service Reservoir site, have been observed to occupy one corner of the plot.
During the construction of the new Service Reservoir, adequate toilet facilities should be provided for the staff working at the new as well as the old Service Reservoir.
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9.3.6 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main II
Each of the 17 proposed SR sites on Feeder Main II lie on Government land. However, five sites namely Thiruvalluvar Nagar, Sakthi Nagar, Kuppandapalayam (Church site), Kanianpundi and Avaraipalayam Pirivu have potential social impacts due to squatters.
Maximum impact of land acquisition was expected to be at Thiruvalluvar Nagar where 21 PAPs have been identified2. Out of these 21 PAPs, 19 families loose their dwellings to the project and need to be resettled. Remaining two families are partially affected and loose only superficial parts of their house, for which a compensation of Rs.5,000 to each family is recommended. The details for resettlement of this site are provided under section 9.12.
Moreover since the adult sons (above 18 years age) are also considered as separate units for compensation, there will be additional PAPs numbering 5 for whom additional covered and open space will be provided. These PAPs are:
1. Chandrasekar, S/o.Manickam, 2. Madivanan, S/o.Mahalingam, 3. Gopi, S/o.Ramakrishnan, 4. Manoharan, S/o.Palaniappa Nayanar and 5. Shanmugam, S/o.Lakshmanan.
To account for additional costs of the larger houses for the families to which the above PAPs, the cost of resettlement is calculated for resettlement of 24 families and is expected to be Rs.3.24 Million.
The Service Reservoir site near the Kuppandapalayam church is one among the 2 service reservoir sites proposed in Kuppandapalayamn village. There are three structures in the form of an abandoned community toilet and two pucca bathrooms have been identified as encroachments in the site acquisition of which will render 2 families partially affected. The findings of the social assessment indicated that the PAPs, were not aware of the fact that the land they occupied were Government land. However, the partially affected PAPs expressed their willingness to get the compensation for the loss of structures and vacate the land. It was also observed that these families had sufficient space in their backyard to rebuild the bathrooms. As part of the mitigation measures, it is recommended that these two partially affected PAPs namely Mr.N.A.Subramanian and N.A. Eswaran should be
2 It may be noted that as described in 8.16.1 (b), an alternatesite for housing the SR on Governmentlands at T.S. No. 14 has been made that eliminatesthe need for resettlementat ThiruvalluvarNagar. However, as a precautionarystep the budget for RAP includesresettlement at this location
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considered for a compensation of Rs. 10,000 each for the loss of their bathrooms.
The site for the proposed SR is also observed for being used for open defecation by the community women covering 100 families. The existing common toilet was found to be in a dilapidated condition, which forced the women to defecate by in the open. Procurement would amount to denying a facility, used by the community women, if no alternate arrangements are provided. The matter was discussed with the women as well as local village officers during the SA and a suitable site was identified in the cart track poromboke in close vicinity of the abandoned latrine. The approximate cost of construction of a 12-seated latrine necessary for this community is estimated to be about Rs.0.2 Million including water supply and other facilities.
In the site proposed for the location of SR at Kanianpundi village, there is an abandoned community toilet. It was found that the public were not utilizing the facility but used near by fields for open defecation. Since this latrine was left unused for years together no objection was observed during the survey to demolish the toilet. However, as mitigation measure a common toilet with necessary facilities like water supply and lighting should be provided to the community. It was observed that adequate open space was available nearby. Therefore a community toilet with 12 seats costing approximately Rs. 0.2 Million with necessary amenities is recommended for this site.
At Avaraipalayam Pirivu, the site identified for SR affects a fence of barbed wire belonging to Mr.M.Ponnusamy who had put up the fence to safeguard his land from encroachments. During the SA, the PAP requested to be paid compensation for the loss of the fence and an approach road to his land. The claim of Mr.Ponnusamy for an approach road is found to be not maintainable as he had adequate space for such a facility in the rear side of his own land. However, a compensation of Rs. 15,000 is recommended for the loss of the fence keeping in view of the retrievable nature of the fence. During SA at this site, it is also come to light that a proposal to provide 0.03-hectare plot of this land for graveyard is under consideration of the revenue department.
At Sakthi Nagar, one barber shop and one office of the Communist Party of India and some temple idols are located at the site. A compensation of Rs.25,000 in the form of providing a shop to Mr.Mani with necessary appliances is recommended. As the party office is to loose its semi pucca dwelling, measuring 3.5mx3.0 m, a compensation of Rs.50,000 is recommended as appropriate for this loss.
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A few temple idols3 worshipped by the families of Gounder community from the 9 surrounding villages have also been observed at the site. It will be desirable that while acquiringthis land project authorities provide a path to the temple and leave the temple undisturbed.Alternatively, the temple shouldbe relocated at a suitablesite in consultation, with the communityleaders. Excludingthe issue related to the temple resettlementfor the 2 PAPs at SakthiNagar would cost aroundRs.75,000.
9.3.7 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main III
There are nine SRs proposedto be servedby Feeder Main III. Out of these sites, 7 sites are on the Government lands. The remaining two sites are located at Kaliappa Nagar and Ponkovil Nagar respectively. Both of these sites are reserved for public purposes in the approved layout. The site for SR at KaliappaNagar comes under the village panchayat jurisdiction and the PonkoilNagar SR site falls under a weavers society. The resolution of the concernedbodies would be necessaryto avoid any later, dispute on use of these lands for SRs.
It is observed that, a dispute between the two religious groups exists about the ownership of a portion of the site at KaliappaNagar and the case is still pending for settlement.It is, therefore,advised that immediatepossession of the remainingland is obtained.
9.3.8 SewageTreatment Plant -East
An area of 10.25 hectare of land is proposed to be acquired at Sarkarperiyapalayamfor Sewage TreatmentPlant (East). The proposed site falls under S.F.Nos. 121, 122, 123 and 124 of Sarkarperiyapalayamvillage and S.F.Nos.39 and 432 A of Nerupparichalvillage. The S.F.No. 121, 123, 124 and 432 A are on various poromboke lands and their acquisitiondoes not entail any compensationfor land acquisition.These lands are also free of encroachments.However, S.F.No. 122 with a land area of 2.05 hectare belong to 2 individual landowners.Similarly 124/1 with land area of 1.16 hectare is also owned by two landowners.For S.F.No.39,out of a total area of 1.095 hectares, an extent of 0.775 hectare belongs to two individual owners and the remaining land falls under cart poromboke.According to the estimatedland value of Rs. 3.0 Million per hectare the cost of the private land at the sites works out to be Rs.19.96 Million. The total compensation for each PAP would be therefore adequate to provide sustained livelihood if invested appropriately. The RAP monitoring committee to be formed under this project should provide the necessary guidanceto PAPs.
3 Of the 6 templesobserved at the project sites, after minimizationof social impacts,temples only at two sites- Sakti Nagar and Mannarai, will be affected. A provisionof Rs. 0.1 Millionfor shiftedthe temples at each site has been made. Althoughthe first preferenceshould be to leave the templesundisturbed by modificationin layout of the facility to allow its continueduse by the community.
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In addition to land, the PAP headed by Mr.Chennimalai Gounder also owns a tiled shed and cattle shed towards which Rs. 0.15 Million should be paid as compensation.
Another PAP, Ms.Mayangathal alias Rangathal owns a well, which is used for irrigation purposes of this land and adjoining lands. The compensation value for this may be fixed at Rs. 0.1 Million.
9.3.9 Sewage Treatment Plant - West
An area of 6.60 hectare is required for STP (West) at Chinnandipalayamvillage. This land falls under S.F.Nos.187and 200-A. S.F.No.187is a lake porombokewith a total area of 28.855 hectares. The S.F.No.200-A, has 4 sub plots, out of which two sub plots 200/1, 200/2 owned by Mr.K.Nachimuthu Gounder and Mr.K.Subbiah Gounder are to be acquired for the project with total contribution of 0.235 hectares of land. However, there are certain family commitments from both of these owners which make them reluctant to sell their land to the project.
Also, part of this site in the S.F.No.187 (Lake poromboke) along the main road to Mangalam is occupied by 57 squatter families. However, as described in section 8.16.1 (a), by modifyingthe layout of the STP, the need to remove the squatter families from the site has been obviated.
9.3.10 Sewage Pumping Stations
Out of 5 SPS, at sites near Vanakkara Rawthrr Thottam and Kangayam Road which fall under S.F.Nos. Ward J, Block 53, TS No:ll. and Ward HT,Block-6 TS No:31/3, no land acquisition issues are perceived. The findings of the SA indicate the entire lands required for these are Government land and are also free from encroachments. Out of the remaining 3 sites maximum impact is expected and at Mannarai, where 5 encroacher PAPs stay on the land required by the project. After the first survey one more encroachment has been observed which should not be considered for compensation. In addition to PAPs the site also has a temple regularly visited by Muthuraja community which also celebrates temple festival once in every 2 years at the site.
As part of mitigation of social impacts out of the 5 PAPs, 4 need to be provided an alternate dwelling, as per prescribed norms having a total land area of 60 sq.m. and built up area of 40 sq.m. Since the number of PAPs is small, the families should be resettled near the site itself so that they can continue to pursue the means of their livelihood.
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Consideringvery high land values in Tirupur it is strongly recommendedthat all PAPs compensatedby allotment of dwellings against their loss of house on encroached lands should not be allowed to sell or sublet the dwellings. If the title of dwelling is on porombokethe title of the dwelling should remain with the government.In case the land or dwelling is obtainedby the NTADCLit shouldhold the title to that value. This step is very important as a safeguardagainst resale of the plot and profiting from measures for socialjustice.
The fifth PAF headed by Mr.Ramasamywho has constructeda pucca house has expressed willingness to vacate the site on receiving compensationfor the loss of the structure. A compensationof Rs.75,000is recommendedas appropriatefor his loss. It is also necessary to resolve the social impact associated with the use of temple at the site. It will be necessary for the projectauthorities to have a dialoguewith Muthurajacommunity in this issue.
As the first option, if project lay out does not disturbthe temple and allows a provision of approach road to the temple, the community may be permitted to continue using the temple. Alternatively,it may be necessaryto shift the temple or construct a new temple in an alternativelocation.
At the SPS site Kongu Main Road, a small portion of a nursery school situated at one comer of the site is affected. Although the school itself is an encroachment it will be necessary to pay compensation for partial damage to the structure. Since at this site sufficientland exists for the SPs with the S.F.No.12,ward D block 4, it is advised that the site layout may be slightlymodified to leave the school structureintact.
The SPS site at Kuttai near Nataraj theatre is observedto have one PAP and one partially affected PAP. Mr.Kumaran,the partially affected PAP encroachedabout 1200 Sq.ft. area adjacent to the proposed SPS site. One of the structures constructed by the PAP, a bathroom, lies within the SPS site and needs to be demolished.
Mr. Vallapuran is the son of the partially affected PAP who has also encroachedland for one thatched roof structure, which falls under the proposed site. A compensation of Rs.5000 is recommendedto each of the PAPs for their loss.
9.3.11 Booster Pumping Stations
The booster pumping stations at Erukkatuvalasufalls under S.F. No.260, a poromboke land that is also free from encroachmentsor squatters.
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The overall findings of the SA on assessment of compensation for the project (excluding the clear water transmission line) are summarized in Table 9.1. The assessment of compensation for loss of land to the PAPs is based on information obtained about the actual market value of lands in the project area. The rate of compensation of Rs. 2.0 Million per hectare for areas out side the TLPA and Rs. 3.0 Million per hectare for within the TLPA includes 30 per cent solatium.
