SCIENTISTVOLUME 28 No. 09 ◆ OCTOBER 2018 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST

GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95

Focus on geothermal

IS THE UK IN HOT WATER? Nadia Narayan and colleagues assess the nation’s karstic geothermal resources

VOLCANIC DANCE UNCONVENTIONALS SUB-SURFACE STRATEGY Brendan McCormick Kilbride on Technological advances Peter Styles asserts the need for fieldwork in Papua New Guinea in this flourishing sector a UK plan on sub-surface use WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 1 The ‘Geology of’ Series

Discover the Geological Society’s ‘Geology of’ series, including Japan, Scotland, Spain, Thailand, Chile and more...

Browse the Online Bookshop for these and other titles from the Geological Society and other earth science publishers Visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/geogifts or call the Publishing House on +44(0)1225 445 046

Image NE Scotland © omas Wild Hopeman GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS The ‘Geology of’ Geoscientist is the ADVERTISING SALES Fellowship magazine Alex Killen of the Geological Society T 01727 739 182 Series of London E [email protected] The Geological Society, ART EDITOR Burlington House, Piccadilly, Heena Gudka London W1J 0BG T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 DESIGN & PRODUCTION F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 Ryan Gaston Discover the Geological Society’s ‘Geology of’ series, including Japan, E [email protected] (Not for Editorial - Please PRINTED BY Scotland, Spain, Thailand, Chile and more... contact the Editor) Century One Publishing House Publishing Ltd. The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Copyright Brassmill Enterprise Centre, The Geological Society of Brassmill Lane, Bath London is a Registered Charity, BA1 3JN number 210161. T 01225 445046 ISSN (print) 0961-5628 F 01225 442836 ISSN (online) 2045-1784 The Geological Society of London Library accepts no responsibility for the views T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 expressed in any article in this publication. 5 16 All views expressed, except where explicitly E [email protected] stated otherwise, represent those of the author, and not The Geological Society of London. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF All All rights reserved. No paragraph of this Professor Andy Fleet publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. EDITOR Users registered with Copyright Clearance Dr Amy Whitchurch Center: the Journal is registered with CCC, E [email protected] 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA. 0961- 5628/02/$15.00. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders of material EDITORIAL BOARD in this publication. If any rights have been Mr Steve Branch omitted, the publishers offer their apologies. Dr Robin Cocks Dr Howard Falcon-Lang No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons Prof. Tony Harris or property as a matter of products liability, Mr Edmund Nickless negligence or otherwise, or from any use Dr Alan Roberts or operation of any methods, products, 10 27 Mr David Shilston instructions or ideas contained in the material Prof. Peter Styles herein. All advertising material is expected to conform to ethical and trading standards, Dr Colin Summerhayes and reasonable care is taken to ensure that Dr Jonathan Turner advertisers are reputable and reliable. However, Dr Jan Zalasiewicz inclusion in this publication or as an insert does ON THE COVER: not constitute a guarantee or endorsement Trustees of the of the quality or value of such products 10 IS THE UK IN HOT WATER? Geological Society or services, or of the claims made by its manufacturer. Geoscientist and the Geological of London Society of London can give no assurance that Nadia Narayan and colleagues Prof Nick Rogers an advertiser will fulfil its obligation under all Mr Thomas Backhouse circumstances discuss the geothermal potential Mr Andrew Bloodworth Subscriptions: All correspondence Mr John Booth (Vice President) relating to non-member subscriptions should of Carboniferous Limestone karst Dr Jason Canning be addresses to the Journals Subscription Ms Lesley Dunlop Department, Geological Society Publishing Mr Graham Goffey (Treasurer) House, Unit 7 Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath, BA1 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 Dr Sarah Gordon (Secretary, 445046. Email: [email protected]. Foreign & External Affairs) The subscription price for Volume 28, 2018 FEATURESFEATURES Prof James Griffiths (04 issues) to institutions and non-members will be £157 (UK) or £179 / US $358 (Rest Ms Naomi Jordan Prof Chris King of World). 16 DANCE ON A VOLCANO Brendan McCormick Kilbride on fieldwork in Dr Robert Larter © 2018 The Geological Society Dr Bryne Ngwenya of London Papua New Guinea Dr Colin North (Secretary, Publications) Geoscientist is printed on FSC® mixed credit - Mixed source products are a blend of Dr Sheila Peacock FSC 100%, Recycled and/or Controlled fibre. Mr Nicholas Reynolds (Vice Certified by the Forest REGULARS President) Stewardship Council®. Prof Katherine Royse (Secretary, 05 WELCOME Amy Whitchurch ponders the UK’s geothermal Professional Matters) Mr Keith Seymour (Vice energy future President)

SCIENTISTVOLUME 28 No. 09 ◆ OCTOBER 2018 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST 06 SOCIETY NEWS What your Society is doing at home and Miss Jessica Smith UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95 GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London

Focus on Dr Helen Smyth geothermal abroad, in London and the regions Prof Robin Strachan Mr John Talbot (Vice President) 09 SOAPBOX Peter Styles asks who owns the land under Dr Alexander Whittaker our backyards (Secretary, Science) IS THE UK IN HOT WATER? 20 CALENDAR Society activities this month Assess the nation’s karstic Published on behalf of the geothermal resources

Geological Society of VOLCANIC DANCE UNCONVENTIONALS SUB-SURFACE STRATEGY Brendan McCormick Kilbride on Technological advances Peter Styles asserts the need for fieldwork in Papua New Guinea in this flourishing sector a UK plan on sub-surface use London by: WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 1 22 BOOKS & ARTS Five new books and an exhibition review Browse the Online Bookshop for these and other titles from the Geological Society Century One Publishing Cover image: The Roman Baths, Bath, UK Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam 25 MEETING REPORT Sam Green and Martyn Millwood Hargrave and other earth science publishers Road, St Albans, Herts, report on the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference AL3 4DG T 01727 893 894 26 PEOPLE Advice for PhD students, geologist and poet Archie Visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/geogifts F 01727 893 895 Lamont, GeoBus update and more E enquiries@centuryone publishing.uk W www.centuryone 30 OBITUARY Charles Henry Emeleus 1930-2017 or call the Publishing House on +44(0)1225 445 046 publishing.uk

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 3 Image NE Scotland © omas Wild Hopeman Bryan Lovell 2019 v2 4-4-2018_Layout 1 31/08/2018 16:25 Page 1

CONFERENCE in association with

BRYAN LOVELL MEETING 2019 Role of geological science in the decarbonisation of power production, Marine Minerals: heat, transport and industry A New Resource for the 21st Century 21-23 January 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House 31 October –1November 2018 The Geological Society, Burlington House, London

In the UK and elsewhere, decarbonisation of power production, industry, transport and heating to meet climate change targets is a major challenge and one that intrinsically involves the subsurface and geoscience. Decarbonisation is central to Government and international Event partner: Marine Studies Group policy and this three day conference will host national experts from industry, academia, and government to look at the geological and reservoir engineering aspects of the problem. The main objective will be to identify the high level Marine minerals activities are gathering pace. More and more entities are seeking licences from the International barriers to progress and the main science questions - and Seabed Authority (ISA) for manganese nodule exploration begin a roadmap to solve the problems. and mining in the North Pacific and for hydrothermal minerals exploration and mining on mid-ocean ridges Keynote speakers confirmed Convenors worldwide. Convenors David Cronan (Imperial College London) Spencer Dale, Group chief economist, BP; Chris Stark, Chief Mike Stephenson (British Geological Survey) Robert Gatliff (BGS) The U.K. has an important role in marine minerals activities Executive, Committee on Climate Change; Nick Pidgeon, Dave Schofield (British Geological Survey) Bramley Murton (NOC) through its sponsorship of several exploration licences with Philomene Verlaan (University of Hawaii) the ISA and active marine minerals research by the NOC, Sebastian Geiger (Heriot-Watt University) Cardiff University. BGS and Universities in U.K. waters and the North Atlantic Philip Ringrose (Statoil/NTNU) Other speakers confirmed and Pacific Oceans. Central themes of the Conference will Further information include research on these increasingly important mineral Martin Blunt, Frances Wall, Jonathan Turner, Seamus Garvey, deposits and their resource potential, together with mining For further information about the Clair Gough, Sebastian Bauer, Martin Smith, Jon Gibbins, and environmental considerations. conference please contact: Jonathan Pearce, Stephen Bull, Thomas Koebel, Thomas Rhianna McLean, Conference Office, An important aspect of the conference will be panel led The Geological Society, Burlington House, Driesner, Adele Manzella, Henrik Solgaard Andersen, John discussions surrounding the main themes of the conference Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG Underhill, Ben Sovacool, Toby Peters. and involving both speakers and audience. These will T: 0207 434 0981 Further information include the likely pace of marine minerals development, Call for abstracts what needs to be done to ensure this can be achieved, can E: [email protected] For further information please contact: the resources be sourced in an environmentally and socially Abstracts are invited from early career researchers who Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/lovell19 Georgina Worrall, Conference acceptable way and what are the legal and political wish to exhibit posters at the conference. Posters that Office, The Geological Society, ramifications. Follow this event on Twitter: #lovell19 address any aspect of decarbonisation geoscience are Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG encouraged, for example geothermal, gas storage, compressed air energy storage, critical metals, radioactive T: 0207 434 9944 waste disposal, CCS, and bio-energy and CCS (BECCS). E: [email protected] Abstracts should be approximately 500 words and include a Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/ title and acknowledgement of authors and their affiliations marineminerals18 where possible. Please send your abstract as a Word Follow this event on Twitter: #marineminerals18 document to [email protected] by 1 October 2018.

Mineral Resources poster 2018 v4 11-6-18_Layout 1 11/06/2018 19:28 Page 1

Mineral Resource Estimation: Recent Advances and Current Best Practice

22 October 2018 The Geological Society, Burlington House, London

In an era of rapid technological innovation, opportunities exist to improve efficiency and quality of resource estimates; both developing trust and encouraging investment in mining projects. Forming part of the Year of the Resource, this conference aims to provide a forum for resource estimate practitioners to meet and discuss new Geology and the safe developments and advances in mineral resource estimation and reporting. Conference topics will include: • Exploratory data analysis: analysis of geoscience data disposal of radioactive waste prior to use in a MRE including databasing, data quality analysis, utilising ‘big data’ and methods of critical evaluation. • Geological modelling: methods and processes used for generating 3D models of geological features, including Burlington House 26 October 2018 software advances and comparisons, how to integrate ‘big data’ and busting commonly encountered myths. • Geostatistics and grade estimation: methods for London 11:00 – 16:00 estimating tonnage and grade/quality of a mineral deposit, including recent software advances, new techniques and comparisons of techniques in different mineralisation types. Reconciliation between estimates and production and ground truthing models. Convenors Free admission • Resource reporting: methods used for generating mineral Ben Lepley (SRK Consulting) resource statements, including methods for Lucy Roberts (SRK Consulting) demonstrating ‘reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction’ Further details and registration at: Further information (as defined in international reporting codes), including For further information please contact: updates/comparisons of CRIRSCO standards and participating committees. Georgina Worrall, Conference www.geolsoc.org.uk/RWM-Geo-Radwaste Office, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG

T: 0207 434 9944 Keynote speakers include: E: [email protected] • Mike Armitage, SRK Consulting Web: • www.geolsoc.org.uk/mineralresource18 Jacqui Coombes, Snowden Follow this event on Twitter: #mineralresource18 Admission: free

4 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST ~ GEOSCIENTIST WELCOME

COULD A RISE IN LOCAL GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS AND THE PROSPECT OF IMPORTED, VOLCANICALLY SOURCED ENERGY SIGNAL A GREATER ROLE FOR GEOTHERMAL IN THE UK’S ENERGY FUTURE?

FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK: Geothermal-powered nation

he sound of drilling pierces the air in the typically Such projects can only meet a portion of the UK’s energy tranquil town of Penzance, Cornwall—earlier this needs because low geothermal gradients mean the wells can year, work began on a geothermal well that will tap largely only be used for heat. To efficiently generate electricity water naturally warmed underground to supply the requires high-enthalpy geothermal sources typically associated town’s Jubilee swimming pool. Drilling a 1.4-km-deep with active volcanism, which the UK does not have. But well to heat part of a pool may seem indulgent, but neighbouring Iceland does. Tthe project raises the question of whether geothermal energy In 2009, the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project accidently struck a could realistically form a significant component of the UK’s pocket of magma sitting just 2 km beneath Krafla Volcano. low-carbon future. Steam streamed from the borehole. Rather than fill it, engineers Geothermal power is usually associated with volcanic regions, cased the well and delivered the steam to the Krafla power plant, but active volcanism isn’t a pre-requisite. The temperature in where it powered turbines and delivered an almost ten-fold Earth’s crust naturally increases by about 25-30°C per kilometre, increase in electricity compared to existing wells. Now, as part so by drilling a few kilometres down into naturally permeable or of the Krafla Magma Testbed project, volcanologists and artificially fractured rocks, and then pumping water to the geothermal engineers from around the globe are working with surface, we can tap a persistent heat source with scarce Iceland’s Geothermal Research Group to investigate the carbon emissions. feasibility of magma-powered geothermal energy—energy that Swathes of Southampton are heated by geothermal energy could potentially be exported to the UK (though Brexit has put supplied by the Wessex Basin aquifer and work is underway to paid to further discussion of a seafloor cable between Iceland create a similar district heat network in Stoke-on-Trent. Plans and the UK). have just been approved to develop a geothermal research Development of the UK’s geothermal resources has been slow, observatory in Glasgow, with the aim of understanding the partly due to a cheap supply of fossil fuels from the North Sea. potential for water in flooded, abandoned mine shafts to heat the Given the growth of innovative local projects and emergence city. And on page 10 of this issue, Nadia Narayan and colleagues of several exciting research avenues, perhaps it’s time to discuss the prospect of Carboniferous Limestone karst as a consider geothermal energy as a notable part of the UK’s geothermal resource for the nation. future energy mix.

DR AMY WHITCHURCH, EDITOR - [email protected] @geoscientistmag

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 5 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

What your society is doing at home and abroad, in SOCIETYNEWS London and the regions

Call for nominations to Council and to serve as President

Would you consider standing for election to Council and contributing to the work of the Society, as a member of both Council and one or more of its committees? The application forms are included with this issue, writes Stephanie Jones. Membership of Council enables you to influence the role of the Society in acting as a respected voice and serving science, the geoscience profession and society. You will play an active role in the delivery of the Society’s strategy, and help to facilitate the communication of new science through engagement with policy makers, the media and the public, and the certification of best PUBLIC LECTURE SERIES practice in education and the profession. Each of the 23 members of Council is a trustee of the Society, accountable to the Fellows and to other stakeholders and regulators, such as the Charity The future of plate tectonics: delving Commission. The prime responsibility of the trustees is to oversee the into the deep interior of our planet affairs of the Society and to act prudently in the management of its financial resources. Speaker: Phil Heron, Durham University Council meets five times a year, usually on a Wednesday. Four of those Location: Burlington House, London meetings take place in the afternoon beginning at 14.00 and finishing at 17.00. Date: 16 October In addition, there is a two-day residential meeting, usually in late September, to Programme discuss major strategic issues. ◆ Afternoon talk: 14:30pm Tea & Coffee; 15:00 All members of Council also serve on one of the standing committees Lecture begins; 16:00 Event ends (External Relations, Finance & Planning, Professional, Publications & ◆ Evening talk: 17:30 Tea & Coffee; 18:00 Information and Science). Standing committees usually meet three or four Lecture begins; 19:00 Reception times a year, mostly in person but sometimes virtually. Council members are sometimes also asked to join other committees or short-term working groups. The typical time commitment is eight to ten days annually for ordinary Satellite Top Trumps: members of Council. The Geological Edition Forms Speaker: Charlotte Bishop, Geological Fellows have received two nomination forms with this month’s Geoscientist— Remote Sensing Group one for candidates for Council and the other for candidates for the position of Location: Queen’s University, Belfast President-designate. Details of the nomination process are on the forms and Date: 16 October on the Governance section of the website, where you can also see the names of those members of Council due to retire at the AGM in June 2019 (www. Programme geolsoc.org.uk/councilnominations2018). ◆ Evening talk: 17:30 Tea & Coffee; 18:00 As part of our commitment to ensuring a more diverse and inclusive Council, Lecture begins; 19:00 Reception the Society particularly welcomes nominations from under-represented groups, Further Information allowing Council to better reflect the community it serves. Knowledge and Please visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsllondonlectures18. experience of scholarly publishing and of fund-raising are Entry by ticket only (contact the Society about four also desirable. weeks before the talk). Due to popularity, tickets Nominations must arrive no later than noon on Friday, 4 January 2019. are allocated in a monthly ballot and cannot be guaranteed.

Council & OGMs Contact: Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG OGMS: 2018: 28 November 2019: 6 February, 3 April T: +44 (0) 20 7432 0981 E: [email protected] COUNCIL: 2018: 28 November 2019: 6 February, 3 April

6 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

Membership renewals for 2019

Collection of membership renewal fees for 2019 has now started. An objective of a reduced environmental footprint and improving the email communication has been sent to you at the address we have efficiency of payment processing, for the benefit of all. With this in registered, with instructions on how to renew. If you do not have an mind, we feel the time is right to introduce paperless billing for the 2019 email address registered with us a letter has been sent to you by membership renewals. Fellowship cards will be sent to all Fellows who post, and we encourage you to provide an email address for future have paid and renewed by December 2018. correspondence. If you have not received an email regarding your membership For the last few years, many members have opted for paperless renewals, please contact the Fellowship office on membership@ invoicing, with the majority choosing to pay online. This has significantly geolsoc.org.uk for more details. We look forward to your continued reduced the number of paper returns, contributing to the important membership and support of the Society.

Chartership Applications

Geological, not geotechnical competencies should be Geoscientists has been accredited by the Society. It joins a growing demonstrated, advises Bill Gaskarth. list of accredited schemes that provide trainees with mentors and Applications for CGeol by many engineering geologists still the opportunity to gain technical, professional skills and experience focus on geotechnical engineering and, similarly, many supporting towards readiness for a Chartership application. documents are geotechnical engineering reports without reference Progress is being made in discussions with representatives of to the geology underlying the projects. The title being applied for is the oil-and-gas industry towards the development of a competency Chartered Geologist—Scrutineers are looking for the demonstration management system for oilfield geoscientists. It is hoped that a of geological, not geotechnical competencies. Many applicants training system might be accredited and professional competency seem to ignore this. It is important for sponsors to advise applicants register developed providing professional qualifications. of the need to focus on their geological knowledge and its use. The application forms for CGeol, CSci and the 20+ years’ Mentoring experience route have been updated and the new versions are now A few places are available on the Mentoring Workshop scheduled on the Society’s web site. for October 19.

Accreditation Contact the Chartership Officer ([email protected]) The Dunelm Geotechnical and Environmental Training Scheme for to book a place.

Society Discussion Group

Danny Clark-Lowes explains the benefits of the Geological Society Fellow guests are also welcome. We often arrange a summer Discussion Group (GSDG), a Specialist Group of the Society. outing: last year we learnt about the geology of wine at Denbies In which Specialist Group can you learn about the Quaternary winery, near Dorking, and this year we toured collections at the opening of the Dover Straights, the lack of effective representation Natural History Museum that are not usually open to the public. of science in Parliament, pingos (yes, you may have to Google it), For general information about the GSDG, contact Danny managing geological risk, ‘channel flow’ as a tectonic mechanism Clark-Lowes (Honorary Secretary); d.clarklowes@ for granite emplacement in the Himalayas—and get a chance to nubianconsulting.co.uk. debate these issues? The answer is the GSDG. Since late 2016, this newly-formed group has been holding dinner meetings at various London locations and these topics, plus many more, have been discussed. The group aims to foster wide-ranging scientific discussion. Invited speakers give a brief introduction to a topical geological subject and promote discussion around the table. The meetings, which take place about six times a year and are open to the entire Fellowship, are held at various London venues. The cost varies and some Malcom Brown listens to an explanation from Epifanio Vaccaro, Petrology Curator, Natural History Museum are kept deliberately low so as to encourage as wide (Photo credit: © Danny Clark-Lowes). a participation from the Fellowship as possible. Non-

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 7 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

Event FROM THE LIBRARY Charles Dickens: Man of Science u Online Library catalogue 2-for-1 offer for Search the online catalogue of books, journals and maps held in Fellows the Geological Society Library. Fellows and Corporate Affiliate members can now login to the Library Catalogue to renew loans, Fellows of the Geological view loan history, request items and create Favourite Society can enjoy 2-for-1 entry to the exhibition Charles Dickens: lists bit.ly/2Hj6jtH Man of Science at the Charles Dickens Museum, London, writes u E-Journals and e-books Michael McKimm. Fellows of the Society can access over 100+ e-journals and The exhibition reveals the celebrated 19th Century author not e-books using Athens authentication. There is no charge to only as a scientific enthusiast, but as a key communicator of Fellows for this service. Visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/virtuallibrary to science in the Victorian age. A number of items from the Geological register. Society Library are on loan to the exhibition, including Henry De La Beche’s drawings ‘Duria Antiquor’ and ‘Awful Changes’, William u Literature searching Not enough time or struggling to find the information you need? Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise and Roderick Murchison’s own We can search a wide range of resources on your behalf and geological hammer. send you the results directly to your inbox. To find out more The exhibition runs until Sunday 11 November at the Charles about this service, please email [email protected] Dickens Museum, 48 Doughty Street, London, WC1N 2LX. (Tuesday-Sunday 10am-5pm (last entry 4pm)). To claim the 2 for u Document delivery 1 offer please purchase tickets in person at the museum, showing Not based in London or simply too busy to come to the Library? We your GSL membership card (contact us if you do not have a can send you by email or post copies of articles from our collection. To membership card). find out more about this service, please email Find out more at dickensmuseum.com/blogs/exhibitions/ [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999 charles-dickens-man-of-science

Latest news from the Publishing House

Jenny Blythe has the latest from the Geological Society Publishing House New Collection The Bolca Lagerstätten: shallow marine life in the Eocene Tectonics and Petroleum Systems of East Africa Collection

By Matt Friedman and Giorgio Carnevale This collection comprises all papers recently published in Petroleum Geoscience on the theme ‘tectonics and petroleum systems of East The Eocene limestones around the Italian Africa’. Compiled by guest editors Duncan Macgregor, John Argent village of Bolca occur in a series of distinct and Pamela Samson, these partly result from the Geological localities providing a unique snapshot of Society of London’s Petroleum Group conference in April 2016 on marine life in the early Cenozoic. Famous ‘East Africa; From Research to Reserves’. The collection makes for its fi shes, the localities of Bolca also progress in constraining, but not fi rmly resolving, some of the key yield diverse invertebrate faunas and a tectonic interpretations. There are still many tantalizing aspects of rich, but relatively understudied fl ora. Most East African petroleum geology yet to be documented, however fossils from Bolca derive from the these papers represent a signifi cant step in this process. Pesciara and Monte Postale sites, which bear similar fossils but are characterized by slightly different taphonomic and environmental profi les. Although not precisely contemporaneous, the age of these principal localities is well constrained to a narrow interval within the Ypresian Stage, c. 50–49 Ma. This places Bolca at a critical time in the evolutionary assembly of modern marine fi sh diversity and of reef communities more generally.

 Read full abstract and paper in the Lyell Collection  Read more here www.lyellcollection.org/cc/tectonics-and- http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/175/4/569 petroleum-systems-of-east-africa-collection

8 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

Whose Geology is it Anyway?

