INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

THE BULLETIN OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY FREE TO MEMBERS OF AIA

Gr*ek $*ap o Suhrnanine eonservation n l"{eritage l-lnk o ffiee}rive *vllarel {inm{su letters o ffiorset ater dmv o (*ldhanboun il| w rq iwlra* }l€ws Of ive Oil Soap Factory, Kardamyli, Greece

An olive oil soap factory complex at Kardamyli, In its heyday, the social and economic effect 20km southeast of Kalanata in the Peloponnese, of the factory upon Kardamyli and environs must was surueyed during two brief, productive, and have been considerable - as both employer and INDUSTRIAL somewhat furtive visits in June 2000 - the total consumer. lt seems likely that many villagers time on site heing no more than two hours. The found employment at the plant. Furthermore, the ARCHAEOLOGY project's time-limited research goals were establishment of an olive oil-dependant industry threefold: to identify and record standing must have boosted demand for the area's olive NEWS L24 structures and surviving plant; to investigate oral crop (a parallel betweenl930s Greek olive oil histories provided by local residents; and to soap manufacture, and the development of produce an initial interpretation of the site. British sugar beet milling in the same decade?). Honorary President Howeve; the village's older residents appear to Prof Angus Buchanan Paul H Vigor share one abiding memory of the factory - its 13 Hensley Road, Bath BA2 2DR novel introduction of electric lighting to this part Chairman The Greek village its power source was Mike Bone of Kardamyli, with red tiled, of the Mani. Whilst this Sunnyside, Avon Close, Keynsham, Bristol BS31 2UL hip-roofed houses, 0rthodox churches, shops, probably confined to the factory site, many local Vice-Chairman tavernas and kafeneons, represents a typical people were undoubtedly introduced to the Prof Marilyn Palmer example of contemporary settlement in the Mani 'electric revolution' within the factory's walls. School of Archaeological Studies, The University, Leicester LE1 7RH Peninsula. Kardamyli is recognised for the quality, Judged by usual British standards, this Secretary and size of its olives. In most Manian villages the twentieth-century industrial archaeological site David Alderton tallest structures one is likely to encounter are the appeared unique. Although decayed and 48 Street, Halesworth, Suffolk lP19 8EY Quay region's famous medieval fortified tower houses, overgrown, it displayed no obvious signs of Treasurer but in Kardamyli the loftiest, most visually gratuitous vandalism: no deliberate, mindless Richard Hartree Stables Cottage, Sibford Fenis, Banbury 0X1 5 5RE dominant feature is a substantial, brick industrial destruction; litter; graffiti; or debris indicating lA Review Editor chimney of the village's long defunct olive oil drug/substance abuse. Furthermore, the total Dr David Gwyn soap factory. absence of footprints in the dust suggested that Nant y Felin, Fford Llannllynfri, Pen y Groes, The origins and later history of the Kardamyli visitors human or animal are few and far Caernarfon LL54 5LY - - (the lA News Editor soap factory site appear somewhat enigmatic - between author admits to having left one or Dr Peter Stanier an ability to converse in Greek would have two footprints during his visit!). The factory's 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury Dorset 5P7 8LF helped ! Apparently industrial activity commenced buildings and structures were situated around Aff iliated Societies officer (date unknown) with the establishment of an three sides of an overgrown yard. The northern Prof Ray Riley substantially range comprised bulk storage tanks, bins and/or 8 Queen's Keep, Clarence Parade, Southsea, Hampshire olive oil mill. The site was PO5 3NX redeveloped c1 932-33 and equipped to bunkers: the eastern side accommodated an Conference Secretary manufacture olive oil soap. Local sources suggest engine house; and the southern range included a Tony Parkes that a significant percentage of the factory's substantial boiler house with associated chimney, 60 School Lane, Hill Ridware. Rugeley WS1 5 3QN product was dispatched to the British market. Two and soap production buildings. The western, Endangered Sites Officer Dr Mike Nevell explanations were proffered accounting for the seaward, side of the yard was undeveloped. Universig of Manchester Archaeology unit, University plant's demise. Firstly, the factory was ineparably Preliminary investigation suggested that the of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M1 3 9PL damaged by ltalian forces during the Second factory's buildings represented two distinct Librarian and Archivist World War, and subsequently abandoned. ohases of construction the first rubble stone- John Powell - c/o lGMl, lronbridge, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7AW Secondly, the factory survived the hostilities only based, the second brick and/or reinforced Recording Awards Officer to close in the 1950s due to a combination of concrete. Roofing materials comprised either red Dr Victoria Beauchamp worn out, obsolete equipment and growing tiles on timber framework, or corrugated iron 3 Parsonage Court, Parsonage Crescent, Walkley, competition from modern plants in Kalamata. supported lightweight steel trusses. Stone Sheffield S5 5BJ by Sales Officer Roger Ford Barn Cottage, Bridge Street, Bridgnorth, Shropshire WVl 5 6AF Honorary Vice-Presidents Sir Neil Cossons John Hume Stuart B Smith Council Members Dr Robert Can Dr Paul Collins (co-opted) Barry Hood (co-opted) David Lyne Michael Messenger Dr Mary Mills Peter Neaverson [iaison Officer Simon Thomas AIA Office, School ofArchaeological Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH t 01 16 252 5337, Fax: 01 15 252 5005 e-mail: [email protected],uk Website: wrrrw.i ndustrialarchaeology.org.uk

COVER PICTURE lA News goes for colour. a nostalgic view of the gas works by the River Avon in Bath, 1975. The Editor invites readers colour inages to subnit for Kardanyli Soap Factory viewed from the west. The first phase soap preparation building is in the centre, with adjoining publication in future issues. reinforced concrete oil fuel tank and pump house The second phase extension (right) displays possible war damage Photo' Peter Stanter Photo: Paul Vioor

2 INDUSTRIAL AR.HAE)L)GY NEWs 124 adjoining the southern end of the second phase portion of the soap production building, may have perhaps been a warehouse/packing shed and/or office. lt is suggested that this building may indicate how the first phase soap production building might have appeared prior to converSton. Although suffering the destructive effects of a salt-enriched, marine climate, much of the factory's machinery remains in situ and basically intact. The factory's prime mover was high-pressure steam, conveyed to both the soap production building and the engine house. Steam was generated in two water tube-type boilers of unknown origin, although one may be a product of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), or represent a pirated copy of one of their designs. Both boilers shared common features including: manual stoking; longitudinal boiler drums; and steel- framed, brick-built combustion chambers. However, internal arrangements - especially the layouUnumber of tubes etc - appeared to differ. The smaller high pressure steam boiler, possibly an inclined The larger boiler (54 tubes) featured a circular Pickering Conbination steam governor assembly supplied tube generator of unknown make The stoking hole, for the Averly horizontal stean engine, seen inside the drum head with finings (including a pressure hopper, step-rype srate and ash pit are rir;!,!:i:r;itil", collapsed engine house gauge, and the remains of two gauge glasses), photo: paur vigor wrought headers, and handhole fittings closely structures included part of the soap production resembling B&W s W.l.F-Type boiler The smaller This mine was managed by one George Zorbas, building, and the engine house. Brick and/or boiler featured an ovoid drum head with remains who was immortalised by Nikos Kazantzakis as concrete was utilised to construct the boiler of a single gauge glass, but no pressure gauge, the character 'lorba' in his novel Zorba the house, the chimney, bulk storage facilities, two headers, or handhole fittings. This may prove to Greek. elevated tanks (one for fuel oil and the larger one be a simolified form of water tube boiler known The soap production building was divided holding water for the boilers?), and extensions to as an inclined-tube generator. lt remains unclear into two processing areas, the southern (second the soap production building. However closer why two differing types of boiler were supplied to phase) portion housing soap mixing, and the inspection of the buildings' fabric indicated two the factory. northern (first phase) soap condensing. The constructional phases, but three building styles - Both boilers were equipped for manual building hosted three small, single cylinder, the use of stone being common to both phases. stoking. Hand-loaded hoppers fed fuel onto flywheel equipped, vertical steam engines Whilst one stone building - the engine house - inclined, step-type grates placed over ash pits. (devoid of maker's plates). Inspection suggested was clearly second phase (being directly related The use of step grates may suggest the boilers that all three engines were built as pumps. The to the second phase boiler house), the stone-built were designed to burn lignite. Supplies of lignite first engine pumped fuel oil to three boilers portion of the soap production building appeared may have been transported by sea from a mine at apparently providing low-pressure steam for to represent earlier, first phase development. Pastrova (near Stoupa) 1Okm south of Kardamyli. condensing mixed soap. The second turned a Thus, archaeological examination focused upon small electricity generator via a drive belt, whilst this particular building - with close attention retaining its redundant pumping mechanism. The being paid to building styles and fenestration. third, its pump removed, appeared to drive two Observations made on site, and subsequent sets of line shafting powering mixing and photographic analysis supported the two-phase, condensing plant. three style hypothesis. These three engines might represent products The partially rendered, first phase portion of of two separate manufacturers - two engines the soap production building appeared to predate apparently sharing common design features. For the soap factory displaying evidence suggesting example, the cylinders of the engines driving adaptive reuse. As originally built, the structure machinery were supported on pairs of iron may have featured a hipped roof, replaced columns appearing to act as slidebars - guiding (c1932-33?) with a conventional steel framed, and supporting triangular crossheads. These corrugated iron clad, pitched roof. The first phase crossheads incorporated gudgeon pins and building featured segmented stone window and coupling rods transfening drive to the flywheel door arches. Conversion, and second phase axles. Rods descending from the crossheads extension, for soap manufacture required the provided drive directly to the pumping blocking of certain windows, with others adapted mechanisms. The cylinder of the pumping engine to accept reinforced steel joists, and steel window was supported on an iron frame. No slidebars or frames. Stone-arched door openings were crosshead were provided, the piston rod simply likewise remodelled. coupled to the connecting rod via a gudgeon pin, External examination of various occupied, thence rotating the end of a crankshaft driving residential buildings adjoining the factory site both flywheel and pump. The smaller flywheel, suggested that - stripped of its industrial and apparently shorter throw of the piston rod, may confirm pumping engine as least additions and corrugated iron roof - the first Vertical steam engine, originally built as a pump and here the the phase structure, as originally built, may have employed to drive a generator powerful vertical engine on site. However, of the appeared very similar. A hip-roofed building, Photo: Paul Vigor three, this engine appeared technologically more

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 3 advanced. Considering the presence of such a peculiar assortment of engines, it seems likely all three may have been obtained second-hand. The purpose-built engine house contained a twin cylinder; horizontal steam engine, mostly buried beneath the collapsed roof The only extant works plate identified the engine as a product of one Georges Averly of Lyon, France, but with no date of manufacture or works number. However. an American steam governor was supplied by Pickering of Portland, Connecticut, numbered 51 15288. This may eventually indicate a construction date for the engine. The exclusive purpose of this engine was to rotate an electricity generator via flywheel and drive belt. The generator remained in situbut derelict. Electricity was conveyed around the walls of the factory via a network of wires supported by ceramic insulators, and appeared limited to providing electric light. Machinery related to soap making was housed within the first and second phase portions of the soap production building. Olive oil soap manufacture, as practised at Kardamyli, appeared to involve two principal processes: the Second phase soap preparation building, with a battery of soap mixing troughs on the right and line shafting on the left with one belt in situ Photo: Paul Vigor combination and thorough mixing of ingredients; and the condensing and solidification of the resulting viscous concentrate, Machinery for both may account for the vessels' strong construction. examination of the fabric of the structures processes was powered by steam-driven line Having been condensed the soap was discharged confirmed significant damage on the western, shafting. Mixing was undertaken in the second into a trough. Presumably the soap was thence seaward, side of the factory. lt is tempting to phase building. Ingredients were combined in a removed elsewhere in the factory to be moulded, speculate that the factory may have been battery of three wooden troughs supported by a solidified, and packaged for sale. subjected to naval bombardment - the chimney reinforced concrete frame. These troughs were It is suggested that the Kardamyli soap providing a tempting target! However, whilst fitted with mechanical mixing blades factory site initially comprised at least two structures had been damaged, the machinery resembling the blades of a cylinder lawn mower. residential properlies. The redevelopment of the within appeared intact. lt is possible that the The mixing process appeared to involve site in the early 1930s resulted in these two factory remained operational throughout the war transfening product upwards, from one trough to properties being linked by the (second phase) years, only to close in the 1950s. Further oral the next. Upon reaching the top trough, the production building, and the enclosure of the histories may provide answers. mixed soap was passed through the dividing wall factory yard with ranges of buildings and Although the Kardamyli soap factory into the first phase part of the building for structures. lt was not possible to confirm that represented a significant departure from the condensing. olives were milled on the site - no milling author's established research interests (the early The condensing process seems to have equipment was identified. However, such British iron industry; and the archaeological required pouring the viscous soap mix into large, equipment could have been removed completely analysis of industrial landscape art) the complex fully enclosed, riveted steel vessels. These vessels, during the early I930s. Investigation confirmed proved a stimulating, and rewarding environment resembling pressure cookers, were fitted with that electricity had been generated on site, and to visit and study. Whilst the distance separating rotating paddles to agitate the contents, the that it appeared restricted to lighting. Thus, the the author from the site appears to rule out paddles being driven by gearing linked by belts to site effectively illustrated the transition of further personal investigations, it is to be hoped line shafting. The vessels appeared to have been twentieth-century industry from steam to that the Greek chapter of TICCIH may consider heated with low-pressure steam supplied by electrical power. the Kardamyli site worthy of detailed adjacent oilJired boilers; the presence of steam With regard to wartime activities, investigation - if not preservation.