9.4 Resettlement Action Plan
The findings of SA bring out the need to undertake resettlement measures for 24 PAPs at Tiruvalluvar Nagar. Considerable interaction took place with PAPs and village officials to understand their resettlement and rehabilitation needs. A vacant government land at Thiruvalluvar Nagar has already been identified as a probable site for resettling 24 PAPs. The action plan for resettlement at Thiruvalluvar Nagar which provides the site for relocation, facilities to be constructed, the budget and time schedules for resettlement is presented in Action sheet 9.1. The agencies to construct the resettlement sites and to allot the houses to the PAPs have also been indicated. However, in view of the reluctance of PAPs to move out of their present dwellings, recommendation is made to consider the proposed resettlement site for housing the service reservoir as the preferred option.
No such sites, however, could be identified at Mannarai where it may be necessary to purchase private land for resettling 4 PAFs. The action plans for resettlement at these areas that provide the site for relocation, facilities to be constructed, the budget and time schedules for resettlement are presented in Action sheets 9.2.
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Table 9.1 Abstract of Compensations(Excluding Resettlement) SL Project Component Details of compensation Cost No. | tRs. in Million I) Water Intake well a) Loss of land S.F.No.39 - 0.256 Ha 0.512 S.F. No.137/9- 0.06 Ha 0.120 b) Loss of trees (approx.) S.F.No.137/9 0.180 2) Raw Water Transmission main & Water Treatment Plant a) Loss of land S.F.No.50/6 - 0.00675 Ha 0.014 S.F.No.21, 22 - 1.22 Ha 2.440
3) Master Balancing Reservoir a) Loss of land Optionl S.F.No. 135 - 4.0 Ha 12.000 Option 2 S.F. No. 135 - 2.5 Ha S.F.No.140 - 1.5 Ha 4) Service Reservoir at Feeder Main 11 Kuppandapalayam 2 bathrooms 0.016 New 12 seat latrine 0.200 Sakthinagar Barber shop 0.025 CPI Office 0.050 Relocation of temple 0.100 Kanian Pundi New 12 seat latrine 0.200 Notchipalayam pirivu Fence 0.015 Thiruvalluvar Nagar 2 doors 0.010 5) STP (east) a) Loss of land S.F.No. 122 - 2.05 Ha 11.955 S.F.No. 124/1 - 1.16 Ha S.F.No. 39 - 0.775 Ha b) Loss of structure One tiled shed 0.150 One well 0.100 6) SPS - Mannarai Loss of Structure 0.075 SPS - Kuttai near Nataraj Relocation of Temple 0.100 Theatre Loss of Structure 0.010
7) Feeder Mains' - 5m wide strip Agricultural lands 1.500 of approximately 1000m in I length Total 37.772
4 Acquisition required only if permission to lay the pipe lines under the paved surface of the road is not given
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9.5 Rehabilitation
The social survey among the initially identified PAPs indicated that in addition to resettlement in certain cluster the PAPs would also need rehabilitation assistance. Later, the project layout has been modified to minimize the resettlement requirements and the over all need were reduced to about 4 PAFs. During detailed engineering, further effort will be made to fully eliminate the resettlement on the project.
The project authorities, however, can consider some rehabilitation assistance in the areas which house major project facilities and thus generate good will among the people towards the project. With this view certain suggestion and estimates are being made for training assistance for income generation schemes.
The youth from the affected communities can be trained in tailoring which has good potential for employment in the garment business at Tirupur. A local NGO could be identified for the proposed training. It is necessary that the NGO should have previous experience of organize similar training.
For the training program and their placement, the TEA can play a vital role. They can build up a rapport with the people through this involvement, which would be useful in the long run and during the implementation of the project.
9.5.1 Budget for Training
The estimates of budget for the training 100 persons is furnished in Table 9.2.
Table 9.2 Estimated Budget for Training Component of Rehabilitation Type of Training: Tailoring TrainingInstitution: Preferablya NGO identifiedfor the purpose. Costs Stipendfor 3 monthsfor 100 youth @ Rs.l 000 per month Rs. 0.3 Million MaterialSupport (one time) @ Rs.500 per head Rs. 0.05Million Provisionfor conveyanceof trainees for 3 months@ Rs. 150per trainee per month Rs. 0.045Million Tuitionfees for 3 months@ Rs. 100 permonth per trainee Rs. 0.03Million Totaltraining cost Rs. 0.425Million
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9.5.2 Placement
After undergoing the training, the youth should be absorbed in the garment manufacturing units in Tirupur. As trained candidates they may get higher wages which will be an additional income to the families.
9.6 CommunityDevelopment
The findings of the Social Assessment on the social profile of the PAPs and their community indicate that in the Thiruvalluvar Nagar area, facilities like Balwadi, Non- Formal education unit etc are absent. If the resettlement in this area is undertaken, it is desirable that as part of community development in a resettlement area some attention to this aspect is also given.
9.6.1 Balwadi
Due to lack of awareness coupled with irregular income, child health and care are given very low priority. Opening a Balwadi in the area would mitigate the existing conditions considerably.
9.6.2 National Literacy Mission Unit
The survey indicates that the literacy rate is low, particularly among women. It is, therefore, desirable that a unit of National Literacy Mission be opened in the locality which can function in the community center to be constructed under the Resettlement Action Plan.
9.6.3 De-addictionCenter
Addiction to alcohol is quite prevalent in the area. In this context, counseling cum de- addiction center will prove very useful to the area.
9.6.4 Convergence Efforts
The needs identified above could be implemented through convergence efforts with District Collector, Social Welfare Department, Education Department and NGOs. The involvement of TEA in such activities will result in establishing a link between the affected community and the project administration.
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Action Sheet 9.1 - ResefflementAction Plan for Thiruvalluvar Nagar
Location of PAF Cluster Town Survey No.5 Thiruvalluvar Nagar, site for service reservoir.
Proposed Site for Relocation Town SurveyNo. 14 situatedat 500-meterdistance from original site at TownSurvey No.5.
Structureand facilities 24 housing plots with total land area of 60 sq. m. each with built-up area of 40 sq. m. to be developed.The houses shouldbe constructedwith brickwalls and tiled roofs.
The layout for the site should have well laid roads, drainage, and streetlightswith 10 percent of total area reserved for public purpose,provision for water supply and sewerage.A communityhall and health center shouldalso be built at the site.
TimeSchedule Six months,Construction of the resettlementfacility to be completedbefore dislocation of PAFs
Cost
Cost of land Nil No. of plots required 24 Cost of constructingthe houses Rs.2.16 Million(@ Rs. 90,000/-each) Cost of site development : Rs. 1.08Million (includingwater supplyand sewerage)
Total cost : Rs. 3.24 Million
Responsible Entities a) Constructionof resettlement Projectoperator facilities b) Allotmentto PAFs NTADCLwith assistancefrom the NGO
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Action Sheet 9.2 Resettlement Action Plan for Mannarai
Location of PAF Cluster
Mannarai(SPS)
Proposedsite for relocation
Four PAFs are to be resettledfor whom no sites nearby couldbe identified. Suitablesite is to be purchased for resettlementduring initial phase of project implementation
Structureand facilities
4 housingplots with total land area of 60 sq. m. eachwith built up area of 40 sq. m. are to be developed. The houses should be constructedwith brick walls and tiled roofs
The layoutfor the site shouldhave well laid roads,drainage, street lights, provision for watersupply and sewerage.
Time schedule
Six months,Construction of the resettlement-facilityto be completed beforedislocation of PAFs
Cost
Rs. 0.5 Million (approximate)
Responsible Entities a) Constructionof resettlementfacilities Projectoperator b) Allotmentto PAFs : NTADCLwith assistanceof the NGO
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9.6.5 Public Information and Consultation (PIC)
In addition to considerableinteraction with the PAPs during the social survey and focus group discussions to discuss the resettlement and rehabilitation issues, a formal PIC meeting was held on September25, 1996 at the TEA's office at Tirupur. The meeting was attended by about 30 persons comprisingresidences of Tirupur and representativesof the way side villages and the villages housing the project components. During the PIC, project details including the draft EMP and approach to RAP and development of entitlement package was presented to the participants. The suggestions received were incorporated in finalizationof the EMP and RAP. The details of PIC are presented in Annex 9-A.
9.6 Institutional Arrangement for Implementing the RAP
9.6.1 Implementation Responsibility
It is primarily the responsibilityof NTADCL,the SPV for the TADP, to ensure successful implementation of the RAP for the project. The construction of the project mainly involves acquisition of private lands to the extent of about 10-hectare. Due to low dependence of the landowners for their livelihood on the lands being acquired and considerableland prices in the area, it has beenpossible to work out the entitlementsbased on the compensationthat will ensure that the PAPs will not be economicallyadversely affected. Also recommendationshave been made on feasibleproject alternativesto almost eliminateresettlement on the project.
However, a socio-economicstatus of landownerPAPs has not been conducted.There is, therefore, a need to undertake a socio-economicsurvey of all PAPs that are entitled for compensationon account of loss of productiveassets. This informationwill be used as the baseline soci-economicstatus of the PAPs for ascertainingthe success of implementation of the RAP. Also, there is a need of NGO interventionto assure that the PAPs are paid the due compensationin time and are assisted in selection of alternate means of livelihood. NGO interventionis also necessaryto arrive at appropriateprice for the lands, specially in view of significantdifferential between the guidelinevalues of the land (at which they are expected to be compensated for their lands by the government)and the price at which equivalent lands may be availablein the market.
The NTADCL, therefore, should appoint an NGO/consultantto assist in implementation of RAP.
In addition to appointment of an NGO/Consultant,NTADCL should also constitute a project level R&R implementationand monitoringcommittee and appoint an independent agency for monitoring and evaluation to assess the success of RAP implementation.The
9-17 Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject ResettlementAction Plan following sections describe the functions of various entities. It may be noted that the objective of formation/appointment of these entities is to provide necessary assistance in implementation of the RAP to the NTADCL . The responsibility to ensure that RAP is successfully implemented fully rests with NTADCL
9.6.2 Project Level R&R Implementation and Monitoring Committee
The primary responsibility of the committee will be to assist in NTADCL in the implementation of ESA recommendations for the RAP and take necessary steps for further reduction of resettlement and rehabilitation requirements while finalizing the alignment of the feeder mains.
The primary tasks of the committee will be the following
* Oversight the conduct of the survey of all the land owners and tenants to identify the PAPs and their rehabilitation entitlement requirements (proposed to be done through the social assessment survey);
* Oversight payment of rehabilitation assistance as per amount agreed through negotiated settlement. This is the responsibility of SPV
* Oversight procurement and allocation of land and release of grants to the PAPs for purchase of either land or productive assets
• Monitor and review the implementation of the RAP periodically and ensure that the PAPs are receiving the rehabilitation assistance as articulated in the RAP. Also provide a platform for grievance redressal
* Dovetail various training and income generation schemes of the government with the implementation process of RAP
* Approve Terms of References and selection of agencies for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation of the RAP
9.6.3 Structure of RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committee
The structure of RAP committee to implement and monitor the RAP is presented in Table 9.3.
The committee should initially meet once in a month to speed up the process. Later the meetings can be held once in two months to solve any problems and monitor the RAP work. The exact identification of PAPs, resolution of any disputes, final determination of
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compensation and its speedy disbursal should form the items on the agenda for the committee The development of the resettlement site by the operator needs monitoring by the committee up to one year after the allotment of accommodation and physical relocation of PAPs.
