DOCSLIB.ORG

IS the UK in HOT WATER? Nadia Narayan and Colleagues Assess the Nation’S Karstic Geothermal Resources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IS the UK in HOT WATER? Nadia Narayan and Colleagues Assess the Nation’S Karstic Geothermal Resources SCIENTISTVOLUME 28 No. 09 ◆ OCTOBER 2018 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95 Focus on geothermal IS THE UK IN HOT WATER? Nadia Narayan and colleagues assess the nation’s karstic geothermal resources VOLCANIC DANCE UNCONVENTIONALS SUB-SURFACE STRATEGY Brendan McCormick Kilbride on Technological advances Peter Styles asserts the need for fieldwork in Papua New Guinea in this flourishing sector a UK plan on sub-surface use WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 1 The ‘Geology of’ Series Discover the Geological Society’s ‘Geology of’ series, including Japan, Scotland, Spain, Thailand, Chile and more... Browse the Online Bookshop for these and other titles from the Geological Society and other earth science publishers Visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/geogifts or call the Publishing House on +44(0)1225 445 046 Image NE Scotland © omas Wild Hopeman GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS The ‘Geology of’ Geoscientist is the ADVERTISING SALES Fellowship magazine Alex Killen of the Geological Society T 01727 739 182 Series of London E [email protected] The Geological Society, ART EDITOR Burlington House, Piccadilly, Heena Gudka London W1J 0BG T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 DESIGN & PRODUCTION F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 Ryan Gaston Discover the Geological Society’s ‘Geology of’ series, including Japan, E [email protected] (Not for Editorial - Please PRINTED BY Scotland, Spain, Thailand, Chile and more... contact the Editor) Century One Publishing House Publishing Ltd. The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Copyright Brassmill Enterprise Centre, The Geological Society of Brassmill Lane, Bath London is a Registered Charity, BA1 3JN number 210161. T 01225 445046 ISSN (print) 0961-5628 F 01225 442836 ISSN (online) 2045-1784 The Geological Society of London Library accepts no responsibility for the views T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 expressed in any article in this publication. 5 16 All views expressed, except where explicitly E [email protected] stated otherwise, represent those of the author, and not The Geological Society of London. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF All All rights reserved. No paragraph of this Professor Andy Fleet publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. EDITOR Users registered with Copyright Clearance Dr Amy Whitchurch Center: the Journal is registered with CCC, E [email protected] 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA. 0961- 5628/02/$15.00. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders of material EDITORIAL BOARD in this publication. If any rights have been Mr Steve Branch omitted, the publishers offer their apologies. Dr Robin Cocks Dr Howard Falcon-Lang No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons Prof. Tony Harris or property as a matter of products liability, Mr Edmund Nickless negligence or otherwise, or from any use Dr Alan Roberts or operation of any methods, products, 10 27 Mr David Shilston instructions or ideas contained in the material Prof. Peter Styles herein. All advertising material is expected to conform to ethical and trading standards, Dr Colin Summerhayes and reasonable care is taken to ensure that Dr Jonathan Turner advertisers are reputable and reliable. However, Dr Jan Zalasiewicz inclusion in this publication or as an insert does ON THE COVER: not constitute a guarantee or endorsement Trustees of the of the quality or value of such products 10 IS THE UK IN HOT WATER? Geological Society or services, or of the claims made by its manufacturer. Geoscientist and the Geological of London Society of London can give no assurance that Nadia Narayan and colleagues Prof Nick Rogers an advertiser will fulfil its obligation under all Mr Thomas Backhouse circumstances discuss the geothermal potential Mr Andrew Bloodworth Subscriptions: All correspondence Mr John Booth (Vice President) relating to non-member subscriptions should of Carboniferous Limestone karst Dr Jason Canning be addresses to the Journals Subscription Ms Lesley Dunlop Department, Geological Society Publishing Mr Graham Goffey (Treasurer) House, Unit 7 Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath, BA1 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 Dr Sarah Gordon (Secretary, 445046. Email: [email protected]. Foreign & External Affairs) The subscription price for Volume 28, 2018 FEATURESFEATURES Prof James Griffiths (04 issues) to institutions and non-members will be £157 (UK) or £179 / US $358 (Rest Ms Naomi Jordan Prof Chris King of World). 