ANNOUNCING THE THREE FIELDWORK AND RECORDING AWARDS FOR 2OO3

The AIA Fieldwork Award scheme exists to encourage recording ofthe physical remains ofthe industrial period to high archaeological standards. The awards are open to both amateur and prolessional field workers, and have been operating successlully for over a decade.

Worl< submitted may already have been published or, ifnot, entrants may be encouraged to publish.

As well as the main award there is also the Initiative Award for innovative projects, e.g. those from local societies; and to encourage the future industrial archaeologists, a Student Category.

THE CLOSING DATE FOR ENTRIES IS 1ST MAY 2()()3

Successful Entries will be notified in August The successful authors will be invited to attend the AIA annual conference in Cardiffto collect their award in early September

Further details from: Fieldwork and Recording Awards, AIA Liaison Officer, School of Archaeological Studies, The University, Leicester, LEI 7RH

4 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 Conservation of the Holland 1 submarine

A project to restore the Royal Navy's first became evident that the submarine was subject underwritten by a pragmatic and ethical subnarine, Holland 1 - which first set sail in | 901 to severe corrosion, prompting a discussion and approach. lt was one that needed to fully satisfy and lay on the seabed for 69 years - has won the consultation period which focused on identifying the project management and embrace accredited UK's premier conservation prize. ln a cerenony at the corrosion products and projected display professional bodies, but not to lose sight of the the British Library in November, conservator lan concerns. An extensive scientific programme fact that Holland / was an integral part of a Clark and the Royal Navy Submarine Museun established the extent of metallic corrosion maritime collection of national imoortance where were awarded the Pilgrin Trust Award for present within Holland /, culminating in the access and education was paramount. Conservation 2002 for their work in 'placing development of a remedial preventative The choice of conservation treatment would conservation at the very heart of the nuseum'. conservation strategy. Laboratory tests led to the directly influence the visitor's initial perception The museum is in Gosport, Hampshire, and for identification and status of residual chlorides and lasting memories. The modus operandi, more infornation visit the website at within the hull. techniques and practical procedures would also www.rnsubmus.co.uk. Here the conservation A ground breaking conservation project led be directly proportional to the required funding. prog ra n ne is described. by Hampshire County Council in conjunction with The proposed submarine conservation treatment the submarine museum, University of Portsmouth could be divided into three categories: lan Clark and the Science Museum, led to the boat being 'I . Hull - external surface treatment. completely immersed in a watertight GRP tank 2. Hull - internal surface treatment. On 6 Seotember 1776 the first submarine attack filled with 800,000 litres of a 5% sodium 3. Propulsion unit, transmission and all in history took place in New York harbour when carbonate solution dissolved in water. This integrated systems. an undenrvater vessel invented brilliant by a solution was to leach out the residual chlorides As part of the earlier restoration programme young American David Bushnell, attacked the and to reduce the level to where they would many of the internal operation systems had been Britlsh flagship Eagle during the American war of present no future hazard. This process was to take replicated to enhance the visitor experience. All independence. The first recorded successful approximately six years. The redisplay of Holland these were to be removed, thus returning her to sinking of an enemy ship was during the / was to be the high point of the submarine the condition in which she sanx. American civil war when in 1 864 the Hunley sank service's centenary year celebrations due to take At this early stage the project rationale hinged the Federal ship Housatonicat great cost losing - place during 2001. on the decision whether to allow public access the vessel and all crew. In 1998 | was invited to attend a steering inside the boat. The structure of the hull and olate It was an lrish American John Phillip Holland group meeting to help formulate a practical geometry had been severely compromised due to who was instrumental in convincing the British conservation strategy within the client's projected the time the vessel had spent on the seabed as a Admiralty that the submarine was to be an visitor framework and logistical parameters. At wreck, with the additional strains of salvage and integral part of emerging modern navies. In 1900 this stage the group consisted of corrosion the more recent metallic corrosion; the integrity of the Admiralty placed a secret order with the scientists, architects and civil engineers, the vessel and her fundamental construction had Electric Boat Company in America to supply five submarine museum management, Hampshire indeed been weakened. boats to be constructed under licence by Vickers County Council and representatives from the The cylindrical hull design of Holland I had Sons and Maxim at their yard in Banow in Science Museum. London. Holland / was now at its own inherent strength and appeared to be in a Furness, England. The cost of each boat was to be an advanced conservation soak stage and it was fair and stable condition. The actual physical f35.000 and Holland was launched on 2 / imperative that an acceptable conservation condition of the hull plating would directly October 'l 901. lronically Holland's early financial method statement tailored to Holland I was influence the final choice of surface treatment backing was supplied by the lrish Fenian Society proposed and adopted before practical and protective coating. An abrasive cleaning in America and was to be used to develop the conservation could commence. system able to comply to standard S.A 2.5 and submarine as part of hit and run terrorist attacks I believed that such a method statement above would be extremely aggressive. Such a on the British Navy. The important historical could be a rich and diverse mix of modern robust solution applied to the hull could result in footnote Holland design was the to the conservation methodology and cunent ideology, further per{orations. We also needed to consider innovation of marrying the internal combustion engine with the electric motor and battery to provide motive power. The engine was an American produced 4-cylinder petrol engine made by the Otto gas engine works of Philadelphia. After 12 years of experimental service Holland / was decommissioned and sold for scrao to T. W. Ward Ltd for f410. Whilst under tow to a breaker's yard in South Wales the submarine was lost in bad weather and sank near the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1980 a local Plymouth historian sent a newspaper cutting to the Royal Navy Submarine Museum describing the loss of Holland /, and this renewed interest triggered the research and subsequent finding of the boat on I4 April 1981. ln September 1982 Holland / was salvaged from a depth of 63 metres and taken to Devonport dockyard where she was cleaned and treated with fertan, a tannic acid treatment very popular and widely used and promoted during the 1970s.

By 1 983 the boat was on display at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport, lt soon Holland 1 cruisino on the surface Photo' RN Subnarine Archive

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 5 an exit strategy relating to any future paint removal for continuing plate condition assesSmenl. Surface preparation was to utilise a sensitive blast system. The flash blast was a copper slag abrasive graded 0.7mm to 0.2mm delivered using a combination of 260 cubic feet a minute of dried compressed air at 8 bar producing a low profile. Surface treatment was completed using a wax oil type product capable of carrying a vegetable based pigment to achieve the desired colour. Such a system has a proven technical performance, was very cost effective and quickly reversible if required. From photographic evidence it was discovered that the upper section of the hull and areas of the superstructure were originally painted a different colour to the hull. Due to the particularly good condition of these areas it was decided that they would happily support a cosmetic finish. No corroded or perforated areas of plate work would receive this treatment. lt was Constructing the special soak tank for treating the Holland 1 Photo. lan Clark therefore proposed to enhance these specific areas by painting, and the results could be used material product; sensitivity of object; redundant. The end product of air abrasive in a successJul interpretative role showcasing accessibility; and inclusion or exclusion as part of cleaning on an industrial scale is mass fallout of contemporary camouflage experiments. any Health and Safety implications. spent abrasive medium. The soak tank now A section of the hull interior is the point at All components of a sensltive nature, those became the controlled environment in which all which a mix of surface coatings could be used to suffering from severe graphitisation, high levels dirty work could take place. The logistical enhance visitor enjoyment and aid interpretation. of metallic corrosion and/or fatigue fractures restrictions offered up by the display site, a The internal frames and plating at the amidships would be hand prepared and wax sealed in-situ. narrow strip of land formerly the approach to the section were in exceptionally good condition. This Carefully identified objects may if practicable, be Royal Haslar Hospital, meant that the proposed particular area contained very few original removed for conservation treatment outside the construction site was very close to the submarine artefacts and would inevitably become the vessel. This development of rationale and ethical museum's public areas. All primary surface natural muster point for visitors. Forward and aft framework was to form the backbone of the preparation was completed within the sealed of this section, due to the sensitivity of the objects condition survey and conservation report. space of the soak tank. to be conserved, the hull plating and frames Supporled and complimented by the scientific The prominent construction material used would be hand prepared and wax sealed. The research, architectural designs and gallery throughout the engine was grey cast iron conservation of the propulsion unit, transmission interpretation, this became the foundation of the complimented with smaller components and all integrated systems throughout the vessel project submission to the Heritage Lottery Fund. produced in possibly wrought iron, steel and were directly influenced by five key factors: After six years of conservation treatment the copper/zinc alloys. Most engine components metallurgical microstructures; identification of soak tank was finallv drained down and became pertaining to the valve gear, ignition, lubrication

The conserved Holland I is drsplayed in a purpose-built High and dry; the submarine Holland I rs seen being lifted by a dockyard crane during its operational days gallery at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum at Gosport Photo: RN Subnarine Archive

6 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 mechanical strength. The electric motor cast iron The hull plating was generally pitted between cage appeared to be in good order; as did the 30 - 50%, which was consistent with past commutator and armature core. The field coils environmental exposures. There were numerous and poles seemed to have escaped any serious pockets of advanced surface conosion, some damage. The commutator shaft main bearings resulting in complete perforation.There was good were missing as were numerous major evidence of end grain conosion highlighted in the components forming the transmission system. total loss of rivet head form. The majority of The proposed conservation treatment used exterior hull plating riveting has utilised counter- on the propulsion unit and transmission systems sunk rivets; these were used where a flush was chosen and executed with great sensitivity. surface was required - caulking rings were very Although many of the components to be prominent. considered were large in actual physical size their To enhance public enjoyment and to aid chemical make-up and metallurgical interpretation it was decided that the interior of microstructure has been radically altered due to the submarine be opened up as part of the visitor their own specific conosion state. experience. To enable public access a load bearing The hull plating consists of steel plates deck area was constructed using a pressure approximately %-inch thick laid in eight strakes. treated soft wood sub frame, which was fully the 4-cylinder gasoline engine conserved ,r;iiL, The top, bottom, port and starboard strakes are suspended on an inert conservation foam n, ,OO laid tight against the framet and the other four interface barrier. The deck was finished in Burma and cooling systems have been lost. The grey cast lapped on the outside of these and connected by teak and laid recreating original construction iron had graphitised to a depth in excess of % of two rows of staggered rivets. The internal framing details and physical form. Traditional access an inch. The chloride levels at this point prior to is manufactured from approximately 3 x 3-inch hatches were formed in the deck to facilitate conservation soaking were found to be 1.34%. X- angle iron fastened at 18-inch centres. future hull space monitoring. The deck area ray analysis of the rust layers showed that the Ihe metallurgical microstructure of the hull covers the battery space. main corrosion products present were consistent plating is typical of a mild steel with a carbon An integral part of Holland /'s conservation with artefacts recovered from other marine sites content of between 0.1 and 0.17%. The grain strategy was the design and construction of a within the Solent region. the engine castings had size average diameter is probably characteristic purpose built display gallery. The gallery with a become more brittle than expected for this grade for hot rolled steel plate. A Vickers hardness test projected volume of 800 cubic metres and surface of iron resulting in the integral mechanical gave a value of 152VPN, which is consistent for area of 470 square metres is fully strength becoming severely compromised. mild steel. Other elements found to be present environmentally controlled, constantly The entire transmission system was were silicon, sulphur, phosphorous and monitoring ambient temperature and relative manufactured using the same component manganese. Detailed examination of the rivets humidity. This controlled atmosphere is pivotal to materials as throughout the main engine. showed a higher carbon content of approximately the long-term conservation of the submarine. lhe Although the iron castings were considerably 0.18% and a smaller grain size as compared with powerful dehumidification system keeps the smaller, similar graphitisation had taken place the hull plating. A higher hardness value was also humidity below 40% relative humidity to prevent resulting in brittle conditions and loss of material recorded of 239VPN. moisture from setting off the conosion cycle. Mystery iron shoe discovered