Table 9.3 RAP Implementationand MonitoringCommittee
S. No. Department/ Organization Position
1. District Collector, Coimbatore District - Chairmnan 2. Chief Executive Officer (NTADCL) - Convener 3. Local NGO (to be identified for the purpose) - Member-secretary 4. Land acquisition officer-incharge Member 5. PAPs' representation from the affected villages/areas - one each - Member 6. Representative from Local Social Welfare Department - Member 7. Representative from Local Non formal Education/ National Literacy Mission - Member
9.6.4 Tasks for the NGO/Consultant
- Obtain the status of progress on LA in the project area and individual award details from relevant government offices
* Confirm that the notified lands optimally meet the project requirement and incorporate the site modifications recommended/presented in ESA
* Confirm through field surveys, discussions with villagers and their representatives that all rightful owners and persons having interest in the said lands have been correctly identified and compensated; and highlight and detail all disputed cases, if any
* Undertake socio-economic survey and develop economic profile of the PAPs to provide the baseline conditions for evaluation of RAP implementation
* Estimate replacement value for the lands in the project villages based on the requirement, location, type and land use
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* Obtain approval of PAPs and the NTADCL on the compensation and mechanism of its payment
* Develop entitlement packages, RAP for any additional PAPs that have not been covered during the ESA and assist NTADCL in its timely implementation
* Assist NTADCL in constituting adequate grievance redressal mechanism related to implementation of the RAP
9.6.5 Implementation Schedule
The activities to be taken on an immediate basis as a part of initiating the implementation of the RAP are as follows:
* Issue of notification u/s 4(1) of the LA Act for acquiring private properties * Selection and appointment of NGO * Identification of all the land owners through the NGO and detailing of their entitlement package
Constituting and operationalizing the following: a) Project Level RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committee b) Independent R&R monitoring and evaluation agency c) Payment of compensation as per amount agreed through negotiated settlement.
Subsequent to the above mentioned, focus will be on the follow-up actions particularly on promoting economic activities and their sustainability. A mid-term evaluation will be carried out to suggest any corrective measures.
9.6.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)
The M&E will be done simultaneous with the implementation of the LA & RAP. NTADCL will appoint an independent consultant conversant with R&R planning and implementation to review the progress of RAP implementation and report the findings to the NTADCL.
9.6.7 Budget for the NGO and M&E Agency
It is expected that the NGO/Social consultant and the M&E agency will work in close co- ordination with NTADCL for the first two years of project implementation. A provision of
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Rs. 1.5 Million for the NGO and Rs. 1.0 Million for the M&E agency should be made in the project budget for implementationof RAP.
9.6.8 Monitoringby IL&FS
IL&FS will monitor social aspects of the project on an on-going basis through a Social Audit. The Environmental and Social Management Group (ESMG) along with the Corporate Consultant(Social) will undertakethe audit. To facilitate the task, NDADCL will make available the quarterly progress reports providing the details of LA and RAP implementationfor the project.
9.7 Overall Budgetfor RAP
The overall budget for implementationand monitoring of RAP progress is estimated at Rs. 44.5 Million. The cost towards RAP has been included in the project cost while undertakingthe financial analysis of the project. The break-up of the budget into various Rap elements is presented in Table 9.4.
Table 9.4 Break-up of RAP Budget Sr. No. RAP Component Budget (Rs. In miHlion) Compensationsfor lands and 37.77 assets 2 Resettlement 3.74 3 | Training 0.43 4 Appointmentof agencies 2.50 Total 44.44
9-21 CHAPTER 10
RISK MANAGEMENT
10.1 Introduction
The various environmentaland social risks associatedwith this project that may affect its tecno-commercialviability relate to:
* Publicresentment to compensationrelated to LA * Uncertaintyis assuredoff-takes from the water source * Contaminationof waterat the intakeworks and * Closureof industriesdue to environmentalnon-compliance
The probabilityof each of these risks can be brought downthrough a managementprocess, with any detriment to the project only if a combination of risks were to prevail simultaneously.
10.2 Public Resentmentto CompensationRelated to LA
RiskAssessment
Land is to be acquiredfor the constructionof the intakewell, laying of the transmissionline to WTP, constructionof WTP,MBR, SRs, SWPs,STPs and laying of feedermain pipelines. T'his would result in displacementof landownersin some cases and squatters in other instancesas describedin detail in the chapter8 of this report.Associated with this activity is the risk of public resentmentdue to perceivedinadequacy of the compensationfor the assets and lands acquiredby the project.
Such resentmentcould lead to delaysin land acquisitionwhich in turn could result in delays in the commencementof the project.The cost escalationdue to the delay could affectthe overallcommercial viability of the project.
Risk Management
Public resentment risk would primarily be those related to the compensationpackage. Entitlementpackages have been made in keeping with the mandatesof IL&FS's ESR and the details are given in the section on SA (refer chapter 9.0). The entitlementpackage is proposedto be implementedthrough a public consultationprocess and the servicesof NGOs
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are proposedto be used to negotiatethe entitlementpackage.
During the courseof the ESA study,considerable interaction with the PAPs has happened.A public informationand consultation(PIC) meetinghas also been held by the NTADCL to discuss the issues with the PAPs. The interactionsindicate that the project is being well received by the people and as per the suggestion of participants to the PIC, similar consultationswill be done in all the affectedvillages. It is consideredthat through an open and principled process for developmentof entitlementpackage for the PAPs, the risk of public resentmentto the projectdue to LA relatedissues would be adequatelymitigated.
Monitoring
The land acquisitionprocess is to be monitoredby NTADCL.NGO involvementwill be soughtfor negotiationand implementationof the compensationpackages. After one year of implementationof the RAP,an independentM&E agencywill evaluatethe outcomeof RAP. Any deficiencyhighlighted by the social survey,at this stage, will be immediatelyaddressed by the NTADCL,securing full satisfactionof PAPs with the RAP implementation.
103 Uncertainty in Assured Off-takes from the Water Source
Risk Assessment
Reliability of the water source is one of the most vital project requirement. The financial viability of the entire project rests on the reliability, both quantity and quality of the water to be supplied.
River Cauvery, a perennial river, is the proposed source of water for the TADP. Previous schemes to supply water to Tirupur were from river Bhavani, a tributary of river Cauvery. According to the decision of the Water Allocation Committee of GoTN, abstraction of 185 MLD of water from river Cauvery will be permitted for the TADP.
Data on flow regime in Cauvery - Bhavani Basin are collected at various locations in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu by Central Water Commnission(CWC) and published every year. A grid plan of the Cauvery system indicating the locations of the gauge stations of the CWC is presented in Fig. 5.1 To analyze the flow pattern at the proposed offtake point, the following three gauge stations are of significance: i) Savandapur in Bhavani River, 7 km upstream of proposed intake point ii) Urachikottai in Cauvery River. 7 km upstream of proposed intake point iii) Kodumudi in Cauvery River, 9 km downstream of proposed intake point
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Monthly average flows in the three stations for the period 1984-85 to 1993-94 are furnished in Annex I 0-A.
These were analyzed by Pearsonian distribution for arriving at reliability of source for three- confidence levels-namely 99%, 95% and 90%. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1 Reliabilityof Flow (m31sec)at VariousConfidence Levels Confidencelevels 99% 95% 90% Savandapur (Bhavani) 1.40 4.57 8.36 Urachikottai (Cauvery) 16.72 26.50 31.00
Kodumudi (Cauvery) 18.13 27.40 32.54
T'he desired supply to Tirupur is 185 MLD or 2.1 m3/s. A realistic assessment of the source reliability from the exclusive point of view of proposed TADP would require a three step analysis:
(i) assess the total irrigation demand in Cauvery below the offtake point- that is, up to the confluence of the river with the sea, (ii) work out the net availability by deducting the irrigation demand (iii) compare the same with the requirement of 2.1 m3/s.
Such an analysis would not lead to positive results since it is a well established fact that agricultural demand in Tamil Nadu exceeds the potential. Discussions with State Irrigation Department confirms that the Bhavani River System is designed for full utilization and hence, no surplus is expected at confluence of Bhavani with Cauvery. The river flow analysis serves the limited purpose that the 90% surface flow in Kodumudi (below the offtake) is far above the minimum requirements for Tirupur and hence the interests of the project would be safeguarded if priority for industrial use over agriculture for Tirupur is recognized by the Government Of Tamil Nadu.
Thus, it can be concluded that the risks of water supply from the source at Cauvery are low. No risk management plans are as such necessary.
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10.4 Contaminationof Waterat the IntakeWorks
Risk Assessment The bacteriological quality of the downstream reaches of most of rivers in India has been observed to have poor bacteriological quality. To assess, suitability of river Cauvery as a source for drinking water supply, a detailed bacteriological survey undertaken at four stations covering a stretch of 10 kmnaround the proposed intake well was conducted during October 1996 to March 1997. The results of the analysis indicate that the water samples at proposed intake well occasionally show elevated bacteriological contamination.
Also, the towns of Kumarapalayam and Bhavani are located about 2 km upstream of the intake point. The quality of water at the proposed intake point for the present project may get impaired in the future due to the wastewater discharges from these towns, specially the town of Bhavani.
Risk Management
The selection of surface water as the main source for the project was used to mitigate the risk associated with quantitative reliability of the source. The risk with respect to the bacteriological contamination, presently, is considered low as about 250 m upstream of the proposed intake site, there are three intake wells serving Perunthurai-Karumandi- Chellapalayam water supply scheme, Chitod dairy water supply schedule and Perundurai water supply scheme, respectively. Another intake well is presently in operation by TWAD at about 200 m upstream of the proposed intake site. No incidents of epidemiological outbreaks have been reported in regions using water from these intake points.
To mitigate the public health risk associated with future impairnent of water quality, the EMP (chapter 6.0) recommends the need for suitable treatment measures (two staged chlorination and provision for increased dose alum and coagulants) to be adopted to raise the quality to that recommended by the CPHEEO.
Monitoring
The project operator will monitor the water source for its quality. Additionally, the NTADCL will also monitor surface water quality and the quality of water supplied to ensure that the recommended EMP is being implemented and the risk is averted.
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10.5 Closure of Industries due to Environmental Non-compliance
Risk Assessment
As a result of implementation of TADP, the water supply to industries over the time will increase to about 100 Mld. This in turn will proportionally increase the generation of industrial effluents.
Until 1995, no effluent treatment was practiced in Tirupur, which led to severe contamination of surface and ground water in and around Tirupur. In 1996, the TNPCB directed all effluent generating industries at Tirupur to treat their effluents to discharge standards either individually or collectively. Since then a serious initiative is underway by the industries to provide the requisite effluent treatment through a scheme of CETPs and IETPs. The present design of the treatment systems complies with the effluent standards prescribed by TNPCB, except for the TDS.
The costs of meeting the TDS standard of 2100 mg/l have been, so far, found to be rather high and unaffordable. There is, therefore, a risk that some of the industries may not be able to meet the TDS standard and face closure. This will adversely affect the water demand and thus the commercial viability of the project.
Manazement
Many industries, which have been directed by TNPCB to take measures to meet the required effluent standards, have opted for construction of IETPs. The remaining industries have joined one of the 8 CETP schemes. The present status of the IETPs and the CETPs with respect to their number and stage of progress is presented in Table 10.2.
Table 10.2 Status of Industrial-Units with respect to Construction of IETP/CETPs Status of IETP/ CETP No. of Industrial Units Fully complete IETP and expected to meet the 115 required standards 75% complete IETP 233 50% complete IETP 53 No appreciable progress 23 Not yet started effluent treatment plant 40 Joined CETPs which are in the advanced 288 stage of construction
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In is evident from Table 10.2 that significantprogress has been made at Tirupur towards achieving effluent treatment capacity for industrial effluents. The risk of closure of a significantnumber of industrialunits for non-complianceof effluent standards(except for TDS) is very low.
However, compliance of TDS standard of 2100 mg/l could still be a considered an important concern. The IETPs, which have been recently constructedon these lines and are operational,however have a promise to satisfy the TDS standard of 2100 mg/l due to the strategy of segregationand evaporationof high TDS laden effluents stream. This is expected to have a multipliereffect and more industries are expected to go in for IETPs. The designs of CETPs, however,have been done to meet all the parameters specified by the TNPCB except the TDS and this leaves a considerablegap in the complianceof TDS standard.