Peter Styles* questions who owns the land under our back gardens and whether it is being managed properly, or at all

ou might think that you own the now carbon dioxide sequestration) is land under your back garden, but committed or approved; deep karstic SOAPBOX below soil level, you don’t. The formations and source rocks for thermal commercial sector, or UK PLC, own springs are known to exist. the mineral rights to the subsurface It is time to relook at these issues because of CALLING! Yand I believe it is time for Government to a sea-change in resource availability provided develop a strategic plan for the utilisation of by prospective shale-gas resources, which, underground space. “If you can’t grow it, you based on evaluation by the BGS, may be very Soapbox is open to contributions must mine it” is an old adage that is still extensive, especially in Northern England. In from all Fellows. You can always pertinent! addition, earlier this year Radioactive Waste write a letter to the Editor, of I was Chair of a committee set up by Management Ltd announced their new course, but perhaps you feel you DEFRA in 2006 to consider screening criteria initiative to locate suitable areas where need more space? that would apply to volunteer sites for the community acceptability and geologic location of an underground geological suitability converge. If you can write it entertainingly in repository for radioactive waste, to test the Our 2007 report for DEFRA was predicated on 500 words, the Editor would like geological suitability for such a task: a the premise that the relatively limited to hear from you. Email your piece, ruling-out set of criteria. geographical sources of onshore UK gas and oil and a self-portrait, to Our terms of reference were to provide would not prove problematic. However, [email protected]. Government with advice on appropriate applying these criteria in 2018, we would find Copy can only be accepted sub-surface scientific criteria to identify areas considerable clashes between potential electronically. No diagrams, tables of the UK where it would be inappropriate to repository sites and shale gas exploration areas. or other illustrations please. develop a geological repository. There will inevitably be clashes to come in The first priority was to protect our and desired and planned uses of the subsurface Pictures should be of print future generation’s water supplies. Secondly, and it is incumbent upon UK Government to quality – please take photographs we would avoid areas where those future develop a prioritisation plan that mitigates or on the largest setting on your generations (having forgotten our industrial avoids these. camera, with a plain background. history) might re-explore for resources. A ‘Strategy for the Utilisation of the Explaining these issues was complicated by Sub-Surface’ (SUSS!?) is required and I Precedence will always be given to the three-dimensional nature of geology. In recommend that this begins (and is more topical contributions. the UK, a repository is likely to be excavated completed) as expeditiously as possible! Any one contributor may not several hundred metres below Earth’s surface. appear more often than once per Hence, unsuitable geology at the surface, or at volume (once every 12 months). specific depths, is not necessarily a reason for exclusion. We therefore recommended that criteria IT IS TIME TO should be used to exclude areas where: all or RELOOK AT THESE part of the potential repository host rock would be provided by aquifers, or other ISSUES BECAUSE permeable formations that might reasonably OF A SEA-CHANGE be exploited for water resources in the future; IN RESOURCE mineral resources are located at depths greater than 100 metres—coal, oil, gas, oil AVAILABILITY PROVIDED shales, and some metalliferous ores—to BY PROSPECTIVE reduce the risk of intrusion into a geological SHALE-GAS repository by future generations seeking to extract resources (inadvertent intrusion); RESOURCES waste disposal or gas storage (and of course *Peter Styles is a Professor Emeritus at Keele University PETER STYLES

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 9 IS THE UK IN HOT WATER?

Image: Yerko Espinoza/shutterstock.com

ewind to 31st December energy. Commencing in 1974, nationwide In the midst of the 1973, the UK is experiencing assessments of geothermal, wind, wave, an energy crisis. The solar, biomass (and continued interest in UK’s renewable Organisation of Petroleum nuclear resources) were established. The energy revolution, R Exporting Countries (OPEC) geothermal assessment (1977-1984), Arab oil states have imposed an oil conducted by the British Geological Nadia Narayan, Jon embargo, causing a stock market crash. Survey and sponsored by the then The coal miners are on strike in defiance Department of Energy and the Gluyas and Charlotte of their low wages. Coal supplies are Commission of European Communities, Adams aim to diminishing and tonight the lights go identified several deep geothermal targets out. Commercial businesses will only be in Mesozoic sedimentary basins and identify and quantify allowed to consume electricity three radiothermal granites but failed to days a week. The UK is at its most quantify pre-Permo-Triassic prospects. the nation’s karst vulnerable. What is the next move? By 1994 the geothermal programme had geothermal resources come to an end, in part due to the lack of Reaction to a crisis identifiable high-temperature resources, in Carboniferous The events of 1973 placed the UK in an but also due to falling fossil fuel prices alarming position, refocusing attention and the remarkable emergence of the UK’s Limestone on energy security and inciting a wave status as a large oil-and-gas-producing of investment into research and nation: increased investment in North Sea development programmes in renewable oil and gas production meant the UK

10 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST ALTHOUGH HEAT CANNOT BE TRANSMITTED OVER THE SAME DISTANCE AS ELECTRICITY, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IS ACCESSIBLE TO MANY AREAS OF THE UK AT REGIONAL SCALE

God’s Bridge (natural limestone bridge) over the River Greta, Teesdale, Durham. Designated Site of Special Scientific Interest

became a net energy exporter in 1981, A starring role fuels to electricity. In this way, greenhouse with a contribution of 4.6% indigenous The security of imported energy supplies gases can be captured at source—the oil to global production by 1985. for power is important, but there is a lack power station. However, electricity Yet, by 2004 the UK’s oil and gas of appreciation of the value of heat. production from gas at the power station production had fallen such that both ‘Clean’ nuclear energy and renewable is only around 35% efficient; the remaining were again imported, returning to a wind and solar energy contribute 65% of the energy liberated from burning situation that existed pre-1981 and significantly to today’s electricity energy the gas goes up the chimney (as unused pre-1997 during the cyclical years of mix. With the phasing out of coal and the heat). This is profligate use of energy plenty, the role of gas changed rise in wind power generation, it is no when the same heat can potentially be dramatically. It became, and still is, surprise that wind surpassed electricity sourced locally from geothermal systems. the mainstay of UK power production production from coal in April 2016. Yet, Although heat cannot be transmitted and further development of the almost 50% of the energy consumption in over the same distance as electricity, national grid meant increased use of the UK is used for heat, which is still geothermal energy is accessible to many gas for heating in domestic and delivered by burning gas, oil and coal or areas of the UK at regional scale. Also, industrial settings. The current by consumption of electricity. Only about unlike wind energy or solar schemes, planned demise of coal and 1.77% of energy consumption (for heat geothermal energy does not suffer the consequent loss of manufactured gas only) is that sold directly as heat from same intermittencies in production and means that the UK is now highly combined heat and power schemes. has the ability to de-carbonise heat supply, dependent upon the security of The UK’s approach to decarbonizing with a potential role in providing baseload natural gas supply and thus on heat is to switch domestic and other heat heat to commercial and residential areas. imports. production away from direct use of fossil The issues of supply security and ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 11 Nadia Narayan, ▼ meeting peak demand became real PhD student at concerns again in March 2018, during Durham University, looking at periods of heavy snowfall across the UK. Carboniferous On Thursday 1st March, the National Grid Limestone at declared a gas deficit warning—the first of the Core Store Repository at the its kind in almost a decade. A combination British Geological of the arrival of a Siberian cold front, Survey, Keyworth theatrically nicknamed the ‘Beast from the East’, and shortages in gas imports left the National Grid experiencing a deficiency in UK supplies of ~50,000,000 m³. Supplies made a rapid recovery by the Friday, but once again the UK had plummeted into uncertainty. With high dependency on gas imports and high heat consumption, there is a niche for geothermal energy to help tackle these issues. Development of UK geothermal resources and their compatibility with district heat networks aligns well with government policy aspirations to supply 14-43% of total heat from buildings by district heat networks by 2050. Gluyas et al. (Keeping warm: a review of deep geothermal potential of the UK, 2018) estimate that geothermal exploitation has the capacity to satisfy the current heat demand for 100 years. This could offset

the 160 million tonnes of CO2 emitted River Greta cutting through limestone from fossil fuels due to heat use. Yet, the in Teesdale during 1970s-1980s geothermal assessment low flow. In this culminated in producing only a single section of the river, the water follows deep-heat producing well in Great Britain, a subterranean located in Southampton. route, having been lost to upstream Success story sinks The Southampton-1 well was drilled to a depth of 1.8km to reach the target aquifer, the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone. The 76°C waters encountered began delivering heat energy in 1986 as part of the Southampton District Energy Scheme (operated by Engie), which utilizes geothermal energy and combined heat and power (CHP). The initiative was championed by Mike Smith (Director- Cities, Engie), an accountant, and other members of the Southampton City Council after the Department of Energy declined to fund a scheme considered to be lacking in commercial viability. Mike and his team lobbied the Department of Energy to drill the well, secured funding from the European Union and involved the technical expertise of the French company, Utilicom. Since its inception, the scheme has supplied heating and chilling capabilities (via absorption chillers) to offices, a hospital, a civic building, a GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

supermarket, hotels, the university, rock. Evaporites are also susceptible to high rainfall/water percolation. BBC studios, a swimming pool and more. karst development, albeit dissolving at a Extended exposure duration and the Annually, the scheme saves 10,000 tonnes higher rate and by the process of existence of a fracture network promotes of carbon dioxide and generates >40 GWh disassociation. We can accurately predict karst development because there is a of heat, 26 GWh of electricity and 7GWh temperature with depth, based on the greater surface area for dissolution over of chilled water. geothermal gradient, but at depths in longer periods of exposure. A steep At least three further high-profile excess of 1km, permeability is not gradient and change in relief are ideal for assessments—Barker et al. (2000), Sinclair guaranteed. Buried karst is thus of interest increased erosion and dissolution rates. Knight Merz (2012) and Atkins (2013)— for geothermal energy production because Lastly, increased vegetation cover allows have been conducted since 1986, with it has enhanced permeability that could for greater CO2 production as a result of Barker et al. providing the most detailed reduce the need for hydraulic stimulation various biogenic processes. evaluation of strata older than the and lessen the risk of drilling a well that Collectively, the conditions described Permian out of the three. Have we does not flow. above are the optimum conditions for underestimated the potential of the Lower There are six basic criteria to consider karst formation, but other processes, such Carboniferous strata when virtually all for the development of karst. The primary as dolomitization, can also control the warm springs (water issuing several factors are lithology and climate. In extent of karst. degrees above local ambient temperature) carbonates, purer limestones containing at circulate through here? least ~70% calcium carbonate are more Dawn of the likely to form karst than impure lithologies geothermal industry Karst of thousands that may contain barriers to dissolution, In Britain, most thermal spring waters are Journey through the caves in the Mendip such as clay minerals. Karst development associated with secondary and tertiary Hills, Somerset and you will find yourself is more likely in temperate to tropical and porosity (fractures and karst) in standing inside karst. Peer into a doline sub-tropical latitudes. During the Carboniferous Limestone. Supermarket- and you will be staring into the depths of deposition of Carboniferous Limestone, bought Buxton water may taste time, made possible by karstic processes. Great Britain resided at the equator—a refreshingly cool, but the temperature at Hike on top of the Great Scar Limestone at perfect holiday destination consisting of source is 27.5°C. Water supplying the Malham Cove in Yorkshire and you will exotic islands (or uplifted blocks) scattered thermal springs at Bath, Somerset, be standing on the clints of limestone across a tropical Rheic Ocean. At similar emanates at a temperature of pavement, riven with grykes—also karstic latitudes, present-day South China has approximately ~46°C through Triassic features. Karst varies considerably in developed spectacular examples of karst at dissolution pipes interpreted by RW form, but the fundamental process is the the surface. At more temperate latitudes, Gallois, in 2007, as collapse karst same. Broadly, carbonate karst describes a limestone pavements outcrop in the structures. Approximately 1,296m3 of type of terrain typically formed by Yorkshire Dales (Northern England), for water emanates from the springs each dissolution via carbonic acid sourced from example, which originated during day—equivalent to a hot bath per day for rainwater and soil (respiring organic Quaternary glaciation. Given the definition about 16,000 people. matter and decaying organisms) that above, development of karst is likely in The Bath spa springs have been the exploits pre-existing weaknesses in the areas of high CO2 soil concentration and centre for human activity since at least ▼