16 DANCE ON A VOLCANO Brendan McCormick Kilbride on fieldwork in Dr Robert Larter © 2018 The Geological Society Dr Bryne Ngwenya of London Papua New Guinea Dr Colin North (Secretary, Publications) Geoscientist is printed on FSC® mixed credit - Mixed source products are a blend of Dr Sheila Peacock FSC 100%, Recycled and/or Controlled fibre. Mr Nicholas Reynolds (Vice Certified by the Forest REGULARS President) Stewardship Council®. Prof Katherine Royse (Secretary, 05 WELCOME Amy Whitchurch ponders the UK’s geothermal Professional Matters) Mr Keith Seymour (Vice energy future President) SCIENTISTVOLUME 28 No. 09 ◆ OCTOBER 2018 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST 06 SOCIETY NEWS What your Society is doing at home and Miss Jessica Smith UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95 GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London Focus on Dr Helen Smyth geothermal abroad, in London and the regions Prof Robin Strachan Mr John Talbot (Vice President) 09 SOAPBOX Peter Styles asks who owns the land under Dr Alexander Whittaker our backyards (Secretary, Science) IS THE UK 20 CALENDAR Society activities this month IN HOT WATER? Assess the nation’s karstic Published on behalf of the geothermal resources Geological Society of VOLCANIC DANCE UNCONVENTIONALS SUB-SURFACE STRATEGY Brendan McCormick Kilbride on Technological advances Peter Styles asserts the need for fieldwork in Papua New Guinea in this flourishing sector a UK plan on sub-surface use London by: WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 1 22 BOOKS & ARTS Five new books and an exhibition review Browse the Online Bookshop for these and other titles from the Geological Society Century One Publishing Cover image: The Roman Baths, Bath, UK Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam 25 MEETING REPORT Sam Green and Martyn Millwood Hargrave and other earth science publishers Road, St Albans, Herts, report on the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference AL3 4DG T 01727 893 894 26 PEOPLE Advice for PhD students, geologist and poet Archie Visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/geogifts F 01727 893 895 Lamont, GeoBus update and more E enquiries@centuryone publishing.uk W www.centuryone 30 OBITUARY Charles Henry Emeleus 1930-2017 or call the Publishing House on +44(0)1225 445 046 publishing.uk WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 3 Image NE Scotland © omas Wild Hopeman Bryan Lovell 2019 v2 4-4-2018_Layout 1 31/08/2018 16:25 Page 1 CONFERENCE in association with BRYAN LOVELL MEETING 2019 Role of geological science in the decarbonisation of power production, Marine Minerals: heat, transport and industry A New Resource for the 21st Century 21-23 January 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House 31 October –1November 2018 The Geological Society, Burlington House, London In the UK and elsewhere, decarbonisation of power production, industry, transport and heating to meet climate change targets is a major challenge and one that intrinsically involves the subsurface and geoscience. Decarbonisation is central to Government and international Event partner: Marine Studies Group policy and this three day conference will host national experts from industry, academia, and government to look at the geological and reservoir engineering aspects of the problem. The main objective will be to identify the high level Marine minerals activities are gathering pace. More and more entities are seeking licences from the International barriers to progress and the main science questions - and Seabed Authority (ISA) for manganese nodule exploration begin a roadmap to solve the problems. and mining in the North Pacific and for hydrothermal minerals exploration and mining on mid-ocean ridges Keynote speakers confirmed Convenors worldwide. Convenors David Cronan (Imperial College London) Spencer Dale, Group chief economist, BP; Chris Stark, Chief Mike Stephenson (British Geological Survey) Robert Gatliff (BGS) The U.K. has an important role in marine minerals activities Executive, Committee on Climate Change; Nick Pidgeon, Dave Schofield (British Geological Survey) Bramley Murton (NOC) through its sponsorship of several exploration licences with Philomene Verlaan (University of Hawaii) the ISA and active marine minerals research by the NOC, Sebastian Geiger (Heriot-Watt University) Cardiff University. BGS and Universities in U.K. waters and the North Atlantic Philip Ringrose (Statoil/NTNU) Other speakers confirmed and Pacific Oceans. Central themes of the Conference will Further information include research on these increasingly important mineral Martin Blunt, Frances Wall, Jonathan Turner, Seamus Garvey, deposits and their resource potential, together with mining For further information about the Clair Gough, Sebastian Bauer, Martin Smith, Jon Gibbins, and environmental considerations. conference please contact: Jonathan Pearce, Stephen Bull, Thomas Koebel, Thomas Rhianna McLean, Conference Office, An important aspect of the conference will be panel led The Geological Society, Burlington House, Driesner, Adele
