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Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has b een reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken o r indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print t>leedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that tMe author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to b o removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, begrinning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sanctions with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have tieen reproduced xerographicaily in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & How«ll Information and beaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Art)or, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI’ SEDIMENTOLOGY, MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE SIRIUS GROUP AND OTHER CENOZOIC GLACIGENIC SEDIMENTS FROM ANTARCTICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE AND ICE SHEET HISTORY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Sandra Passchier, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Professor P.-N. Webb, Advisor Professor L. A. Krissek Professor G. Faure Professor G. D. McKenzie Advisor Department of Geological Sciences UMI Number: 9994919 ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 9994919 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Sandra Passchier 2000 ABSTRACT Sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical studies are applied to Cenozoic glacial sediments in Antarctica to investigate their provenance and paleoenvironment of deposition. The age and origin of terrestrial glacial deposits of the Sirius Group in the Transantarctic Mountains are widely debated. X-ray diffraction studies, and analyses of heavy minerals, chemistry, and grain-size identified two provenance end members: one consisting of deposits on high summit plateaus with a provenance of chemically weathered sedimentary rocks; another consisting of deposits in glacial troughs, the present drainage corridors of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, with a provenance of igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. The different geomorphological settings and compositions of the Sirius Group are caused by emplacement of the Sirius Group at different stages of glacial denudation in the Transantarctic Mountains, which requires that the deposits have different ages. Climatic records from the Victoria Land basin in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica show that a decrease in chemical weathering started at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Glaciotectonic features in the Cape Roberts drillcores CRP-1 and CRP-2/2A in the Victoria Land basin were studied and suggest that ice first reached the continental shelf in the Ross Sea sector in the mid- Oligocene, which indicates that the decrease in chemical weathering was associated with climatic cooling and was followed by ice-sheet growth and expansion. Deposition of part of the Sirius Group may be related to these earlier glacial phases. Because of their widely varying ages, correlation between Sirius Group outcrops to reconstruct late Neogene paleoclimatic conditions is not recommended. The Oliver Bluffs succession is Pliocene in age and forms an important terrestrial archive of a relatively recent interval of global warming. However, it should not be regarded as representative of the entire Sirius Group. Although the chemical index of alteration suggests that weathering was limited, the Pliocene Sirius Group at Oliver Bluffs shows evidence of considerable meltwater reworking, suggesting that surface melting was more important than under the present dry polar climate conditions in continental Antarctica. I ll To my parents I dedicate this dissertation. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to a number of people for continuous support, guidance, feed back and encouragement during this research. First, I would like to thank my advisor Peter Webb for guidance through many aspects of the graduate education and for allowing me to explore the research topics of my choice and in a way I thought was best. Committee members Peter Webb, Larry Krissek, Gunter Faure, and Garry McKenzie are thanked for their critical review of the text, and Larry Krissek is also recognized for advice on various aspects regarding the study of the composition of sediments. Gunter Faure, David Harwood, and Gary Wilson provided additional samples of the Sirius Group and are thanked for discussion on the topic in the initial stages of the research. Jason Whitehead is thanked for providing information about, and samples from the Pagodroma Group of East Antarctica. I thank Mary Davis for carrying out the Coulter Counter measurements at the Byrd Polar Research Center, and Tumara Withers for lab assistance with the DVDP-11 pilot study. David Elliot is recognized for his interest in the Sirius Group, some valuable discussions, and for help with the identification of minerals and rock fragments. Rosemary Askin shared unpublished data on pollen and spores in the Sirius Group, which is greatly appreciated. Fellow graduate students here at OSU, including my colleagues Wojciech Majewski and Michael Sperling are thanked for support and reviewing early versions of papers and proposals. Gerhard Schmiedl provided much inspiration and contagious enthusiasm during his year here at OSU. Peter Barrett gave me the opportunity to participate in the Cape Roberts Drilling Project, and I thank him for his encouragements in the breccia studies. Terry Wilson and Tim Paulsen are also thanked for discussions and collaboration on the study of breccias in the CRP-1 core. Chris Fielding, Mike Hambrey, Larry Krissek, Ross Powell and Laura De Santis are thanked for answering questions when observing the Cape Roberts cores in McMurdo Station. Being a part of the Cape Roberts Science Team has been essential in broadening my horizons and all members are thanked for sharing an exciting scientific and international experience. The Ocean Drilling Program is thanked for providing the opportunity to participate in drilling on the East Antarctic margin. Co-chiefs Alan Cooper and Phil O'Brien, and the Leg 188 shipboard scientific party, in particular Steve Bohaty, Fabio Florindo, Carl Fredrik Forsberg, Pat Quilty, Michele Rebesco, Kari Strand, Dietz Wamke, and Jason Whitehead are acknowledged for discussions on various topics of Arctic and Antarctic science. Jaap van der Meer is thanked for his continuing support and inspiration beyond the Master's level. I am also indebted to Dick van der Wateren and Anja Verbers who introduced me to the geology of Antarctica and provided the opportunity to work on the Sirius Group when I was still in the Netherlands. Annemieke and Sandra are thanked for visiting me here and providing moral support as well as a good opportunity for some leisure time. The social gatherings with my American and international friends here in Columbus are also much appreciated. My sister Ellen is thanked for her love and hospitality during my visits to Amsterdam. Lastly, I am greatly indebted to my best friend and partner Wobbe for his artistic contributions, and for his support for, and understanding of my dedication to science during the course of the dissertation. Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs grants GPP 93-17979, GPP 94-19054 and GPP 94-20475 to Peter-N. Webb (Principal Investigator), the Lois Jones Fellowship, a Geological Society of America student research grant, and the Friends of Grton Hall. VI VITA November 6, 1968 Bom - Leiden, The Netherlands 1994 M.S. Physical Geography University of Amsterdam The Netherlands 1994-1995 Office Coordinator Institute for Geo-ecological Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995 Research Assistant Netherlands Institute For Applied Geoscience TNG Haarlem, The Netherlands 1996 Research Assistant Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Fall 1996 Teaching Assistant The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1997-2000 Research Assistant The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Fall 1997 Technician, Cape Roberts drilling Project, Antarctica Fall 1998 Technician, Cape Roberts drilling Project, Antarctica Winter 1999 Lecturer Historical Geology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Spring 2000 Sedimentologist Ocean Drilling Program Leg 188 VII PUBLICATIONS Van Tatenhove, F.G.M. and Passchier, S., 1995, Morphological and sedimentological characteristics of past and present ice dammed lakes in west Greenland. In: Abstracts of the International Union for Quaternary Research, XIV International Congress, 3-10 August 1995, Berlin, Germany, p. 284.
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