However, a number of initiativesare being attemptedby the industriestowards reduction of TDS, which will lead to long term solutionof TDS problem in the industrialeffluents. The prominentefforts in this contextare on the followinglines:
* promote techniquesfor the minimizationof TDS at sourceby dye substitution.TEA is expected take a lead in this exercise by holding demonstrations/discussionswith the commercialvendors and impressupon the textile units to practice use of low salt dyes to the extent possible. Some industriesin Tirupur have alreadystarted looking at this option. The TDS levels in the effluent may come down by 25% in the next 4 to 5 years;
* a demonstration facilitv employing reverse osmosis may be set up towards TDS management at CETPs. Financial support may be sought in direction from State, National as well as international organizations such as Technology Development Board, The World Bank, Asian DevelopmentBank, IDBI, ICICI, UJNIDOetc. This may lead to reductionin the TDS at CETP as well as explore possibilityof water reuse or renovation; * presently,the industriesuse ground water having a TDS of 2000 to 4000 mg/l. After the inceptionof the project,the treated water supply will have TDS concentrationsaround 300 mg/l. This is expectedto lead to a reductionof effluent TDS concentrationby an averageof 2500 mg/l. Consideringthe TDS managementplan, promisesof IETPs and the low TDS levels in the supply of water, it can be concludedthat the TDS concentrationsin the industrialeffluents will significantlyreduce after implementationof TADP and it may also be possibleto meet the required standard.
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Monitoring
The elevated levels of TDS in the industrialeffluents get reflected in contaminationof ground and surfacewaters. The initiativesfor the managementof TDS, therefore,will have a direct co-relation with the TDS levels in the environment. Extensive environmental monitoringhas been recommendedto providetimely feedback on TDS trendsin ground and surface waters in TLPA under the TADP. A discemable improvement in TDS (as is anticipateddue to supplyof low TDS waterthrough TADP and other initiatives),is expected to help the industriesacquire an environmentallyresponsible status and will further reduce the risk of closureof industriesdue to environmentalproblems.
10.6 Conclusion Based on the above observations,it may be concludedthat all the identified environmental and social risks due to the constructionand operationof the project have been adequately assessed and mitigated through the recommended EMP and RAP. Also, adequate precautionshave been built through elaborateenvironmnental monitoring recommendations to provide a true picture of the performanceof the project on environmentaland social aspects.
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ANNEXURE-3 A
Surface Water Quality in CauveryRiver at Kodumudi
Parameters June- Dec 1992 1993 Jan - May 1991 1994 Temp IC 27.5 - 30.7 25.5 - 32.0 25.3 - 30.6 26.4 - 32.8 (28.36) (28.18) (28.43) (29.88) pH 8.17- 8.62 8.08 - 8.70 7.79 - 8.56 8.18 - 8.44 (8.37) (8.41) (8.14) (8.32) Conductance (Micro 185- 549 195- 517 77.43 - 189.28 167.8 - 258 mhoslcm) (362.57) (376.8) (145.52) (188.4) Hardness 64.5 176.4 81.73 - 159.1 77.43 - 189.28 167.8 -258 (117.4) (126.54) (145.52) (188.4) Nitrate 0.98 - 9.4 0.62 - 4.52 1.98 - 5.01 5.82 - 7.18 (3.28) (2.11) (4.22) (6.30) Chloride 11.70 - 41.84 19.50 - 40.42 15.25 - 54.24 36.87 - 65.23 (26.58) (24.74) (32.72) (49.06) Sulphate 4.8 - 18.72 2.79 -25.92 3.6 -21.6 12.82 - 39.17 (10.22) (14.6) (15.2) (28.06) D.O. 6.0 - 7.2 5.9 - 7.1 5.6 - 7.7 5.9 - 6.4 (6.89) (6.67) (6.76) (6.14) B.O.D. 0.4 - 2.2 0.6 - 2.2 0.4 - 2.2 0.2 - 1.2 (1.37) (1.17) (1.0) (0.67) All the values except p, and Temperatureare expressed in mg/L; The valuesin parenthesis representaverage. (Source: Central Water Commission, Coimbatore) ,s V(1111Xv0lileliluli t)t .50ct)dl Ass.es. ilent i(eliti- Tirupqir Area DevelopmenttProject Antexes
ANNEXURE - 3 B
Surface Water Quality in Bhavani River at Savandapur
Parameters June - Dec 1992 1993 Jan - May 1994 1991 Temp °C 25.3 - 30.1 25.3 - 30.6 (28.02) 25.3 - 30.6 (28.43) 26.4 - 31.4 (28.18) (28.1) pH 7.69 - 8.15 7.52 - 8.33 (7.95) 7.37 - 8.33 (7.97) 7.82 - 8.27 (7.95) (7.98) _ Conductance (Micro 274 - 549 232 - 496 (326.4) 232 - 496 (375.8) 327 - 527 (385) mhos/cm) (400) Hardness 98.9 - 202.2 77.4 - 184.4 (127.6) 77.43 - 189.28 137.63 - 202.17 (147.3) (143.4) (155.7) Nitrate 1.42 - 9.14 0.99 - 5.88 (2.99) 2.42 - 5.51 (3.9) 4.70 - 7.49 (6.49) (3.9) Chloride 11.70 -33.3 10.99 -23.05 16.31 - 23.40 18.44 - 24.82 (19.39) (18.07) (19.49) (21.41) Sulphate 18.77 - 45.51 12.82 - 54.39 18 - 33.6 24.48 - 39.16 (28.9) (28.17) (26.73) (28.03) D.O. 5.9 - 7.1 (6.6) 5.1 - 7.3 (5.93) 5.2 - 7.0 (6.35) 5.7 - 7.1 (6.5) B.O.D 0.5 - 1.3 (0.8) 0.4 - 1.2 (0.76) 0.2 - 1.2 (0.75) 0.3 - 1.3 (0.7) All the values exceptpH, Temperatureand Conductanceare expressed in mg/L; The values in parenthesisrepresent average.(Source: Central Water Commission, Coimbatore) Environimitenta(land Social Assessmenit Report Tirupur Areai Developmenit Project Anniexes
ANNEXURE 3 C
Surface Water Quality in Cauvery River at Urachikkottai
Parameters June- Dec 1991 1992 1993 Jan - May 1994 Temp °C 28.0 - 30.3 26.5 - 30.0 26.5 - 30.5 26.3 - 32.0 (28.8) (28.6) (28.98) (28.56) pH 7.92 - 8.38 7.79 - 8.83 7.71 - 8.64 7.87 -8.64 (8.18) (8.34) (8.13) (8.26) Conductance (Micro 164 - 396 179 - 464 211 - 443 433 - 512 mhos/cm) (289.3) (346.8) (352) (456) Hardness 60.2 - 135.5 60.21 - 150.5 73.12 - 137.6 141.91 - 206.5 (93.55) (122.4) (118.78) (160.86) Nitrate 0.62 - 6.37 0.62 - 4.57 1.43 -4.02 2.79 - 5.38 (2.2) (2.04) (2.53) (4.20) Chloride 11.70 - 26.59 17.02 - 33.3 15.25 - 32.3 28.01 - 35.45 (20.2) (24.1) (23.04) (32.25) Sulphate 2.79 - 20.79 2.4 - 12.48 2.4 - 9.6 12 - 30.77 (8.02) (6.816) (6.86) (17.18) D.O 6.2 - 6.8 6.1 - 6.9 6.6 - 6.4 5.9 - 6.7 (6.44) (6.51) (6.12) (6.38) Note: All the values except pH1 Temperature & Conductance are expressed in mg/iL; Thevalues in parenthesis represent average. Source: Central Water Commission, Coimbatore) Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 3-D
Test Characteristics for Drinking Water
S.No Substanceor Acceptable Cause for rejection Characteristics 1. Colour,Platinum 5.0 25 CobaltUnits, Max 2. Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable 3. Taste Unobjectionable Unobjectionable 4. Turbidity,JTU, 2.5 10 Max 5. Dissolved Solidsmg/I, 500 1500 m=- 6. pH value 7.0-8.5 < 6.5 or > 9.2 7. TotalHardness (as 200 600
CaCO 3 ), max 8. Calcium(as Ca), mg/L, 75 200 max 9. Magnesium(as Mg), 30 150 mg/l 10. Copper(as Cu) mg/L. 0.05 0.5 Max II. Iron (as Fe), mg/L, 0.1 1.0 Max 12. Manganese(as mn), 0.05 0.5 mg/I, max 13. Chlorides(as Ci), 200 1000 mg/L, max
14. Sulphates(as S0 4 ), 200 400 mg/L, max 15. Nitrate (as NO3) 45 45
Source: Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, (third edition), Central Public Health and EnvironmentalEngineering Organisation Ln iiron,nental and Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area DevelopinenttProject An nexes
ANNEXURE 3E Water Quality of Tirupur MunicipalWater SupplySource from BhavaniRiver at Mettupalayam
Date 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2-1 13-5 24-9 3-3 17-8 24-11 19-4 4-8 27-12 3-5 1-8 6-12 18-4 7-8 12-2 TotalColiforms 1500 2000 800 700 1000 1400 1800 500 1000 3600 500 270 260 MPN >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1000 >1100 >1100 >1100 >240 >720 >310
Color Muddy Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Muddy Brownish Slightly Slightly SlightlySlightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Brown Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow (Brownish) Brownish Brownishwhitish Brown Yellow Yellow White withBrown withBrown tint tint
Turbidity 80 22 5.8 10 22 80 39 12 9 7 IS 10 6 8 40 (NTU) I.I
TDS 225 34 - - 34 82 73 36 110 50 34 100 130 52 51 Hardness 61 17 - - 17 35 34 22 67 36 16 65 87 30 31 Cl' I 8 14 6 8 8 6 6 14 7 6 l t 13 5 5
NO,- 1.5 0.2 0.40 0.2 0.2 1.0 0 0 1.5 0 0.2 I 0.7 0.1 0.1 Alk-P 0 0 I S 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -MO 50 30 92 24 30 31 12 22 64 36 17 70 77 29 19 F 0.2 0.3 - - 0.3 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 pH 7.7 7.5 8.6 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.9 8.7 7.2 8 .2 7.4 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.6 Iron 0.25 0.7'0 0.15 1.60 0.70 5.0 1.4 1.4 0.50 0.35 1.0 0.30 0.15 0.15 1.40 E.C 150 45 250 45 45 100 80 50 180 75 40 180 200 75 70 (micro-mhos/cm) I.__ _ _ I_I_I Note: All the values except p1H,,conductivity color,turbidity and bacterial counts are expressed in mg/L (Source:Public Health Laboratory, Coimbatore) LtwvIronlitlental an/ .IocaLIl Assessmenset Report TiruspitrArea DeveloppmentProject Annexes
ANNEXURE 3F
Characteristicsof Water in Bhavaniand CauveryRivers (8.6.96)
Site Sampling location Temp. pH Turbidity Alkalinity TSS COD BOD DO NO3 - Po43- So42 Ct Hardness No. .C NTU Mg/L Mg/b Mg/L mg/L Mg/L mg/b mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
I Cauvery river near old 30 7.47- 1-4 115-148 10-30 16-44 - - 6 2.8-6.4 24-64 41-48 70-85 bridge 8.13
2 Bhavani river near old 31 7.57- 2-5 95-126 20-100 16-20 5-6 - 11-15 1.2-4.2 52- 33-38 77.5-113 bridge 8.36 120
3 Cauvery river below 31 7.73- 1-3 110-140 30-100 27-77 - - 11-14 3.6-3.8 20-64 46-49 78-82.5 new bridge (left bank) 8.27 .