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gazette 2018 7
    GazetteWadham College 2018 2018 Gazette 2018 7 Contents Fellows' List 4 Features The Editor 8 The Warden 9 Wadham in 1618 67 The Domestic Bursar 12 Betjeman and Bowra 70 Staff List 14 The Remarkable Mrs Wadham (Senior) 73 The Finance Bursar 18 The 2nd Year 76 The Development Director 20 Book Reviews 78 The Senior Tutor 24 The Tutor for Access 26 College Record The Chapel and Choir 28 In Memoriam 86 The Sarah Lawrence Programme 30 Obituaries 88 The Library 32 Fellows' news 106 Emeritus Fellows' news 110 Clubs, Societies New Fellows 110 and Activities Visiting Fellows 113 1610 Society 36 Alumni news 115 Wadham Alumni Society 38 Degrees 118 Law Society 42 Donations 120 Medical Society 43 The Academic Record Wadham Alumni Golf Society 44 The Student Union 45 Graduate completions 140 MCR 46 Final Honour School results 143 Lennard Bequest Reading Party 48 First Public Examination results 145 Sports Prizes 147 Cricket 50 Scholarships and Exhibitions 149 Football 52 New Undergraduates 152 Rowing 54 New Graduates 156 Rugby 57 2019 Events 160 Netball 58 Squash 60 Tennis 60 Hockey 61 Water polo 62 Power lifting 62 www.wadham.ox.ac.uk Fellows’ list 5 Darren J. Dixon Thomas W. Simpson Samuel J. Williams Fellows’ list Professor of Organic Senior Research Fellow in Wadham College Law Chemistry, Knowles–Williams Philosophy and Public Policy Society Fellow by Special Fellow and Tutor in Organic and Senior Treasurer of Election Philip Candelas, FRS Martin G. Bureau Chemistry Amalgamated Clubs WARDEN Judy Z. Stephenson Rouse Ball Professor of Professor of Astrophysics Nathalie Seddon Susan M.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-2018 (Pdf File, 1.7
    Edinburgh Geological Society Report of Council for the Year Ended 30th September 2018 Table of Contents Welcome............................................................................ 3 Council 2018 (Elected 7th February 2018) ..................................… 3 Report on Activities .............................................................. 4 Membership........................................................................ 5 Clough Medal and Research Grants............................................. 5 Lectures Programme 2017-2018................................................. 6 Promotion of the Society and Public Interest in Geology................... 7 Excursions Programme 2018..................................................... 7 Publications........................................................................ 10 Geoconservation Groups......................................................... 11 Acknowledgements............................................................... 13 Grants and Awards................................................................ 13 Financial Review .................................................................. 14 Statement of Financial Activities including Receipts and Payments Account for the year ended 30th September 2018…..................... 15 Notes forming part of the Financial Statements ............................. 17 Independent Examiner's Report to the Trustees ............................. 19 Obituaries .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Trees, Tree Moulds and Tree Casts in the Palaeocene Mull Lava Field, NW Scotland: Context, Formation and Implications for Lava Emplacement
    Bell, B. R. and Williamson, I. T. (2017) Fossil trees, tree moulds and tree casts in the Palaeocene Mull Lava Field, NW Scotland: context, formation and implications for lava emplacement. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 107(1), pp. 53-71. (doi:10.1017/S175569101700007X) This is the author’s final accepted version. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/148480/ Deposited on: 23 October 2017 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk 1 Fossil trees, trees moulds and tree casts in the Palaeocene Mull Lava Field, 2 NW Scotland: context, formation and implications for lava 3 emplacement 4 Brian R. Bell1 and Ian T. Williamson2 5 6 1School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Lilybank 7 Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ 8 Email: [email protected] 9 10 2Formerly British Geological Survey. Present address: 1 Kielder Drive, Bingham, Nottinghamshire 11 NG13 8SY 12 Email: [email protected] 13 14 Running heads: 15 LH: BRIAN R. BELL AND IAN T. WILLIAMSON 16 RH: PALAEOCENE FOSSIL TREES, MULL 17 1 1 ABSTRACT: Megafossils and macrofossils of terrestrial plants (trees, leaves, fruiting bodies 2 etc.) are found in sedimentary and pyroclastic units interbedded with lavas in many ancient lava 3 fields worldwide attesting to subaerial environments of eruption and the establishment of viable 4 plant communities during periods of volcanic quiescence.