Can anyone throw any light on this shoe-shaped design cast iron tank? The tank has been uncovered during evaluation work by Pat Frost for Earthworks Archaeology on the site of a former steam mill in Chester. The tank may sit in the former condenser pit of a cl780s Bolton & Watt steam engine. The tank however is more likely to date to the nineteenth century. The open area of the tank measures 52 inches square to which an iron lid appears to have been fitted. Ihe lid may have been removed to level the area to the height of the enclosing eighteenth-century brick wall. The covered sloping section extends for 28 inches across the full width of the tank giving the tank a 'shoe-like' appearance. The east side of the shoe has a bolted rib and the west side has a plate bolted along the top. A total of 22 hexagonal bolts secure the'shoe' upper plate, which is in one piece. The body of the tank is riveted / bolted together with a ribbed plate on the interior. The style of the bolts and rivets give a post-Whitworth date to the tank. The semi-circular dip c.0.8m diameter in the west section suggests something may have rested on the tank in this position. lf the tank had a fully fitted lid then this P h oto: E a rthwo rks Arch a eo I ogy feature could only have been semi-circular. Given the unusual shape of the tank, it is hoped that a reader may have seen a similar example. lf you have any suggestions please contact the Editor or Pat Frost, 6 Castle Ring, Pontesbury Hill, Pontesbury Shrewsbury. Shropshire. 5Y5 OYA

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 7 AIA NEWS

Power at the AIA AIA Award for the lronbridge Weekend Beehive at BAA 2002 'Power in Corn and Textile Mills' is The presentation of the biennial the theme of the annual Affiliated British Archaeological Awards last Societies Weekend at the lronbridge November was held in the Institute, lronbridge on l2-13 April magnificent 200 years old Liverpool 2003, and a booking form is Town Hall. Sir Neil Cossons enclosed with this issue of lA News presented the awards and we were The corn and textile industries grateful to also have the presence of were once among the key Councillor Jack Spriggs, Lord Mayor manufacturing activities, the one of Liverpool. Lord Montagu of producing a central element of the Beaulieu, President of the British staple diet, bread, and the other Archaeological Awards, also clothing, the export of which was a participated as usual. principal source of funds 0f interest to industrial underpinning the British economy. archaeologists, among the finalists passengers a DH86 aeroplane in 1935 by neans of a telescopic corridor Both industries may be viewed from were the Anderton Boat Lift Gatwick boarding a number of different standooints: restoration by British Waterways the airport company BAA) terminal plus a circular building. At social, architectural, and (Heritage in Britain Award highly economic, - completed a major renovation the time it was a neat and compact instance. The commended), tourist visits to view technological, for retaining almost all original solution. latter area is of particular interest to Seas Fleet, the German High features. At the Gatwick Beehive cover the industrial archaeologist who is undenryater at Scappa Flow, Roving from the cold and rain for concerned with machinery and the Eye Enterprises (Virgin Holidays For the AIA Award the judges chose passengers boarding their aircraft means adopted to power it. Award highly commended) and - BAA Lynton, for their reinvigoration was provided by means of telescopic In the early industrial era power the CBA Defence of Britain Project of the Beehive, Gatwick Airport. The radial corridors running on rails important (WWll military remains) winner of limitations were an basic design concept for the Beehive which could be extended out to the constraint on scale, leading to much thelFAAward. (as the name suggests) was for an waiting aircraft. Remains of the rails watenryheels, our own AIA experimentation with The shortlist for 'island' airport terminal entirely can still be seen today. The control contained three entries: windmill sails and winding Award surrounded by aeroplanes, the only tower was situated on top of the mechanism. water turbines and method of access being building and is still present. The steam power. There was inevitably 1. The conversion of the former St subterranean through a tunnel. At Beehive was a remarkably advanced overlap, indeed steam Co-operative store, much and Cuthbert's Gatwick this was a foot tunnel from design for its time, conceived by clvil power was being applied in textile Bread Street, Edinburgh EH3, a nearby railway station specially engineer Monis Jackaman (also a mills a century before water turbines adapting 1937 extension to a built to the east on the London to private pilot) who engaged three were generally introduced in corn become the Point Conference Brighton line. Broadly speaking the young architects - Frank Hoal Bill was Andrew milling. All this endeavour Centre - architects basic Beehive 'island' concept was Lovett and Alan Marlow to interpret effectively a search for efficiency, Doolan. used for Terminals 1,2 & 3 at his ideas. Today the restored and by extension a search for means Heathrow where the scale is much building positively oozes the of a reduction in costs. conversion the former 2.The of greater so there is more than one excitement of the heady days of house at Soeakers at the weekend will derelict blowing engine building. The Gatwick Beehive airline flying shortly before World examine both the general principles Parc Tondu, South Wales, to building listed Grade ll. in 1996 is War ll. lt is surprisingly youthful for of office involved in the application provide serviced additionally remarkable in being something nearly 70 years old. particular particular Groundwork technologies at accommodation - itself circular. After 1936 the air It is hoped to arrange a visit to times individual mill Bridgend & Neath PortTalbot. to suit terminal circular design concept was the restored Beehive, Gatwick requirements, and at the same time lost to civil aviation for about 20 Airport, for AIA members and consider regional practices and 3. The revitalisation of the Beehive, years, re-emerging in North friends. This is likely to be on a Friday events at soecific sites. Gatwick Airport, the world's first America. The 'island airoort afternoon allowing time for travel While study historic circular airport terminal building the of terminal' can be compared with from a distance. Those interested in practice unquestionably useful, completed in May 1936. was is lt island platform railway stations taking part should send a first-class another appreciating cut off from the redevelooed way of (although for aerodromes stamped addressed envelope to Dr technology is through repair work airport c.1958 by the diverted footbridge access is of course Robert Carr, 127 Queen's Drive, on mills, This applies above all to London Brighton A23 main to inadmissible). At Gatwick the London N4 2BB for further details corn milling where the small size of road but is once more in viable Beehive of 1936 might now be and a booking form when available. operation makes repair a financial airline use GB Airways, for by regarded as the result of combining Robert Can possibility. Two speakers involved in headquarters. BAA Lynton (part of two design ideas - the island reoair work will show how the issue of technology may be approached from a practical point of view. Ray Riley Affi I i a ted Soc i eti es Offi ce r

Advertise in IA News Elevation of the Gatwick Beehive - east to west section

8 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 AIA NEWS

AIA Library mail: [email protected]). New members and appreciation amongst the A project under way in public, public and Many newer members of the current The AIA welcomes the following authorities the Library is top build up a institutions, and non-government Association will be unaware - and new memoers: complete collection of all local lA organisations, of the urgent need to older-established members might A. Bailey, Leeds society publications together in one save the industrial and technical need reminding - that the AIA has a A.R. Davies, Cirencester place. Many are held already, but heritage of Europe and to accord it library which is accessible to all P Hankard, Huntingdon any AIA member who is clearing out the imoortance it deserves. members. Books and journals which N. Harries, Holmfirth old journals, newsletters, etc, might should also draw wider have been donated to the Mr & Mrs A.P Harvey, It contacting attention to the huge number and Association over the years have like to consider Welshpool lronbridge before disposing of variety of sites throughout Europe been deposited with the Library at Mr P. & Mrs M. King, Leicester unwanted material, even if it is only already preserved under the lronbridge Gorge Museum Trust, Lock, London or the odd single issue. In due course, a restoration. Associations and sites which itself has one of the finest R.G. Martin, Brighton 'wants list'will appear in lA News in are invited to plan a special event as collections of material on industrial Mr & Mrs K.N. Mclvel Scotia, an attempt to round up copies, or part of the programme for the year. archaeology and associated subjects U5A photocopies, of missing issues. It is also intended to highlight anywhere in the country. Coverage C. Moore, Sturminster Newton John Powell anniversaries of those who have ranges from most of the standard Mrs J. Moore, Rowington Librarian & lnformation )fficer, played an important role in texts of the eighteenth and B.J. Moran, Stoke-on-Trent IGMT, and Honorary Librarian AlA. producing industrial and nineteenth centuries, such as Rees's T.J. 0'Meara, Castlepollard, the technical heritage being celebrated. Cyclopaedia, through virtually all of lreland The 200th anniversary of K. the David & Charles and other W.M. Patterson, Ormesby l. Catalonia: Advance Brunel's birth on 9 Aoril 1806 has oublications of the 1960s and Mr N.C. & Mrs C.E. Peppitt, been proposed as one such. 1970s, right up to modern material notice Newbury such as the Monuments Protection The AIA is planning a visit to Perks, Bendley Obtaining past issues of programme reports which are Catalonia to visit that region of A.E. Rout, Middlesbrough deposited with the AIA as they Spain's rich industrial heritage. A Ms K. Taylo4 llford lA Review appear. programme and possible dates are l. West, Leicester Back-numbers of lndustrial The Library is situated in the being explored with local organisers Dr R. White, Telford Archaeology Review down to Long Warehouse, adjacent to the and the visit is likely to be scheduled volume XX are always listed in our Museum of iron in Coalbrookdale. for late 2003 or April, May or June Prepare for 2005! AIA SALES' advertisement. Any Visitors are welcome (and admission 2004. Those interested can register The AIA is backing a campaign for reader wishing to obtain copies of is f ree), but must make an their interest now and their 2006 to be designated European volume XXI (1999) onwards is appointment in advance and proof prefened month by dropping a line Industrial and Technical Heritage requested to contact Maney of identity should be provided on a to Paul Saulter, 80 Udimore Road, Year. The idea behind the campaign Publishing, Hudson Road, Leeds LS9 first visit. 8 01952 432141 or e- Rye, Sussex TN31 7DY is to promote increased awareness 7DL.

News from Upper Cwmtwswg Dear Mr Editor I was really pleased to hear the Conference is coming to South Wales in 2003, but l'd like to clear up a misconception. Although it's been called the Cardiff Conference that is only to make it sound posher. In fact we are having the conference here in Upper Cwmtwswg. The whole community is rallying round to make it a really tidy conference. Dai Sponge (the Colliers Arms) has promised to stop watering his beer and Fred Dedd (the Dedd Bus Co) is getting in gallons of chewing gum solvent. 0f course, we don't have any university or even big hotels here but it was the same at that place in West Wales we went to in the seventies. Penzance was it? Everybody is keen to take in a delegate and spare bedrooms are being dusted. ln fact the whole of Tram Road has offered to take somebody. Not that we'd let anybody stay with No 7, or No 9, and come to that not with No 2 either. There's a space for the Yowards' van between the public conveniences and the rec, so that's all right. We've got the chapel schoolroom and if we clear the sheep off the rugby pitch we can get a small marquee up, or a large tent anyway, on the level bit, Catering won't be a problem. Auntie Bron and the Wl started cutting sandwiches a couple of weeks ago. Lucky really, as Auntie Megan the Spar has a surplus of cucumbers at present. For the conference dinner we'll cut a deal with Sweaty Betg of Pontypridd, and if there's any pies left over they'll come in useful for packed lunches the following week. There is plenty to see, of course. The old mill has gone but there is a really tidy Spanish style hacienda there now. We can walk the old railway track, although we'll have to detour around the old people's bungalows and the sewage works. Up on the colliery site there is a unit making little statuettes out of resin and coal dust; a real local craft. So there we are. lt'll be the biggest thing in the Twswg valley since the Diamond Jubilee (1897) and we are all looking forward to it. As it says in the songs, there'll be a welcome in the hillsides, and we'll do it our way.