4 Cauvery river below 32 7.64- 2-3 95-110 10-110 12-19 - - 13-15 1.8-4.0 52-92 36-41 77.5-98 new bridge (right bank) 8.16 5 Near TWAD board in 32 7.60 - 1-3 100-121 10-40 16-34 10 3 6-9 0.6-3.2 64- 33-43 75-80 take well 8.43 124 6 ear Narmnadaproces 32 7.79- 1-5 95- 121 10-90 23-30 6-8 3.8 52- 36-41 77.5-105 intake well 8.47 174 Tiriupur Area Developmenit Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 3G
Characteristics of Water in River Bhavani (18.6.96)
Time Average flow pH COD BOD Conductivity TDS Chloride 3 (m /sec) Mg/L mg/L (m mhos/cm) mg/L mg/L 6.30 a.m. 18.86 7.88 15 <5 390 300 30 10.30 a.m. 18.86 8.70 26 5 300 220 30 2.30 p.m. 20.20 8.05 11 <5 300 220 30 6.30 p.m. 20.20 7.77 33 5 400 300 36 Location- Site No.2 - Bhavaniriver near old bridge 11 I 'llI IICellIUll tllltl 3)VLlfll I. l%A.eA llellt Report Tirupor Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 31
Chemical Quality of Surface Water in Tirupur (2.6.96)
Site Samplinglocation pH Temp. Turbidity Cond. TDS Clr COD BOD DO Alkali- Sus.solids NO 3- P04 SO42- Hardness No. oC NTU mmhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L nity mgtL mg/L mglL mg/L mg/L ______mglL______mg I RiverNallar near 28 SNC 9000 6900 3144 593 36 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC Nallathupalayam 2 RiverNallar near 29 SNC 9000 7670 3550 519 36 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC Pichampalayambridge 3 RiverNoyyal near Nataraj 29 SNC 9000 6520 3245 593 42 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC Theatre 4 RiverChinnakarai near 29 SNC 9000 6350 2789 445 36 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC Mangalamroad bridge _ 5 RiverOdai near Kangeyam 29 SNC 7000 5190 2535 815 114 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC roadbridge _ 6 RiverNoyyal near 29 SNC 7000 5580 2485 815 90 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC Kasipalayambridge _ 7 RiverNoyyal near Kangeyam 29 SNC 8000 6070 2637 445 46 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC Uthukuliroad bridge 8/1 SarkarPeriyapalayam Lake 8.99 32 62 SNC 6500 3499 435 36 10.5 148 100 13 2.8 244 405 earleft overflow 8/2 SarkarPeriyapalayam Lake 8.88 32 54 SNC 6380 3448 362 36 - 154 40 13 4.0 256 435 nearweir 8/3 SarkarPeriyapalayam Lake 8.55 34 25 SNC 6870 3448 507 40 291 1I0 13 8.4 284 560 lwhereriver Nallar joins
SNC: SampleNot Collected
DO measuredat 1.00p.m. at mid lake at I m depth. Enivironi,i,e,,t,Iu(iid Socitil Assessnment Report Tirupur Are(aDevelopmelt Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 31
Characteristics of Water in Nallar River at Nallathupalayam (19.6.96 and 20.6.96)
Date Time Average flow pH COD BOD Conductivity TDS Chloride (m3/sec) mgIL mg/L (m mhos/cm) mg/L mg/L 19.6.96 7.00 a.m. 0.024 8.18 292 22 9000 6570 2837 11.00 0.018 8.23 470 30 9000 6570 3039 a.m. 3.00P.M. 0.018 8.26 201 20 9000 6570 2786 7.00 p.m. 0.018 8.30 269 22 9000 6570 2888 20.6.96 6.00 a.m. 0.026 8.07 336 25 9000 6570 3039 10.00 0.022 8.20 269 22 9000 6570 2837 a.m. 2.00 p.m. 0.018 8.13 196 16 9000 6570 2938 6.00 p.m. 0.018 8.11 327 25 9000 6570 2938 Lisviroi,ie,it,Ii alid Sociol lIssessitielit Report Tirupur Area DevelopmienitProject Ann,exes
ANNEXURE 3 J
Bacteriological Quality of Surface Water in Tirupur (MPN/1OOml)
Site SamplingLocation Total Coliforms Fecal Coliforms E. coli S. fecalis No. I Nallar 6.30 a.m 13 x 104 40x 102 20 x 102 13 10.30 a.m 17 x 103 27x 102 17 x 102 5
2.30 p.m 24 x 103 13 x 103 13 x 103 I1
3 2 2 6.30 p.m 26 x 10 20 x 10 20 x 10 1 8/1 Sarkar Periapalayam 21 21 21 Nil lake - overflow 8/2 Sarkar Periapalayam 39 39 24 Nil lake near the weir
8/3 Sarkar Periapalayam 22 x 103 49 x 102 22 x 102 I 1 lake Nallar junction IIi fJ/i/ii#!Iv'J) il 1ii1 .)t 1X111.1 s ne.W.>I11 flepoi t TiruipurArea Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 3K
Ground Water Quality in Tirupur
Parameters TirupurMarket TirupurTaluk Office Jan. '90 Feb. '93 Aug. '93 Feb. '94 Aug. '94 Aug. '93 Aug. '94 pH 8.3 8. - - 8.0 - Conductivity - 2860 4530 3000 970 2960 2720 (micromhos/cm) TDS 768 1131 2516 1773 1102 1798 1651 Hardness 305 400 1320 600 520 960 880 Cl 199 653 1078 330 390 567 518 N03 143 236 316 2 25 56 521 143 so4 . 24 149 254 470 230 77 432 All the values except pHand conductivity are expressed in mgiL
(Source: State PWD GroundWater, Coimbatore) ,I,., (IitiLiijii ,hAUii L,,,U.,, e,iilses tsIm hem l Tiriipur A4rea Developmtent Project Angneres
ANNEXURE3L
KoilvazhiBore Well Water Quality
Parameters 14.5.91 25.9.91 3.3.92 15.8.92 25.11.92 19.4.93 5.8.93 28.12.93 4.5.94 2.8.94 7.12.94 19.4.95 8.8.95 13.2.96 pH 8.4 8.6 8.4 8.6 8.1 8.4 7.6 7.5 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.6 Conductivity 700 700 700 700 600 600 600 700 900 1000 1000 800 900 800 (Micro mhos/cm) _
TDS - - - 5 305 490 410 483 640 719 670 520 650 580 Cl- 84 81 95 72 54 78 74 37 100 132 128 80 102 88 N03- 1.5 3 3 3 4 5 6 5 8 7 11 6 8 6 Alkalinity -P 20 22 8 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -MO 212 234 226 234 240 246 212 264 268 268 300 276 265 272
F-- - - 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9
Total Hardness - - - 268 232 298 208 266 328 360 375 268 292 262 Turbidity (NTU) 7 7.4 3.9 6 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 3 2 4 Iron (Total) 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 Bact-counts TC - - - - 25 3200 ------MPN 9.2 - - 8 460 >100 9.1 460 23
All the values except,pH, Conductivity, Turbidity and Bacterial counts are expressed in mg/L
(Source: Public Health Laboratory, Coimbatore) Envi'ironm,,,entl andS JciallAssessmneni Repo rt Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 3M
Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Master Plan Area
Source Kolathupalayam Kuppampalayam Jai Nagar Appachi Chairman Karuma Mudali (Borewell) (Kottakorai Odai) (Vijayapuram) Nagar Kandasamy Nagar thampatti palayam (Hand pump) (Borewell) (Borewell) Palayakadu (Borewell) (Borewell) (Borewell) Parameters 2- 11-92 6-1-93 6-7-93 14-7-93 6-6-94 22-9-94 7-10-94 pH 8.6 8.6 8.0 8.4 7.3 8.4 7.9 Color Colorless! Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Turbidity (NTU) 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 TDS 1610 745 1403 560 5310 420 4540 Conductivity 2600 1100 2000 800 6400 500 6000 (Micromhos/cm) Total Hardness 172 508 550 292 2310 182 840
Chloride 392 108 450 54 1570 15 1740 Nitrate-Nitrogen 0.20 1.5 6.0 12.0 60 2.0 12.0 Fluoride 1.8 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.5
Iron 0.05 0.30 - - 0.05 0.5 0.05
Bacteriological 500 1800 70 40 1250 60
MPN 250 460 130 80 35 - lEnsufronnieltal/(illtidSora (l AIssessmwentrRfeport Tirupur Area DevelopimentProject Arnnexes
Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Master Plan Area (continued)
Source S.R. Nagar Poppy'svalley Hotel Pudupalayam Chettiar Naickerthottam Ganapathipalayam Andipalayam (AppachiNagar) (Borewell) Thottam Karaipudur Veerapandi (Borewell) (Borewell) (two) (Drawwell) (Drawwell) (Open well) 3 samples Parameters 11-10-94 6-12-94 25-8-95 22-11-95 22-11-95 11-12-95 PH 7.9 7.5-7.8 8.0 7.4 7.2 7.3-7.4 Color Whitish Slight White Colorless Colorless Colorless Slightlyyellow Turbidity (NTU) 40 7 4 4 4 7 TDS 1140 740-1330 430 195 605 5910-6750 Conductivity (Micro- 1500 1000-1700 600 250 1000 8500-9000 mhos/cl) Total Hardness 570 476-600 216 115 328 2420-3120
Chloride 230 150-330 12 14 104 2000 Nitrate-Nitrogen 18.0 12-25 4 0.3 3.0 7.0-7.5 Fluoride 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8-0.9 Iron 0.1 0.1-0.3 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1-0.20 Bacteriologicalcounts TC 1600 720-950 - 900 60 900 MPN 1600 1800 550 1800
All valuesexcept pH, Color, Turbidity,E.C Bacterialcounts are expressedin mg/L.