    [Show full text]
  • Thinking About Lips: a Brief History of Ideas in Large Igneous Province Research
    This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Svensen, Henrik, Jerram, Dougal, Polozov, Alexander, Planke, Sverre, Neal, Clive, Augland, Lars, & Emeleus, Henry (2019) Thinking about LIPs: A brief history of ideas in Large igneous province research. Tectonophysics, 760, pp. 229-251. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/124156/ c Consult author(s) regarding copyright matters This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] License: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.12.008 Accepted Manuscript Thinking about LIPs: A brief history of ideas in Large igneous province research Henrik H.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentary and Volcano-Tectonic Processes in the British Paleocene Igneous Province: a Review
    Brown, D.J. and Holohan, E.P. and Bell, B.R. (2009) Sedimentary and volcano-tectonic processes in the British paleocene igneous province: a review. Geological Magazine, 146 (3). pp. 326-352. ISSN 0016-7568 http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/9115/ Deposited on: 16 December 2009 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Geol. Mag. 146 (3), 2009, pp. 326–352. c 2009 Cambridge University Press 326 doi:10.1017/S0016756809006232 Printed in the United Kingdom Sedimentary and volcano-tectonic processes in the British Paleocene Igneous Province: a review DAVID J. BROWN∗†, EOGHAN P. HOLOHAN‡ & BRIAN R. BELL§ ∗Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, East Quadrangle, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK ‡School of Geological Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland §Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK (Received 19 March 2008; accepted 6 January 2009; First published online 26 March 2009) Abstract – Research on the British Paleocene Igneous Province (BPIP) has historically focused on the emplacement, chemistry and chronology of its elaborate central intrusive complexes and lava fields. However, the BPIP has also been dramatically shaped by numerous erosion, sedimentation and volcano-tectonic events, the significance of which becomes ever clearer as localities in the BPIP are re- investigated and our understanding of volcano-sedimentary processes advances. The resultant deposits provide important palaeo-environmental, palaeo-geographical and stratigraphical information, and highlight the wide range of processes and events that occur in ancient volcanic settings such as the BPIP.In this paper we review the sedimentary and volcano-tectonic processes that can be distinguished in the BPIP,and conceptualize them within a generalized framework model.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2007 Volume One YEARS 2Serving Science &0 Profession 2  Annual Report 2007 • Volume 1 Report of the Trustees of The
    Geological Society of London Annual Report 2007 Volume One YEARS 2serving science &0 profession 2 Annual Report 2007 • Volume 1 Report of the Trustees of The President: Dr Richard Fortey Vice Presidents: Dr Iain Bartholomew, Prof Martin Culshaw Prof Paul Henderson Secretaries: Dr Nick Rogers, Mr David Shilston, Prof Tony Watts Secretary, Foreign & External Affairs: Prof Edward Derbyshire Treasurer: Prof Andrew Fleet The Council submits its annual report and financial statements for the year The Bicentenary ended 31 December 2007. The report of the Council incorporates the legal field excursion and administrative details on this and the following pages and the reports of ‘In Darwin’s the President, the Executive Secretary and the Treasurer. Footsteps’ (see page 16) provided Financial Review the photographic The Financial Statements and Report of the Council have been prepared in backdrop for this accordance with the Bye-Laws of the Society, the Statement of Recommended Annual Report. The Practice, Accounting and Reporting by Charities and complies with applicable ambitious voyage law. A review of the financial highlights of the year is set out in the report of around Cape Horn the Treasurer in Volume Two. was organized by Prof Ian Dalziel Investment Policy and Performance (picture). In accordance with the Bye-Laws of the Society, the Treasurer ensures the proper management of the Society’s real estate, investments and funds on deposit. This is achieved through the actions of an Investment Panel, in Prof Paul Henderson, Chair, conjunction with the Society’s Investment Managers. The policies of the Bicentenary Steering Investment Panel are to ensure the delivery of a budgeted level of income in Committee each year and to continue the prudent investment policies of the Society.