Yours fraternally

/4dzo cle 64441

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 9 LETTERS

Linoleum letters Small rollers around the large one has been no demand for decades for major employer in this small city for the quantity of that type of inlaid almost 100 years and of which It is a bit disappointing to note that received the various colours of linoleum in sheet form, cut out the linoleum that they were able to virtually trace has now KIRKCALDY is consistently miss- all produce. I suspect that the North disappeared. spelt in both the report of the required shapes and applied them to the canvas backing on the large Fife factory closed many years ago I would be pleased to learn of Conference and the item from Mary roller. The intricate machinery had and the machines scrapped. anyone else with an interest in this Mills in /,4 News 123. Kirkcaldy is, taken many years to pedect and an What we did see in Kirkcaldy somewhat esoteric subject! after all, the principal town of Fife, essential feature was that the raw was the specialist, one-off inlaid George Niven has a population of 60,000 and is to be absolutely pure, work. Company logos for the Edencote, Whinfell Drive the home town of such materials had othenruise was injurious entrance hall of a HQ building are Lancaster Ul 4NY distinquished people as Adam Smith there an an example of the product. The (Ihe Wealth of Nations), the Adam effect on the cutter blades. The complete poem 'The Boy on the family (architects), Gordon Brown machine was capable of cutting as '16 pieces from Train'with the refrain'Ye ken right and me. AIA should do better! many as individual The Derby Silk Mill and one square inch of material. The well by the queerlike smell, the next Mary Mills seems to have some other first factories account in the Nairn centenary stop's Kirkcaldy' is reproduced in ouzzles after her visit to Forbo- I wonder if any AIA members can book, published in 1956, says that inlaid linoleum in Kirkcaldy station. Nairn. I don't think they're quite so shed any light on the following 'the machine was nothing less than Until recently, this work was carried backward as she thinks. No doubt question. quoted out by a skilled craftsman with a lt is often that the Frederick Walton. who received his a miracle of ingenuity.' Stanley knife but my group, at least, Silk Mill set up in Derby by the half- oatent on linoleum manufacture in A second machine, even larger were shown much more brothers John and Thomas Lombe 1863, had boundless ingenuity. But and more elaborate than the first. sophisticated computer controlled was'the first successful ... factory how successful was he in the was then constructed. The great cutting machines. I think the final in England' (S.D. Chapman, Ife linoleum business? Apart from cylinder (or roller) was 18 feet in work was still laid up by hand. Large Early Factory Masters) and, by Staines and Greenwich. he turned diameter and weighed 20 tons. The scale production of inlaid linoleum extension, the world. We would be up in the USA too according to the resultant inlaid linoleum was by a modernised version of the tray interested in hearing if this view is Nairn book I have. Members of the characterised by designs with method still takes place, I believe. lt contested. Nairn dynasty all spent 40 or 50 sharply defined straight lines. The (although was unfortunate that the factory The Derby Silk Mill years with the Company and died inlaid linoleum from Kirkcaldy was was suffering a mechanical built adjacent to an unsuccessful full of good works and a lifetime of still made by the perforated tray 'l breakdown during our visit and we and much smaller mill of 702) was prudent management of the system which allowed for more didn't see the process properly. constructed between 1717 and Company's economy. Must be intricate patterns demanding more 'first I am now arranging the visits 1723. The claim to its factory' something in the Kirkcaldy air. delicate shading. process for the Newcomen Society Summer status is based on the of When Walton's patent expired, After the First World War. the (i.e. Meeting in Fife and Angus in July production of a finished good Michael Nairn, who had been Greenwich firm had financial 2003. A visit to Forbo-Nairn is silk thread) from a raw material manufacturing floor-cloth since problems and, in 1922, merged with (hanks planned, one of only tvvo to repeat of silk) on one site, the 1845, took up linoleum as a more Nairns through a holding company, the AIA visits. This will be an application of a single source of up-market product. He developed a Michael Nairn and Greenwich Ltd. lt power (water), opportunity to catch up on these and the size of the machine that could make it in roll was profitable for some years but (between questions and, I hope see the plant workforce 200 and 400 form 4 yards wide and to a higher when another linoleum company in in action. l, for one, want another depending on account and date). quality and Nairns prospered from Kirkcaldy with premises adjacent to whiff of the oueerlike smell. The latter is taken to indicate the on. They had factories in Nairns folded in 1933. Nairns closed then John Pofter scale of production, along with the France, Germany, Australia, USA and down manufacture in Greenwich details we have of turnover | 8, Sherhorne Gardens sketchy Canada. early days, the and moved the large machines to In the London Wl3 8AS of raw material. pattern was applied by block Kirkcaldy. They were re-erected in In this context we are trying to printing. With use the pattern wore the North Fife factory which was establish whether other industrial off and the solution was 'lnlaid altered and extended to I worked for some 30 years in the sites in the country would have Linoleum'. In this assorted semi- accommodate the Wallton straight- remains of the James Williamson approached or exceeded this size at finished coloured linoleum pieces line inlaid goods production. Labour linoleum factory in Lancaster. My this point in time, and if relevant, are applied direct to the canvas and overhead costs were lower in first job as a young chemist was how soon after this kind of scale backing to form the pattern. Thus, in Kirkcaldy. research into the linoleum would have been reached. spite of wear; the pattern remains. The Forbo-Nairn factory visited production process. James Dockyards and breweries might be Initially the plain linoleum pieces by AIA this year was described as a Williamson & Son Ltd merged with be alternative contendert although were cut by hand and fitted 'north'factory but I think any plant Michael Nairn in the 1960s and obvious caveats are the impact of together. This is an expensive north of the railway had 'north' in its linoleum production was transferred seasonality or wal and the question option. Nairns developed a name. The remaining premises are to Kirkcaldy. I lived through the of whether these establishments technique in which the different but a small fraction of the great demolition of much of the original canied out all their work on one coloured raw materials were applied complex that was Nairn's on both Lancaster factory and rather site. to the canvas through perforated sides of the railway and stretching belatedly became interested in The debate is given some trays, the perforations forming the to the sea on the south side. There keeping a record of what had gone topicality by including the Derby 5ilk pattern. The blobs of raw linoleum has been extensive re-development on there. I managed to rescue a Mill within the Denivent Valley Mills were spread by roller and cured. in this area. While I can not be sure. good photographic and World Heritage Site. I look forward Yes, the large machines at I very much doubt if the factory we documentary archive on linoleum to readers'views with interest. Greenwich existed. Walton were in was the North Factory of the oroduction in Lancaster. I have felt Roger Shelley developed a machine for inlaid work original Fife Linoleum Company. The for some time that I should write up Keeper of lndustrial & Social History in which the pattern was applied to Walton machines must have been the lA of the linoleum industry in Derby City Museuns the canvas on a very large roller. ouite difficult to maintain and there Lancaster, an industry which was a The Strand, Derby DEI l85

1O INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 NEWS

A water day in Dorset long, and who better to talk about Mildred Cookson, who has been Preservation Office (based at the A liquid: water and its applications' the subject than Martin Watts. at Mapledurham Mill on the Thames British Library), Resource: The Confining himself Dorset past years, was the title of a one-day seminar to or the for the 20 gave an Council for Museums, Archives and immediate sunoundings, he noted account of the life of a miller. 0n a Libraries and Kingdom held in Dorchester in October, the United produced organised by DIAS and the county that Dorset millwrights Domesday site, this estate mill Institute for Conservation. The ground grain, archaeology dept. AIA chairman some high-class engineering in mill local sending much of Pilgrim Trust was founded in 1930 machinery as the flour and bran down river Mike Bone led the proceedings with and this was the to by Edward Stephen Harkness of important as the building. Examples London 1936 New York award grants some West Country brewing history. until by which time to for some many Dorset mills were seen, one wheel was replaced by a turbine of Great Britain's more urgent needs ln former times water in towns was of generate promote often polluted or expensive, so the from the early Christchurch corn mill to electricity. In 1977 the and to the country's future through those whose use changed mill was restored to its last working well-being. In 2000, the Trustees drinking of beer by the poor was a over activities such as flax condition. Many problems confront much safer option. The trend from time to made 137 grant commitments domestic brewing, through public and fulling. The work of millwrights a traditional mill in today's climate; totalling f2.9 million, to projects such as Maggs of Bourton, Coombes wooden needs involved social welfare, and houses and local breweries to the the waterwheel in art of Beaminstel Hossey of Dorchester renewing about every 20 years, the learning, preservation, cataloguing modern large breweries was Sampson Bridport the paddles lasting only as long; and conservation of records and the explained. Some results of Mike's and of in half interior and exterior of mills was not getting the right wood and the cost repair of historic churches. research were seen, including old being significant. Stones are dressed plans and surviving brewery forgotten. Alan Stoyel was involved in a bills tipped tungsten remains in Exeter Bath and Dorset. with with Archiving our mills survey of textile mills in the South carbide, demise of Mike Tigh is interested in a very with the As reported in lA News 123, the West by the RCHME. Most were blacksmiths who knew how to uncommon use of water - powering Mills Archive is an initiative to save water-oowered at some time. 962 temper bill steel conectly. Floods are cliff railways. lt was the and organise our Milling Resources. sites were investigated and on 590 another oroblem. development of cliftop seaside With many of the most active structures were extant, dating from The last speaker, Steve Capel- resorts that gave rise to the cliff members of the Mills Section of the the fifteenth century 1910. As Davies reminded the audience of railway; until electricity came along, to SPAB growing oldel it seemed the woollen, flax and fulling those who gained employment from most were water ooerated. well as time had come to safeguard their Examples of existing water- mills, there were lace mills, drying the River Thames. In the upper collections of material relating to walks, horsehair reaches, cutters harvested rushes for balanced railways include the inland stoves, rope their interest. So often, papers are factories handle houses. mats. Osiers basket-making one at Bridgnorth. The Lynton- and for thrown away and items sent to the Examples changed and shared needed cutting, bark stripping and Lynmouth cliff railway was noted as of nearest car boot sale when the use were noted and the speed with merchandising before use. Fish and emptying water out of the bottom family have to turn the house out. which important examples could be eels could be caught and sold. car to achieve motion, whereas all So discussions have been held destroyed, e.g. where papers for Innkeepers provided board, lodging the others added water to the upper and the Mills Archive Trust (Reg. listing were posted on Friday, a fire stabling boatmen. car. There have been no fatalities in and for Charity no 1091534) formed. The Sunday and the mill Photographs lock keepers, toll the history of cliff railways in Britain. occuned on of basis of this collection will be the was demolished (for safety reasons) and A seminar about the use of collectors, dredgers milling material which has been on Monday and Tuesday! maintenance boats were seen, not water could not miss water mills for donated to SPAB over the years, forgetting ferrymen. There were also combined with that of the three builders of boats for commerce, Foundation Trustees, Alan Stoyel, J. leisure or sport. Kenneth Major and Mildred very enjoyable and All in all, a Cookson. all of whom will be known informative day for all that ably to many of you as the leading put demonstrated that Dorset can experts in the field. Twenty other a 'cracking' seminar. on collections have been promised and Rodney Hall this considerable mass of material is far more than the SPAB has room or Pilgrim Trust awards capability to house. submarine conservation To enable all this to be kept The project on the submarine, together, a grant has been obtained Holland /, described on page 5, from the Heritage Lottery Fund and won the prestigious Pilgrim Trust a small office rented in Reading Award for Conservation 2002 where the catalogue can be against competition from a very prepared and researchers can study strong shortlist that included entries the material. The catalogue is from the National Trust, the Wallace already under way and will be Collection and the Museum of added to our Internet site, which is Science and Industry in Manchester. available at www.millarchive.org if The award judges considered how you want more details. lt is not the entrants used their scientific, difficult to imagine the vast amount technological, aesthetic and of information which will be held historical knowledge to conserve here - a unique combination of materials and reveal their building, machinery and history significance to a wide audience. related to milling, along with The Pilgrim Trust Awards are artefacts, photographg field notes, also supported by key organisations measured drawings and other Powering the Lynton & Lynnouth cliff railway in north Devon is one unusual application of in conservation and restoration - documents - over half a million water described in last vear's Doset water conference English Heritage, the National already.

INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 11 NEWS

But, as always, there is a snag - The products of the factory are more money is wanted to bring widely distributed and numerous these plans to fruition. I hate asking museums worldwide proudly display for money, but as one of the Trustees a Merryweather fire engine. of the Archive, could I please ask for Lots Road Dower station ceased your financial support for this idea. generating on Tuesday 8 October The whole concept will produce 2002 and has been officially shut such a worthwhile result and be down. This makes the former LCC such a fantastic source for the tramway generating station on the Industrial Archaeology of Milling riverside in Greenwich the oldest that it must not fail. working power station in the Have you researched mills, country (see London's lndustrial photographed them and recorded Archaeologyno. 7, pp 3-1 2). The first their history? What will happen to part of the station at Greenwich was all this information? Why not opened in 1906. lt is likely that the donate or leave it to the Mills obtrusive white concrete reserve Archive and know that all your coal bunkers added on the west side efforts will not be lost but will be a in the late 1920s, immediately next valuable contribution to the to the alms houses, will be Industrial Archaeology of Mills in demolished. Some people find the the future? Do visit the web site for appearance of the coal bunkers further information and you can disagreeable although their brutism offer contributions either via that or may shortly become fashionable. direct to the Mills Archive Trust, At Blackheath the mysterious whose holding address is l3 hole which opened up quite Littlestead Close, Caversham, suddenly in the main A2 trunk road Reading RG4 6UA. has finally been filled after eight Tony Yoward months of disruption and consternation. The precise reason hole has remained Chesapeake's timbers for the Platform 8 at King's Cross in the 1890s, looking nofth. The Flying Scotsman will depart plausible A study at Chesapeake Mill at somewhat obscure but a shortlv explanation is that it was the result Wickham, now owned by Hampshire largest station in Britain when Heritage Link organisations is 5.8 revealed of mining subsidence, probably from County Council, has opened and has long been admired million. Chairman Marcus Binney significant features its timbers. chalk extraction. Local residents in architecturally. William Cubitt was says that the historic environment is Chesapeake was captured have had to be rehoused. The U55 engineer with Lewis Cubitt very diverse, representing thousands battle by HMS Shannon To the north east of the St after a short architect. of individual organisations from Pancras main-line-station train shed in 1 81 3 and taken back to England Robert Carr giants such as the National Trust to a new station designed by Lord to study its design and construction. societies for the preservation of Foster is being built rapidly. Midland The ship was then scrapped and sundials. This plurality is a great much of the timber was bought to main line trains will be transfened Heritage Link launched strength but it can also be a here as from Sunday 26 January Heritage Link was launched on 12 build the mill. Archaeologists from weakness if it prevents the sector Andrews University, led Dr 2004 and will completely cease to December 2002 and is supported by St by from speaking and acting in a use the original station. The new the AIA as well as more than 100 Robert Prescott, found stresses in concerted way. station at present under other organisations representing the the beams caused by lhe Shannont Heritage Link comes in the wake construction will later accommodate historic environment. lt aims to be a broadsides. From the deck beams of the government's State of the possible trains to Gravesend and Kent via the catalyst for change for the secto; used at the mill it has been Historic Environment report, the first plan new CTRL tunnels and Midland sharing information and resources to draw an accurate of the ever national audit of all aspects of main line will be transferred again identifying areas of common Chesapeake. Timber not used at the heritage. lt also draws on to a station yet to be built just to the concern and pushing the historic mill is probably scattered in early experience gained by voluntary north west of the great 245 feet environment up the political nineteenth century houses in the organisations coming together for clear span William Barlow roof. agenda. Members are keen to Portsmouth area. the compilation of the Power of Further north construction work demonstrate that heritage is Place heritage report, produced in is being hampered by the number of important for its own sake and to London news in brief December 2001. graves encountered in the old St articulate its value in improving the ln Greenwich the former For information, contact Chris Pancras churchyard. The intended quality of life, releasing economic Merryweather fire engine Catling, Director of Heritage Link, archaeological work here may not and educational potential and manufactory building in Greenwich 07986 541831, E-mail: be completed as planned and this promoting social inclusion, A High Road is about to be [email protected], or matter has become controversial. The formation of Heritage Link demolished. lt is unlikely that any of Wendy Akers (National Trust Press Have we heard something like this comes at a time when public the faEade will be retained. Office), 8 020 7447 6753, E-mail: before? interest in history is burgeoning, Following substantial bomb damage [email protected]. uk. at King's Cross 1 50 TV during World War ll much of the Next door bolstered by a string of years of railway operation was to be programmes. has works was rebuilt. The building now Heritage Link celebrated on l4 October 2002 with grant E-FAITH contains little from the received a three-year of staff dressed in period costume and and year being promoted by the Merryweather occupancy and fl38,000 from English heritage The is in the preceding period a peripatetic the Federation of Associations presently houses a number of small the National Trust is financing European exhibition. Built for the modest cost year. Total Industrial and Technical Heritage businesses which will be relocated secretariat for the first of fl23,500 King's Cross was the (E-FAITH), is in a new buildino on the same site. of membership of the different in which the AIA

12 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAE)L)GY NEWS 124 NEWS represented. E-FAITH is a non-profit flourish after the '1850s, but its making organisation whose origins date to the first decades of objectives are to promote the study the nineteenth century when its of and research in, the recording, privileged location at the heart of a F]MW conservation, development, transportation network led to the management and interpretation of establishment of several ENGNNEERM(G Europe's industrial and technical manufacturing sectors. The city's heritage and to facilitate co- industrial heritage includes railway Preseruing Our Heritage For Future Generations operation between those in Europe and port installations, bridges, engaged in these activities. canals, power plants, engineering Our dedicoted 35 strong teom provide Membership is open to non-profit works, thoroughfares, tunnels, turnkey solutions in the Heritoge including and non-government associations viaducts, and the metro, as well as a Mechonicol Engineering who share these objectives and number of factories for the associations who support museums manufacture of textiles, food Architecturol Melolwork of science and industry. Other products, rolling stock, iron and organisations, and individuals, who steel products. Timber Engineering wish to support E-FAITH'S objectives Guided tours of Old Montreal, Technicol Consulting may apply to be supporting the Lachine Canal, the Port members. installations, as well as various Conservolion Workshops In addition to promoting the | & residential, commercial, and Receni projects : 2O0l / 2002 T Heritage Yea4 E-FAITH took part in industrial neighbourhoods, will the Salon du Patrimoine in Paris this emphasise the evolution and resiorotion of world's ohest working year, for which the theme was diversity of the city's industrial sTeom engrne a the industrial heritage; is investigating heritage and its contribution to I 5m timber woterwheel construction project attract funds the cultural enrichment the urban to from of newcomen engine technicol osessment Culture 2000 project; has set up a landscape through the recent design & build of lorgest cost iron structure web-site http://vrnrvw.e-faith.org (the recycling of several buildings and erected in the lost 80 veors hyphen is important!), which is structures. Presentations may be intended in time to become a focal given French English, as in or 22-24 Cotmyte Avenue, Glosgow, Scot ond, G32 EHJ point for associations seeking co- simultaneous translation will be fel +0044 l4l 763 0007 Fox +0044 ,41 763 0583 ooeration with similar associations offered in most sessions. For general [email protected] www.herilogeengineeilng.com elsewhere in Europe; will be a information, contact James channel of communication for Bouchard, A (514) 251-5148, Fax: Incorporating Walter MacFarlane & Company Ltd seeking support throughout Europe (51 4) 251-5126, E-mail: for endangered sites; and a medium [email protected] General for exchanging views, advice, and information will be updated century after Japan opened its gates should be a window of opportunity contacts, for example in seeking regularly on the SIA web site to the Western World. Desoite the to establish the imoortance of solutions to problemt at minimum wr,mrv.ss. mtu. edu/l A/si a. htm l. fact that the Japanese mining mining history in Japan. The hosts cost and administration. industry and community played a consider the encouragement of More information can be Japan to host mining crucial role in the development and mining history studies and the obtained via the web-site, by e-mail congress modernisation of the country there promotion of preserving and from [email protected], by fax to 00 is not enough academic and restoring mining regions through Japan is the first Asian country to 32 56 255173, or from the E-FAITH government attention paid to corporate and personal archives and host an International Mining History secretariat at Vredelaan 72, 8-8500 research regarding its contribution. files, photographs, films and Congress. Akabira City, Sorachi Coal Kortrijk, Belgium. Currently, almost all mining memoirs to be one mission of the mining district, Hokkaido, will be the There is an annual event to companies in Japan have stopped International Mining History host city for the Sixth International provide an opportunity for members domestic mining operations and Congress. Mining History Congress in and others to meet. In 2003, this will have moved toward importing A pre-congress tour that covers September 2003. be in London over the weekend of metals and coal resources. Japan's representative tourist spots Previous meetings have been 16-18 May. Details from Paul Mining communities in Japan (e.9. Kyoto and Nara) and a post- held in Australia (1985), followed by Saulter, 80 Udimore Road, Rye, Germany (1989), USA (1994), do not know how to utilise their congress tour visiting the nation's Sussex TN31 7DY. gradually Mexico (1998), and Greece (2000). mining heritage and are representative mine-related historic goal becoming depopulated. There is no sites (e.9. Kyushu and Tohoku Montreal industrial The of the IMHC has always been to gather specialists from strong government support to region) will be organised. heritage 2003 private, government, and academic maintain the heritage, nor enough For details, please see the preserve The Association qu6b6coise pour le sectors involved in mining history to academic enthusiasm to it. website www.imhc2003.com and patrimoine industriel (AQPI) and the Dresent and discuss their latest Mining heritage is now the Diary page. Canadian Railway Historical research. A wide range of topics disappearing due to environmental Association (ACHF/CRHA), co- includes oroblems related to the reasons, and at this rate all mining Heritage Information: organisers of the 32nd Annual social and economlc history of communities and their rich heritages Making Heritage Conference of the Society for mining development in different will disappear from the archipelago. Industrial Archeology (SlA), invite countries and regions. The hosting of the International Happen you to a rendezvous in Montreal Japan's mining history starting Mining History Congress in Japan is Heritage Information, the only from 29 May to 1 June 2003. 500 to 600 years ago but a timely in raising the awareness of national online database bringing Montreal's industrial noteworthy change in the mining mining heritage in Japan and together appropriate consultants, infrastructure really began to industry happened in the last around the world. The conoress contractors, craftsmen, products,