An example of a typical 2D reflection seismic line from the dataset used at Durham University, courtesy of the UK Onshore Geophysical Library. Line CLY-CM88-03 at Hanbury, South of the Derbyshire Dome showing an unconformity on the top of the Carboniferous Limestone (blue), the top of the Namurian (pink) and an intervening unconformity (yellow). Interpretation of 2D seismic unconformities on the Carboniferous Limestone offer an initial idea of surfaces where karst may be potentially found

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 13 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

8,000 years BC. Legend has it that the with deep evaporites) both in Derbyshire, sufficient secondary/tertiary porosity springs were officially founded in 863 to name a few. Equilibrium temperatures and permeability in Carboniferous BC by a Prince Bladud, who was exiled of these spring waters at depth are likely Limestones to support commercial for having contracted leprosy. After to differ from their surface temperature. production of oil. Oil and gas drill data becoming a pig herder, the Prince’s Therefore, it is important to analyse and also show that water can flow freely herd also developed leprosy. The pigs interpret the geochemistry of the waters through the strata at depth (e.g. drill stem were cured when they began rolling when prospecting for a geothermal tests in Welton B8, Northeast of Lincoln, around in the mud beside the spring resource. East Midlands). waters, so the Prince eagerly followed suit. With his leprosy cured, his exile Oil industry Prospecting in deep karst ended; he soon became King and built From an economical point of view, our In addition to mixing, spring waters the city that we know today as Bath. relationship with karst dates back to the often undergo conductive and Many spring waters—historically dawn of the nation’s oil industry. A convective heat loss during ascent, and today—are associated with healing journey to the Oilwell Nursery Garden causing lower temperatures to be properties or rituals involving deities Centre (Tibshelf, Derbyshire) brings you recorded at the surface. But, the spring connected to the waters. Some people to the doorstep of Britain’s first oil well: water contains a geochemical fingerprint still make the pilgrimage to springs for Hardstoft-1. Drilled into the Hardstoft of its deeper origins, which can be used their water supply. Societal benefits Anticline in 1919 in response to supply in prospecting to calculate the persist in the form of tourism. In 2015, threats associated with the First World temperature at which the water there were 1 million visitors to the site War, oil was struck at 3,070ft, within equilibrated with the host rocks. There of the Roman Baths, which is classified Carboniferous Limestone. The well are various anion-cation ratios, such as as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. produced about 28,000 barrels of oil until Na-K-Ca, Na-K or Mg-Li indictors, that Geothermal energy has clearly been its decline in July 1945. A captivating work as “geothermometers”. At Durham incorporated and accepted into society account of “Hardstoft: Britain’s First University, this technique has been used for centuries. Oilfield” can be found inGeoscientist in an initial survey of potential Other thermal springs in Britain are (March 2016, Volume 26, No. 2). Today, Carboniferous Limestone resources documented at Taff’s well in Wales, the well head still exists, along with the across Britain (the study has been Hotwells in Bristol, and at Buxton concrete platform remnant of the site of limited to Britain because of the (which involves a sandstone-carbonate the nodding donkey. abundance of data here) and to karst conduit flow system) and This iconic cornerstone in the nation’s demonstrate the viability of pursuing Matlock Spa (exhibiting associations energy industry proved the existence of them. For example, a minimum reservoir

Interconnector via Belgium LNG

15% 6% Netherlands 4%

UK Gas Production 47%

Imprted Gas Norway via pipeline 53%

75%

UK Gas production and Imported Supply 2017

Source of statistics: Department of Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

UK Indigenous Gas Supply and Imports in 2017 Massive beds of the Great Scar Limestone Group near Malaham Tarn

14 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

equilibrium temperature of ~65°C was knowledge that karst can form during karst-fracture systems. deduced for the Bath Spa spring waters. times of aerial exposure. The presence The combination of well, Whilst research at Durham University of an unconformity of any age geochemical and seismic techniques focusses on the Carboniferous karst, overlying a limestone interval allows identification of possible geothermometry has also shown that provides an ingress point for fluids geothermal targets within the older strata have potential for that can dissolve the limestone and Carboniferous Limestone at depth at geothermal energy exploration. Springs create karst. The karst itself may various locations across the UK. Once waters from Builth wells springs in extend to areas unaffected by all elements of the project are collated, Wales, for example, reach the surface at unconformities on the top surface of we aim to produce a blueprint of temperatures of just 10-11°C, but the limestone, but the presence of an potential karst geothermal resources anion-cation geothermometry analyses unconformity above or nearby and will add to the already identified indicate that this water equilibrated at increases the chance of success when resource base, as detailed in Downing temperatures that may exceed 100°C at hunting for karst. Investigation into and Gray (1986) and subsequent depth. Deep circulation in Wales is the number of opportunities for karst publications. How big is the UK’s inferred in the published literature development and exploration is the karst geothermal resource? We can’t (Further Reading). At Durham a driving force behind our project. For yet answer that question but we database of spring water chemistry, example, unconformable surfaces anticipate that it is comparable to accumulated primarily through with karst development at the base of that identified in the Mesozoic literature studies, water authorities and Triassic strata are present at Bath, but sedimentary basins. some field studies, has been compiled we also know they are present in the The UK is in the midst of a for the Carboniferous Limestone East Midlands area, where renewable revolution. The nation has investigation. palaeokarst or ancient karst is harnessed the sun and tackled the Bath Spa springs indicate that karst identified (in conjunction with core wind. It is time to tame the Earth. ◆ can transport hot water and a primary data) at the base of a Namurian factor of our project involves the unconformity. FURTHER READING identification of these permeable Petroleum well data are also A list of selected references may be read in the Online version formations at depth. 2D onshore seismic essential for determining subsurface of this article. data has been used to evaluate the properties, because they can provide distribution of post-Carboniferous information on flow rates and well Nadia Narayan*, Jon Gluyas and Charlotte Adams

Limestone unconformities in the temperatures, and highlight the Earth Sciences, Durham University; * geological record, based on the presence and heterogeneity of E: [email protected]

Extent of the Carboniferous limestone outcrop at surface and its equivalent at depth as interpreted by the BGS and this study. Several well-known thermal springs are hosted in the Carboniferous Limestone which also displays evidence of flow at depths exceeding 1km

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 15 DANCE ON A VOLCANO: BAGANA, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

A view of Bagana volcano looking northeast from the outskirts of Wakovi village, Bougainville

16 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Brendan McCormick Kilbride gives an account of fieldwork on an active volcano in the tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea

ur first glimpse of Bagana analyses of the lava and ash erupted from volcano was an ominous the volcano. silhouette just visible through the dense rainforest covering A REMOTE VOLCANO O the shore to our left. As our Our team comprised myself and Lois boat sped round the headland into a wide Salem (University of Cambridge), Roberto sweeping bay, the volcano was laid bare D’Aleo (University of Palermo), Bo Galle, before us, rearing high above the coastal Santiago Arellano and Julia Wallius plains. I was in Papua New Guinea as part (Chalmers University of Technology), and of an international team making a month- local scientist Kila Mulina, from Rabaul long survey of gas emissions from several Volcanological Observatory. None of little-studied but highly active volcanoes. us had visited Bagana before, and the Bagana, located on remote Bougainville excitement in the team only grew as we Island, is one of the world’s preeminent landed on Bougainville. sources of volcanic gas emissions and Bagana is a difficult volcano to reach. In somewhere I had long wanted to visit. the 1980s-1990s, a bloody civil war fought over issues of secession from Papua New VOLCANIC DEGASSING Guinea precluded scientific expeditions Many volcanoes are constantly emitting to Bougainville and even today tensions gas, even when not erupting. Magma, over a mooted independence referendum the molten rock that drives eruptions, remain high. From Buka—the temporary contains abundant dissolved water, carbon capital since the previous one, Arawa, dioxide and sulfur dioxide. As magmas was largely destroyed in the conflict—a rise towards Earth’s surface, the drop four-hour boat trip along the southwest in pressure causes gas bubbles to begin coast of the island takes you to the village growing. The ability of these bubbles to and anchorage of Torokina. From here, rise freely through the magma and escape we travelled inland, bouncing around in into the atmosphere can strongly affect the back of a battered old Land Rover, the explosivity of volcanic eruptions. fording rivers and brushing through Magmas with a higher gas content tend to the vegetation overhanging the muddy cause more explosive, and therefore more track. Our basecamp was Gotana, a dangerous, eruptions. village around 8km from the base of the Bagana is an interesting case. Despite volcano, and we were offered the shelter its enormous emissions of gas, the typical of a new schoolhouse under construction. activity of the volcano is a sluggish effusion Our first task on arrival was to visit the of lava flows in eruptions lasting months existing school, meet the Big Man and at a time. Overlapping lava flows have other villagers, and explain our interest built the main cone of the volcanic edifice, in Bagana. The local children welcomed which rises 1800 metres above sea level. us with a song and talked excitedly of the If present eruption rates are typical, the volcano, which can be seen steaming on entire volcano could have grown in mere the horizon within a short walk from the centuries, according to a recent study by village outskirts. Geoff Wadge (University of Reading), myself and others. The mystery of Bagana A DAY IN THE FIELD is how such a gas-rich volcano maintains a Our tasks in the field were varied. We dominantly effusive style of eruption, with flew a series of drone flights over the only rare shifts towards a more explosive lower slopes of the volcano, mapping the style. To answer this question, we are distribution and size of the lava flows with drawing on a range of techniques including an onboard video camera for comparison satellite remote sensing, measurements of to satellite observations being made by

gas emissions in the field, and laboratory colleagues back in the UK. We also filmed ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 17 A view of Bagana volcano with its characteristic strong summit gas plume from the southwest coast of Bougainville Island

the volcano using cameras operating in the infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. While the former gives information on the temperature of the lava flows, we use UV cameras to quantify sulfur dioxide gas emissions. Using another drone, this time with gas sensors on board, we made short flights through Bagana’s gas plume to measure its chemistry. On two days, we trekked through the dense forest to reach the very foot of the volcano in order to collect samples of recently erupted lavas. Working at the base of an active volcano is a hazardous pursuit and we were grateful for the advice of the villagers in Gotana, and Patsikopa and Wakovi, which lie even closer to Bagana’s lower slopes. There was good reason to be cautious: an avalanche of volcanic debris, triggered by torrential rains, had recently swept down from high on the mountain and buried the surrounding countryside in metres of muddy ash and blocks of lava. Walking across this blasted landscape to reach the volcano, skirting the charred remains of ripped up trees, we were keenly aware that we could not be idle, but had to collect our samples quickly. This was far from easy. Passing through the forest, we realised that small but swift-flowing streams around the base of the volcano were heated by subterranean geothermal activity, in places measuring

Lois Salem and our guides from Wakovi as hot as 60 °C. We had to take extreme village make their way across the surface care fording these streams and avoiding of a debris avalanche that recently the yellowish sulfurous mudflats on their covered the approaches to Bagana banks. The lava flows themselves were