    [Show full text]
  • Sr and Nd Isotope Evidence for Successive Crustal Contamination of Slieve Gullion Ring-Dyke Magmas, Co
    Geol. Mag. 142 (6), 2005, pp. 659–668. c 2005 Cambridge University Press 659 doi:10.1017/S0016756805001068 Printed in the United Kingdom Sr and Nd isotope evidence for successive crustal contamination of Slieve Gullion ring-dyke magmas, Co. Armagh, Ireland VALENTIN R. TROLL*†, JANE P. CHADWICK*, ROBERT M. ELLAM‡, SUSAN MC DONNELL*, C. HENRY EMELEUS§ & IAN G. MEIGHAN¶ *Department of Geology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland ‡Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, Scotland, UK §Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, England, UK ¶Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK (Received 7 October 2004; accepted 17 March 2005) Abstract – The Palaeogene Slieve Gullion Igneous Centre in southern Armagh, Northern Ireland, consists of a layered central intrusive complex surrounded by a prominent and slightly older ring-dyke that intrudes both Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks and the Caledonian Newry Granodiorite pluton (452 Ma). The ring-dyke comprises two major rock types: porphyritic felsite and porphyritic grano- phyre. We analysed both ring-dyke lithologies, both types of country rock, and a local Palaeogene basalt dyke sample for Sr and Nd isotopes. Trace element and whole rock data for this suite suggest that there are two distinct groups of both felsite and granophyre: one Si-rich and one Si-poor, most likely repres- enting two magmas from a zoned chamber and their mushy chamber wall equivalents (McDonnell et al. 2004). Isotope data show the low-Si rocks to be higher in radiogenic Sr than the high-Si rocks, which is inconsistent with a simple AFC-scenario of increasing sediment assimilation with higher degrees of differentiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Rum! Understanding the Forbidden Isle
    Geoscientist Feature March 2008 vol. 18: p.22-24 Golden Rum! Understanding the Forbidden Isle Rum, Inner Hebrides, was virtually closed for the first half of the 20th Century and was known as the 'Forbidden Island'. However, since becoming a National Nature Reserve the island's spectacular landscape has become a natural research laboratory. Kathryn Goodenough, Henry Emeleus, Dougal Jerram and Val Troll* report. In May 2007, the Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group (VMSG - Kathryn Goodenough, Henry Emeleus, Dougal Jerram and Val Troll) organised an Arthur Holmes field meeting entitled "Golden Rum", to celebrate that research. Out of that visit grew this report. Early visitors Neolithic people came to Rum to quarry 'bloodstone' (heliotrope, a variety of chalcedony found within the lavas) for tools, but the first modern geologist to visit was John MacCulloch, who came in the early 19th Century while travelling around the Western Isles. He produced a map (Fig. 1) delineating some of the main geological features of Rum, including 'red sandstone' in the north of the island, 'syenite' in the west, 'augit rock' forming the central hills, and 'basalt and amygdaloid'. The red sandstones are now known to be Neoproterozoic (Torridon Group). MacCulloch's 'syenite' and 'augit rock' respectively represent the Western Granite and the mafic/ultramafic layered intrusions, two of the main components of the Palaeogene-age Rum Central Complex. The 'basalt and amygdaloid' can be recognised as outcrops of Palaeogene lavas in Western Rum. Geoscientist Feature March 2008 vol. 18: p.22-24 Following MacCulloch, a few other 19th Century geologists visited, including Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 37 December 2017
    Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group December 2017 Newsletter (No. 37) Welcome to the December VMSG newsletter! Voices in Volcanology By Janine Krippner Welcome to the last quarterly VMSG newsletter of 2017. After a busy year, the VMSG annual conference is Utilizing Facebook for outreach Social media has only a few mince pies away and will welcome the become a powerful means of getting information, quickly. community to Leeds in early January. In this issue we have When the right information is not there, it is simply made more student bursary awards, details of a new open up and it spreads like wildfire. This is made worse by access geoscience research platform, outreach initiatives scaremongering media, as I have seen throughout the and the announcement of changes to the VMSG Agung crisis in Bali. A growing number of scientists are on committee. Twitter, but most of us only use Facebook for personal use. We have a communication gap in this international 2018 VMSG Annual Conference in Leeds online community, which is a place where people go to Leeds Event Website discuss and share information. Through the Agung crisis, Facebook groups have formed where people make their Dates: 3-5th January own interpretations using the data and predictions are Location: Leeds City Museum made. These have become toxic environments. The public Website: https://vmsg2018.leeds.ac.uk/ page ‘Voices of Volcanology’ will be a reliable source of Program: Four broad multi-disciplinary themes include 1. information from the volcanology community. A space for Volcanic Arcs (Keynote: Dr Hugh Tuffen); 2. Rifts, Islands us to share correct and factual information, promote and Intraplate Volcanism (Keynote: Dr William Hutchison); official information sources (and other official social media 3.
    [Show full text]