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 13 NEWS services and information relating to Ltd, 8 020 7228 5464, e-mail: flywheel carrying ropes which their families to visit sites of the repair, restoration and [email protected], or Dorian powered the five levels of the mill. archaeological/historical interest or conservation of the historic Crone, Heritage Information, When the mill's 1888 boiler was museums/heritage and resource environment, launched to the trade @ 020 7243 5888, e-mail: withdrawn from service in 1999, an centres, to see archaeology in action on 20 November 2002. i nfo@herita geinformation.org.uk. inspection of the 1910 boiler, which and take part in activities on-site. With the mission of 'Making had not been steamed for about 20 Over the years, it has been Heritage Happen', Heritage Fieldwork Course at years, revealed an advanced decay recognised as an important event in lnformation consolidate of the supporting brickwork and increasing public awareness and will City University everyone and everything involved in flues. interest in archaeology. lt also 6 May 2003 and the heritage world: skilled Starting on Tuesday Having secured a grant from provides an excellent opportunity to mid August an evening craftsmen, experts, consultants, extending P.R.l.S.M. for materials and a for the promotion of venues and for course industrial training courses, products, books, fieldwork on the professional bricklayer; the project encouraging people to join in the archaeology Greater London news, and jobs, as well as of involved removing the side wall, work of their local societies, based at City University lecturer Dr information involved in all aspect of - supporting the boiler shell in a steel All the 161 events held in July Robert Carr. To secure a place and conservation and repair. cradle while the supporting 2002 are listed on the website f contact A vetted register of contractors, for urther information brickwork was removed and www.britarch.ac.uk/nads, which of craftsmen and consultants will Courses for Adults, Department replaced with new engineering brick gives a good idea of their variety, City ensure that anyone looking for the Continuing Education, with a firebrick lining. The boiler ranging from seeing a megalith Square, right people for the job will always University, Northampton setting has been completely rebuilt being raised on the lsle of Man, find them, while the sophisticated London EC1V 0HB. I 020 7040 by a small dedicated team of tours of excavations, sites, buildings, 8268, e-mail [email protected]. web technology matches users' volunteers who donated 4.300 man hand on activities, archaeological demands with appropriate hours. After a boiler inspection and ouizzes and lots more. These events registrants. To date, 100 leading Maritime museum hydraulic test, a boiler certificate attracted over 90,000 people. conservation consultants and opens was issued for a working pressure of Participants can decide whether 70 osi. to organise a single open day, or a specifiers have applied to be The National Maritime Museum registered. The first steam weekend using whole weekend of activities. NAD is Cornwall has opened at Falmouth in Heritage Information the the renovated boiler was on 23-24 organised and promoted by the CBA is a f28m develooment set to brainchild of director Dorian Crone. November 2002. In future is and the Young Archaeologists' Club complement the St lves Tate Gallery it formerly English Heritage, and hoped to steam the engines at (YAC), who are happy to promote all of and the Eden Project. Displays sees Coldharbour on Sunday and the NAD venues, although any himself an architect. He concentrate on small craft of all the Heritage Information as oiling the Monday of bank holiday weekends. contributions towards the costs of types. wheels of conservation, putting For more information, please advertising posters, press releases, people in touch with each othet contact Coldharbour Mill, etc would be appreciated. Brighton's West Pier making information easy to find, I 01884 840960. For guidelines and an and simplifying the whole process, collapses John Babb application form please contact: Jan and lo ensure Britain's buildings and High seas in late December brought Cox, Marketing & Events Officer, gardens are repaired and the partial collapse of the West Pier National Archaeology CBA, Bowes Morrell House, 111 maintained in the best possible way, at Brighton. The future of the pier, Walmgate, York Y01 9WA, Days by involving the right skilled and already suffering from years of 8 01904 611411 Each year the Council for British experienced people. Key supporters neglect, now looks even more bleak. E-mail: [email protected]. National include English Heritage, the Archaeology runs Archaeology Days, NAD 2003 will Heritage Lottery Fund, the Baltic Centre take olace over the weekend of Geoffrey D. Hay Department of Trade and Industry, l9- The former'l 950s Baltic Flour Mill at 20 July, and is hoped that more Geoffrey Hay, whose death was the National Trust, The Crown it Gateshead opened in July 2002 as a industrial archaeology organisations reported in lA News 123, wasborn Estate. and the Council for the Care f46m international contemporary 1922 and 1992 as printed on of will be involved. in not Churches. arts gallery, with 3000 square The aim of this annual event is page 1 l. The editor apologises for Prior to the oublic launch in metres of floor space the largest of encourage young people and this mistake. Spring 2003, Heritage Information is to its type outside London. This is part currently seeking specialist of a major cultural redevelopment consultants, contractors, architects, beside the Tyne at Gateshead. craftsmen, products and services to lnformation on the Baltic Centre and the register. loin its changing exhibitions and events For further information olease can be found at contact Alison Dean, Jago Dean PR www. ba lticm ill.com. ADVERTISE IN IA NEWS Coldharbour steams again lA reaches readcrship Nens a wide After 3'lz years' work, volunteers thrrugh direct suhscriptions. have refurbished a boiler at the ciculation to affi lialrd organisations Coldharbour textile mill in Uffculme. and use in lihraries, east Devon. A 300 HP cross Advertising rates range from as little compound Pollit & Wigzell engine as t30 to fl7(l for a full page. and Galloway boiler were installed lnserts may he mailcd with IA Ncws at at the mill in I9l0 to replace two a charge ol'025. beam engines. The engine remains Coldharbour Mill at Uffculme in Devon is under steam again. Meanwhile, a giant water- For t'urthcr details. corrtact the Editor. in good working order; with the wheel awaits restoration at this site Photo: Peter Stanier

14 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 REGIONAL NEWS

Yorkshire & Humberside Recent work by Huddersfield & District Archaeological Society, with Yorkshire's early iron industry is help from Bradford University, has being increasingly studied, and DORO..ilHEA revealed two furnaces, large while it does not offer such a deposits of bloomery slag and other concentration of sites as the Weald Myers RESTO IONS evidence of iron making at or the Forest of Dean, there is Wood, Storthes,Hall, Kirkburton. lf growing evidence that it was they are medieval there may be a important and widely distributed. LTI) Cistercians' Roche One centre was the Cistercians' link with the Abbey near Rotherham, which had a Incorporating Ernest Hole (Engineers) of Sussex Rievaulx Abbey near Helmsley, and a grange atThunder Bridge just to the team from Bradford University has held open days at found ironworks there and to the south.The Society Myers Wood in September, and north in Bilsdale. At Rievaulx they are planned. In have built an experimental further excavations the group of iron-working sites MACHINERY AND WINDIWATER MILLS bloomery based on the evidence along the Don at Wortley,Barnsley, from Bilsdale. By the dissolution of the site of Wortley Low Forge has Recent contracts include designs for an atmospheric the monasteries there was a high been scheduled Ancient and a steam locomotive, restoration bloomery or early blast furnace at as an railway, replica of Monument, its Laskill in Bilsdale. They are analysing more for l8C lead sculptures, repair and gilding of the Albert archaeological potential than for its slag samples for information about Memorial bronze decoration. conservation work on standing buildings, and students changes in smelting methods, and Turbinia, Lion, Sans Pareil and Locomotion, and even the University of Sheffield have studying the effects of the iron from the restoration of an hydraulic catafalque! surveyed the site of WortleyTin Mill. industry on the monastic economy Downstream long empty and the local landscape. Excavations the Oughtibridge Forge now by English Heritage at Whitby Abbey is Over 100 man years experience surrounded by new housing, and have revealed an industrial area proposal to convert it to close to the abbey walls, with there is a apartments; while excavations at Northern Works: New Road, Whaley Bridge, via Stockport, evidence of lead smelters, slag the former Wadsley Bridge Steel Cheshire SK23 7iG. Contact: Dave Hodgson heaps and glass working. Works before redevelooment Tel: (01663) 733544 Fax: (01663) 734521

Southern Works: Riverside Business Park, St Annes Road, St. Annes Park, Bristol, BS4 4ED. Contact: Geoff Wallis Tef : (01 17) 97 15337 Fax: (01 17) 977 1677

revealed two well preserved rows of them lT skills. In Sheffield's Rivelin crucible steel furnaces, 24 in all, Valley conservation volunteers have dating from the 1850s. The launched the Ponds Project to care impressive (1880s?) engineering for the watercourses, ponds and shop by Fox Hill Road is being other remains of water oowered converted to apartments. sites such as cutlery grinding In Nursery Street, 5heffield, the wheels, and provide footpaths and first clay pipe kiln site found in the waymarkers. city, probably dating from cl 790- The closure of T. & F. Firth, 1 830, has been excavated by the Clifton Mills, Bailiff Bridge, just University of Sheffield's north of Brighouse, one of the archaeological consultancy ARCUS. largest textile firms left in the English Heritage has made a Halifax area, was announced at the photographic record of the Swinden start of the year. Ihey had made Technology Centre (ex-British Steel) carpets, rugs and blankets there at Rotherham, with its wealth of since 1 866, and the buildings unusual experimental and testing included multi-storey spinning mills equipment, before it closes. With the and large single storey weaving help of Lottery money, a National sheds. Ihey were a family firm and Archive of Oral Railway History has contributed greatly to the local been established at the National community. When Buxton Opera Railway Museum, York, to collect House was refurbished a couple of recordings of people like Driver years ago, Firths found the carpet Duddington and Fireman Bray from pattern they had supplied when it Doncaster. who still hold the world was built in 1903, and wove a steam speed record for their 1938 replacement as a special order. run with 'Mallard'. At Kelham lsland Another milestone was the closure Museum, Sheffield, a novel Women of Prince of Wales Colliery near at Work proiect is collecting Pontefract on 30 August because of memories from women who worked geological problems. lt was sunk by years and Crucible holes at the Wadsley Bridge steelworks site Photo: D Bayliss in the city's industries and teaching John Rhodes Ltd 140 ago

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEaLoGY NEWS 124 15 REGIONAL NEWS

was the last ex-British Coal oit wool merchants warehouses in refurbished as a catalyst for the East Anglia working in West Yorkshire. Bradford known as Little Germany. regeneration of the waterfront, with I fear the loss of important sites in grant Unlisted but interesting Springhead pumping station, a of f1.5m from the European the region continues, often through buildings continue to be lost without Anlaby, Hull, became the Yorkshire Regional Development Fund and general decay and attrition rather a detailed record. ln South Yorkshire Water Museum for a period after it f260,000 from English Heritage. The than any positive action. While the year's losses included the long closed, with visits by arrangement, Commissioners of the little-known Eastern England was for perhaps 20 (1874 derelict blowing engine house but was unable to meet its costs. Driffield Navigation in EastYorkshire years the home of obsolescent but and lated of Holmes iron works, Plans by a local businessman to are carrying out a restoration still surviving industries and derelict programme Rotherham; the back block of the reopen the museum have sadly been including a new swing but still complete sites, in recent Brown Firth research laboratories in rejected security grounds. There bridge at Brigham, between Driffield on years demand for land, concerns Princess Street, Sheffield, built jointly is concern about the future of a and North Frodingham. about safety, opportunities for by two leading steel firms in 1908 surviving, unlisted, Hoffman brick The National Coal Mining adaptive reuse and the general and the place where Harry Brearley Heeley, Sheffield, in Museum at Caphouse Colliery near kiln in built recession have led to significant discovered stainless 1913; 1878 by Sheffield Brick Co. and Wakefield opened new galleries and steel in the losses, and the surviving sites are the eponymous Britannia Works, later used (1 91 9-21 ) to manufacture other facilities in the summer. The mostly consciously preserved, Love Street, Sheffield, built cl 845 for Richardson car. now new Coal Interface Gallery on two the light lt is usually through local initiatives. The (improved used storage by making the Britannia metal for a firm floors, explains the dangers of limits of thls approach have become pewter) Thorncliffe plans underground role trade; and windows, but there are to working and the evident in 2002. viaduct, Chapeltown, built by the redevelop the site. The plan to of new machinery in improving In Norfolk, the trust set up to Midland Railway 1894 in to bring demolish two or three arches of the safety, and covers the effects of the restore and preserve the unique Midlands ironstone Newton Grade Wicker Viaduct (built in regions. to the 2* industry on the mining New Mills air compressing station Chambers blast furnaces in 1849 to carry the MSLR across the Entrance is now free. Kelham lsland (used until the early 1970's to competition with North Lincolnshire Don valley) for a slip road from a Museum, Sheffield, created a has provide air for the Schone ejectors M5LR. The planned extension the Sheffield a ore brought by the of new library and store with which helped move Norwich's formerly water powered Wisewood been grant, keep Inner Ring Road has f200,000 lottery to sewage) became moribund, with all Forge in the Loxley Valley, Sheffield, reconsidered and now seems small exhibits, books, archives and a it its trustees in their 80's, and has years was closed over ten ago but its likely that the slip road will instead collection of 250,000 images in been wound up, Howeve[ the archaeology has only been studied go through the embankment at one better conditions. The displays are Norfolk IAS has been applying this autumn. after the demolition of end the Viaduct, which remains being updated and will open in the of pressure and there is some hope almost all the buildings, because a of on the Buildings at Risk Register. 0n spnn9. that the City Council or Norfolk particularly of same railway line, listed We recently marked 100th tangled tale the the the Museums may step in to preserve development plans and planning at birthday Clayton, the 1845 station building of Arthur this Grade 2* listed site. In Suffolk. applications. Oughtibridge remains derelict but historian Elsecar Hoyland of and brewing has stopped at the Tolly The designation Titus houses particularly of 5ir an application to build and of the 1795 Cobbold heritage brewery on Cliff Salt's mills and model village at around it has been turned down, Newcomen atmospheric engine at Quay in lpswich, with production Saltaire Bradford. World partly in case the little used railway Elsecar, and we are sorry to report as a moved to Ridley's Brewery in Essex, Heritage great line is ever revived part a that he died on Thursday 3 October Site is a as of and the future of the museum encouragement to the conservation trans-Pennine 101. He as a route or for at the age of worked operation looks very insecure of historic industrial buildings. Much Sheffield's pit Supertram. coal miner down the all his life despite the listed status of both huge been Rochdale Canal and had take a day work to of the mills has The 32-mile to off buildings and plant. However, not all sympathetically reused as shops, an from Sowerby Bridge Manchester read his paper on Engine the to the to such activities are failing. At Gunton art gallery a restaurant, offices and was reopened throughout July Newcomen Society. be in He will Sawmill in Norfolk, the small 110- flats. A public-private partnership, after the remaining works the fondly remembered in the area and at year-old crane has been restored the Little Germany Urban Village Manchester end were completed. At among historians. and re-erected. Modern crane Company, is working to regenerate Wakefield eighteenth-century Derek Bayliss and David Cant the regulations banning the use of cast the area of late-nineteenth centurv Navigation Warehouse is being OBITUARY

