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Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed

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Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications National Agroforestry Center 2005 Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed Linda M. Wilson University of Idaho Carol Bell Randall USDA Forest Service Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdafsfacpub Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Wilson, Linda M. and Randall, Carol Bell, "Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed" (2005). USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications. 113. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdafsfacpub/113 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- National Agroforestry Center at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEED LINDA M. WILSON AND CAROL BELL RANDALL FHTET-2001-07 U.S. Department Forest 3nd Ed., April 2005 of Agriculture Service FHTET he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed Linda M. Wilson1 and Carol Bell Randall2 1 Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442339, Moscow, ID 83844-2339 2 Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 3815 Schreiber Way, Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815-8363 For additional copies of this publication, contact: Carol Bell Randall Richard Reardon USDA Forest Service FHTET, USDA Forest Service Coeur d’Alene Morgantown Idaho West Virginia (208) 765-7343 (304) 285-1566 [email protected] [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Christina Kuykendall, Jim Story, Sandy Kegley, and Nancy Sturdevant for their contributions to this manual: Cindy Roché for contributing photographs and drawings; and Mark Riffe and Chuck Benedict of INTECS/Forest Health Technol- ogy Enterprise Team, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, for editing, layout and graphics. We also thank J. McCaffrey, and J. Johnson for reviewing this manual. We would also like to thank Richard Reardon of the Forest Health Technol- ogy Enterprise Team, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, for provid- ing the funds needed to complete and publish this manual. All photographs in this publication can be accessed and viewed on line. You’ll find reference codes (UGA 0000000) in the captions for the figures in this publica- tion. Point your browser at http://www.forestryimages.org, and enter the reference code at the search prompt. Sources of Figures Cover photos University of Idaho, C. Roché and Nez Perce Biocontrol Center Figures 1a, 4d-9d, 12, 21, 23, 26, University of Idaho 27, 44-47, 50, 52, 53, 58 Figures 1b, 13, 14, 30 L. Wilson, University of Idaho Figures 2, 4a-c, 5a-c, 6a-c, 7a-c, C. Roché, Medford, Oregon 8a-c, 9a-c, 18, 19, 34, 55 Figure 3 http://pc65.frontier.osrhe.edu Figures 5c, 29, 33, 35, 36, 43, 54, 57 Nez Perce BioControl Center, Lapwai, Idaho Figures 4d, 5d, 6d, 8d, 9d USDA-NRCS (http://plants.usda.gov) Figures 10, 22 Biocontrol of Weeds in the West Figures 11, 48, 49a, 51 K. Loeffelman, University of Idaho Figures 15, 28, 40 J. Johnson, University of Idaho Figures16, 17 R. Gillespie, University of Idaho Figures 20, 24, 25, 32, 37-39 USDA APHIS Figures 31, 41 www.nysaes.cornell.edu:80/ent/biocontrol/ weedfeeders Figure 49b BioQuip Catalog Figure 56 S. Kegley, USDA Forest Service _________________________________________________ BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEED Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 Overview...................................................................................................... 1 Biological Control of Weeds ......................................................................... 2 About This Manual ....................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1: GETTING TO KNOW KNAPWEEDS .............................................. 5 Plant Development ....................................................................................... 6 Key to the Knapweed Species (Adapted from Roché and Roché 1993).................................................... 7 Spotted Knapweed ........................................................................................ 8 Diffuse Knapweed ........................................................................................ 9 Squarrose Knapweed ................................................................................. 10 Meadow Knapweed .................................................................................... 11 Black Knapweed ......................................................................................... 12 Brown Knapweed ....................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: BIOLOGY OF KNAPWEED BIOCONTROL AGENTS.......................... 15 Basic Insect Biology .................................................................................... 15 Insects and Knapweed ................................................................................ 17 Identifying Insects ....................................................................................... 19 Seedhead Feeders ....................................................................................... 21 Timeline of Attack ...................................................................................... 22 Urophora affinis........................................................................................................ 27 Urophora quadrifasciata ........................................................................................... 29 Terellia virens ........................................................................................................... 31 Chaetorellia acrolophi .............................................................................................. 33 Metzneria paucipunctella ......................................................................................... 35 Larinus minutus ........................................................................................................ 37 Larinus obtusus ......................................................................................................... 39 Bangasternus fausti ................................................................................................... 41 i BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEED _________________________________________________ Root Borers ................................................................................................. 43 Agapeta zoegana ...................................................................................................... 44 Pterolonche inspersa ................................................................................................ 45 Pelochrista medullana............................................................................................... 46 Cyphocleonus achates .............................................................................................. 47 Sphenoptera jugoslavica ........................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF A KNAPWEED BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PROGRAM ....... 53 1. Selecting and Preparing Release Sites ...................................................... 55 Selecting the Site ...................................................................................................... 55 Preparing the Site ..................................................................................................... 56 2. Collecting Biocontrol Agents................................................................... 57 General Collection Guidelines ................................................................................. 57 Planning and Timing ................................................................................................ 59 3. Handling Biocontrol
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