18 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST steep, rubbly and unstable, and we picked the march made this expedition the most our way tentatively around them to gather physically challenging I have undertaken our samples, all too aware that even a but the beauty of our surroundings more minor sprain would make for a highly than compensated. I saw hornbills in difficult march home. Fortunately, we the wild for the first time, a mating pair were well guided by our companions, and that soared above us on the desolate returned safely to the village, heavily laden plain below the volcano, and fruit bats with chunks of dark, crystal-rich lava. that swept low through the banana and kaukau farms on the edge of Gotana A TROPICAL PARADISE village. Each exhausting day ended with Our work on Bagana was not just an our team bathing in the swift river that enthralling scientific experience, though flowed through the village, listening to we collected a wealth of exciting new data the whirr and click of immense numbers and our lava samples, which are now of insects and amphibians in the trees Brendan McCormick Kilbride being analysed in labs in Cambridge and around us. For supporting this expedition is a Research Associate in the Zurich. We were warmly welcomed and and the research that has followed, I am Department of Earth Sciences, supported in the field by our hosts in the deeply indebted to the Geological Society University of Cambridge, UK, and villages around Bagana and are hugely in of London’s Elspeth Matthews Fund, was a 2017 and 2018 recipient of their debt for guiding us through the forest and my other funders the Deep Carbon the Geological Society of London’s to the volcano, frequently in torrential Observatory and the NERC COMET Elspeth Matthews Fund; e-mail: rain storms. Those long hours spent on programme. ◆ [email protected]

A rare clear view of Bagana’s summit, seen from the village of Patsikopa as we Our party crossing the Torokina returned home from a day in the field river on a fallen tree trunk

Brendan McCormick Kilbride, Lois Salem and Roberto D’Aleo slaking their thirst with fresh coconut milk during a break from collecting lava samples

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 19 Corporate Corporate Supporters: Registration now open Supporters: Call for Abstracts – Deadline: 1 December 2018 The Geology of Hydrocarbons in Fractured Reservoirs Space and Time 24-25 October 2018 Convenors: 9-11 April 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London Paul Gillespie Convenors: The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London Statoil Jon Gutmanis Owen Sutcliffe Independent Halliburton The global endowment of hydrocarbons is markedly uneven both spatially and temporally. Bob Holdsworth Frans van Buchem In the 1990s, several key papers recognised that University of Durham Halliburton distinct stratigraphic and paleogeographic trends Danny Long Mark Houchen exist and that this knowledge was an important Independent Shell guide to successful exploration. So, what has Eddie McAllister changed in 30 years? Shell Bruce Levell Oxford University The industry has moved into new frontiers and Simon Price basins, drilled deeper, found new plays and Shell A large proportion of the world’s oil and gas is produced from fractured reservoirs, with new discoveries Hannah Steaggles gone through a revolution that has brought continuing to be made and put into development. This conference will explore the many ways in which BP unconventional resources to the fore. It is Alun Williams the geology of fractures is fundamental to the understanding of fluid flow in the subsurface, and hence to Statoil therefore timely to consider how our knowledge predicting and monitoring reservoir performance. Mike Simmons Halliburton of the distribution of hydrocarbons in time and Keynote Speakers: Fractured reservoirs are those in which fractures have caused a significant increase in total permeability. space has changed. What new insights have Carbonate reservoirs, tight sandstone reservoirs, basement reservoirs and shale reservoirs are all commonly we gained? Can this new understanding be Mohammed S. fractured, and present significant challenges to petroleum geologists. The focus of these challenges, but not used to be better at predicting new hydrocarbon Ameen their significance, changes throughout a field’s life-cycle from exploration to production. Many geothermal discoveries? Saudi Aramco reservoirs are also fractured, and share common challenges. This meeting will highlight how multidisciplinary Keynote Speakers: work is essential to develop an applicable understanding of the behaviour of fractured reservoirs. This 3-day conference will seek to share recent advances and case studies and will be built around Raffaele di Cuia A diverse set of four main themes: Delta Energy Ltd Themed sessions to include: keynote speakers are • The known global heterogeneity of hydrocarbon resources – including source rocks Steve Laubach • Fracture properties at micro and well scale – detection and characterisation being solicited from • The controls on heterogeneity – including palaeoclimates and geodynamics University of Texas at • Fracture properties at reservoir to basin scale – from outcrops to seismic to regional models across the community Austin • The flow behaviour of fracture systems – the interaction of fluids, rocks and stress • The geological and data science tools to aid prediction Robert Trice • The integration of data, disciplines and insights – advancing our knowledge of fractured reservoirs • What our present understanding means for future exploration Hurricane Energy Field trip: Event to be accompanied by a post-conference field trip to the Wessex Basin. Event Sponsor: We are proposing to have a conference Field Trip, Fractured Zechstein carbonates of NE England, in conjunction with this conference. For more information, or to register please visit the conference website: For further information please contact: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Fractured-Reservoirs or contact [email protected] Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. For further information please contact: Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944 or email: [email protected] Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. For Abstract Guidelines, please download a copy from the website: Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944 https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Hydrocarbons-in-Space-and-Time

At the forefront of petroleum geoscience At the forefront of petroleum geoscience www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum

Seismic Carbonates poster 2018 v6 16-7-18_Layout 1 16/07/2018 18:08 Page 1

Corporate Registration now open Seismic Characterisation of Supporters: Operations Geoscience Carbonate Platforms and Reservoirs Adding Value 10-11 October 2018 The Geological Society, Burlington House, London Fundamental advances in the seismic imaging and characterization of carbonate platform strata, including 7-8 November 2018 reservoir rocks, have revolutionized understanding of The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London carbonate geomorphology, stratigraphy and reservoir Convenors: architecture. This meeting aims to synthesize these Richard Diggens innovative developments and explore the variety of BP – Chairman carbonate characteristics that can now be interpreted Chris Samson from modern and reprocessed seismic data. It will Independent – Secretary discuss and illustrate how the technology can be used in Hozefa Godhrawala exploration, development and production evaluations, Centrica as well as for understanding long-term and large scale Chris Hayes forcing of carbonate platform development. The focus RPS will be on practical geoscience applications and the Tim Herrett meeting will provide a forum for lively interaction Independent - Co Chair between the upstream oil industry, seismic contractors, Rachael Horton and carbonate sedimentology researchers. BP The main focus will be on the value operations geoscientists deliver and the pivotal role they play via the following topics: Maxim Kotenev Convenors Conference Sessions Sasol • The value of learning lessons well – what is a lesson?; how are lessons learned and managed Jim Hendry (Tullow Oil) Christine Telford (e.g. avoiding non productive/invisible lost time)?; practical examples of lessons with demonstrable change; Pete Burgess (University of Liverpool) • Seismic Investigations of Platform Architecture and Independent personal willingness to share failure/sub optimal performance Dave Hunt (Statoil) Development • Risks and safety of operations – identifying, managing, communicating risks and planning contingencies Xavier Janson (University of Texas, Austin) • Seismic Data in Frontier Exploration for Carbonate effectively Valentina Zampetti (Shell) Plays • Formation pressure and geomechanics – sharing good practice, techniques and knowledge, prediction Further information • Extracting Geological Features Using Seismic and detection methods For further information please contact: Attributes and Blends Event Sponsors: • The value of managing and interpreting data – effective data management for field life, examples of Georgina Worrall, Conference Office, • Seismic Insights Into Carbonate Diagenesis and Fluid cross company collaboration The Geological Society, Burlington House, Flow Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG Overarching themes: • Seismic Workflows and Advances in Inversion and • Value of these themes to well life cycle T: (+44/0) 20 7434 9944 Modelling E: [email protected] • Sharing real world examples and case studies • Seismic Characterisation of South Atlantic Pre-Salt Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/carbonates18 • Importance of personal behavioural skills throughout (leadership, communication, relationship building Carbonates and influencing others) • Seismic Geomorphology and Seismic Facies Applied to • Share good practice, showcasing innovative approaches and technologies Carbonate Depositional Processes and Products We look forward to active participation from our colleagues across subsurface, drilling and engineering disci- plines to significantly broaden the main conference themes.

There will be a parallel poster session in the library. Keynote Speakers

For further information and registration please contact: James Bishop (Chevron) Manuel Poupon (Shell) Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. Jeroen Kenter (Total) Lars Reuning (RWTH Aachen) T: +44 (0)20 7434 9944 or email: [email protected]

At the forefront of petroleum geoscience Event sponsors www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum

20 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CALENDAR

ENDORSED TRAINING/CPD

MEETING DATE VENUE AND DETAILS

Training. ‘Lapworth’s Logs’ is a series of e-courses involving practical exercises of increasing complexity. Contact: Michael de Freitas or Lapworth’s Logs n/a Andrew Thompson (First Steps Ltd) E: [email protected] (mention Lapworth’s Logs as the subject)

PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE ARE MANY MORE MEETINGS FOR WHICH WE DO NOT HAVE SPACE. EVENTS ALWAYS CHECK WITH WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/LISTINGS

MEETING DATE VENUE AND DETAILS

Venue: Conference Series Ltd, London ConfSeries 5th World Conference on 4 Oct Contact: Mason Jones E: [email protected] Climate Change W: https://climatechange.insightconferences.com/

Venue: Burlington House Contact: Sarah Woodcock Interplay of heatflow, subsidence and 8-9 Oct E: [email protected] continental break-up: a case study workshop W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Heatflows

Venue: Burlington House Contact: Georgina Worrall Seismic Characterisation of Carbonate 10-11 Oct E: [email protected] Platforms and Reservoirs W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/carbonateplatforms18

Venue: Adelaide Convention Centre, North Terrace, Adelaide, AGCC 2018 Big Issues and Ideas in 14-18 Oct South Australia Contact: Bill Shaw E: [email protected] Geoscience W: https://www.agcc.org.au/

Venue: Radisson Blu Seaside Hotel, Helsinki Contact: Dave Stebenne MatSciEngg 2018 15 Oct E: [email protected] W: https://materialscience.materialsconferences.com

Venue: Burlington House Contact: Julian Aldridge Exploration meets the City 17-18 Oct E: [email protected] W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/FINEX-Exploration-meets-the-city