John Harvey Bennett pharmacy of a senior lecturer and future member of the Cumbria Industrial History Society (1937-2002l. president of the Pharmaceutical Society, T.G. and member of the AlA. He had a major part in Booth, and held this position for many years. organising the 1993 AIA Conference at AIA members England be in the north of will Although toned down in later life, John's Ambleside, and was joint author of the Cumbria saddened learn sudden to of the death of John spirit of fun remained and his organisational skills gazetteer. He was a member of several preserved Bennett. benefited the many local societies with which he railways and belonged to many wildlife and John was born in Huddersfield and educated was involved. He retained his interest in railways nature conservation groups (he was as at Almondbury Grammar School. He first and was a working member of the Keighley & passionate about the environment as he was developed a love of railways as a small boy Worth Valley Railway for many years, with duties about lA). holidaying with his grandparents in South ranging from restoring buildings and carriages to John left full time employment in September Yorkshire. His grandfather wielded a shunting ticket collecting and crossing keeper. In the early 2001 to help his wife Jan's fledgling business and pole in the sidings of the coal fields and John was 1 970s the business was sold and John moved into enjoyed part-time work in an old-fashioned allowed to ride the locomotive footplate as they hospital pharmacy. pharmacy. He finally finished work in March shunted wagons in the sidings. John achieved his second ambition when he 2002. In his last week he had enjoyed taking the He qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist in moved to Cumbria in 1983 to manage a family to the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway. He 1962, having served his apprenticeship and community pharmacy in Banow meeting many died as he would have wished, quickly, in his own studied at Huddersfield Tech, and was selected people through his interests in railways, industrial garden, reliving happy memories. from his final year colleagues to manage the archaeology and wildlife. John was long serving

16 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEjLjGY NEW| 124 REGIONAT NEWS iron for working parts mean that it can only be used for demonstration purposes. The main volunteers here are fairly elderly too, but at least the site is leased and backed bv the Norfolk Mills Trust. Fakenham Gasworks has a new keen director and things are looking up, but there are problems with the last steam drifter, the Lydia Eva, which needs urgent and expensive hull repairs. Very definite losses include the demolitions of the Tillitson Cardboard Box works at Burwell, the largely wooden superphosphate factory at Kings Lynn, the 1840s beer store of the King Street brewery in Nonivich and the Caley chocolate factory in Nonruich. Giving considerable cause for concern is the large wooden The restored tinber crane at Gunton Park saw nill in Noiolk Photo: Barri Funnell drying shed at the tannery of Hutchins and Hardy in Sawston, across the river. the Kerrison Road In Cambridge, the largelyl930s downdraught kilns in pretty good which is being allowed to decay, maltings are liable to be demolished airport and its buildings are under order, and even more interesting, a with both the owners and the local to allow for the expansion of the threat, with moves to relocate the very large (about 7 metres high) authority claiming they have no South Stand at the Norwich City airport further from the city because piece of plant for extruding pipes for funds available to make it safe. lt ground. Although almost the last of concerns about safety and noise. field drainage by Wootton's of could be they are waiting for the recognisable malting structure in Since it has already been shifted Coalville - can anyone provide next gale. I have mentioned this site the city, the interior has long been once, in the thirties, and housing information about other surviving in the past, and still hold the view stripped out. The Letheringsett develooment was then allowed to examples? In lpswich, approval has that the only practicable answer is maltings/brewery complex is now in fill the space between the new site been given for a large demolition, subject to a full survey the hands of a second developer and the city, this seems a bit rich. At redevelooment of the dockside being made first. who seems to be rather more the moment there is interest in the Cranfields Mill and adjacent Concern remains about the sympathetic in his approach, though site of the Gisleham brickworks near buildings into the usual offices, Colman's Mustard site in Nonruich, his first scheme has been rejected by Lowestoft, which only closed in the shops and housing mix. Industry which seems to be in limbo, and the planning authority. 1990s and has three post WW2 closures include the North Walsham canning factory and Webers, the last REGIONAL CORRESPONDENTS working foundry in Great Yarmouth. However, Capp's foundry in Thurton Please support your Regional Conespondent by sending relevant material which may be of interest to our readers. flourishes, and the new manager, John Capp's son, was awarded the Region 6: WALES Region 'l l: HOME COUNTIES Region 1: SCOTLAND title of Young lronfounder of the Dr Miles Oglethorpe, Royal Commission Pat Frost, Castlering Archaeology, 6 Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Year. Sadly, the last deep sea trawler on the Ancient and Historical Castle Ring, Pontesbury Hill, Pontesbury B uc k i ng h a ms h i re a n d H ertfo rds h i re in Lowestoft has tied up, bringing to Monuments of Scotland, John Sinclair Shrewsbury Shropshire 5Y5 OYA Phil Monis, 71 Van Diemans Road, Stanford in the Vale. Oxon. SN7 8HW an end an industry created by the House, 16 Bernard Tenace, Edinburgh Region 7: WEST MIDLANDS two main engineers of the harbour, EH8 9NX Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Region 12:50UTH EAST William Cubitt and Morton Peto. Region 2: IRELAND Midlands, Warwickshire, Hereford and ENGLAND A sad loss to the knowledge of Michael Coulter, Department of Worcester Hanpshire and lsle of Wighq Surrey, milling history and technology has Environment, Historic Monuments and John Powell, lronbridge Gorge Museum Sussex and Kent been the death of Peter Dolman, but Buildings, 5-33 Hill Street, Belfast 1 Trust, The Wharfage, lronbridge, Telford, Chris Shepheard, Rose Cottage, 22 Shrooshire TF8 7AW Ridgeway Hill Road, Farnham, Suney mills in general are well looked Region 3: NORTHERN ENGLAND GUg 815 after, Particularly notable has been Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Region 8: EAST MIDLANDS the restoration work at the Wear, Durham and Cleveland Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Region 13: WEST OF ENGLAND Drinkstone mills by the Haywards. To Graham Brooks, Coomara, Carleton, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Somerset, Avon, Gloucestershire, note, some Carlisle. Cumbria CA4 0BU Northanptonshire Wiltshire and Dorset end on a more cheerful David Lyne, 10 Somerville Road, Mike Bone, Sunnyside, Avon Close, of the medieval buildings at lsaac Region 4: YORKSHIRE AND 'l Leicester LE3 2ET Kevnsham, Bristol BS18 LQ Lord's warehouse on lpswich Dock HUMBERSIDE have been restored, the Aldeburgh North. South and West yorkshire and Region 9: EAST ANGLIA Region 14: SOUTH WEST brickworks may reopen, the last Humberside Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and ENGLAND Suffolk, the Derek Bayliss, 30 Muskoka Avenue, LSSEX Devon and Cornwall working maltings in a Bents Green, Sheffield 51 1 7RL David Alderton, 48 Quay Street, VACANT 1960s Albion maltings, has got Halesworth, Suffolk lPl9 8EY contract to supply Beck's brewery Region 5: NORTH WEST on the continent, the malt going by ENGLAND Region 10: GREATER L0NDON sea, and Southwold has both a new Lancashire, Merseyside, Greater Dr R.J.M. Carr, 127 Queen's Drive, pier and a new 1 920s-style cinema, Manchester and Chesh ire London N4 2BB Kevin Wade, 82 Bishopgate Street, complete with organ. Liveroool 115 1AW David Alderton

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 124 17 PUBLICATIONS

Local Society and other periodicals received In 24 chapters the author outlines the varying industrial activities found in rural Dorset over 200 hundred years, the wide scope covering such areas Abstracts will appear in lndustrial Archaeology Review. as farming, brewing, railways and tramways, ports and shipping, housing and military remains. The traditional industries include hemp and flax, stone Archaeology in Wales, 41 ,2001 quarrying, and potters' clay, and the whereabouts of many of the county's BW Monthly, September, October & November 2002 industrial remains are detailed. The book is profusely illustrated with B lAGscope, 55, Autumn 2002 photographs, maps and plans, while a list of selected further reading and an Cleveland lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 81, September index are also useful.Ihe book will be of particular relevance to those with 2002 an interest in industrial history and archaeology, but it is also recommended Conservation Bulletin, 43, 0ctober 2002 to all who are interested in Dorset's history as it is written in a friendly, but Context, 76, September 2002 authoritative, style. This book is a definite purchase for your collection. Cumbria lndustrial History Society Bulletin,51, December 2001 Dorset lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsleffer, 4, September 2002 Greenwich and Woolwich at Work, by Mary Mills. Stroud: Sutton G IIAS N ews letter, 202, October 2002 Publishing, 2002.128 pp, illus. ISBN 0 7509 3000 4. fl2.99. Greenwich lndustrial History,5/4 & 5, September & November 2002 Maritime Greenwich and military Woolwich have a long industrial lndustrial Heritage 28, Summer 2002 tradition. Along the riverside were many wharves and a vast acreage lournal of the Norfolk lndustrial Archaeology Society, 1 12, 2002 devoted to armaments manufacture and research at the Royal Arsenal. Manchester Region lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 101 , These were complemented by numerous heavy engineering works. In November 2002 addition, undersea telecommunications equipment and cables were Nottinghamshire Industrial Archaeology Society lournal, 2712, manufactured along with precision instruments. This book illustrates some 0ctober 2002 these industries and the people working in them. PHEW Newsletter, 95,September 2002 SAVE Britain's Heritage Newsletter, October 2001 North Derbyshire Tramways, Chesterfield, Matlock & Glossop, by Scottish lndustrial Heritage Society Bulletin,24, December 2002 Barry M. Marsden, Stroud: Tempus,2002.128 pp, 190 illus. ISBN 0 7524 Search: South Wiltshire Industrial Archaeology Society Bulletin, 15, 2398 3. fl2.00. March 2002 In the heyday of trams, no fewer than seven systems operated in Suffolk lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, T9, 0ctober 2002 Derbyshire, including horse-drawn, cable and electric systems. This book Surrey lndustrial History Group Newsletter, 129 & 130, Sept. & Nov. covers three systems: the Matlock cable tramway, the gift of the publisher 2002 Sir George Newnes in 1893; the system at Chesterfield, initially horse-drawn TICCIH Bulletin, 18, 2002 and the second electrified system in Yorkshire Archaeological Society, lndustrial History 5ection from 1882, but electrified in 1904/5; Derbyshire, that at Glossop which operated from 1903 to 1927. An Newsletter, 56, Autumn 2002 introduction to the county tramways and chapters on each of the three Yorkshire History Quarterly, Sll &2, August & November 2002 systems describe their inception and history. Many photographs, along with layout plans and maps, illustrate not only their construction and rolling Books Received stock, but also the contemporary streetscapes of the towns. lhe following books have been received for review in lndustrial Archaeology Review. Short Notices

Birmingham's lndustrial Heritage 1900-2000, by Ray Shill. Stroud: Boston by Caslight, by Neil R. Wright. Boston: Richard Kay, 2002. 46 pp, Sutton, 2002. 200 pp, illus. |SBN 0 7509 2593 0. fl4.99. 25 illus. ISBN 1 902882 44 X. f5.00. This book aims to give an insight into the industrial heritage of Boston was one of the first towns in Lincolnshire to be lit by gas. The Birmingham, looking at the development of the metal, electrical, bicycle and Boston Gas Light and Coke Company was established in 1825 by local automotive industries that became the lifeblood of the city. The production merchants and shopkeepers. The author describes the gradual expansion of of steel pens, buttons, coins and medals, jewellery railway rolling stock, the works until nationalisation in 1949. A large new gas works was opened rubber; glass, lamps and guns and ammunition are also included. Fifteen in 1954 which was to cease production in 1970 following the availability of well-illustrated chapters deal thematically with the various trades and natural gas from the North Sea reserves. emohasise the skills and resources of the workers.

London's River, by Chris Thurman. Stroud: Tempus,2002.96 pp, 175 illus. Dorset in the Age of Steam: a history and archaeology of Dorset lsBN 0 7524 2379 7. fl4.00. lndustry c.l 750-1 950, by Peter Stanier. Tiverton: Dorset Books, 2002. 1 60 This landscape format book contains a collection of photographs by the pp, 275 illus. ISBN I 871 1 54 90 7. f1 9.95 hardback. author taken over many years. The book is provided with sketch maps and the contents are divided into twelve chapters covering sections of the River Thames from Westminster to Woolwich. The results show the massive Anne Jones Booksearch Service economic and social change that has taken place over 40 years. 'Bryher' Barncoose Terrace Redruth, Cornwall TR15 3EP TBC PRINT SERYICES LIMITED Telephone 01209 211180 MORE THAN JUST ANOTHER PRINTER!