(Source: PublicHealth Laboratory Coimbatore) Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Annexes
ANNEXURE 3-N Sampling location for ground water quality in and around Tirupur
I. Attaiainpalayam- borewell (supplyto Iduvai,Ganapathi Nagar, Seeradnpalayamalso) 2. Karaipudur - Temple well - open well 2/1 Chingalipalayam- Templewell 3. Kuppandapalayam- open well (neartemple) 4. Karuppakavundampalayam- open well(near OHTand temple) 5. Kovil Vazhi - bore well(supply to TirupurGH) 5/1 About 30 m awayfrom site (5) - Open well(Municipal) 6. Muthannapalayam- open well (neartemple) 7. Chennimalaipalayam- bore well nearOHT and temple(supply to Nallur also) 8. SIDCO- bore wellat Ponnapuram(source to 2-3 villages) 8/1 PannakaduThottam, about 400 m awayfrom site 8 - open irrigationwell 9. Kasipalayam - open well - near temple 10. SarkarPeriyapalayam - openwell I. Vavipalayam- bore well,village supply 11/I Vivapalayam- neartemple about 50 m awayfrom site (I1) open irrigationwell 12. Anna NagarMain Road - bore well (private: Rajamanickamnhouse) 13. Chettipalayam- bore wellwith OHT 13/1 APR- Poothottam- about0.5 Km awayfrom site (13) open irrigationwell 14. Athupalayam - open well - near temple & OHT 15. Poppy'svalley Hotel at Thirumurugampoondi 15/T AvinashiKaikatti - VenkateswaraRice Mill- bore well 15/D SomuGounder Thottam - irrigationwell 16. Kaniampoondi- bore well with OHT 17. Old ChamundipuramI streetopen well 18. Sirupulupatti- borewell with OHT 18/1 KaruppusamyGounder Thottam about 50 m awayfrom site 18 open irrigationwell. 19. Anapalayam - open well 20. Mangalamvillage - borewell (90 m deep)with OHT 21. Mangalamvillage - borewell (150m deep)with OHT (21 & 22 areadjacent to each other) 21/1 Aruppukaduon PoomalureRoad about 300 m awayfrom site (21) open irrigationwell 22. Alankaduon the banksof Noyyalriver - bore well at Gokul dyeingcomplex 23. SilverJubilee park - bore well 24. PeruchipalayamKNP colony- openwell 25. KangeyamRoad (near Odai) PushpaNagar III Street- bore well 26. KombaithottamMission street - borewell 27. 104,Chairman Kandasamy Nagar - bore wellPalayakkau (Pvt. well) 28. BhavaniService Station, Elementary School Road, Kongu Nagar - openwell (domesticuse) 29. KalaimagalService Station,No. 60, LakshmiNagar - openwell 30. Kalitemple well- KumarNagar Extn.open well 31. GandhiNagar Extn. opp. GaneshTemple - bore well 32. Uthukuli- KangeyamRoad at Arumugampalayamvillage junction - irrigationopen well 33. Karaipudur - bore well 34. SalameduThollam - irrigationopen well 35. ThankammanKoil - openwell (irrigation) Environmentaland SocialAssessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Annexes
36. Orathupalayam - Oorvazhithottam open well - domestic 37. ManiankaduThottam open irrigation well (Orathupalayam) 38. Anapalayamvillage - RamasarniGounder Thottam - irrigationopen well. 39. Peruntholavu - Vavithottam - open irrigation well 40. Maniyampalayam- ManiakarThottan - open irrigationwell drinking water for the village by courtesy 41. Nachipalayam- PonnusamyGounder West Thottarnopen irrigation well 42. Manoor - Minnakadu Thottam - open irrigation well 43. RS KangeyamRoad - PallakaduThottamn - open domesticwell 44. NearFour Roadjunction - ChekkankaduThottamn open irrigationwell 45. Ponnapuram - Pudhukenaru - open irrigation well 46. Sengapalli - Papathikadu - open irrigation well Lnt'iro,,mental ai,,dSocial Assessment Repwrt Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 3 0
Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96 and 10.6.96)
2 Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS CIl pH so4 - Hardness NO3 F Remarks No. Location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mgtL mgtL mg/L mgtL m m m
I Attaiyampalayam 340 Bore 120 . 800 620 152 7.84 100 108 26 0.47 2 Karaipudur 330 Open 15 I 3000 2060 1204 7.31 100 618 73 0.46 3 Kuppandapalayam 320 Open 20 2 6000 5420 2308 7.32 300 950 112 0.60 4 Karuppakavundam- 320 Open 8 4 7000 6650 1956 7.51 330 990 106 0.80 A=Surface palayam 7000 6720 2157 7.55 400 935 93 0.77 B=3m deep
5 Kovilvazhi 327 Bore 45 - 800 680 251 7.36 300 180 80 0.73 6 Muthanapalayam 320 Open 30 = 3000 2770 853 7.34 130 450 126 0.69 7 Chennimalaipalayamn 300 Bore 1300 970 301 7.92 200 200 86 0.86
8 SIDCO 293 Bore - - 1300 840 452 8.45 100 160 80 0.45
9 Kasipalayam 293 Open 12 1.5 11000 8370 3261 7.57 500 1750 126 0.73 10 SarkarPeriapalayam 280 Open 21 6 6000 4900 1305 7.45 160 635 98 0.45
_I Vavipalayam 310 Bore 103 - 1000 800 201 7.54 40 480 126 0.46 12 Anna Nagar 328 Bore 90 800 650 201 8.03 100 165 119 0.43 13 Chentipalayam 328 Bore 120 1400 1030 301 8.25 160 195 93 0.66 14 Athupalayam 300 Open 10 4 10000 7700 3261 7.11 100 840 185 0.53 A=Surface 10000 7700 3562 7.32 130 865 133 0.53 B=2m deep
15 Poppy's valley 315 Bore 45 - 2000 1460 552 7.95 60 825 133 0.59
16 Kaniampoondi 329 Bore 195 - 1100 820 201 7.71 40 190 126 0.79
17 Old Chamundipuram 320 Open 30 10 3000 2310 903 7.35 60 685 172 0.46
18 Sirupulupatti 320 Bore 90 - 1000 770 251 7.43 60 305 133 0.87 19 Anapalayam 308 Open 6 I 1200 860 201 7.95 40 160 66 0.55 E,ivironmnen,tal t d Social Assessment Report Tirtipur Area DevtelopnmenitProject Annteres
Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS clr pH S042 Hardness NO3- F Remarks No. Location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mgfL mgtL mg/L m m m 20 Mangalam 311 Bore 90 . 1000 800 251 7.41 60 215 93 0.50 21 Mangalam 311 Bore 150 1400 1170 401 7.31 40 250 120 0.48 22 Alankadu 300 Bore - 13000 9030 3914 7.50 160 945 79 0.37 23 Silverjubilee park 300 Bore - 3000 2020 703 7.62 40 410 146 0.38 24 Peruchipalayam 300 Open 9 4 3000 2530 602 7.46 160 440 146 0.41 A=Surface 3000 2530 602 7.31 130 480 159 0.41 B=2mdeep 25 KangeyamRoad 300 Bore - 7000 4540 1606 7.07 260 700 159 1.58 26 Kombaithottam 283 Bore . 12000 9000 2760 6.71 460 1430 146 0.31 27 ChairmanKandasami 300 Bore 75 . 4000 3540 861 7.52 230 1240 172 0.71 Nagar 28 KonguNagar 301 Open 8 3 2500 1810 557 7.26 360 325 120 0.64 29 LakshmiNagar 301 Open - 1700 1180 355 7.35 260 295 120 0.20 30 KumarNagar Extn. 301 Open 12 8 2000 1630 405 7.52 160 330 133 0.81 31 GandhiNagar Extn. 300 Bore . - 3000 2490 810 7.18 100 660 159 0.37 32 Uthukuli-KangeyamRoad 270 Open 9 7 13000 9690 4304 7.46 560 990 NIL 1.45 A=Surface 13000 9690 4507 7.48 600 790 NIL 1.48 B=3mdeep 33 Karaipudur 278 Bore - - 9000 6910 2785 7.16 460 790 52 0.96 34 SalameduThottam 260 Open 7 5 8000 5810 2583 7.47 500 625 12 0.86 A=Surface 8000 5810 2633 7.21 360 635 12 1.02 B=5mdeep 35 ThangammanKoil 250 Open 5 3 10000 6990 3342 7.25 500 720 39 0.68 36 Orathupalayarn-Oorvazhi 240 Open 12 1I 8000 5880 2532 7.13 260 675 NIL 0.49 A=Surface Thottam 8000 5880 2633 7.12 300 655 NIL 0.48 B=3mdeep 37 Orathupalayamn. 245 Open 18 5 9000 7150 2582 7.07 400 1010 79 0.41 ManiankaduThouam 38 Anapalayam 275 Open 15 6 10000 6870 2937 7.28 430 735 12 1.07 Environmtenttalanid Social AssessmetitReport Tirupur Area DevelopmenttProject Annexes
ANNEXURE3 P
Chemical Quality of GroundWater in Tirupur(28.7.96 and 29.7.96)
Site Sampling Groundlevel Well Well Water Conductivity TDS CIl pH S042- Hardness NO3- F' No. location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L m m m I Attaiyampalayam 340 Bore 120 - 600 465 69 8.08 60 95 12 0.265 2 Karaipudur 330 Open 15 0.5 5000 3040 1272 7.59 100 485 146 0.343 2/1 Chingalipalayam 335 Open 25 1.5 1300 1150 147 7.67 130 200 120 0.324 3 Kuppandapalayam 320 Open 20 2 8000 7230 2006 6.97 230 740 146 0.461 4 Karuppakavundam- 320 Open 8 4 8000 7660 2104 7.57 430 775 133 0.792 palayam
5 Kovilvazhi 327 Bore 45 - 1000 850 196 7.22 130 120 93 0.754 5/1 30 m awayfrom site (5) 327 Open 30 1 750 620 147 7.92 100 135 66 0.690 6 Muthanapalayam 320 Open 30 0.3 2500 2310 636 7.55 70 265 60 0.675 7 Chennimalaipalayam 300 Bore - - 1500 1120 245 7.70 100 145 93 0.927 7/1 100m away fromsite (7) 300 Open 40 4 1600 1040 245 6.75 130 135 79 1.016 8 SIDCO 293 Bore - - 1600 1030 386 8.04 100 145 130 0.494 8/1 400 m away fromsite (8) 290 Open 15 3 4500 3480 1302 7.67 230 505 106 0.561 9 Kasipalayam 293 Open 12 1.5 11000 8370 3086 7.48 860 1070 159 0.861 10 SarkarPeriapalayam 280 Open 21 6 6000 4900 1206 7.36 300 580 120 0.489 I Vavipalayam 310 Bore 103 - 1100 880 145 7.62 30 245 106 0.468 Il/I Vavipalayam-neartemple 310 Open 30 0.5 1500 1060 241 8.11 130 250 79 0.492 12 AnnaNagar 328 Bore 90 - 1400 1140 531 7.71 200 255 185 0.393 13 Chettipalayam 328 Bore 120 1600 1180 241 8.24 300 185 66 0.545 En v'ironifrentalaf,d Sock Asses,ite',t,,a Retport Tiruipur Area Developmentt Project Annexes
2 Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS clr pH so4 - Hardness NO3 F No. location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/IL mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L m m m 13/1 Chettipalayam- 328 Open 9 1.5 700 520 48 7.75 200 95 26 0.607 APR Poothottamr 14 Athupalayam 300 Open 10 4 9000 6930 2797 7.19 300 745 130 0.630 15 Poppy'svalley 315 Bore 45 - 2300 1680 531 7.95 160 355 130 0.611 15/D SomugounderThottam 325 Open 45 1.5 1700 1070 338 7.54 110 270 79 1.042 15/T VenkateswaraRice Mill 325 Bore 105 - 1700 990 241 8.03 100 260 79 0.609 AvinasiKaikatti 0.875 16 Kaniampoondi 329 Bore 195 - 1200 895 145 7.87 60 145 146 17 Old Chamundipuram 320 Open 30 10 4000 3080 772 7.31 260 685 120 0.502 0.552 18 Sirupulupatti 320 Bore 90 - 1600 1230 241 7.97 100 300 106 18/1 Sirupulupatti 320 Open 30 1.5 2500 2010 482 7.55 60 485 93 0.526 KaruppusamyGounder Thottam 19 Anapalayam 308 Open 6 I 800 575 145 7.99 100 125 39 0.533 225 66 0.574 21 Mangalam 311 Bore 150 - 1700 1420 338 7.20 60 93 0.574 21/1 Aruppukadu-Poomalur 315 Open 40 2.5 1200 740 145 8.28 200 150 Road 1.652 32 Uthukuli-Kangeyam 270 Open 9 7 14000 10435 4051 7.55 500 1045 12 Road 66 0.877 33 Karaipudur 278 Bore - - 10000 7670 2749 7.04 330 730 34 SalameduThottam 260 Open 7 5 9000 6535 2411 7.39 230 515 26 1.042 52 1.191 35 ThangammanKoil 250 Open 5 3 12000 8390 3472 6.35 430 670 52 0.577 36 Orathupalayamn-Oorvazhi 240 Open 12 11 9000 6610 2701 7.24 260 570 Thottam 133 0.540 37 Orathupalayam- 245 Open 18 5 10000 7950 2701 6.94 360 905 Environnaeliatl atIdSocial Assessment Report Tirupur Area Developmentt Project Arnnexes
Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS clr pH SO42 Hardness NOj No. location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L m m m ManiankaduThottam 38 Anapalayam 275 Open 15 6 10000 6870 2652 7.54 330 555 52 1.274 39 Peruntholavu- 315 Open 18 1.5 25000 1430 531 8.07 160 195 93 0.681 Vavithottam
40 Maniyampalayam- 310 Open 25 1.5 800 550 39 7.75 60 90 66 0.409 ManiakarThottam 41 Nachipalayam- 300 Open 18 l 2500 1650 444 7.80 100 260 172 0.789 PonnusamyGounder WestThottam 42 Manoor-Minnakadu 297 Bore 105 850 570 68 7.15 100 100 52 0.472 Thottam
43 Pallathottam 280 Open 15 0.5 1400 1200 217 6.69 60 245 79 0.401
(RS Kangeyam Road) 44 ChekkankaduThottam 305 Open 18 0.5 1100 920 154 6.57 100 150 120 0.692 (near4 road) 45 Ponnapuram-Pudukenaru 300 Open 30 0.5 1700 1320 270 7.61 160 210 159 0.838 46 Papathikadu-Sengapalli 300 Open 27 0.5 5000 3680 1138 6.18 130 505 185 0.893 Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Annexes
ANNEXURE 3Q
Color Intensity of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96and 10.6.96)
Site Color Wave length No. (Absorbance (nm) Unit) 3 0.05 440 0.04 490 14A 0.05 440 0.04 490 0.04 720 14B 0.07 440 0.06 490 0.06 720 22 0.08 440 0.07 490 0.07 720 35 0.05 440 0.04 490 0.04 720 Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 3 R
BacteriologicalQuality of Ground Water in Tirupur (MPN/100 ml)
Site No. Sampling location Total Fecal Coliforms E. coli Coliforms 21. Attaiampalayam 79x 102 79x 102 14x 102 22. Alankadu 39x 10 22x 10 20 23. Silver Jubilee Park 70 70 Nil 24. Peruchipalayam 33 x 103 33 x 103 50 x 102 25. Kangeyamroad 5 2 Nil 26. KombaiThottam 35 x 102 35 x 102 20 27. Chairan Kandasamy 13x 103 13 x 103 Nil Nagar 28. Bhavani Service 220 220 13 x 10 Station 29. Kalaimagal Service 33 x 102 33 x 102 20 x 10 Station 30. Kali Temple well 35 x 102 35 x 102 26 x 10 31. Gandhi Nagar Extn. 41 41 Nil Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Annexes
ANNEXURE 3 S Aquatic and Shoreline Macro Faunal Composition in Cauvery River System
SI.No. Class Species Status 1. Crustacea Macrobrachiumsp. C, S Caridina sp. R 2. Mollusca Melaniasp. D Carbiculastriatella D 3. Pisces Anguillasp. C Wallagoattu, R Mystussp. C Puntiussarana R,P Catlacatla S Labeorohita S Labeocalbasu S Torsp. VR,FE Channamarulius R Glossogobiusgieuris R Ophicephalusstriatus C Ompokbimacudatus R Tilapiamossambica C Mastecembalusarmatus C Etroplusmaculatus C Etroplussuratensis C Garrasp. C 4. Amphibia Rana hexadactyla,Rana sp. C 5. Reptilia Mabuyasp. C Gardenlizard C Watersnakes C Cobra C Freshwaterturtles R C - Common D - Dominant VR - Very rare P - Underecological pressure FE - Facingextinction S - Stockedfor commercialpropagation R - Rare Note: Avianfauna have beenlisted separately. Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXURE 6-A
Details of Labour Camps
Accomodation
Type of construction GI corrugatedsheets with steel bracings Living area per person 5 sq.m per person No. of persons in each unit 6 nos. Utilities/ facilitiesprovided in each unit Doors and windows Furnitureprovided in each unit Sleepingbed Farnily accomodation Few will be provided
Arrangement of meals
Meals will be cooked and eatenin individualunits Self cookingfacilities like kerosenestoves will be used
Transportation of workers to andfrom work areas
Labour camp will be set up near work site. For work offshore, labourerswill be transportedby floating craft.