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 21 BOOKS & ARTS

EXHIBITION REVIEW: (1665-1728). Woodward bequeathed them second focuses on sequence analogues in Science made Visible to the University of Cambridge along with offshore Trinidad, and a third examines his magnificent collection of some 10,000 Eagle Ford Shale outcrop analogues. The specimens, mostly fossils and minerals in latter study is particularly interesting In a world of Facebook, their original cabinets. Back in Cambridge an because it cleverly integrates outcrop- Instagram and selfies, interactive display in the Sedgwick Museum sourced gamma ray and geochemical data the power of the allows exploration of Scilla’s collection in its in a new regional sequence stratigraphic image has never been ‘virtual’ entirety for the first time. compilation. greater. However, the Fieldwork techniques are discussed in role of the image in Reviewed by: Douglas Palmer a study outlining the critical differences the communication between structural and sedimentological of science in Britain SCIENCE MADE VISIBLE: AN EXHIBITION OF analogues. Structural analogues fall DRAWINGS, PRINTS, OBJECTS. can be traced back over 350 years to the Exhibition at the Royal Society, 6-9 Carlton House Terrace, into two categories: 1) the direct use of foundation of the Royal Society in 1660. The London SW1Y 5AG. T: 0207 451 2500. Open to the structural analogues to compare field public until December 2018, Mon-Fri, 10am-5pm. (Image: Society’s weekly meetings and published Scilla’s original drawing of a fossil jawbone and teeth of a examples to the subsurface; and 2) the use Philosophical Transactions provided a new shark-toothed dolphin Squalodon sp.) of topology to study fault and fracture medium and network for the dissemination networks, and thereby understand the of scientific discoveries, along with age and connectivity of structures, spatial illustrated descriptions of experiments, The Value of Outcrop variability, and structural scale. reviews of important new publications and The section on fieldwork techniques translations of foreign ones. Studies in Reducing also includes a historical evolution of A variety of graphic methods were used Subsurface Uncertainty the British Geological Survey mapping to explore, develop and propagate the programmes, most notably digital ideas that drove the emergence of modern and Risk in Hydrocarbon mapping and data collection via science. And, many original images from Exploration and unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as this revolutionary phase in the history of Production discussion of the use of laser-scanned science are preserved in the archives of outcrop data to create static-flow CO2 the Royal Society. Their current display is simulation models. thanks to historians of science from the This volume is a The final paper challenges the value University of Cambridge and the librarians collection of papers of uncertainty characterization and our of the Royal Society. presented at a 2014 assumption that new data improves Science made Visible in the Royal Society Geological Society of prospect risk. The authors argue instead is well worth a visit to see these historic London conference. that new information adds primary value images drawn from human anatomy and The objective is to in eliminating prospects and identifying the emerging sciences of natural history. reflect major advances new areas to examine. Remarkable works by European luminaries in the analysis and Many of the regional cross-sections and such as Johannes Swammerdam (1637- integration of outcrop data as analogues stratigraphic sections are difficult to see 1680), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632- for the subsurface, and the text does an due to extremely small text size. Putting 1723) and Agostino Scilla (1629-1700) can excellent job of providing considerations an entire basin cross-section or well log in be compared with those of ‘home-grown’ and case studies. a half-page graphic renders them nearly pioneers, such as Isaac Newton (1643-1727) The first paper addresses environmental useless. It would be helpful to provide and Robert Hooke (1635-1703). Hooke’s health and safety fieldwork digital copies of these graphics. enormous ‘pullout’ engraving of a flea from considerations. It initially appears out Despite these limitations, the volume his 1665 Micrographia is accurate enough of place, yet contains a plethora of useful contains many interesting papers that to make anyone itch. Whilst many images mandatory information to maximize should be useful to anyone working a are familiar from modern reproductions, safety during fieldwork. Adherence to its basin that requires the use of outcrop seeing the originals and their ‘original’ precepts could save someone’s life. analogues to characterize limited and reproductions still makes a big difference. Four papers address basin-scale challenging subsurface geology. The remarkable accuracy of Scilla’s projects: One for an onshore-to-offshore illustrations of Cenozoic fossils is of model in NW India; another for Reviewed by: Thomas Hoak palaeontological importance. When intravolcanic analogues on the Faroe published in his 1670 book ‘La vana Islands; a third for injecitite sandstones in THE VALUE OF OUTCROP STUDIES IN REDUCING SUBSURFACE UNCERTAINTY AND speculazione disinginnata dal senso’, they the North Sea; and a final paper focused RISK IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION AND gave very visible support to his argument on complex sequence stratigraphy in PRODUCTION Apennine foreland basins. Edited by M. BOWMAN, H.R. SMYTH, T.R. GOOD, S.R. that fossils are the remains of once living PASSEY, J.P.P. HIRST & C.J. JORDAN. Geological Society organisms. Unusually for a collection of this Reservoir-scale examples constrained of London Special Publication No 436, 2016. ISBN 978-1- time, Scilla’s fossils and original drawings using outcrop data are also considered. 78620-309-0. 268pp. hbk. List Price: £ 90.00. Fellow’s price: £ 45.00. W: have survived thanks to the acquisitiveness One paper discusses thin discontinuous https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP436 of that virtuoso collector Dr John Woodward facies of an Algerian gas reservoir, a

22 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Would you like to receive a free book and write a review? Available titles are listed online. Contact the editor for further information [email protected]

Encyclopedia of and the chapter details ongoing Anthropocene: A Very the Anthropocene processes, like shifts of species ranges, Short Introduction and regional differences. Volume 3 covers biodiversity. These five volumes Here, the focus is firmly on what is Imagine a scientist weigh in at 7.5 kilos, happening to the remains of ‘wild’ in the distant future, the ~250 component nature, covering conservation, studying the Earth. articles taking up extinction, invasive species and so on. Some distant relative 2,175 pages. Yet, All well, good and relevant, but there is of humans perhaps, they represent just little on the enormous scale and novelty or something more part of the near- of the new, species-poor biodiversity we exotic. They are cosmic expansion are creating as food – the ‘domesticated’ tasked with defining of information on the Anthropocene animals that (with us) now comprise the Earth’s stratigraphic record. How since this concept was proposed by Paul most terrestrial vertebrate biomass, similar would it be to humanity’s effort? Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer in 2000, and the burgeoning croplands that And would they notice a boundary with one-and-a-half pages hidden away in provide feedstock for them. There is around the time that homo sapiens the Global Change Newsletter. This was an elephant in the room here, and it is arrived on the scene? Perhaps they followed by Paul Crutzen’s more visible, being ignored. would find disturbances in the carbon yet briefer, 2002 Nature article. In 2008, Volume 4, on Anthropocene isotope record, or a sudden spike in a when this Society’s own Stratigraphy ethics, is similarly skewed. There is particular radioactive element across Commission published the first geological much on themes like environmental rocks of a certain age. Or maybe they analysis of the Anthropocene, a Google economics, justice, solidarity, resilience, would find nothing. Welcome to the search would garner maybe a couple of postmodernism and the role of problem of defining the current epoch: dozen hits. One could read them in a day. religions, but the focus is almost solely the Anthropocene. Today, typing ‘Anthropocene’ into Google on societal cure for our environmental In this Very Short Introduction, will yield some two million hits, ranging ills. There is little on the economic and Professor Ellis illustrates the issues of beyond geology into the social sciences, social drivers that led to the global establishing a new epoch beautifully humanities and arts. It’s now impossible changes in the first place, or larger- and also gives an excellent history of to keep up, so an encyclopaedia is a scale conceptualizations thereof (such the Anthropocene’s development as an good idea, as ready reference to this new as the technosphere concept), which idea. From Paul Crutzen and Eugene scholarly cornucopia. How does this one is somewhat like a doctor prescribing Stoermer coining the term to the measure up? Variably, I think. It has been treatment without prior diagnosis. formation of a special working group a heroic effort to assemble the articles, Volume 5 covers pollution, returning of the Subcommission of Quaternary drawn from hundreds of authors, and to more tangible evidence and detailing Stratigraphy, the conceptual development there’s very useful material here. But both organic and inorganic pollutants. of this epoch is as interesting as the there are also, almost inevitably – given Nice material here, too, but the haste problem of defining it. the tight deadlines of modern publishing in production (another Anthropocene To mark the beginning of a new epoch, – omissions, duplications, quirks, and characteristic?) is again seen in a universally agreed, isochronous, variability in depth of coverage. duplication of topics from Volume 1, and measurable point in time must be I like Volume 1, covering geological such as ocean acidification and plastics. agreed upon. Human influence on the patterns and energy. The material On the whole, this is a useful environment has occurred since we evidence for the Anthropocene as a addition to one’s library, if one has first evolved. The discovery of fire, tool geological unit is well covered. The £2,755 to spare. One might wait, making, and hunting have all left their authors include real expertise – Eric though, for a new edition that covers mark. Agriculture in its various guises Wolff on the ice record, Ian Fairchild on those important missing themes. That has changed landscapes and ecosystems speleothems, Neil Rose on the fly ash might take this encyclopaedia to ten permanently. The industrial revolution record. Clearly, not all of the pleas for kilograms or more, and will require has had a global influence and the effects copy were answered, so several sections reinforcement of both bookshelves and of fossil fuel use dominate politics, have been written by the editors, notably bank balance. It does, though, reflect science, and modern living today. the indefatigable Scott Elias. the scale of this new Anthropocene However, the complexities of human Volume 2 covers climate change, a phenomenon. environmental influence do not make for tricky topic for the Anthropocene. While an easy task and the evidence involved is climate drivers, notably atmospheric CO2 Reviewed by: Jan Zalasiewicz a combination of the work of geologists, levels, have risen sharply to Pliocene archaeologists, environmental scientists, levels, atmospheric temperature is only ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE ANTHROPOCENE philosophers, politicians, geographers, Edited by DOMINICK A. DELLASALA, MICHAEL I. starting to rise, so far by just over 1° C, GOLDSTEIN et al. Elsevier 2017. ISBN: 9780128096659. oceanographers… The list could go on. as most extra heat is still being absorbed 2280 pp. List Price: £2,755.00. W: www.elsevier. Anthropocene covers this evidence in by the oceans. This moving target is part com/books/encyclopedia-of-the-anthropocene/ great detail giving the reader plenty to dellasala/978-0-12-809665-9 of the anatomy of today’s Anthropocene, think about, while always maintaining an ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 23 FOR A FULL LIST OF TITLES AVAILABLE, GO TO [WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/REVIEWS] BOOKS & ARTS

▼ objective view of the problem. Various, linking of models with different time and a good, balanced overview of recent studies interesting nuggets of information are spatial resolutions, error propagation, high- covering an area from northern Turkey to distributed throughout; did you know speed connections that allow sensor data Crimea in the west, to NW Iran and Armenia that there are around 5,000 natural to be read at run-time, and importantly, in the east. minerals on Earth? Compare this to the differences in terminology and definitions Contributions come from both western and 170,000 synthetic ones that have been between different academic disciplines.The eastern European academia, as well as from the identified. book chiefly addresses itself to geographers near East. No less than 8 oil companies have What is the purpose of all this effort? and geoscientists that wish to learn more sponsored the book, showing the significant We know that the planet is changing in about IEM, but could aid the insurance interest of the area to the oil industry. The response to our actions. Does defining an and reinsurance industries. A paper on the editors have included a good overview figure, Anthropocene give humanity a wake-up use of IEM in natural hazard modelling appropriately positioned as figure 1, to guide call to preventing further climate change? for the insurance industry brought me the reader to the spatial extents of the included Or does it merely assert dominance over back to when I first joined the field of papers. nature? Perhaps we can answer these catastrophe reinsurance modelling, then The region is an extremely complex area. It questions. Or maybe it is for the scientists without the benefits of IEM. Another group incorporates a long-lived convergence zone of the distant future to uncover. that would find this volume of interest are between plates, a recently enclosed ocean, as policymakers. Their increasing need to wells as an orogen that is still actively building. Reviewed by: Jonathan Scafidi make strategic decisions based on complex The book starts with reviews of the plate environmental and human interactions tectonic evolution of the area. Given the large ANTHROPOCENE: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION can often result in cumbersome models. amount of on-going discussion on this topic, by ERLE C. ELLIS, 2018. Published by Oxford University Press, 183pp (pbk) ISBN: 9780198792987 List Price: The denseness of the academic prose might it may have been appropriate to include £7.99. W: global.oup.com/ represent a challenge for decision makers additional, alternative models side-by-side. in business and public policy; because The papers cover very diverse of this the volume runs the risk of not fields, from outcrop studies with fault reaching all of its potential readerships. and sedimentological mapping, to Integrated Although the book is excellently illustrated, palaeomagnetism and volcanic geochemistry. Environmental Modelling some of the diagrams include small In addition, there are several papers that text, making it difficult to read. I hope include recent industry and academic seismic to Solve Real World these issues will be addressed in future reflection and refraction lines. These display Problems: Methods, publications.This book is fascinating and the marine geology of the eastern Black Sea thought-provoking. It certainly makes a and Sea of Azov and are explained nicely Vision and Challenges persuasive case of the vast possibilities IEM together with tectono-stratigraphic diagrams. can offer and will be a useful resource for As such the book covers the geology from The purpose of this IEM developers. surface to the shallow mantle. Early discussion volume is to present of the Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic basement a comprehensive Reviewed by: Lars Backstrom and sediments is included, but the main focus overview of Integrated is the time span from Jurassic Environmental INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING TO to Recent. SOLVE REAL WORLD PROBLEMS: METHODS, Modelling (IEM). A VISION AND CHALLENGES In general, the book’s figures are of a high burgeoning science by A.T. RIDDICK, H. KESSLER AND J.R.A. GILES (Eds) standard and easy to comprehend, albeit 2017. Published by: The Geological Society of London, occasionally a bit too small for the amount area, IEM is used to SP408, 274pp. hbk. ISBN: 978-1-86239-687-6. solve complex environmental problems by List Price: £90.00 Fellows’ Price: £45.00. of detail. I was particularly fond of the many linking individual models from different W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP408 field photographs that made me wish I had academic disciplines, using different types seen the outcrops myself! One paper even of input data. This approach, made possible provides a free Google Earth file to aid future by recent developments in IT technology, Tectonic Evolution of expeditions. Overall the book provides a good allows users to update or change individual compilation of the tectonic geology of the area, modules of the IEM instead of the entire the Eastern Black Sea is of high quality and is well worth the read for model. and Caucasus academics and as a key background reference The book is divided into four sections. for petroleum geoscientists. The first section covers the fundamental Following a brief principles of IEM and the second consists introduction that Reviewed by: Douwe van der Meer of case studies that present the state- provides an overview of-the-art of IEM. The third part covers over the area, this book TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE EASTERN the human element in IEM, such as how is divided into two BLACK SEA AND CAUCASUS human behaviour is included in IEM to parts; the ‘Caucasus’ by M. SOSSON, R.A. STEPHENSON AND S.A. ADAMIA (Eds) 2017. Published by: Geological Society of London, aid policymakers. The fourth part details domain and the ‘Black SP 428, 368pp. hbk. ISBN978-1-86239-739-2. some of the technical challenges facing IEM Sea’ domain. As a List Price: £120.00 Fellow’s Price: £60.00. W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP428 developers, such as parallel computing, the whole the compilation of 15 papers provide