A selection of secondhand and out of print books for sale We provide a complete in-house service for all kinds of print work, including Industrial Archaeology:- Canals, Railways, Bridges, early large format p0sters, transparencies for overhead projection presentations, Engineers, Steam and Engineering interest perfect binding for dissertations etc, saddle stitch binding for pamphlets etc, Please phone or write for list single and full colour printing from 5 to 50,000 copies, business stationery (including NCR forms) - the list is pretty much endless. Free book search also available Forum, Dorset DTl1 8ST Details request 3c Sunrise Business Park, Blandfotd on Telephone 01258 453178/488990 Facsimile 01258 488992 Email: [email protected]. uk

18 INDUSTRIAL AR1HAE)L)GY NEWS 124 PUBTICATIONS A MILESTONE FOR SHIRE Traction Engines and other steam road engines, by Derek Rayner (5hire 2002 was an exciting yearfor Shire Publications years who celebrated 40 of Album 404, 2002. ISBN 0 7478 0525 3. 40 pp, 79 illus, many in colour. publishing and published their 1000th title, appropriately titled Milestones. f4.50. Shire are privately publishing one of the few remaining small, owned houses This book describes traction engines from their development in the in Britain. The popular Shire series runs over 400 Album now to titles, and 1860s, how they worked and what they did. There are sections on many have proved valuable starting points studying for a wide variety of agricultural engines, ploughing engines, road locomotives for heavy industrial archaeological topics. haulage, smaller steam tractors and the mighty showman's engines, as well The year 40th has also brought changes to the design of new Albums, as steam rollers and the related portable engines. Working practices and introducing colour illustrations and extending some to 48 pages, bound with engines are profusely illustrated in historic photographs or at modern-day a soine. Milestones and Piers are two of the first in this new format. steam rallies. Derek Rayner has written Road Rollers in the series.

by (5hireAlbum Milestones, Mervyn Benford 401,2002).lSBN 0 7478 0526 Road 9igns, by Stuart Hands (ShireAlbum 402,2002. ISBN 0 7478 0531 8. 1,48 pp,137 colour illus. f4.99. 32 pp,93 illus. f3.50. This handsome little book in the Just how can you date those familiar twentieth-century road signs that new style Shire Albums is filled with are now fast disappearing? lmportantly, this book is a great help by good quality colour photographs describing the various Ministry of Transport regulations with their reasoning which clearly demonstrate the and dates. Sections cover warning, mandatory and prohibitive signs, fascinating and rich diversity of direction signs and boundary or location signs. All the main types and mile-markers. Milestones are found varieties are illustrated; one memorable photograph shows scores of throughout the kingdom and there redundant Devonshire wooden finger posts stacked together in a yard are brief notes on their origins, their before being burnt. Places to visit include the Dingles Steam Village in association with turnpike trusts, and Devon, where many signs collected by the author are displayed. how they have fared in modern gazetteer times. A summarises the A textile trio of Shire Albums was also reprinted in 2002. They are types of milestones to be found in Framework Knitting,by Marilyn Palmer (ISBN 0 85263 6687), Looms and have many counties where they Weaving, by Anna P. Benson and Neil Warburton (ISBN 0 85263 753 5), and often been superseded by modern Textile Machineg by Anna P Benson (ISBN 0 85263 647 4). Their price is road signs and therefore neglected, only f3.50 and these fully illustrated 32-page titles also list places to visit. damaged or removed.

All titles are available from booksellers or Shire Publications, Cromwell House, (Shire Piers and Other Seaside Architecture Album 406, 2002). ISBN 0 Church Street, Princes Risborough, Bucks HP27 9AA. Website: 74780539 3.48 pp,99 colour illus. f4.99. www.shirebooks.co.uk. The free Shire books catalogue gives a full list of titles. Architecture at the seaside is colourful, inventive and fun, its buildings created in pursuit of profit OVERSEAS DIARY from pleasure. The author outlines 29 MAY 1 JUNE 2OO3 the history of pier and pavilion - MONTREAL INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: A CONTINENTAT AND construction, with examples TRANS-OCEANIC TURNTABLE, 1850-2OOO illustrated from all around the at Montreal, the 32nd annual conference of the Society for Industrial country. Places of entertainment Archeology. Details on SIA website (wwwss.mtu.edu/lA/sia.html), or contact ashore include the Blackpool Tower, James Bouchard, A (51a) 251-5148, Fax: (514) 251-5126, E-mail: Gardens other the Winter and [email protected]. 'pleasure palaces'. Attention is paid to architectural detaill with styles 10-17 JULY 2003 from the Victorian period to the TICCIH Xll INTERNATIONAI CONGRESS: THE modern era, including the 1930s TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL CENTRES & THE ROLE Saltdean Lido and Bexhill's De La OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Wan Pavilion. Even beach huts and at Moscow, Ekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil, Russia, the Xllth International waste water treatment works are not Congress of TlCClH, on the study, conservation and re-use of national forgotten.Ihe author has also written industrial heritage, with emphasis on transforming and rehabilitating old Lighthousesin the Shire series. industrial centres. Details from Congress Secretariat, Mrs Natalia Krasnogor, IHMC, P0 Box 65, Ekaterinburg, B-109, Russia 620109. Details and on-line registration form on website www.ticcih2003.ur.ru.

THE BOOK HOUSE 24-26 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 The leading industrial archaeology booksellers since 1963 - ARCHAEOMETALLURGY IN EUROPE books on all aspects oftechnology & transport at the Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia 'Leonardo da Vincl', Lrsrs rssuso - Fnss SEARCH sERVrcE a conference on all aspects of the history of iron and copper metallurgy in Our nev,shop is now open, near the top ol the village street, European countries. Further information is obtainable from website: adjoining FallowJield www.fast.mi.it./aim/archeo.htm or at Associazione ltaliana di Metallurgia, PR. Morandi 2-20121 Milano, ltaly, + 39 0276397770, Fax: + 39 02 The Book House, Fallowfield, Ravenstonedale, 8 76020551, E-mail: [email protected]. Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland CA l7 4NG Telephone and Fax: 015396-23634 25-29 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 e-mail mail@the bookhouse.co.uk 5TH INTERNATIONAL MINING HISTORY CONGRESS Open daily except Sunday & Tuesday: 9am-5pm at Akabira, Hokkaido, Japan, a programme of papers and events. Organiser or visit our bookstall at many IA conferences is Koko Kato, and her e-mail address is [email protected]. See also website www.imhc2003.com and page 13.

INDUSTRIAL AR.HAE)L)GY NEWS 124 19 DIARY

8 MARCH 2OO3 lronbridge, on the theme of 'Power 10 MAY 2003 5-T1 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 DORSET'5 BEST KEPT in Corn and Textile Mills'. Further INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH AIA ANNUAL CONFERENCE INDUSTRIAL SECRETS details are on page 8 and a booking YORKSHIRE IN SOUTH-EAST WALES programme of at Sutton Poyntz Water Museum, form is mailed with this issue. at Grenoside, a day school to mark at Cardiff, with a full Weymouth, an event organised by the 70th anniversary of the South lectures. awards and f ield visits. 26 APR|L 2003 D|AS and Wessex Water as part of Yorkshire Industrial History Society Details are mailed with this rssue. CUMBRIA SHIPPING AND National Science Week. Brief talks and its forerunners. Details from 5I.{IPBUILDING on Dorset's lA highlights, museum Chris Morley, I 01 14 246 2629. For Overseas Diary at Ambleside, the 18th annual tour and visit to the site of Brunel's Spring Conference of the Cumbria 16-18 MAY 2003 see page 19 Great Eastern funnel. Prior Industrial History Society with E.FAITH MEETING enrolment is essential. For details lectures on shipping and in London, to provide an send SAE to: John Willows, Water shipbuilding, followed by the AGM opportunity for members of E-FAITH Supply Museum, Sutton Poyntz oJ ClH5. For details send 5AE to CIHS and others to meet. Details from Pumping Station, Weymouth, Dorset Bookings, Broombank Cottage, Paul Saulter, B0 Udimore Road, Rye, DT3 6LI Lindal-ln-Furness, Cumbria LA'l 2 Sussex TN31 7DY 5 ,qPRlL ?s03 OLW. t7 IMAY 7t)03 SERIAE 'ls &4&v ?$03 ElVllAC 65:4O0 YEARS SF at the 0ld Royal Naval College, 51IVA5 RIAC KAYI-Es IN NOTTING}IAM University of Greenwich, London, at Devizes, the South West and at New College, Nottingham, the the South East Region Industrial South Wales Region Industrial 65th East Midlands lA Conference Archaeology Conference, on the Archaeology Conference hosted by on the theme of railway theme 'The Thames Waterway -'The the lA Committee of the Wiltshire developments hosted by the East of the World' and hosted by GLIAS.. Archaeology & Natural History Midlands branch of the Railway & SAE for booking form to F. Morton, Society. Further information can be Canal Historical Society. Lectures on 84a Kingston Road, Luton, Beds LU2 obtained from WANHS at The early railways and street tramways, 7SA. For general conference info. Museum, 41 Long Street, Devizes, followed by a visit to the call 020-8692-851 2 or visit Wiltshire 5N10'lNS. Nottingham Express Transit. SAE for IA www.Glias org.uk. I 01380 727369 E-mail: details from EMlAC65, 141 Allestree 12-11 APRti- 30$3 wanhs@wi ltshireheritage.org. uk. Lane, Allestree, Derby DE22 2PG. IRONBRINGE Ud€EKgTJA AIA 7 JUNE 2OO3 the annual Affiliated Societies INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS EERIAC 13 (formerly AIA Bulletin ISSN 0309-0051) Weekend at the lronbridge Institute, at Huntingdon, the 13th Eastern tssN 1354-1455 England Region lA Conference. For full details and booking form when Editor: Dr Peter Stanier please SAE Mrs available, send to: Published by the Association for lndustrial Brenda Taylor, Crown House, Archaeology. Contributions should be Horsham 5t Faiths, Norwich, NR10 sent to the Editor, Dr Peter Stanier, 49 3JD Ereach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset 5P7 8LF. News and press releases may be sent to 3-7 JULY 2003 the Editor or the appropriate AIA Begional MANCHESTER REGION IA Conespondents The Editor nay be SOCIETY sUMMER STUDY telephoned on 01747 854707 or e-nail: WEEKEND a ia news@sta n ie 149. freese rve co. u k. at Van Mildert College, University o{ Durham. Detail and booking from final copy dates are as follows Jill Champness, 108 Woburn Drive, 30 March for May mailing Hale, Altrincham, Cheshire, WA15 30 June for August mailing 8NF Tel:0161 980 7612. E-mail: 30 September for November mailing bernard.jill champness@ 30 December for February mailing

tinyworld. co. u k. fhe AIA was established in I 973 to promote 13-'r6 Jr.rLY 20113 the study of lndustrial Archaeology and LEAD AND THE LFVELS; encourage inproved standards of recording, research, conservation and publication. lt EXPLORIN6 INDUSTRIAI. aims to assist and support regional and ARCHAEOLOGY FROM specialist suruey groups and bodies involved ROMAT{ TO I'ICTORIAN in the preservation of industrial monuments, TIMES to represent the interests of lndustrial at Dillington House, Somerset, a Archaeology at national level, to hold course combining lectures and field conferences and seminars and to publish the results of research fhe AIA publishes an visits to explore the Mendip Hills annual Review and quafterly News bulletin. lead mines and the varied industries Fufther details may be obtained from the of the Somerset Levels. Details from Liaison Officer, AIA 0ffice, School of Dillington House, llminster, Archaeological Studies, University of Somerset TA19 9DT. I 01460 Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH. 8 0116 252 5337 Fax 0116 252 5005. 52421. Fax: 0l 460 52433. The views expressed in this bulletin are not necessarily those of the Association for Industrial Archaeology

20 @ Association for Industrial Archaeology, February 2003 Registered in England under the Companies Act '1948 (No. 1326854) and the Charities Act 1960 (No. 27751 1) Resisteredoorric:::':.::yl'i:".'!^i.::1f::i3::'ll-11:]llt?11.'j':'^:T rF8 7DQ