Arrangements for staff accomodation until camp accomodations are readyfor occupancy
Labourers will be housed in the existing setup near the site. Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea Development Project Annexes
Annexure 8 A
Squatter PAFs - Identification, Assets and Income
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income . . _ ~~~~~~~~~~(Rs.) M |F M|F ThiruvalluvarNagar Village- (TN) 1. SaravanaBavan 1 D0 Thatched roof & Tree- I 9,000 Thatchedwall
2. Manickam 2 I Thatched roof & Nil 9,000 thatchedwalls
3. Gowri 1 1 Thatched roof & Tree- 1 9,000 thatchedwalls
4. A.Muthukumar I I F - Thatched roof & Tree - I 8,000 thatched walls 5. M.Sangilidurai 1 1 0 1 Strip of Land Nil 12,000 6. N.Mahalingam 2 3 I 0 Thatched roof & Nil 9,600 thatchedwalls 7. Paneer Selvam 1 1 0 2 Tiled roof & brick Nil 9,000 wall
8. Dhanasekaran | I 1 Tiled roof & brick Nil 10,800 | 1 | I I wall 9. G.Saraswathi 1 1 1 1 Tiled roof & brick Tree-I 9,600 I_ I II I I Iwall
10. Ramakrishnan 2 1 - - Tiled roof & brick Nil 48,000 wall
11. S.Valliammal 0 1 - 2 Tiled roof & brick Nil 9,600 walls & fencing in 4 sides
12. M.Tamilsevan I I - 1 Tiled roof & Trees-2 8,000 thatchedwalls 13. T.S.Palaniappa 2 2 1 0 Tiled roof & brick Nil 10,000 Narayan wall 14. Ramalingam I I I I Tiled roof & brick Trees-2 8,000 wall 15. Shanmugavel 1 I i1 10 Tiled roof & brick Provision 20,000 wall shop
16. Ranjitham I1 1 - Tiled r& oof brick Cycle shop 15,000 wall Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Anneaes
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income (Rs.) M F M F 17. Venugopal I I I Tiled roof & brick Nil 12,000 wall 18. Manimuthu 1 2 1 Tiled roof & Nil 12,000 thatchedwalls
19. Parimalam I I - Thatched roof & Nil 9,600 thatchedwalls
20. Lakshmanan 2 1 - Tiled roof with Nil brick wall
Kuppandapalayam (Church Site) - TLPA 21. N.A.Subramanian 1 2 Tiled roof with Nil 24,000 brickwall
22. N.A.Eswaran 2 2 Tiled roof with Nil 18,000 brick wall
Sakthi Nagar - TLPA 23. Mani I I I Bunk shop Nil 12,000
24. Party Office -f- - Tiled roof with Nil Occupant not brickwall traceable = _ _
Avaraipalayam Pirivu - TLPA
25. M.Ponnusami 3 2 - - |Partial concrete & Nil 48,000 Partical Tiled roof with brick wall Chinnandipalayam - TLPA
26. Selvam I | - - Thatched roof & Nil 9,600 thatchedwalls
27. K.Valliammal 4 3 - - Tiled roof and Nil 5,000 thatched walls 28. P.Sivaraj I I I - Tiled roof with Nil 10,800 brick wall 29. S.Raj 1 2 2 0 Thatched roof Nil 10,800 with mud walls 30. Selvaraj I I I - |Thatched roo Nil 9,600 with mud walls
31. Nagaraj I I - - Thatched roof Nil 9,600 with thatched walls & fence in 4 sides Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea DevelopmentProject Annexes
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income ______~~~~~~~~~~~~(Rs.) M F M F
32. Pattan I 1 3 - Tiles with TatchedNil 12,800 _wallroof
33. Natarajan I 1 2 - Thatched roo Nil 9,600 with thatched walls
34. Nachammal I - - I Thatched roo Nil 9,600 with thatched 1walls 35. Gopal 1 1 2 1 Thatched roo Nil 9,600 with thatched walls
36. Iyyar 1 - - Thatched roof Nil 9,600 with thatched walls
37. Mariappan 1 1 - - Tiled roof with Nil 10,800 and walls 38. Thangavel _ I I Thatched roofs Barbershop 9,600 I _ with mud walls 39. Nataraj I 1 2 1 Tiled roof with Nil 10,800 brick walls
40. R.Nachimuthu I - - Thatched roo Nil 14,000 with mud walls
41. K.Palanisamy I I - I Thatched roo Nil 11,000 with thatched walls 42. Murugan 2 2 1 1 Thatched roof Nil 9,600 with mud wall 43. N.A.Chinnan I I I Thatched roof Nil 9,600 with mud walls
44. V.Madeswaram I- - Tiled roof with Nil 7,200 mud walls
45. D.Venkatachalam 1 2 - Tiled roof with Nil 9,600 mud walls 46. S.Balu 2 2 2 1 Thatched roof Nil 10,800 with thatched walls
47. S.Shanmugam I I - I Thatched roof Nil 10,800 with thatched walls Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Annexes
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income
_ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~(Rs.)_ _ MF M F
48. R.Madeswaran I I - 1 Tiled roof with Nil 12,000 mud walls
49. R.Selvaraj I I - I Thatched roof Nil 10,800 with thatched _walls
50. V.Natarajan I I I - Thatched roof Nil 10,000 with mud wall
51. Karuppaiah 2 1 2 - Thatched roof Nil 18,000 with thatched walls
52. S.Srinivasan 2 1 - 1 Tiled roof with Nil 9,000 thatched walls
53. P.Arumugam 3 1 - - Thatched roof Nil 10,800 with thatched _walls
54. K.Ayyavu I I - - Thatched roof Nil 7,200 with mud wall
55. Eswari I I I I Tiled roof with Trees-2 18,000 mud wall
56. R.Subramani 3 3 1 Tiled roof with Tree-I 10,000 mud wall
57. Arumugam 2 1 - - Tiled roof with Trees-7 10,000 mud wall
58. M.Muthusamy I 1 I - Thatched roof & Trees-9 10,000 thatched walls
59. Subramani I 1 3 Tiled roof with Trees-5 12,000 brick walls
60. Selvaraj 2 1 - Thatched roof Nil 9,000 with thatched walls
61. A.Murugesan I - - Shop Cycle spare 12,000 parts
62. P.Subrarnani 3 1 - Tiled roof with Nil 10,000 brick walls
63. S.Krishnan I I I Thatched roof Nil 9,600 with mud walls
64. Rangasamy 2 2 Partial tiles with Nil 10,800 brick walls & Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport TirupurArea Development Project Annewxs
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income
_ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~ ~ _ ~ ~~~~~~~~(Rs.)_ MF M F partial thatched roof with mud walls
65. RRamasamy 2 2 - - Thatched roof Nil 10,800 with mud walls _
66. S.Geevan 1 2 1 1 Thatched roof Tree- I 10,000 with thatched walls
67. K.Rajan 2 2 1 - Thatched roo Bullock cart 10,800 with thatched Tree walls
68. R.Arjunan I 1 I Thatched roo Nil 10,000 with thatched walls
69. Mani I I 1 Bunk shop Nil 12,000
70. Ramnasamy 2 2 13 Tiles with brick Nil 15,000 walls
71. Lakshmanan I I - Thatched roof Trees-2 8,000 with mud walls
72. Gangaraj I I 2 Thatched roof Trees-2 10,000 with mud walls
73. P.Palaniappan 2 1 - Thatched roof Trees-2 12,000 with mud walls
74. Dharmaraj l I Thatched roof Nil 10,000 with mud walls
75. Nagaraj _ I I1 Thatched roof Nil 16,000 with mud walls
76. Raj 1 3 2 Thatched roo Trees-2 10,000 with mud walls
77. Ponnammal 1 2 2 Thatched roof Tree 18,000 thatched walls
78. R.Shanmugam I I 1 2 Tiled roof with Tree- I 9,000 brick walls
79. K.Palanisamy l l l Thatched roof & Nil 10,000 thatched walls
80. Chandran 1 2 2 Thatched roof & Nil 20,000 thatched walls
81. Karuppasamy _ l Thatched roof & Nil 18,000 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income ______(s.) _ M F M F thatchedwalls
82. Santhosh Garments Tile roof with Unit 80,000 brickwalls Garment
Saralai - Outise TLPA
83. Sagadevan I 11 1 I- |TilesHouse Dryland 125,000| 84. Vedivelu T11 12 11 ITiledHouse INil 124,000| Mannarai - TLPA
85. Govindarajan 1 I - 2 Thatchedhut shop Nil 16,800 Hut was constructed two months back after our planning site
86. Subramani 3 2 - 2 Thatchedhut Tinkering 36,000 shop
87. Ramasamy B' I I - I Tiled roof with Lime stone 78,000 MemoHolder brick walls & a unit and thatched roof Bullock cart room 5 acres o . dry land, well and Tiled house in the native place
88. Karuppasamy _ I - Thatched roof 5 lambs 12,000 with thatched walls
89. Ramathal - 3 1 2 Tiledroof 12,000
90. Kaliammal - 1 2 1 With mud wall Not able to meet them for interview. Motherof the PAFs gave these informations
91. IyyanarTemple Temple Temple constructed by festivalsis Muthuraja being community celebrated Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks No. PAFs Dwelling other Income (Rs.) MF M F once in 2 _T _ 1 1 1 years Neruparichal - TLPA
92. Murugasarny 2 1 . Terraced house Tiled house 40,000 Mosaicflooring -I Cattle shed- I Live stock- 2, phone, Pump house, coconut groove in l- 40 hec. of dry land Kanakampalayam- TLPA
93. Palani 1 2 - 3 Thatched roo Nil 18,000 thatched wall 94. Ramathal 1 I - 2 Thatched roo Nil 12,000 Not able to thatchedwall meet the PAFs
95. Kundan 1 1 1 Thatched roof Nil 15,000 Kuttai near NatarajTheater-TM
96. Vallupuran I I - jThatched roof Nil 15,000 97. Kumaran I 1 2 1 Tiled house Thatched 228,000 _ _ _ _ j _ j _ _ _ ~~~~~ ~~hut___ Murugandapuram(Konga Main Road)- TM 98. |Indira English| | | 1 |Hallo brick wallsNil 80,000 | |School j [ J _ twith thatched roofn Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tirupur Area DevelopmentProject Annexes
ANNEXURE 9-A
Minutes Of The Meeting Held At Office Of The Tirupur Exporters Association, Tirupur from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm on September 25th, 1996
A public meeting was organised by New Tirupur Area Development Corporation and IL&FS, Bombay with the objective of introducing Tirupur Integrated Area Development Project and its scheme for drinking water and sewage system for Tirupur Local Planning Area to the public. The another important purpose of having this meeting was to ascertain the people's reactions and seek their opinion towards this project for successful integration and implementation
Centre for Environmental Studies (CES), Anna University, Madras and Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies (TNIUS), Coimbatore, were entrusted with the responsibility of conducting the study on environmental and social assessment in connection with the Tirupur Integrated Area Development Project. Representatives of these Institutions Prof. Ranganathan, Head of the Department, Centre for Environmental Studies and J.S. Srilata, Faculty, Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies were invited to explain the public about the prospects of the project and analyse the environmental and social impact that has been induced by the project in Tirupur Local Planning Area
Mr. R.M.Subramaniam, Mr. K. Ramchand, Mr. A. Sakthivel, Dr. Vijay Joshi, Prof. Ranganathan have played a key role in organising this meeting.