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Unconventional is not unpredictable

Oil and gas industry experts met complex completion and hydraulic fracturing allow for facies-dependent, elastic property recently to discuss technological is proving crucial to effective exploration volumes to be derived, leading to a significant advances in the flourishing and exploitation of unconventional plays, increase in the accuracy and confidence of unconventional resource particularly in the Delaware and Permian 3D geomechanical models. sector. Sam Green and Martyn basins of Texas and New Mexico—the hot Millwood Hargrave discovered spot of world unconventional resources and Big data that quantitative predictive very much the economic proving ground of Unconventional plays, in contrast to many approaches are reinvigorating new technologies. conventional areas, have a large number of the role of geoscience wells; there are tens of thousands of wells Geomechanical models available across the Permian Basin, with up The oil and gas industry is starting to There are many important factors that to a million more wells to be drilled over the recover from a long downturn. A surge govern whether unconventional plays will next ten years. Analyses can be made from in exploration and production has been be commercially successful or not. One huge datasets, but the volume of data puts fuelled largely by the exploitation of that probably gathers the most focus is the complete analysis beyond the capacity of unconventional reservoirs, such as shale fracturing characteristics of the rock itself. the human interpreter. This is where the new gas. The Unconventional Resources Building an accurate geomechanical model, domain of data science, underpinned by Technology Conference (URTeC; http:// one that defines the stress state (magnitude machine learning, can meaningfully help urtec.org/2018), held in Houston from and azimuth) within any given interval, is the industry. 23 to 25 July 2018, encompasses all critical to aid operators in the effective design Several presentations throughout the the many technologies involved in the of hydraulic fracturing programs. The topic of conference discussed this theme. The burgeoning unconventional resources pore-pressure integration and, moreover, the benefits were clear, focus on maximising sector, including geoscience and ability to predict high pore pressure, received value for the organisation by utilising machine subsurface engineering. This sixth a lot of attention in the conference talks learning to: build consistent petrophysical annual assembly saw over 6,000 and on the show floor. Pore pressure datasets saving human-years of time; quickly attendees, approximately double underpins geomechanical models and reliably apply predictive models for key the number who attended because it is a critical input, and properties, such as facies, pressure, and in 2017, demonstrating several talks showed the value in stress, across all wells; aid in efficient drilling the growth in interest in taking a quantitative approach by classifying and avoiding drilling hazards; this uniquely focussed to pore-pressure prediction, and chase new opportunities through missed conference. which was previously often play and missed pay identification. This year, more based on mud weights that After a fallow period for geoscience than any other are now known to be too over the past few years, the key message previously, saw a simplistic with respect to from the conference was clear: new significant number the true pore pressure. quantitative approaches to geoscience of presentations The other key element can add considerable economic value to highlighting the value to geomechanical models is unconventional operators by optimising well in building integrated, the ability to upscale, or apply, locations and enabling more cost-effective multi-disciplinary, sub-surface the models that were calibrated engineering and recovery. models and utilising technologies to the wells into the 3D seismic domain. that allow for efficient and predictive Any rock physics or geomechanical model data analysis, including the advance is dependent on the input parameters of THE NEW DOMAIN OF in data analytics using data science compressional (Vp) and shear (Vs) seismic DATA SCIENCE, UNDERPINNED and machine learning. The talks wave velocities, as well as density (Rho). BY MACHINE LEARNING, CAN highlighted the importance of being However, the ability to accurately predict able to integrate data from multiple rock properties (facies, pressure, stress) MEANINGFULLY HELP THE sources to build a coherent sub-surface away from the control wells is dependent INDUSTRY model that captures the variation in on the accuracy of the seismic inversion, Sam Green is Lead Geologist at Ikon Science; multiple rock properties, lithology and and accuracy can be reduced due to e-mail: [email protected] kerogen, pore pressure and stress. the presence of complex mixed facies. Calibration of the seismic domain Fortunately, case studies presented at the Martyn Millwood Hargrave is the Executive Chairman of Ikon Science; e-mail: using sophisticated inversion prior to conference used new technologies that [email protected]

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 25 PEOPLE NEWS

DISTANT THUNDER Poetic license

Geologist and science writer tombstone geologist, skilfully combined his was there ancient inscription held in such Nina Morgan muses over a interest in geology with philosophy: faithful keeping by the founder’s bronze tombstone tale or the sculptor’s marble ; and never was Two hundred years did the there epitaph of human composition so In geology, as in life, things are not always dark limestone hold scrupulously just to the real character of what they seem. Ordinary visitors to A script, but all the letters have been lost; the dead.” the village of Carlops, in the Pentland The dead lie nameless. Acids of mould, Hills southwest of Edinburgh, might well Sharp agencies of wind, crystals of frost Tea with Archie have shied away when confronted with The drifting rain, the sun the winter cold, Lamont didn’t restrict his poetic the geologist, and staunch Scottish Splintering tightest atomies apart, imagination solely to verse. He also, Nationalist, Archie Lamont [1907-1985]. Shew forth the hidden threads of corals old Robinson recalls, “introduced strange Remembered by his colleagues, Euan On the smooth stone traced Scots names—like Haggis Rock [a Clarkson, Professor Emeritus at Edinburgh with minutest art. conglomerate] and Shepherd’s Tartan University and Eric Robinson, who retired Over the myriad centuries between Rock [a black and white conglomerate] to from University College London in 2001, as Nature remains thus faithful to her own, the Silurian of the Southern Uplands.” a huge shambling old man, with tiny round Dissepiments like a thin veil are seen A visit to Lamont’s dwelling, Jess spectacles, a massive bald head and a About the theca of the hollow cone, Cottage, Robinson reports, was quite an spectacular white beard, Lamont was Calyx, tabulae, septa live again experience. “Surrounded by collections frequently taken for a tramp. Louder than bones and epitaphs of men. of fossils, rocks and all manner of things But behind the scruffy exterior was which he accumulated, strong tea with a first class mind. After initially studying Sight unseen condensed milk from the tin was just one Latin, Greek and English at Glasgow All very evocative, but Lamont later of the memorable courtesies extended University, in his third year Lamont took admitted in a letter to Robinson that the to the visitor seeking assistance with due up geology. He graduated with an MA poem described a tombstone he’d never deference... he piled up the empty tins at in classics in 1928, then carried on to seen: the back as a kind of stratigraphy.” earn a First Class BSc in Geology. He “Now the truth is I imagined that How future geologists will interpret this went on to obtain a Demonstratorship Tombstone, and used Palaeosmilia deposit remains to be seen. But says and to become President of the Scottish because it sounds like some smiling Robinson, “I can still taste the tea!” Nationalist Association. He remained a ancient Mona Lisa ... As Descartes said: fervent Nationalist for the rest of his life, but ‘Thought is perhaps even more important was forced to resign the Demonstratorship than fact at least in some stages of after a short time due to ill health. Once development’ Maybe.” recovered, he went on to complete a Instead, he revealed that the inspiration PhD on Ordovician of the Girvan area in for the poem came from a tombstone in 1935, after which he worked in Dublin and a churchyard in Durham described by the Birmingham. On his return to Scotland geologist, Hugh Miller [1802-1856]. In First in 1945 he was awarded a research Impressions of England and the English End notes: Sources for this vignette fellowship at Edinburgh University and People, Miller muses “how much more include: Archie Lamont (1907-985) worked on the fossiliferous Silurian rocks indelibly nature inscribes her monuments geologist and poet by Euan Clarkson, Proc. of the Pentland Hills. But, by 1951 Lamont, of the dead than art” when describing a Geol. Soc. Glasgow 150th Anniversary having quarrelled with the then Professor, weathered gravestone which: Special edition, pp. 36-38; 2007-2008; left Edinburgh University to plough his own “...told that when it had existed as a Archie Remembered by Eric Robinson, furrow, pursuing a wide range of topics and calcareous mud deep in the carboniferous Edinburgh Geologist, 42, spring 2004; Eric founding and providing most of the copy ocean, a species of curious zoophyte, long Robinson, personal communication, 2018; for the Scottish Journal of Science. afterwards termed Cyathophyllum fungites and First Impressions of England and the [a rugose coral], were living and dying English People by Hugh Miller, 1857. Geology and Poetry by myriads ; and it now exhibited on its In 1943, Lamont published Patria Deserta, surface several dozens of them, cut open * Nina Morgan is a geologist and science writer a slim volume of poetry that drew on his at every possible angle, and presenting based near Oxford. Her latest book, The Geology many interests. For example, his sonnet every variety of section, as if to show what of Oxford Gravestones, is available via Palaeosmilia, dedicated to a fellow sort of creatures they had been... Never www.gravestonegeology.uk

26 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST PEOPLE NEWS

Geoscientists in the news and on the move in the UK, Europe and worldwide Encouraging Young Geoscientists

GeoBus is an educational outreach camp activities include visiting important organisation based at St. Andrews University, geological sites, as well as teaching rock Scotland. A mobile classroom that visits identification, microscopy, mapping and field schools all over Scotland, GeoBus has recording skills. These are vitally important specially designed teaching aids to help skills for a geologist that, when provided explain to young people why geology is at a young age, can enthuse and encourage The Society notes with exciting. Founded in 2012, and with a sister students to follow their interest into the sadness the passing of: organisation at University College London profession. operating since 2016, GeoBus St. Andrews Quotes from some of the students and Barnes, Simon James * Booth, Tony * has provided encouragement and enthusiasm teachers who have taken part in GeoBus Bowen, Geoffrey Gordon * for Earth science, including geoscience and activities include: Carmichael, David* aspects of physical geography, to over 70,000 “Great day for pupils. Presenters were Casey, Raymond * Fletcher, Brian * students. excellent, good pace and variety. Will Gladwell, David Robert * GeoBus has three core aims: to support definitely book again.” Teacher, Glasgow Ince, David Martyn * existing geoscience teaching with specialist Gaelic School: Drilling for Oil Llewellyn, Peter L Lynch, Edward * resources and knowledge; to inspire students “I love GeoBus, thanks for taking us.” S4 Kenna, Raymond * using teaching packages that cover recent pupil, Irvine Royal: Field Trip Matheson, William * research and the latest breakthroughs; and Milward, Anthony Frederick * Morgans, Michael William *§ to provide a link between schools, academia GeoBus is entirely funded by sponsorship, Pegg, Eric Arnold * and industry to encourage young people into donations and fundraising activities. Roberts, Brinley geoscience and related careers. Significant contributions are required Shrimpton, Godfrey * Since 2015, geoscience subjects were to allow GeoBus to continue to operate. Smith, Howard James * Thomson, Martyn Hugh * removed from the Higher Level (16-18 years) Existing sponsorship agreements are coming teaching curriculum in Scotland. GeoBus to an end, which threatens the future of this In the interests of recording its Fellows’ helps to fill this gap. The demand from the invaluable organisation. If you are interested work for posterity, the Society publishes obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. schools remains at excellent levels—there in helping, via sponsorship, donations or The most recent additions to the list are is still interest, even if geoscience no longer fundraising activities, please get in touch. in shown in bold. Fellows for whom no forms part of the core curriculum. For more information see: GeoBus.st- obituarist has yet been commissioned are marked with an asterisk (*). The symbol As well as providing single and double andrews.ac.uk/ or contact Dr Jen Brooke § indicates that biographical material has period workshops at schools, GeoBus runs (Education Coordinator): GeoBus@st- been lodged with the Society. field trips and a field camp each year. Field andrews.ac.uk. If you would like to contribute an obituary, please email amy.whitchurch@geolsoc. Full day mapping complete! (Credit: GeoBus 2018) org.uk to be commissioned. You can read the guidance for authors at www. geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. To save yourself unnecessary work, please do not write anything until you have received a commissioning letter.

Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary is forthcoming have their names and dates recorded in a Roll of Honour at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries.

Help your obituarist The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate accurate commemoration. Please send your CV, publications list and a photograph to Amy Whitchurch at the Society.

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 27 PEOPLE CAREERS

Essential tips for a rock-solid geoscience PhD: Part II

In the second of a three-part project team. conference session with fellow early career focus, Melanie J Leng & Anson During your PhD you will read a lot. Even researchers. Aim to get a diverse group Mackay advise on how to ensure for experienced researchers, there is too of speakers together (reflecting especially your PhD experience is a good much information out there. Be organised on gender, ethnicity, stage of career) and and productive one. about your reading. It is critical to keep on consider publishing the session papers in a top of references to read and cite—there are special journal collection. This will help you We previously gave tips on how to software packages to help with this. Keep understand the publishing process and raise choose the right project and supervisor, PDF versions of key papers and annotate your profile. as well as how to manage the student- them as you go. supervisor relationship and your time. Backup your files on the university server Writing Here we offer advice on the practical (there will be a university policy), as well as Start early and write often. Your first major side of doing PhD research. other places, such as Dropbox and Google pieces will likely be a literature review and an docs (and periodically update an external hard annual report or transfer report (to transfer Training drive in case you lose internet access). Some from MPhil to PhD). These should form Most geoscience PhD students data-storage platforms may not be particularly the basis of a thesis structure, which you have access to training courses and secure and specific restrictions might apply. should plan from the start (including what some will be compulsory. In the UK, data will go into what chapters, though this Doctoral Training Partnerships collates Presentations may change) and review regularly with your training courses across universities to Dissemination of knowledge is an essential supervisor. Many universities now encourage offer a wider choice and to facilitate part of the PhD process and you should try to a thesis composed of papers. Remember that cooperation and sharing of good give many presentations. This can be terrifying papers are different to chapters, requiring a practise. Funding bodies, such as at first, so prepare well. Start local, presenting tighter writing style and having less room for NERC also offer training. You should to your peers and supervisors, and work up, descriptions and discussion. You’ll also need take the initiative, know what courses aiming for a big international conference. At all co-authors to consent on the content. are available and determine with your conferences, presentations are given as talks When writing papers, agree in advance supervisor which are essential. or posters. Each have their strengths, so try what data you will include and who you need both. Think about potential questions you may to co-author with. This can be tricky if you Organising your data get from the audience and prepare a couple are part of a large multi-(inter)national project Train yourself to be competent in a data of slides to address those. You will likely have where data are owned by different people and analysis package. R—free software for a tight travel budget, so discuss a strategy may be ready for publication at different times. statistical computing and graphics—is with your supervisor. Perhaps save for a major It is important to be clear about expectations probably essential, and will augment international conference in your third year (like of who will do what early on in the paper what you can do with your data. the European Geosciences Union General development. Coding for many geoscientists is vital, Assembly). Many small grants are available for Discuss with your co-authors which and increasingly code is required for students, through your university or relevant journal to submit to. Journals have different peer-review, too. Your coding should associations and learned societies. Specialist audiences and while impact factors are be clean and really well annotated, so organisation membership is usually cheap for commonly looked at, by themselves they that you can understand what you have students and you can attend their meetings are not a measure of the quality of a journal done and others can repeat it. Bespoke and training courses. or the papers they contain. You may wish analytical packages are also important. Many people find public speaking daunting. to make your paper open access (OA), so To present your data, become an Book a presenting course at your university and that anyone can read your research, not expert in a drawing package. The learning practise, practise, practise. Some people have just those who have access to personal or curve with all new software packages is debilitating stage fright or extreme anxiety. If institutional subscriptions. Many subscription steep, but the view from the top is worth this is you, seek help through your supervisor, journals offer to make individual papers OA it. Gantt charts are useful to illustrate the postgraduate office, and welfare office. for a fee (article processing charge, or APC). the start and finish dates of different There are tricks you can do to lessen the Alternatively, there are a growing number elements of your work (at experiment to stress. Use presenting packages that allow of OA-only journals, where costs for article thesis scale); to break down your work presenter notes that the audience cannot see, production and publication are borne by into chapter/thesis sections (good for or write out memory aides on small cards. The people paying an APC (‘gold’ open access). supervisory meetings); and to show the benefits of presentations are tangible and once These can be very expensive, but such fees dependency of activities. Slack is a great accomplished, it feels amazing. are usually dealt with by institutions, who way to interact with key members of your In your final year, consider organising a reach agreements with funders to cover the

28 | OCTOBER 2018 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CAREERS

costs of publishing (for example, for NERC- require a traditional thesis, so you might geosciences, multi-authored papers are funded PhD studentships, where the gold have write your papers and then convert the norm. route maybe stipulated). them into monograph-style chapters. It is Finally, social media is a great way to Alternatively, green OA allows you to easier to convert papers into chapters than practise writing, from 280-character tweets deposit, for free, the final manuscript (after vice versa, plus you will get more input and to longer blog posts. But we’ll cover that in peer-review but before journal formatting) advice from co-authors on a paper than more detail in part III. into an electronic repository (e.g. most you would for your singled-authored Look out for part III, which includes institutions have their own repositories, thesis chapter. advice on outreach and how to plan as do funding bodies such as NERC). But If your institution allows a thesis by for your career beyond the PhD, in the copyright and embargo conditions may papers, the pros are: publications that November issue of Geoscientist. exist, and will depend on what contract you greatly enhance your CV and greater input signed with the publisher of the journal. A from co-authors in writing the papers. few journals, such as Volcanica, are now The downsides are: papers can be much Melanie Leng1 is Director of Geochemistry at appearing that offer diamond OA. Here harder to write than thesis chapters and the British Geological Survey, UK, and papers are free to publish and to read, will require more time; there is less room Professor in Isotope Geoscience at the and the costs are covered by external for speculation; negative results often do University of Nottingham, UK. investment. Finally, most journals now allow not make into a journal paper, whereas in a Anson Mackay2 is Professor in Environmental you to upload your draft manuscripts into thesis chapter you can explore experiments Change at UCL, UK, and an Honorary Research a preprint repository such as EarthArXiv, that did and didn’t work; you are at the Associate at the British Geological Survey. where earlier versions of your work are free whim of co-authors and their timetables; 1 [email protected] to download and be commented upon. Be the more co-authors the more complex the aware that the field of publishing is rapidly writing (you have to satisfy them all). In the 2 [email protected] changing, and you should keep informed about recent developments in Open Science. We highly recommend, and your funding body may insist, that data be submitted to a data repository such as Pangaea, or NOAA. Make sure that as you collect and organise your data, metadata are considered carefully too. Once you start publishing (including conference abstracts with ISBN numbers), set up Google Scholar and ORCID accounts (which will update automatically) for maximum outreach. Once a paper is out, consider blogging about it (for the non- specialist) or recording a video introduction (and link these activities to your social media). Many academics have their own social media profiles, such as ResearchGate or Academia. These networks can be really useful to connect with other scientists, but restrictions still exist on what papers can be uploaded. If you are aiming for an academic position (a post-doc, fellowship, teaching fellow or lecturing position), you might want to undertake a thesis “by papers” and to therefore organise your research around a series of projects or experiments that can be published independently. Some universities

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | OCTOBER 2018 | 29 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY Charles Henry Emeleus 1930-2017

Distinguished field-based igneous petrologist who harles ‘Henry’ Railways Emeleus came from studied under Wager and was noted for his work on the Henry’s interests County Antrim, Rum layered intrusion encompassed much more C Northern Ireland. than the geosciences. When He graduated with first-class he was not thinking about honours in Geology, from geology he would be reading Queen’s University (Belfast) in about railways or playing 1952. His research interests in trains. His knowledge of the British Palaeogene Igneous railways was extensive and Province developed early in encyclopaedic. his career, when he remained Henry passed away on at Queen’s for a research MSc Saturday 11 November 2017. (1953) under the supervision He will be remembered of J E Richey. He subsequently by all who knew him as a received a DPhil from Oxford modest and gentle man, University in 1957, for his work with a dry and ready sense on the Slieve Gullion centre, of humour and a twinkle in supervised by L R Wager. the eye. He was generous Henry spent most of his to a fault with that most career at Durham University, valuable of commodities: his being promoted to Reader time. His great knowledge in 1979 and serving as Head and experience was always of Department (1986-87). He enthusiastically shared. A retired in 1994, but remained R McBirney once remarked very research-active and was J Hughes and A C Dunham in memoirs and texts on British that Henry ‘....never asserts awarded the Chancellors 1957 and 1965 respectively, on igneous geology. Perhaps the himself, but when he says Medal of Durham University the felsic intrusive rocks there. most iconic are ‘Geology of something, one should listen, in 2014 and elevated to Over time his fascination Rum and the adjacent Isles’ because he knows what he is Emeritus Professor in 2016. with the layered intrusion (1997) and ‘The Palaeogene talking about.’ developed and his life-long Volcanic Districts of Scotland’ Perhaps the greatest legacy Field geologist work, with co-workers and (2005, co-authored with B that he leaves to geology is Henry’s expertise students, on various aspects Bell). These are superlative the energy and enthusiasm encompassed the broad of the layered cumulates is examples of accessible and he inspired and fostered spectrum of igneous petrology. one of the main reasons Rum informative scientific writing, in several generations of He was first and foremost became one of the most well- and beautifully illustrated. Earth scientists working a field geologist, and had known layered intrusions in In recognition of his in the arena of igneous long-term interests in the the world. distinguished achievements petrology. He leaves behind petrogenesis of Proterozoic over the course of his career, his wife, Ruth, children syenites from the Gardar Maps & memoirs he received many awards and Katherine, John and Lucy, Province in southwest After retirement, Henry honours, including: a DSc from and grandchildren. He will Greenland. His first of more undertook a number of Queen’s University (Belfast), be greatly missed by all who than 15 expeditions to the significant projects under the Clough Medal of the knew him. region was in 1955, when he contract to the British Edinburgh Geological Society (1994-95), the inaugural Collins spent the summer mapping Geological Survey. In 1994, he ➤ the Kûngnât Complex with B produced the superb 1:20,000 Medal of the Mineralogical By Brian O’Driscoll, with Jon Gluyas and Madeleine G J Upton. map of the Isle of Rum, Society of Great Britain Humphreys Henry’s earliest research on published by Scottish Natural and Ireland (2010) and the the Isle of Rum was published Heritage, and now out of Geological Society’s Prestwich * Edited for brevity in print. See the full version online Editor. in papers, co-authored with C print. He also wrote numerous Medal (2016).

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Amy Whitchurch at the Society.

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