The minutes of the meeting held at Tirupur Expeorters Association on 25th September 1996 is given below:
Mr. Sakthivel from Tirupur Exporters Association introduced the scheme of Drinking Water and sewage system of 111Phase for Tirupur Local Planning Area. He expalined that the New Tirupur Area Development Corporation was initiated mainly to undertake the task of implementing the Tirupur Integrated Area Development project for Tirupur Local Planning Area. He further highlighted the funding aspects of the project
Mr. Subramaniam, from Tirupur Exporters Association narrated in detail about the project from its inception and its future vision. He explained how Tirupur Exporters Association has become the partner with the Government in the scheme for providing water supply, sewage and disposal of industrial effluence collection in the city where population is increased day by day due to Industrial growth, without any improvement in the provision of basic amenities that include water supply, sewage system, roads, sanitation etc.
He listed out the funding partners of the project. It indicated that Central and State Government has come forward to contribute Rs. 1Ocrores each for this project. Besides, the Government, IL&FS is to fund Rs.33 crores and New Tirupur Area Development Corporation has to spare Rs. 10 cores as its share
Apart from the Local funding arrangements, World Bank and U.S. Agencies for International Development have also agreed to bear large amount of the project cost which is estimated to Rs.570 crores for this integrated scheme. Mr. Subramaniamalso stressed the need to educate the public about the project and involve them fully for the successful implementation of the programme. He also observed that, it is quite essential to convince them and seek their co- operation at all levels of project implementation Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
He viewed that few people may be affected due to the project, during its implementation like displacement or land acquisition etc. He assured that necessary arrangements would be made to rehabilitate all the affected people
Prof. Ranganathan, Head of the Departmnent, CES Anna University explained the Environmental Impact of the project in a detailed manner
Dr. Ranganathan remarked that this is a pioneer scheme in India in which both water supply, sewage system are taken care of simultaneously. This project has four major activities (1) Water Supply (2) Collection and treatment sewage (3) Disposal and management of industrial effluents (4) Sanitation facility of outside Municipal limit
He mentioned that ground water level in Tirupur has decreased significantly. Hence water supply is made through tanker. Due to this project, distribution of water is expected to go up from 85 to 150 litre/per capita
Dr. Ranganathan further described that all safety measures have been incorporated in their study for environmental impacts
He made recommendation for producing bio gas and electricity in sewage treatment plant which could be used for cooking and electric power respectively. He made many valuable suggestions and recommendations to improve the environmental studies in view of this project. He concluded that Tirupur Integrated Area Development Project is a feasible scheme for the integrated development of Tirupur
Mrs. J. S. Srilata from Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies, Coimbatore brought out the issues related to the social implication due to the project implementation. She explained the need for social assessment before initiating the development project. She listed out the areas where the project has been distributed and described the social atmosphere of the service sites. She discussed the objective of the study as to minimize the disturbance or displacement caused
She highlighted the procedures adopted in which the project affected families (PAFs) are identified and gave a tentative number of PAFs located in the project site. She classified PAFs into three categories such as land owner PAF, land encroacher PAF and partially affected person. She has listed out the amount of land that has to be acquired from the private parties
Mrs. J. S. Srilata further informed the gathering the need for extending compensation to each category and explained how the mitigation has been worked out
Compensation:
1. For land owner PAFs - land - Land of equivalent production potential (or) Commercial land which will yield equal return (or) cash compensation'
(guideline value + 30% Government Solatium)
SubCommittee of the projectevaluation and monitoring committee will take the initiativeof working out the cash compensation Environmental and Social Assessment Report Tirupur Area Development Project Annexes
ANNEXLTRE10-A
Stage Discharge Data of Cauvery System for Water Yield 1984-85 to 1993-94
Month/ Year UrachikottaiSaavandapur Kodumudi m3/sec m3/sec m3 tsec
1984-85 JUN 295.900 15.200 265.800 JUL 835.700 18.400 714.900 AUG 940.600 19.900 778.200 SEP 391.600 31.200 380.300 OCT 415.400 27.300 408.000 NOV 285.200 19.700 326.100 DEC 317.400 21.300 376.300 JAN 254.600 17.100 383.800 FEB 31.000 19.500 41.100 MAR 31.600 11.700 41.600 APR 38.800 5.300 41.900 MAY 40.600 3.000 39.200
1985-86 JUN 36.600 8.400 38.200 JUL 198.500 17.500 193.000 AUG 444.000 18.800 398.100 SEP 350.800 59.800 366.400 OCT 303.200 17.600 284.700 NOV 163.900 17.600 155.200 DEC 156.300 56.600 211.200 JAN 106.200 12.800 106.900 FEB 40.700 11.400 51.200 MAR 27.900 10.000 31.200 APR 31.000 10.400 34.900 MAY 29.600 3.200 32.600
1986-87 JUN 26.500 8.400 27.400 JUL 44.500 17.100 37.300 AUG 197.200 17.600 167.200 SEP 541.000 18.600 506.300 OCT 456.600 22.100 449.700 NOV 265.200 19.000 290.500 DEC 170.300 14.600 183.600 JAN 238.400 13.900 231.500 FEB 85.600 10.700 78.900 MAR 45.800 10.300 44.100 APR 46.100 12.000 35.300 MAY 49.100 1.400 30.800
JUN 26.700 4.160 18.130 JUL 50.440 6.410 38.820 AUG 47.95 8.356 37.100 SEP 50.400 10.540 42.570 OCT 21.650 16.720 34.720 NOV 269.200 19.800 314.400 Environmental and Social Assessment Report TirupurArea Development Project Annexes
Month / Year Urachikottai Saavandapur Kodumudi m3/sec m3/sec m%/sc DEC 77.470 15.060 71.420 JAN 312.100 17.550 336.600 FEB 168.500 26.870 188.900 MAR 31.120 22.650 47.380 APR 44.150 12.580 39.260 MAY 33.150 7.566 34.860
1988-89 JUN 24.140 11.890 30.640 JUL 49.970 17.290 46.750 AUG 311.000 18.620 359.000 SEP 438.200 21.980 519.900 OCT 507.200 18.200 594.000 NOV 182.600 15.240 215.800 DEC 247.300 14.240 262.800 JAN 138.500 14.660 145.900 FEB 70.530 12.020 71.340 MAR 53.840 16.610 47.690 APR 26.970 15.630 31.060 MAY 45.600 2.678 33.060
1989-90 JUN 24.160 4.569 24.730 JUL 16.720 8.810 23.540 AUG 222.800 15.590 208.400 SEP 542.500 22.440 593.600 OCT 432.900 24.340 494.300 NOV 101.300 16.640 133.900 DEC 299.200 16.040 314.200 JAN 154.600 15.840 156.400 FEB 76.660 14.620 77.260 MAR 52.010 18.460 42.010 APR 56.650 20.980 38.640 MAY 43.230 9.328 31.870
1990-91 JUN 32.180 12.730 24.540 JUL 44.880 16.870 35.620 AUG 191.200 19.470 169.000 SEP 469.300 20.830 500.900 OCT 290.500 24.030 313.900 NOV 203.100 17.690 243.800 DEC 167.600 16.110 176.400 JAN 109.500 15.330 111.400 FEB 48.520 13.570 33.730 MAR 47.140 13.840 34.530 APR 61.600 14.510 41.200 MAY 52.820 6.509 32.540
1991-92 JUN 21.400 11.920 20.040 JUL 178.100 17.040 174.300 AUG 856.800 18.02 905.100 SEP 556.300 22.290 600.600 OCT 443.400 25.290 508.100 Environmentaland Social AssessmentReport Tirupir Area Development Project Annexes
Month/ Year UrachikottaiSaavandapur Kodumudi m3 /sec m3/sec m3lsec NOV 328.800 24.600 431.900 DEC 307.600 16.770 353.300 JAN 268.800 16.300 294.200 FEB 107.100 17.040 113.700 MAR 47.770 18.150 50.690 APR 57.000 11.950 46.730 MAY 43.820 7.637 34.920
1992-93 JUN 245.600 13.490 252.400 JUL 561.900 17.680 595.700 AUG 843.200 21.590 846.300 SEP 608.700 26.380 623.600 OCT 528.100 22.430 557.100 NOV 349.100 116.200 489.600 DEC 270.300 19.330 314.100 JAN 315.200 17.990 333.200 FEB 133.100 16.560 140.000 MAR 44.650 18.760 46.360 APR 61.200 18.580 52.010 MAY 54.840 15.180 50.200
1993-94 JUN 278.400 16.190 301.400 JUL 511.100 15.480 534.400 AUG 507.600 18.630 527.900 SEP 521.300 18.300 551.600 OCT 159.300 26.770 232.800 NOV 46.490 23.000 107.500 DEC 55.860 17.580 110.200 JAN 306.800 14.160 333.400 FEB 55.430 20.310 69.650 MAR 64.220 16.830 74.570 APR 46.420 20.250 51.500 MAY 51.650 15.560 59.260